TEMP fix constants presence (even though not used at this point)

bindPipeline should be able to handle both default and custom render targets

BUILDING.md

@@ -97,6 +97,10 @@ Make sure you've installed the following dependencies:
 - `libxcomposite-dev` (`libXcomposite-devel` on Fedora)
 - `libxxf86vm-dev` (`libXxf86vm-devel` on Fedora)
 
+```shell
+sudo apt install clang-14 libglu1-mesa-dev libc++-14-dev libc++abi-14-dev ninja-build libxi-dev libxcomposite-dev libxxf86vm-dev -y
+```
+
 After dependencies have been installed, we highly recommend using the [easy build](#easy-build)
 script.
 

CMakeLists.txt

@@ -49,6 +49,10 @@ option(FILAMENT_SUPPORTS_OSMESA "Enable OSMesa (headless GL context) for Filamen
 
 option(FILAMENT_ENABLE_FGVIEWER "Enable the frame graph viewer" OFF)
 
+# This is to disable GTAO for the short-term while we investigate a way to better manage size increases.
+# On the regular filament build (where size is of less concern), we enable GTAO by default.
+option(FILAMENT_DISABLE_GTAO "Disable GTAO" OFF)
+
 set(FILAMENT_NDK_VERSION "" CACHE STRING
     "Android NDK version or version prefix to be used when building for Android."
 )

filament/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -262,11 +262,16 @@ set(MATERIAL_SRCS
         src/materials/ssao/mipmapDepth.mat
         src/materials/ssao/sao.mat
         src/materials/ssao/saoBentNormals.mat
-        src/materials/ssao/gtao.mat
-        src/materials/ssao/gtaoBentNormals.mat
         src/materials/vsmMipmap.mat
 )
 
+if (NOT FILAMENT_DISABLE_GTAO)
+    list(APPEND MATERIAL_SRCS
+        src/materials/ssao/gtao.mat
+        src/materials/ssao/gtaoBentNormals.mat
+    )
+endif()
+
 set(MATERIAL_FL0_SRCS
         src/materials/defaultMaterial.mat
         src/materials/skybox.mat
@@ -316,6 +321,10 @@ if (FILAMENT_FORCE_PROFILING_MODE)
     add_definitions(-DFILAMENT_FORCE_PROFILING_MODE)
 endif()
 
+if (FILAMENT_DISABLE_GTAO)
+    add_definitions(-DFILAMENT_DISABLE_GTAO)
+endif()
+
 # ==================================================================================================
 # Definitions
 # ==================================================================================================
@@ -463,27 +472,29 @@ add_custom_command(
         APPEND
 )
 
-add_custom_command(
+if (NOT FILAMENT_DISABLE_GTAO)
-        OUTPUT "${MATERIAL_DIR}/gtao.filamat"
+    add_custom_command(
-        DEPENDS src/materials/ssao/ssaoUtils.fs
+            OUTPUT "${MATERIAL_DIR}/gtao.filamat"
-        DEPENDS src/materials/ssao/ssct.fs
+            DEPENDS src/materials/ssao/ssaoUtils.fs
-        DEPENDS src/materials/utils/depthUtils.fs
+            DEPENDS src/materials/ssao/ssct.fs
-        DEPENDS src/materials/utils/geometry.fs
+            DEPENDS src/materials/utils/depthUtils.fs
-        DEPENDS src/materials/ssao/gtaoImpl.fs
+            DEPENDS src/materials/utils/geometry.fs
-        DEPENDS src/materials/ssao/ssctImpl.fs
+            DEPENDS src/materials/ssao/gtaoImpl.fs
-        APPEND
+            DEPENDS src/materials/ssao/ssctImpl.fs
-)
+            APPEND
+    )
 
-add_custom_command(
+    add_custom_command(
-        OUTPUT "${MATERIAL_DIR}/gtaoBentNormals.filamat"
+            OUTPUT "${MATERIAL_DIR}/gtaoBentNormals.filamat"
-        DEPENDS src/materials/ssao/ssaoUtils.fs
+            DEPENDS src/materials/ssao/ssaoUtils.fs
-        DEPENDS src/materials/ssao/ssct.fs
+            DEPENDS src/materials/ssao/ssct.fs
-        DEPENDS src/materials/utils/depthUtils.fs
+            DEPENDS src/materials/utils/depthUtils.fs
-        DEPENDS src/materials/utils/geometry.fs
+            DEPENDS src/materials/utils/geometry.fs
-        DEPENDS src/materials/ssao/gtaoImpl.fs
+            DEPENDS src/materials/ssao/gtaoImpl.fs
-        DEPENDS src/materials/ssao/ssctImpl.fs
+            DEPENDS src/materials/ssao/ssctImpl.fs
-        APPEND
+            APPEND
-)
+    )
+endif()
 
 add_custom_command(
         OUTPUT "${MATERIAL_DIR}/bilateralBlur.filamat"

filament/backend/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -261,6 +261,7 @@ if (FILAMENT_SUPPORTS_WEBGPU)
             src/webgpu/WebGPUHandles.h
             src/webgpu/WebGPUPipelineCreation.cpp
             src/webgpu/WebGPUPipelineCreation.h
+            src/webgpu/WebGPUStrings.h
             src/webgpu/WebGPUSwapChain.cpp
             src/webgpu/WebGPUSwapChain.h
             src/webgpu/WGPUProgram.cpp

filament/backend/include/backend/platforms/OpenGLPlatform.h

@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ public:
      */
     virtual bool makeCurrent(ContextType type,
             SwapChain* UTILS_NONNULL drawSwapChain,
-            SwapChain* UTILS_NONNULL readSwapChain) noexcept = 0;
+            SwapChain* UTILS_NONNULL readSwapChain) = 0;
 
     /**
      * Called by the driver to make the OpenGL context active on the calling thread and bind
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ public:
             SwapChain* UTILS_NONNULL drawSwapChain,
             SwapChain* UTILS_NONNULL readSwapChain,
             utils::Invocable<void()> preContextChange,
-            utils::Invocable<void(size_t index)> postContextChange) noexcept;
+            utils::Invocable<void(size_t index)> postContextChange);
 
     /**
      * Called by the backend just before calling commit()

filament/backend/include/backend/platforms/PlatformCocoaGL.h

@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ protected:
     SwapChain* createSwapChain(void* nativewindow, uint64_t flags) noexcept override;
     SwapChain* createSwapChain(uint32_t width, uint32_t height, uint64_t flags) noexcept override;
     void destroySwapChain(SwapChain* swapChain) noexcept override;
-    bool makeCurrent(ContextType type, SwapChain* drawSwapChain, SwapChain* readSwapChain) noexcept override;
+    bool makeCurrent(ContextType type, SwapChain* drawSwapChain, SwapChain* readSwapChain) override;
     void commit(SwapChain* swapChain) noexcept override;
     ExternalTexture* createExternalImageTexture() noexcept override;
     void destroyExternalImageTexture(ExternalTexture* texture) noexcept override;

filament/backend/include/backend/platforms/PlatformCocoaTouchGL.h

@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ public:
     SwapChain* createSwapChain(void* nativewindow, uint64_t flags) noexcept override;
     SwapChain* createSwapChain(uint32_t width, uint32_t height, uint64_t flags) noexcept override;
     void destroySwapChain(SwapChain* swapChain) noexcept override;
-    bool makeCurrent(ContextType type, SwapChain* drawSwapChain, SwapChain* readSwapChain) noexcept override;
+    bool makeCurrent(ContextType type, SwapChain* drawSwapChain, SwapChain* readSwapChain) override;
     void commit(SwapChain* swapChain) noexcept override;
 
     ExternalTexture* createExternalImageTexture() noexcept override;

filament/backend/include/backend/platforms/PlatformEGL.h

@@ -109,11 +109,11 @@ protected:
 
     bool makeCurrent(ContextType type,
             SwapChain* drawSwapChain,
-            SwapChain* readSwapChain) noexcept override;
+            SwapChain* readSwapChain) override;
 
     void makeCurrent(SwapChain* drawSwapChain, SwapChain* readSwapChain,
             utils::Invocable<void()> preContextChange,
-            utils::Invocable<void(size_t index)> postContextChange) noexcept override;
+            utils::Invocable<void(size_t index)> postContextChange) override;
 
     void commit(SwapChain* swapChain) noexcept override;
 
@@ -148,12 +148,12 @@ protected:
     EGLContext getContextForType(ContextType type) const noexcept;
 
     // makes the draw and read surface current without changing the current context
-    EGLBoolean makeCurrent(EGLSurface drawSurface, EGLSurface readSurface) noexcept {
+    EGLBoolean makeCurrent(EGLSurface drawSurface, EGLSurface readSurface) {
         return egl.makeCurrent(drawSurface, readSurface);
     }
 
     // makes context current and set draw and read surfaces to EGL_NO_SURFACE
-    EGLBoolean makeCurrent(EGLContext context) noexcept {
+    EGLBoolean makeCurrent(EGLContext context) {
         return egl.makeCurrent(context, mEGLDummySurface, mEGLDummySurface);
     }
 
@@ -211,9 +211,9 @@ private:
     public:
         explicit EGL(EGLDisplay& dpy) : mEGLDisplay(dpy) {}
         EGLBoolean makeCurrent(EGLContext context,
-                EGLSurface drawSurface, EGLSurface readSurface) noexcept;
+                EGLSurface drawSurface, EGLSurface readSurface);
 
-        EGLBoolean makeCurrent(EGLSurface drawSurface, EGLSurface readSurface) noexcept {
+        EGLBoolean makeCurrent(EGLSurface drawSurface, EGLSurface readSurface) {
             return makeCurrent(mCurrentContext, drawSurface, readSurface);
         }
     } egl{ mEGLDisplay };

filament/backend/include/backend/platforms/PlatformEGLAndroid.h

@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ protected:
 protected:
     bool makeCurrent(ContextType type,
             SwapChain* drawSwapChain,
-            SwapChain* readSwapChain) noexcept override;
+            SwapChain* readSwapChain) override;
 
 private:
     struct InitializeJvmForPerformanceManagerIfNeeded {

filament/backend/include/backend/platforms/PlatformGLX.h

@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ protected:
     SwapChain* createSwapChain(void* nativewindow, uint64_t flags) noexcept override;
     SwapChain* createSwapChain(uint32_t width, uint32_t height, uint64_t flags) noexcept override;
     void destroySwapChain(SwapChain* swapChain) noexcept override;
-    bool makeCurrent(ContextType type, SwapChain* drawSwapChain, SwapChain* readSwapChain) noexcept override;
+    bool makeCurrent(ContextType type, SwapChain* drawSwapChain, SwapChain* readSwapChain) override;
     void commit(SwapChain* swapChain) noexcept override;
 
 private:

filament/backend/include/backend/platforms/PlatformOSMesa.h

@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ protected:
     SwapChain* createSwapChain(uint32_t width, uint32_t height, uint64_t flags) noexcept override;
     void destroySwapChain(SwapChain* swapChain) noexcept override;
     bool makeCurrent(ContextType type, SwapChain* drawSwapChain,
-            SwapChain* readSwapChain) noexcept override;
+            SwapChain* readSwapChain) override;
     void commit(SwapChain* swapChain) noexcept override;
 
 private:

filament/backend/include/backend/platforms/PlatformWGL.h

@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ protected:
     SwapChain* createSwapChain(void* nativewindow, uint64_t flags) noexcept override;
     SwapChain* createSwapChain(uint32_t width, uint32_t height, uint64_t flags) noexcept override;
     void destroySwapChain(SwapChain* swapChain) noexcept override;
-    bool makeCurrent(ContextType type, SwapChain* drawSwapChain, SwapChain* readSwapChain) noexcept override;
+    bool makeCurrent(ContextType type, SwapChain* drawSwapChain, SwapChain* readSwapChain) override;
     void commit(SwapChain* swapChain) noexcept override;
 
 protected:

filament/backend/include/backend/platforms/PlatformWebGL.h

@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ protected:
     SwapChain* createSwapChain(void* nativewindow, uint64_t flags) noexcept override;
     SwapChain* createSwapChain(uint32_t width, uint32_t height, uint64_t flags) noexcept override;
     void destroySwapChain(SwapChain* swapChain) noexcept override;
-    bool makeCurrent(ContextType type, SwapChain* drawSwapChain, SwapChain* readSwapChain) noexcept override;
+    bool makeCurrent(ContextType type, SwapChain* drawSwapChain, SwapChain* readSwapChain) override;
     void commit(SwapChain* swapChain) noexcept override;
 };
 

filament/backend/include/backend/platforms/WebGPUPlatform.h

@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 #include <webgpu/webgpu_cpp.h>
 
 #include <cstdint>
+#include <vector>
 
 namespace filament::backend {
 
@@ -56,6 +57,10 @@ protected:
             const Platform::DriverConfig& driverConfig) noexcept override;
 
 private:
+    // returns adapter request option variations applicable for the particular
+    // platform
+    [[nodiscard]] static std::vector<wgpu::RequestAdapterOptions> getAdapterOptions();
+
     // we may consider having the driver own this in the future
     wgpu::Instance mInstance;
 };

filament/backend/include/private/backend/CircularBuffer.h

@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ public:
     Range getBuffer() noexcept;
 
 private:
-    void* alloc(size_t size) noexcept;
+    void* alloc(size_t size);
     void dealloc() noexcept;
 
     // pointer to the beginning of the circular buffer (constant)

filament/backend/include/private/backend/CommandBufferQueue.h

@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ public:
 
     // all commands buffers (Slices) written to this point are returned by waitForCommand(). This
     // call blocks until the CircularBuffer has at least mRequiredSize bytes available.
-    void flush() noexcept;
+    void flush();
 
     // returns from waitForCommands() immediately.
     void requestExit();

filament/backend/include/private/backend/VirtualMachineEnv.h

@@ -27,13 +27,13 @@ namespace filament {
 class VirtualMachineEnv {
 public:
     // must be called before VirtualMachineEnv::get() from a thread that is attached to the JavaVM
-    static jint JNI_OnLoad(JavaVM* vm) noexcept;
+    static jint JNI_OnLoad(JavaVM* vm);
 
     // must be called on backend thread
     static VirtualMachineEnv& get() noexcept;
 
     // can be called from any thread that already has a JniEnv
-    static JNIEnv* getThreadEnvironment() noexcept;
+    static JNIEnv* getThreadEnvironment();
 
     // must be called from the backend thread
     JNIEnv* getEnvironment() noexcept {
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ public:
 private:
     explicit VirtualMachineEnv(JavaVM* vm) noexcept;
     ~VirtualMachineEnv() noexcept;
-    JNIEnv* getEnvironmentSlow() noexcept;
+    JNIEnv* getEnvironmentSlow();
 
     static utils::Mutex sLock;
     static JavaVM* sVirtualMachine;

filament/backend/src/CircularBuffer.cpp

@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ CircularBuffer::~CircularBuffer() noexcept {
 // to each others and a special case in circularize()
 
 UTILS_NOINLINE
-void* CircularBuffer::alloc(size_t size) noexcept {
+void* CircularBuffer::alloc(size_t size) {
 #if HAS_MMAP
     void* data = nullptr;
     void* vaddr = MAP_FAILED;

filament/backend/src/CommandBufferQueue.cpp

@@ -53,18 +53,18 @@ CommandBufferQueue::~CommandBufferQueue() {
 }
 
 void CommandBufferQueue::requestExit() {
-    std::lock_guard<utils::Mutex> const lock(mLock);
+    std::lock_guard const lock(mLock);
     mExitRequested = EXIT_REQUESTED;
     mCondition.notify_one();
 }
 
 bool CommandBufferQueue::isPaused() const noexcept {
-    std::lock_guard<utils::Mutex> const lock(mLock);
+    std::lock_guard const lock(mLock);
     return mPaused;
 }
 
 void CommandBufferQueue::setPaused(bool paused) {
-    std::lock_guard<utils::Mutex> const lock(mLock);
+    std::lock_guard const lock(mLock);
     if (paused) {
         mPaused = true;
     } else {
@@ -74,12 +74,12 @@ void CommandBufferQueue::setPaused(bool paused) {
 }
 
 bool CommandBufferQueue::isExitRequested() const {
-    std::lock_guard<utils::Mutex> const lock(mLock);
+    std::lock_guard const lock(mLock);
-    return (bool)mExitRequested;
+    return bool(mExitRequested);
 }
 
 
-void CommandBufferQueue::flush() noexcept {
+void CommandBufferQueue::flush() {
     FILAMENT_TRACING_CALL(FILAMENT_TRACING_CATEGORY_FILAMENT);
 
     CircularBuffer& circularBuffer = mCircularBuffer;
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ void CommandBufferQueue::flush() noexcept {
             static_cast<char const*>(begin), static_cast<char const*>(end));
 
 
-    std::unique_lock<utils::Mutex> lock(mLock);
+    std::unique_lock lock(mLock);
 
     // circular buffer is too small, we corrupted the stream
     FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(used <= mFreeSpace) <<
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ std::vector<CommandBufferQueue::Range> CommandBufferQueue::waitForCommands() con
     if (!UTILS_HAS_THREADING) {
         return std::move(mCommandBuffersToExecute);
     }
-    std::unique_lock<utils::Mutex> lock(mLock);
+    std::unique_lock lock(mLock);
     while ((mCommandBuffersToExecute.empty() || mPaused) && !mExitRequested) {
         mCondition.wait(lock);
     }
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ std::vector<CommandBufferQueue::Range> CommandBufferQueue::waitForCommands() con
 void CommandBufferQueue::releaseBuffer(CommandBufferQueue::Range const& buffer) {
     size_t const used = std::distance(
             static_cast<char const*>(buffer.begin), static_cast<char const*>(buffer.end));
-    std::lock_guard<utils::Mutex> const lock(mLock);
+    std::lock_guard const lock(mLock);
     mFreeSpace += used;
     mCondition.notify_one();
 }

filament/backend/src/VirtualMachineEnv.cpp

@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ JavaVM* VirtualMachineEnv::getVirtualMachine() {
  */
 UTILS_PUBLIC
 UTILS_NOINLINE
-jint VirtualMachineEnv::JNI_OnLoad(JavaVM* vm) noexcept {
+jint VirtualMachineEnv::JNI_OnLoad(JavaVM* vm) {
     std::lock_guard const lock(sLock);
     if (sVirtualMachine) {
         // It doesn't make sense for JNI_OnLoad() to be called more than once
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ VirtualMachineEnv& VirtualMachineEnv::get() noexcept {
 }
 
 UTILS_NOINLINE
-JNIEnv* VirtualMachineEnv::getThreadEnvironment() noexcept {
+JNIEnv* VirtualMachineEnv::getThreadEnvironment() {
     JavaVM* const vm = getVirtualMachine();
     JNIEnv* env = nullptr;
     jint const result = vm->GetEnv(reinterpret_cast<void**>(&env), JNI_VERSION_1_6);
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ VirtualMachineEnv::~VirtualMachineEnv() noexcept {
 }
 
 UTILS_NOINLINE
-JNIEnv* VirtualMachineEnv::getEnvironmentSlow() noexcept {
+JNIEnv* VirtualMachineEnv::getEnvironmentSlow() {
     FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(mVirtualMachine)
             << "JNI_OnLoad() has not been called";
 

filament/backend/src/metal/MetalBlitter.mm

@@ -218,11 +218,11 @@ void MetalBlitter::blitDepthPlane(id<MTLCommandBuffer> cmdBuffer, const BlitArgs
     }
     [encoder setFragmentTexture:srcTextureColor atIndex:0];
 
-    SamplerMinFilter filterMin = SamplerMinFilter::NEAREST_MIPMAP_NEAREST;
+    SamplerMinFilter filterMin = SamplerMinFilter::LINEAR;
     if (args.filter == SamplerMagFilter::NEAREST) {
-        filterMin = SamplerMinFilter::NEAREST_MIPMAP_NEAREST;
+        filterMin = SamplerMinFilter::LINEAR;
     } else if (args.filter == SamplerMagFilter::LINEAR) {
-        filterMin = SamplerMinFilter::LINEAR_MIPMAP_NEAREST;
+        filterMin = SamplerMinFilter::LINEAR;
     }
 
     SamplerState const s {

filament/backend/src/metal/MetalDriver.mm

@@ -1533,7 +1533,7 @@ void MetalDriver::readPixels(Handle<HwRenderTarget> src, uint32_t x, uint32_t y,
     id<MTLTexture> readPixelsTexture = [mContext->device newTextureWithDescriptor:textureDescriptor];
 
     MetalBlitter::BlitArgs args{};
-    args.filter = SamplerMagFilter::NEAREST;
+    args.filter = SamplerMagFilter::LINEAR;
     args.source.level = miplevel;
     args.source.region = MTLRegionMake2D(0, 0, srcTexture.width >> miplevel, srcTexture.height >> miplevel);
     args.source.texture = srcTexture;
@@ -1650,7 +1650,7 @@ void MetalDriver::blit(
             << "Metal does not support blitting to/from non-2D textures.";
 
     MetalBlitter::BlitArgs args{};
-    args.filter = SamplerMagFilter::NEAREST;
+    args.filter = SamplerMagFilter::LINEAR;
     args.source.region = MTLRegionMake2D(
             (NSUInteger)srcOrigin.x,
             std::max(srcTexture->height - (int64_t)srcOrigin.y - size.y, (int64_t)0),

filament/backend/src/metal/MetalEnums.h

@@ -348,7 +348,7 @@ constexpr inline MTLSamplerMinMagFilter getFilter(SamplerMinFilter filter) noexc
         case SamplerMinFilter::NEAREST:
         case SamplerMinFilter::NEAREST_MIPMAP_NEAREST:
         case SamplerMinFilter::NEAREST_MIPMAP_LINEAR:
-            return MTLSamplerMinMagFilterNearest;
+            return MTLSamplerMinMagFilterLinear;
         case SamplerMinFilter::LINEAR_MIPMAP_NEAREST:
         case SamplerMinFilter::LINEAR:
         case SamplerMinFilter::LINEAR_MIPMAP_LINEAR:
@@ -359,7 +359,7 @@ constexpr inline MTLSamplerMinMagFilter getFilter(SamplerMinFilter filter) noexc
 constexpr inline MTLSamplerMinMagFilter getFilter(SamplerMagFilter filter) noexcept {
     switch (filter) {
         case SamplerMagFilter::NEAREST:
-            return MTLSamplerMinMagFilterNearest;
+            return MTLSamplerMinMagFilterLinear;
         case SamplerMagFilter::LINEAR:
             return MTLSamplerMinMagFilterLinear;
     }
@@ -369,10 +369,10 @@ constexpr inline MTLSamplerMipFilter getMipFilter(SamplerMinFilter filter) noexc
     switch (filter) {
         case SamplerMinFilter::NEAREST:
         case SamplerMinFilter::LINEAR:
-            return MTLSamplerMipFilterNotMipmapped;
+            return MTLSamplerMipFilterLinear;
         case SamplerMinFilter::NEAREST_MIPMAP_NEAREST:
         case SamplerMinFilter::LINEAR_MIPMAP_NEAREST:
-            return MTLSamplerMipFilterNearest;
+            return MTLSamplerMipFilterLinear;
         case SamplerMinFilter::NEAREST_MIPMAP_LINEAR:
         case SamplerMinFilter::LINEAR_MIPMAP_LINEAR:
             return MTLSamplerMipFilterLinear;

filament/backend/src/metal/MetalHandles.mm

@@ -943,7 +943,7 @@ void MetalTexture::loadWithBlit(uint32_t level, uint32_t slice, MTLRegion region
     }
 
     MetalBlitter::BlitArgs args{};
-    args.filter = SamplerMagFilter::NEAREST;
+    args.filter = SamplerMagFilter::LINEAR;
     args.source.level = 0;
     args.source.slice = 0;
     args.source.region = sourceRegion;

filament/backend/src/opengl/OpenGLDriver.cpp

@@ -932,7 +932,12 @@ void OpenGLDriver::createTextureR(Handle<HwTexture> th, SamplerType target, uint
 #if defined(BACKEND_OPENGL_LEVEL_GLES31)
                 if (gl.features.multisample_texture) {
                     // multi-sample texture on GL 3.2 / GLES 3.1 and above
-                    t->gl.target = GL_TEXTURE_2D_MULTISAMPLE;
+                    if (depth <= 1) {
+                        // We forcibly change the target to 2D-multisample only for flat texture.
+                        // A depth value greater than 1 may indicate multiview usage, which requires
+                        // GL_TEXTURE_2D_ARRAY. Also 2D MSAA won't work with non-flat texture anyway.
+                        t->gl.target = GL_TEXTURE_2D_MULTISAMPLE;
+                    }
                 } else {
                     // Turn off multi-sampling for that texture. It's just not supported.
                 }
@@ -1208,7 +1213,12 @@ void OpenGLDriver::importTextureR(Handle<HwTexture> th, intptr_t id,
 #if defined(BACKEND_OPENGL_LEVEL_GLES31)
         if (gl.features.multisample_texture) {
             // multi-sample texture on GL 3.2 / GLES 3.1 and above
-            t->gl.target = GL_TEXTURE_2D_MULTISAMPLE;
+            if (depth <= 1) {
+                // We forcibly change the target to 2D-multisample only for flat texture.
+                // A depth value greater than 1 may indicate multiview usage, which requires
+                // GL_TEXTURE_2D_ARRAY. Also 2D MSAA won't work with non-flat texture anyway.
+                t->gl.target = GL_TEXTURE_2D_MULTISAMPLE;
+            }
         } else {
             // Turn off multi-sampling for that texture. It's just not supported.
         }
@@ -1453,8 +1463,15 @@ void OpenGLDriver::framebufferTexture(TargetBufferInfo const& binfo,
 #if !defined(__EMSCRIPTEN__) && !defined(FILAMENT_IOS)
                 if (layerCount > 1) {
                     // if layerCount > 1, it means we use the multiview extension.
-                    glFramebufferTextureMultiviewOVR(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, attachment,
+                    if (rt->gl.samples > 1) {
-                        t->gl.id, 0, binfo.layer, layerCount);
+                        // For MSAA
+                        glFramebufferTextureMultisampleMultiviewOVR(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, attachment,
+                                t->gl.id, 0, rt->gl.samples, binfo.layer, layerCount);
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        glFramebufferTextureMultiviewOVR(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, attachment, t->gl.id, 0,
+                                binfo.layer, layerCount);
+                    }
                 } else
 #endif // !defined(__EMSCRIPTEN__) && !defined(FILAMENT_IOS)
                 {

filament/backend/src/opengl/OpenGLPlatform.cpp

@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ utils::CString OpenGLPlatform::getRendererString(Driver const* driver) {
 }
 
 void OpenGLPlatform::makeCurrent(SwapChain* drawSwapChain, SwapChain* readSwapChain,
-        utils::Invocable<void()>, utils::Invocable<void(size_t)>) noexcept {
+        utils::Invocable<void()>, utils::Invocable<void(size_t)>) {
     makeCurrent(getCurrentContextType(), drawSwapChain, readSwapChain);
 }
 

filament/backend/src/opengl/gl_headers.cpp

@@ -70,6 +70,9 @@ PFNGLMAXSHADERCOMPILERTHREADSKHRPROC glMaxShaderCompilerThreadsKHR;
 #ifdef GL_OVR_multiview
 PFNGLFRAMEBUFFERTEXTUREMULTIVIEWOVRPROC glFramebufferTextureMultiviewOVR;
 #endif
+#ifdef GL_OVR_multiview_multisampled_render_to_texture
+PFNGLFRAMEBUFFERTEXTUREMULTISAMPLEMULTIVIEWOVRPROC glFramebufferTextureMultisampleMultiviewOVR;
+#endif
 
 #if defined(__ANDROID__) && !defined(FILAMENT_SILENCE_NOT_SUPPORTED_BY_ES2)
 // On Android, If we want to support a build system less than ANDROID_API 21, we need to
@@ -123,6 +126,9 @@ void importGLESExtensionsEntryPoints() {
 #ifdef GL_OVR_multiview
         getProcAddress(glFramebufferTextureMultiviewOVR, "glFramebufferTextureMultiviewOVR");
 #endif
+#ifdef GL_OVR_multiview_multisampled_render_to_texture
+        getProcAddress(glFramebufferTextureMultisampleMultiviewOVR, "glFramebufferTextureMultisampleMultiviewOVR");
+#endif
 #if defined(__ANDROID__) && !defined(FILAMENT_SILENCE_NOT_SUPPORTED_BY_ES2)
         getProcAddress(glDispatchCompute, "glDispatchCompute");
 #endif

filament/backend/src/opengl/gl_headers.h

@@ -154,6 +154,9 @@ extern PFNGLMAXSHADERCOMPILERTHREADSKHRPROC glMaxShaderCompilerThreadsKHR;
 #ifdef GL_OVR_multiview
 extern PFNGLFRAMEBUFFERTEXTUREMULTIVIEWOVRPROC glFramebufferTextureMultiviewOVR;
 #endif
+#ifdef GL_OVR_multiview_multisampled_render_to_texture
+extern PFNGLFRAMEBUFFERTEXTUREMULTISAMPLEMULTIVIEWOVRPROC glFramebufferTextureMultisampleMultiviewOVR;
+#endif
 #if defined(__ANDROID__) && !defined(FILAMENT_SILENCE_NOT_SUPPORTED_BY_ES2)
 extern PFNGLDISPATCHCOMPUTEPROC glDispatchCompute;
 #endif

filament/backend/src/opengl/platforms/PlatformCocoaGL.mm

@@ -255,7 +255,7 @@ void PlatformCocoaGL::destroySwapChain(Platform::SwapChain* swapChain) noexcept
 }
 
 bool PlatformCocoaGL::makeCurrent(ContextType type, SwapChain* drawSwapChain,
-        SwapChain* readSwapChain) noexcept {
+        SwapChain* readSwapChain) {
     ASSERT_PRECONDITION_NON_FATAL(drawSwapChain == readSwapChain,
             "ContextManagerCocoa does not support using distinct draw/read swap chains.");
     CocoaGLSwapChain* swapChain = (CocoaGLSwapChain*)drawSwapChain;

filament/backend/src/opengl/platforms/PlatformCocoaTouchGL.mm

@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ uint32_t PlatformCocoaTouchGL::getDefaultFramebufferObject() noexcept {
 }
 
 bool PlatformCocoaTouchGL::makeCurrent(ContextType type, SwapChain* drawSwapChain,
-        SwapChain* readSwapChain) noexcept {
+        SwapChain* readSwapChain) {
     ASSERT_PRECONDITION_NON_FATAL(drawSwapChain == readSwapChain,
             "PlatformCocoaTouchGL does not support using distinct draw/read swap chains.");
     CAEAGLLayer* const glLayer = (__bridge CAEAGLLayer*) drawSwapChain;

filament/backend/src/opengl/platforms/PlatformEGL.cpp

@@ -577,18 +577,18 @@ OpenGLPlatform::ContextType PlatformEGL::getCurrentContextType() const noexcept
 }
 
 bool PlatformEGL::makeCurrent(ContextType type,
-        SwapChain* drawSwapChain, SwapChain* readSwapChain) noexcept {
+        SwapChain* drawSwapChain, SwapChain* readSwapChain) {
     SwapChainEGL const* const dsc = static_cast<SwapChainEGL const*>(drawSwapChain);
     SwapChainEGL const* const rsc = static_cast<SwapChainEGL const*>(readSwapChain);
     EGLContext context = getContextForType(type);
     EGLBoolean const success = egl.makeCurrent(context, dsc->sur, rsc->sur);
-    return success == EGL_TRUE ? true : false;
+    return success == EGL_TRUE;
 }
 
 void PlatformEGL::makeCurrent(SwapChain* drawSwapChain,
         SwapChain* readSwapChain,
         Invocable<void()> preContextChange,
-        Invocable<void(size_t index)> postContextChange) noexcept {
+        Invocable<void(size_t index)> postContextChange) {
 
     assert_invariant(drawSwapChain);
     assert_invariant(readSwapChain);
@@ -796,7 +796,7 @@ void PlatformEGL::Config::erase(EGLint name) noexcept {
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 EGLBoolean PlatformEGL::EGL::makeCurrent(EGLContext context, EGLSurface drawSurface,
-        EGLSurface readSurface) noexcept {
+        EGLSurface readSurface) {
     if (UTILS_UNLIKELY((
             mCurrentContext != context ||
             drawSurface != mCurrentDrawSurface || readSurface != mCurrentReadSurface))) {

filament/backend/src/opengl/platforms/PlatformEGLAndroid.cpp

@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ static constexpr const std::string_view kNativeWindowInvalidMsg =
 
 bool PlatformEGLAndroid::makeCurrent(ContextType type,
         SwapChain* drawSwapChain,
-        SwapChain* readSwapChain) noexcept {
+        SwapChain* readSwapChain) {
 
     // fast & safe path
     if (UTILS_LIKELY(!mAssertNativeWindowIsValid)) {

filament/backend/src/opengl/platforms/PlatformGLX.cpp

@@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ void PlatformGLX::destroySwapChain(Platform::SwapChain* swapChain) noexcept {
 }
 
 bool PlatformGLX::makeCurrent(ContextType type, SwapChain* drawSwapChain,
-        SwapChain* readSwapChain) noexcept {
+        SwapChain* readSwapChain) {
     g_glx.setCurrentContext(mGLXDisplay,
             (GLXDrawable)drawSwapChain, (GLXDrawable)readSwapChain, mGLXContext);
     return true;

filament/backend/src/opengl/platforms/PlatformOSMesa.cpp

@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ void PlatformOSMesa::destroySwapChain(Platform::SwapChain* swapChain) noexcept {
 }
 
 bool PlatformOSMesa::makeCurrent(ContextType type, SwapChain* drawSwapChain,
-        SwapChain* readSwapChain) noexcept {
+        SwapChain* readSwapChain) {
     OSMesaAPI* api = (OSMesaAPI*) mOsMesaApi;
     OSMesaSwapchain* impl = (OSMesaSwapchain*) drawSwapChain;
 

filament/backend/src/opengl/platforms/PlatformWGL.cpp

@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ void PlatformWGL::destroySwapChain(Platform::SwapChain* swapChain) noexcept {
 }
 
 bool PlatformWGL::makeCurrent(ContextType type, SwapChain* drawSwapChain,
-        SwapChain* readSwapChain) noexcept {
+        SwapChain* readSwapChain) {
     ASSERT_PRECONDITION_NON_FATAL(drawSwapChain == readSwapChain,
                                   "PlatformWGL does not support distinct draw/read swap chains.");
 

filament/backend/src/opengl/platforms/PlatformWebGL.cpp

@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ void PlatformWebGL::destroySwapChain(Platform::SwapChain* swapChain) noexcept {
 }
 
 bool PlatformWebGL::makeCurrent(ContextType type, SwapChain* drawSwapChain,
-        SwapChain* readSwapChain) noexcept {
+        SwapChain* readSwapChain) {
     return true;
 }
 

filament/backend/src/vulkan/utils/Helper.h

@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 
 #include <utils/bitset.h>
 #include <utils/FixedCapacityVector.h>
+#include <utils/Panic.h>
 
 #include <bluevk/BlueVK.h>
 

filament/backend/src/webgpu/WGPUProgram.cpp

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 #include "WebGPUHandles.h"
 
 #include "WebGPUConstants.h"
+#include "WebGPUStrings.h"
 
 #include "DriverBase.h"
 #include <backend/DriverEnums.h>
@@ -28,39 +29,116 @@
 #include <webgpu/webgpu_cpp.h>
 
 #include <algorithm>
+#include <cstdint>
 #include <sstream>
+#include <string>
 #include <string_view>
-#include <vector>
+#include <unordered_map>
+#include <variant>
 
 namespace filament::backend {
 
 namespace {
 
-[[nodiscard]] constexpr std::string_view toString(ShaderStage stage) {
+[[nodiscard]] std::string replaceSpecConstants(std::string_view shaderLabel,
-    switch (stage) {
+        std::string_view shaderSource,
-        case ShaderStage::VERTEX:
+        std::unordered_map<uint32_t, std::variant<int32_t, float, bool>> const&
-            return "vertex";
+                specConstants) {
-        case ShaderStage::FRAGMENT:
+    assert_invariant(!specConstants.empty());
-            return "fragment";
+    constexpr std::string_view specConstantPrefix = "FILAMENT_SPEC_CONST_";
-        case ShaderStage::COMPUTE:
+    constexpr size_t specConstantPrefixSize = specConstantPrefix.size();
-            return "compute";
+    const char* const sourceData = shaderSource.data();
+    std::stringstream processedShaderSourceStr{};
+    size_t pos = 0;
+    while (pos < shaderSource.size()) {
+        const size_t posOfNextSpecConstant = shaderSource.find(specConstantPrefix, pos);
+        if (posOfNextSpecConstant == std::string::npos) {
+            // no more spec constants, so just stream the rest of the source code string
+            processedShaderSourceStr
+                    << std::string_view(sourceData + pos, shaderSource.size() - pos);
+            break;
+        }
+        const size_t posOfId = posOfNextSpecConstant + specConstantPrefixSize;
+        const size_t posAfterId = shaderSource.find('_', posOfId);
+        FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(posAfterId != std::string::npos)
+                << "malformed " << shaderLabel << ". Found spec constant prefix '"
+                << specConstantPrefix << "' without an id or '_' after it.";
+        const std::string_view idStr =
+                std::string_view(sourceData + posOfId, posAfterId - posOfId);
+        const size_t posEndOfStatement = shaderSource.find(';', posAfterId);
+        FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(posEndOfStatement != std::string::npos)
+                << "malformed " << shaderLabel << ". Found spec constant assignment with id "
+                << idStr << " without a terminating ';' character?";
+        const std::string_view statementSegment =
+                std::string_view(sourceData + posAfterId, posEndOfStatement - posAfterId);
+        size_t posOfEqual = statementSegment.find('=');
+        if (posOfEqual == std::string::npos) {
+            // not an assignment statement, so stream to the end of the statement and continue...
+            processedShaderSourceStr
+                    << std::string_view(sourceData + pos, posEndOfStatement + 1 - pos);
+            pos = posEndOfStatement + 1;
+            continue;
+        }
+        posOfEqual += posAfterId; // position in original source, not just the segment
+        int id = 0;
+        try {
+            id = std::stoi(idStr.data());
+        } catch (const std::invalid_argument& e) {
+            PANIC_POSTCONDITION("Invalid spec constant id '%s' in %s (not a valid integer?): %s",
+                    idStr.data(), shaderLabel.data(), e.what());
+        } catch (const std::out_of_range& e) {
+            PANIC_POSTCONDITION(
+                    "Invalid spec constant id '%s' in %s (not an integer? out of range?): %s",
+                    idStr.data(), shaderLabel.data(), e.what());
+        }
+        const auto newValueItr = specConstants.find(static_cast<uint32_t>(id));
+        if (newValueItr == specConstants.end()) {
+            // not going to override the constant (stream to the end of the statement)...
+            processedShaderSourceStr
+                    << std::string_view(sourceData + pos, posEndOfStatement + 1 - pos);
+            pos = posEndOfStatement + 1;
+            continue;
+        }
+        // need to override the constant...
+        const std::variant<int32_t, float, bool> newValue = newValueItr->second;
+        // stream up to the equal sign...
+        processedShaderSourceStr << std::string_view(sourceData + pos, posOfEqual + 1 - pos);
+        // stream the new value...
+        if (auto* v = std::get_if<int32_t>(&newValue)) {
+            processedShaderSourceStr << " " << *v << "i";
+        } else if (auto* f = std::get_if<float>(&newValue)) {
+            processedShaderSourceStr << " " << *f << "f";
+        } else if (auto* b = std::get_if<bool>(&newValue)) {
+            processedShaderSourceStr << " " << ((*b) ? "true" : "false");
+        }
+        processedShaderSourceStr << ";";
+        // and skip to after the end of the statement in the original source...
+        pos = posEndOfStatement + 1;
     }
+    return processedShaderSourceStr.str();
 }
 
-[[nodiscard]] wgpu::ShaderModule createShaderModule(wgpu::Device& device, const char* programName,
+[[nodiscard]] wgpu::ShaderModule createShaderModule(wgpu::Device& device, Program& program,
-        std::array<utils::FixedCapacityVector<uint8_t>, Program::SHADER_TYPE_COUNT> const&
+        ShaderStage stage,
-                shaderSource,
+        std::unordered_map<uint32_t, std::variant<int32_t, float, bool>> const& specConstants) {
-        ShaderStage stage) {
+    const char* const programName = program.getName().c_str_safe();
+    std::array<utils::FixedCapacityVector<uint8_t>, Program::SHADER_TYPE_COUNT> const&
+            shaderSource = program.getShadersSource();
     utils::FixedCapacityVector<uint8_t> const& sourceBytes =
             shaderSource[static_cast<size_t>(stage)];
     if (sourceBytes.empty()) {
         return nullptr;// nothing to compile, the shader was not provided
     }
-    wgpu::ShaderModuleWGSLDescriptor wgslDescriptor{};
-    wgslDescriptor.code = wgpu::StringView(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(sourceBytes.data()));
     std::stringstream labelStream;
-    labelStream << programName << " " << toString(stage) << " shader";
+    labelStream << programName << " " << filamentShaderStageToString(stage) << " shader";
     auto label = labelStream.str();
+    const std::string processedShaderSource =
+            specConstants.empty()
+                    ? reinterpret_cast<const char*>(sourceBytes.data())
+                    : replaceSpecConstants(label, reinterpret_cast<const char*>(sourceBytes.data()),
+                              specConstants);
+    wgpu::ShaderModuleWGSLDescriptor wgslDescriptor{};
+    wgslDescriptor.code = wgpu::StringView(processedShaderSource);
     wgpu::ShaderModuleDescriptor descriptor{
         .nextInChain = &wgslDescriptor,
         .label = label.data()
@@ -119,85 +197,33 @@ namespace {
                                     << ":\n"
                                     << errorStream.str();
                         }
+#if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_DEBUG_VALIDATION)
                         FWGPU_LOGD << descriptor.label << " compiled successfully"
                                    << utils::io::endl;
+#endif
                     }),
-            UINT16_MAX);
+            SHADER_COMPILATION_TIMEOUT_NANOSECONDS);
     return module;
 }
 
-// This is a 1 to 1 mapping of the ReservedSpecializationConstants enum in EngineEnums.h
+void toMap(utils::FixedCapacityVector<Program::SpecializationConstant> const& specConstants,
-// The _hack is a workaround until https://issues.chromium.org/issues/42250586 is resolved
+        std::unordered_map<uint32_t, std::variant<int32_t, float, bool>>& constantById) {
-// This workaround is the same one being used on the generateSpecializationConstant() function
+    constantById.reserve(specConstants.size());
-wgpu::StringView getSpecConstantStringId(uint32_t id) {
+    for (auto const& specConstant: specConstants) {
-    switch (id) {
+        constantById.emplace(specConstant.id, specConstant.value);
-        case 0:
-            return "0";// BACKEND_FEATURE_LEVEL_hack
-        case 1:
-            return "1";// CONFIG_MAX_INSTANCES_hack
-        case 2:
-            return "2";// ONFIG_STATIC_TEXTURE_TARGET_WORKAROUND_hack
-        case 3:
-            return "3";// CONFIG_SRGB_SWAPCHAIN_EMULATION_hack
-        case 4:
-            return "4";// CONFIG_FROXEL_BUFFER_HEIGHT_hack
-        case 5:
-            return "5";// CONFIG_POWER_VR_SHADER_WORKAROUNDS_hack
-        case 6:
-            return "6";// CONFIG_DEBUG_DIRECTIONAL_SHADOWMAP_hack
-        case 7:
-            return "7";// CONFIG_DEBUG_FROXEL_VISUALIZATION_hack
-        case 8:
-            return "8";// CONFIG_STEREO_EYE_COUNT_hack
-        case 9:
-            return "9";// CONFIG_SH_BANDS_COUNT_hack
-        case 10:
-            return "10";// CONFIG_SHADOW_SAMPLING_METHOD_hack
-        default:
-            PANIC_POSTCONDITION("Unknown/unhandled spec constant key/id: %d", id);
     }
 }
 
-std::vector<wgpu::ConstantEntry> convertConstants(
-        utils::FixedCapacityVector<filament::backend::Program::SpecializationConstant> const&
-                constantsInfo) {
-    std::vector<wgpu::ConstantEntry> constants;
-    constants.reserve(constantsInfo.size());
-    for (filament::backend::Program::SpecializationConstant const& constant: constantsInfo) {
-        // CONFIG_MAX_INSTANCES (1) and CONFIG_FROXEL_BUFFER_HEIGHT (4) will not be present
-        // as constant overrides in the generated WGSL, because WGSL doesn't support specialization
-        // constants as an array length
-        // More information at https://github.com/gpuweb/gpuweb/issues/572#issuecomment-649760005
-        // CONFIG_SRGB_SWAPCHAIN_EMULATION (3) is being skipped all together since it's only
-        // included for the case of mFeatureLevel == FeatureLevel::FEATURE_LEVEL_0, which should
-        // not be possible for WebGPU
-        if (constant.id == 1 || constant.id == 3 || constant.id == 4) {
-            continue;
-        }
-        double value = 0.0;
-        if (auto* v = std::get_if<int32_t>(&constant.value)) {
-            value = static_cast<double>(*v);
-        } else if (auto* f = std::get_if<float>(&constant.value)) {
-            value = static_cast<double>(*f);
-        } else if (auto* b = std::get_if<bool>(&constant.value)) {
-            value = *b ? 0.0 : 1.0;
-        }
-        constants.push_back(
-                wgpu::ConstantEntry{ .key = getSpecConstantStringId(constant.id), .value = value });
-    }
-    return constants;
-}
-
 }// namespace
 
 WGPUProgram::WGPUProgram(wgpu::Device& device, Program& program)
-    : HwProgram(program.getName()),
+    : HwProgram(program.getName()) {
-      vertexShaderModule(createShaderModule(device, name.c_str_safe(), program.getShadersSource(),
+    std::unordered_map<uint32_t, std::variant<int32_t, float, bool>> specConstants;
-              ShaderStage::VERTEX)),
+    toMap(program.getSpecializationConstants(), specConstants);
-      fragmentShaderModule(createShaderModule(device, name.c_str_safe(), program.getShadersSource(),
+    vertexShaderModule = createShaderModule(device, program, ShaderStage::VERTEX, specConstants);
-              ShaderStage::FRAGMENT)),
+    fragmentShaderModule =
-      computeShaderModule(createShaderModule(device, name.c_str_safe(), program.getShadersSource(),
+            createShaderModule(device, program, ShaderStage::FRAGMENT, specConstants);
-              ShaderStage::COMPUTE)),
+    computeShaderModule = createShaderModule(device, program, ShaderStage::COMPUTE, specConstants);
-      constants(convertConstants(program.getSpecializationConstants())) {}
+}
 
 }// namespace filament::backend

filament/backend/src/webgpu/WebGPUConstants.h

@@ -63,4 +63,13 @@
     #define FWGPU_LOGI (utils::slog.i)
 #endif
 
+constexpr uint64_t REQUEST_ADAPTER_TIMEOUT_NANOSECONDS =
+        /* milliseconds */ 1000u * /* converted to ns */ 1000000u;
+
+constexpr uint64_t REQUEST_DEVICE_TIMEOUT_NANOSECONDS =
+        /* milliseconds */ 1000u * /* converted to ns */ 1000000u;
+
+constexpr uint64_t SHADER_COMPILATION_TIMEOUT_NANOSECONDS =
+        /* milliseconds */ 1000u * /* converted to ns */ 1000000u;
+
 #endif// TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_WEBGPUCONSTANTS_H

filament/backend/src/webgpu/WebGPUDriver.cpp

@@ -32,7 +32,6 @@
 #include <utils/Panic.h>
 #include <utils/ostream.h>
 
-#include <dawn/webgpu_cpp_print.h>
 #include <webgpu/webgpu_cpp.h>
 
 #include <algorithm>
@@ -41,179 +40,10 @@
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <memory>
 #include <sstream>
-#include <string_view>
 #include <utility>
-#include <variant>
 
 namespace filament::backend {
 
-namespace {
-
-#if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
-void printInstanceDetails(wgpu::Instance const& instance) {
-    wgpu::SupportedWGSLLanguageFeatures supportedWGSLLanguageFeatures{};
-    if (!instance.GetWGSLLanguageFeatures(&supportedWGSLLanguageFeatures)) {
-        FWGPU_LOGW << "Failed to get WebGPU instance supported WGSL language features"
-                   << utils::io::endl;
-    } else {
-        FWGPU_LOGI << "WebGPU instance supported WGSL language features ("
-                   << supportedWGSLLanguageFeatures.featureCount << "):" << utils::io::endl;
-        if (supportedWGSLLanguageFeatures.featureCount > 0 &&
-                supportedWGSLLanguageFeatures.features != nullptr) {
-            std::for_each(supportedWGSLLanguageFeatures.features,
-                    supportedWGSLLanguageFeatures.features +
-                            supportedWGSLLanguageFeatures.featureCount,
-                    [](wgpu::WGSLLanguageFeatureName const featureName) {
-                        std::stringstream nameStream{};
-                        nameStream << featureName;
-                        FWGPU_LOGI << "  " << nameStream.str() << utils::io::endl;
-                    });
-        }
-    }
-}
-#endif
-
-#if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
-void printLimit(std::string_view name, const std::variant<uint32_t, uint64_t> value) {
-    FWGPU_LOGI << "  " << name.data() << ": ";
-    bool undefined = true;
-    if (std::holds_alternative<uint32_t>(value)) {
-        if (std::get<uint32_t>(value) != WGPU_LIMIT_U32_UNDEFINED) {
-            undefined = false;
-            FWGPU_LOGI << std::get<uint32_t>(value);
-        }
-    } else if (std::holds_alternative<uint64_t>(value)) {
-        if (std::get<uint64_t>(value) != WGPU_LIMIT_U64_UNDEFINED) {
-            undefined = false;
-            FWGPU_LOGI << std::get<uint64_t>(value);
-        }
-    }
-    if (undefined) {
-        FWGPU_LOGI << "UNDEFINED";
-    }
-    FWGPU_LOGI << utils::io::endl;
-}
-#endif
-
-#if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
-void printLimits(wgpu::Limits const& limits) {
-    printLimit("maxTextureDimension1D", limits.maxTextureDimension1D);
-    printLimit("maxTextureDimension2D", limits.maxTextureDimension2D);
-    printLimit("maxTextureDimension3D", limits.maxTextureDimension3D);
-    printLimit("maxTextureArrayLayers", limits.maxTextureArrayLayers);
-    printLimit("maxBindGroups", limits.maxBindGroups);
-    printLimit("maxBindGroupsPlusVertexBuffers", limits.maxBindGroupsPlusVertexBuffers);
-    printLimit("maxBindingsPerBindGroup", limits.maxBindingsPerBindGroup);
-    printLimit("maxDynamicUniformBuffersPerPipelineLayout",
-            limits.maxDynamicUniformBuffersPerPipelineLayout);
-    printLimit("maxDynamicStorageBuffersPerPipelineLayout",
-            limits.maxDynamicStorageBuffersPerPipelineLayout);
-    printLimit("maxSampledTexturesPerShaderStage", limits.maxSampledTexturesPerShaderStage);
-    printLimit("maxSamplersPerShaderStage", limits.maxSamplersPerShaderStage);
-    printLimit("maxStorageBuffersPerShaderStage", limits.maxStorageBuffersPerShaderStage);
-    printLimit("maxStorageTexturesPerShaderStage", limits.maxStorageTexturesPerShaderStage);
-    printLimit("maxUniformBuffersPerShaderStage", limits.maxUniformBuffersPerShaderStage);
-    printLimit("maxUniformBufferBindingSize", limits.maxUniformBufferBindingSize);
-    printLimit("maxStorageBufferBindingSize", limits.maxStorageBufferBindingSize);
-    printLimit("minUniformBufferOffsetAlignment", limits.minUniformBufferOffsetAlignment);
-    printLimit("minStorageBufferOffsetAlignment", limits.minStorageBufferOffsetAlignment);
-    printLimit("maxVertexBuffers", limits.maxVertexBuffers);
-    printLimit("maxBufferSize", limits.maxBufferSize);
-    printLimit("maxVertexAttributes", limits.maxVertexAttributes);
-    printLimit("maxVertexBufferArrayStride", limits.maxVertexBufferArrayStride);
-    printLimit("maxInterStageShaderVariables", limits.maxInterStageShaderVariables);
-    printLimit("maxColorAttachments", limits.maxColorAttachments);
-    printLimit("maxColorAttachmentBytesPerSample", limits.maxColorAttachmentBytesPerSample);
-    printLimit("maxComputeWorkgroupStorageSize", limits.maxComputeWorkgroupStorageSize);
-    printLimit("maxComputeInvocationsPerWorkgroup", limits.maxComputeInvocationsPerWorkgroup);
-    printLimit("maxComputeWorkgroupSizeX", limits.maxComputeWorkgroupSizeX);
-    printLimit("maxComputeWorkgroupSizeY", limits.maxComputeWorkgroupSizeY);
-    printLimit("maxComputeWorkgroupSizeZ", limits.maxComputeWorkgroupSizeZ);
-    printLimit("maxComputeWorkgroupsPerDimension", limits.maxComputeWorkgroupsPerDimension);
-    printLimit("maxStorageBuffersInVertexStage", limits.maxStorageBuffersInVertexStage);
-    printLimit("maxStorageTexturesInVertexStage", limits.maxStorageTexturesInVertexStage);
-    printLimit("maxStorageBuffersInFragmentStage", limits.maxStorageBuffersInFragmentStage);
-    printLimit("maxStorageTexturesInFragmentStage", limits.maxStorageTexturesInFragmentStage);
-}
-#endif
-
-#if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
-void printAdapterDetails(wgpu::Adapter const& adapter) {
-    wgpu::DawnAdapterPropertiesPowerPreference powerPreferenceProperties{};
-    wgpu::AdapterInfo adapterInfo{};
-    adapterInfo.nextInChain = &powerPreferenceProperties;
-    if (!adapter.GetInfo(&adapterInfo)) {
-        FWGPU_LOGW << "Failed to get WebGPU adapter info" << utils::io::endl;
-    } else {
-        std::stringstream backendTypeStream{};
-        backendTypeStream << adapterInfo.backendType;
-        std::stringstream adapterTypeStream{};
-        adapterTypeStream << adapterInfo.adapterType;
-        std::stringstream powerPreferenceStream{};
-        powerPreferenceStream << powerPreferenceProperties.powerPreference;
-        FWGPU_LOGI << "WebGPU adapter info:" << utils::io::endl;
-        FWGPU_LOGI << "  vendor: " << adapterInfo.vendor.data << utils::io::endl;
-        FWGPU_LOGI << "  architecture: " << adapterInfo.architecture.data << utils::io::endl;
-        FWGPU_LOGI << "  device: " << adapterInfo.device.data << utils::io::endl;
-        FWGPU_LOGI << "  description: " << adapterInfo.description.data << utils::io::endl;
-        FWGPU_LOGI << "  backend type: " << backendTypeStream.str().data() << utils::io::endl;
-        FWGPU_LOGI << "  adapter type: " << adapterTypeStream.str().data() << utils::io::endl;
-        FWGPU_LOGI << "  device ID: " << adapterInfo.deviceID << utils::io::endl;
-        FWGPU_LOGI << "  vendor ID: " << adapterInfo.vendorID << utils::io::endl;
-        FWGPU_LOGI << "  subgroup min size: " << adapterInfo.subgroupMinSize << utils::io::endl;
-        FWGPU_LOGI << "  subgroup max size: " << adapterInfo.subgroupMaxSize << utils::io::endl;
-        FWGPU_LOGI << "  power preference: " << powerPreferenceStream.str() << utils::io::endl;
-    }
-    wgpu::SupportedFeatures supportedFeatures{};
-    adapter.GetFeatures(&supportedFeatures);
-    FWGPU_LOGI << "WebGPU adapter supported features (" << supportedFeatures.featureCount
-               << "):" << utils::io::endl;
-    if (supportedFeatures.featureCount > 0 && supportedFeatures.features != nullptr) {
-        std::for_each(supportedFeatures.features,
-                supportedFeatures.features + supportedFeatures.featureCount,
-                [](wgpu::FeatureName const name) {
-                    std::stringstream nameStream{};
-                    nameStream << name;
-                    FWGPU_LOGI << "  " << nameStream.str().data() << utils::io::endl;
-                });
-    }
-    wgpu::Limits supportedLimits{};
-    if (!adapter.GetLimits(&supportedLimits)) {
-        FWGPU_LOGW << "Failed to get WebGPU adapter supported limits" << utils::io::endl;
-    } else {
-        FWGPU_LOGI << "WebGPU adapter supported limits:" << utils::io::endl;
-        printLimits(supportedLimits);
-    }
-}
-#endif
-
-#if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
-void printDeviceDetails(wgpu::Device const& device) {
-    wgpu::SupportedFeatures supportedFeatures{};
-    device.GetFeatures(&supportedFeatures);
-    FWGPU_LOGI << "WebGPU device supported features (" << supportedFeatures.featureCount
-               << "):" << utils::io::endl;
-    if (supportedFeatures.featureCount > 0 && supportedFeatures.features != nullptr) {
-        std::for_each(supportedFeatures.features,
-                supportedFeatures.features + supportedFeatures.featureCount,
-                [](wgpu::FeatureName const name) {
-                    std::stringstream nameStream{};
-                    nameStream << name;
-                    FWGPU_LOGI << "  " << nameStream.str().data() << utils::io::endl;
-                });
-    }
-    wgpu::Limits supportedLimits{};
-    if (!device.GetLimits(&supportedLimits)) {
-        FWGPU_LOGW << "Failed to get WebGPU supported device limits" << utils::io::endl;
-    } else {
-        FWGPU_LOGI << "WebGPU device supported limits:" << utils::io::endl;
-        printLimits(supportedLimits);
-    }
-}
-#endif
-
-}// namespace
-
 Driver* WebGPUDriver::create(WebGPUPlatform& platform, const Platform::DriverConfig& driverConfig) noexcept {
     constexpr size_t defaultSize = FILAMENT_WEBGPU_HANDLE_ARENA_SIZE_IN_MB * 1024U * 1024U;
     Platform::DriverConfig validConfig {driverConfig};
@@ -221,26 +51,16 @@ Driver* WebGPUDriver::create(WebGPUPlatform& platform, const Platform::DriverCon
     return new WebGPUDriver(platform, validConfig);
 }
 
-WebGPUDriver::WebGPUDriver(WebGPUPlatform& platform, const Platform::DriverConfig& driverConfig) noexcept
+WebGPUDriver::WebGPUDriver(WebGPUPlatform& platform,
+        const Platform::DriverConfig& driverConfig) noexcept
     : mPlatform(platform),
-      mHandleAllocator("Handles",
+      mHandleAllocator("Handles", driverConfig.handleArenaSize,
-              driverConfig.handleArenaSize,
+              driverConfig.disableHandleUseAfterFreeCheck, driverConfig.disableHeapHandleTags) {
-              driverConfig.disableHandleUseAfterFreeCheck,
-              driverConfig.disableHeapHandleTags) {
-#if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
-    printInstanceDetails(mPlatform.getInstance());
-#endif
     mAdapter = mPlatform.requestAdapter(nullptr);
-#if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
-    printAdapterDetails(mAdapter);
-#endif
     mDevice = mPlatform.requestDevice(mAdapter);
     wgpu::Limits supportedLimits{};
     mDevice.GetLimits(&supportedLimits);
     mMinUniformBufferOffsetAlignment = supportedLimits.minUniformBufferOffsetAlignment;
-#if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
-    printDeviceDetails(mDevice);
-#endif
     mQueue = mDevice.GetQueue();
 }
 
@@ -354,6 +174,20 @@ void WebGPUDriver::destroyProgram(Handle<HwProgram> ph) {
 }
 
 void WebGPUDriver::destroyRenderTarget(Handle<HwRenderTarget> rth) {
+    if (rth) {
+        WGPURenderTarget* rt = handleCast<WGPURenderTarget>(rth);
+        if (rt == mDefaultRenderTarget) {
+            mDefaultRenderTarget = nullptr;
+        }
+        if (rt == mCurrentRenderTarget) {
+            mCurrentRenderTarget = nullptr;
+        }
+        // WGPURenderTarget destructor is trivial.
+        // The HwTexture handles stored within WGPURenderTarget (via MRT, TargetBufferInfo)
+        // are not owned by WGPURenderTarget, so they are not destroyed here.
+        // They are destroyed via WebGPUDriver::destroyTexture.
+        destructHandle<WGPURenderTarget>(rth);
+    }
 }
 
 void WebGPUDriver::destroySwapChain(Handle<HwSwapChain> sch) {
@@ -376,6 +210,19 @@ void WebGPUDriver::destroyDescriptorSetLayout(Handle<HwDescriptorSetLayout> tqh)
 }
 
 void WebGPUDriver::destroyDescriptorSet(Handle<HwDescriptorSet> tqh) {
+    auto* bindGroup = handleCast<WebGPUDescriptorSet>(tqh);
+    assert_invariant(bindGroup);
+    if (bindGroup->getBindGroup() != nullptr) {
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < MAX_DESCRIPTOR_SET_COUNT; i++) {
+            if (mCurrentDescriptorSets[i].bindGroup != nullptr &&
+                    bindGroup->getBindGroup().Get() == mCurrentDescriptorSets[i].bindGroup.Get()) {
+                // Clear this from our current entries
+                mCurrentDescriptorSets[i].bindGroup = nullptr;
+                mCurrentDescriptorSets[i].offsets.clear();
+                mCurrentDescriptorSets[i].offsetCount = 0;
+            }
+        }
+    }
     if (tqh) {
         destructHandle<WebGPUDescriptorSet>(tqh);
     }
@@ -580,7 +427,21 @@ void WebGPUDriver::createDefaultRenderTargetR(Handle<HwRenderTarget> rth, int) {
 
 void WebGPUDriver::createRenderTargetR(Handle<HwRenderTarget> rth, TargetBufferFlags targets,
         uint32_t width, uint32_t height, uint8_t samples, uint8_t layerCount, MRT color,
-        TargetBufferInfo depth, TargetBufferInfo stencil) {}
+        TargetBufferInfo depth, TargetBufferInfo stencil) {
+    // The `targets` flags indicate which of the `color`, `depth`, `stencil` TargetBufferInfo
+    // are actually active for this render target.
+    // We'll pass all TargetBufferInfo to WGPURenderTarget; it will use them if their handles are valid.
+
+    // Ensure that textures intended for use as attachments were created with
+    // wgpu::TextureUsage::RenderAttachment. This check should ideally be in createTextureR
+    // or validated here if possible.
+
+    // The `layerCount` parameter might be for creating array textures that this RT targets.
+    // Individual attachments (color[i].layer, depth.layer, stencil.layer) specify which layer
+    // of an array texture to bind. For now, we assume textures are pre-configured.
+
+    constructHandle<WGPURenderTarget>(rth, width, height, samples, color, depth, stencil);
+}
 
 void WebGPUDriver::createFenceR(Handle<HwFence> fh, int) {}
 
@@ -663,7 +524,7 @@ bool WebGPUDriver::isAutoDepthResolveSupported() {
 }
 
 bool WebGPUDriver::isSRGBSwapChainSupported() {
-    return false;
+    return true;
 }
 
 bool WebGPUDriver::isProtectedContentSupported() {
@@ -845,35 +706,81 @@ void WebGPUDriver::compilePrograms(CompilerPriorityQueue priority,
 
 void WebGPUDriver::beginRenderPass(Handle<HwRenderTarget> rth, RenderPassParams const& params) {
     assert_invariant(mCommandEncoder);
-
     auto* renderTarget = handleCast<WGPURenderTarget>(rth);
-    // if (renderTarget == mDefaultRenderTarget) {
-    //     FWGPU_LOGW << "Default render target"
-    //                << utils::io::endl;
-    // } else {
-    //     FWGPU_LOGW << "Non Default render target"
-    //                << utils::io::endl;
-    // }
-    wgpu::RenderPassDescriptor renderPassDescriptor;
-    wgpu::RenderPassDepthStencilAttachment depthStencilAttachment{
-        .view = mSwapChain->getDepthTextureView(),
-        .depthLoadOp = WGPURenderTarget::getLoadOperation(params, TargetBufferFlags::DEPTH),
-        .depthStoreOp = WGPURenderTarget::getStoreOperation(params, TargetBufferFlags::DEPTH),
-        .depthClearValue = static_cast<float>(params.clearDepth),
-        .depthReadOnly = (params.readOnlyDepthStencil & RenderPassParams::READONLY_DEPTH) > 0,
-        .stencilLoadOp = WGPURenderTarget::getLoadOperation(params, TargetBufferFlags::STENCIL),
-        .stencilStoreOp = WGPURenderTarget::getStoreOperation(params, TargetBufferFlags::STENCIL),
-        .stencilClearValue = params.clearStencil,
-        .stencilReadOnly = (params.readOnlyDepthStencil & RenderPassParams::READONLY_STENCIL) > 0
-    };
-    renderTarget->setUpRenderPassAttachments(renderPassDescriptor, mTextureView, params);
-    renderPassDescriptor.depthStencilAttachment = &depthStencilAttachment;
 
-    assert_invariant(mTextureView);
+    wgpu::TextureView defaultColorView = nullptr;
+    wgpu::TextureView defaultDepthStencilView = nullptr;
+
+    std::array<wgpu::TextureView, MRT::MAX_SUPPORTED_RENDER_TARGET_COUNT> customColorViews{};
+    uint32_t customColorViewCount = 0;
+    wgpu::TextureView customDepthView = nullptr;
+    wgpu::TextureFormat customDepthFormat = wgpu::TextureFormat::Undefined;
+    wgpu::TextureFormat customStencilFormat = wgpu::TextureFormat::Undefined;
+    wgpu::TextureView customStencilView = nullptr;
+
+    mCurrentRenderTarget = renderTarget;
+    if (renderTarget->isDefaultRenderTarget()) {
+        assert_invariant(mSwapChain && mTextureView);
+        defaultColorView = mTextureView;
+        defaultDepthStencilView = mSwapChain->getDepthTextureView();
+    } else {
+        // Resolve views for custom render target
+        const auto& colorInfos = renderTarget->getColorAttachmentInfos();
+        for (int i = 0; i < MRT::MAX_SUPPORTED_RENDER_TARGET_COUNT; ++i) {
+            if (colorInfos[i].handle) {
+                auto* hwTexture = handleCast<WGPUTexture>(colorInfos[i].handle);
+                if (hwTexture) {
+                    // TODO: Consider colorInfos[i].level and colorInfos[i].layer for view creation
+                    // if WGPUTexture::getTextureView() isn't sufficient or needs parameters.
+                    customColorViews[customColorViewCount++] = hwTexture->getTextureView();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        const auto& depthInfo = renderTarget->getDepthAttachmentInfo();
+        if (depthInfo.handle) {
+            auto* hwTexture = handleCast<WGPUTexture>(depthInfo.handle);
+            if (hwTexture) {
+                customDepthView = hwTexture->getTextureView();
+                customDepthFormat = hwTexture->getFormat();
+            }
+        }
+
+        const auto& stencilInfo = renderTarget->getStencilAttachmentInfo();
+        if (stencilInfo.handle) {
+            // If depth and stencil use the same texture handle, this will re-cast but that's fine.
+            auto* hwTexture = handleCast<WGPUTexture>(stencilInfo.handle);
+            if (hwTexture) {
+                customStencilView = hwTexture->getTextureView();
+                customStencilFormat = hwTexture->getFormat();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    wgpu::RenderPassDescriptor renderPassDescriptor{};
+    renderTarget->setUpRenderPassAttachments(renderPassDescriptor,
+            params,
+            defaultColorView,
+            defaultDepthStencilView,
+            customColorViews.data(),
+            customColorViewCount,
+            customDepthView,
+            customStencilView,
+            customDepthFormat,
+            customStencilFormat);
 
     mRenderPassEncoder = mCommandEncoder.BeginRenderPass(&renderPassDescriptor);
-    mRenderPassEncoder.SetViewport(params.viewport.left, params.viewport.bottom,
+
-            params.viewport.width, params.viewport.height, params.depthRange.near, params.depthRange.far);
+    // Ensure viewport dimensions are not 0
+    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(params.viewport.width > 0) << "viewport width is 0?";
+    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(params.viewport.height > 0) << "viewport height is 0?";
+
+    mRenderPassEncoder.SetViewport(
+            static_cast<float>(params.viewport.left),
+            static_cast<float>(params.viewport.bottom),
+            static_cast<float>(params.viewport.width),
+            static_cast<float>(params.viewport.height),
+            params.depthRange.near,
+            params.depthRange.far);
 }
 
 void WebGPUDriver::endRenderPass(int /* dummy */) {
@@ -966,7 +873,7 @@ void WebGPUDriver::bindPipeline(PipelineState const& pipelineState) {
     // VulkanPipelineCache to handle this, may be missing nuance
     static auto pipleineStateHasher = utils::hash::MurmurHashFn<filament::backend::PipelineState>();
     auto hash = pipleineStateHasher(pipelineState);
-    if(mPipelineMap.find(hash) != mPipelineMap.end()){
+    if (mPipelineMap.find(hash) != mPipelineMap.end()) {
         mRenderPassEncoder.SetPipeline(mPipelineMap[hash]);
         return;
     }
@@ -1002,24 +909,67 @@ void WebGPUDriver::bindPipeline(PipelineState const& pipelineState) {
             << layoutDescriptor.label;
     auto const* vertexBufferInfo = handleCast<WGPUVertexBufferInfo>(pipelineState.vertexBufferInfo);
     assert_invariant(vertexBufferInfo);
-    const wgpu::RenderPipeline pipeline = createWebGPURenderPipeline(mDevice, *program,
+
-            *vertexBufferInfo, layout, pipelineState.rasterState, pipelineState.stencilState,
+    std::vector<wgpu::TextureFormat> pipelineColorFormats;
-            pipelineState.polygonOffset, pipelineState.primitiveType, mSwapChain->getColorFormat(),
+    wgpu::TextureFormat pipelineDepthFormat = wgpu::TextureFormat::Undefined;
-            mSwapChain->getDepthFormat());
+    uint8_t pipelineSamples = 1;
+
+    if (mCurrentRenderTarget->isDefaultRenderTarget()) {
+        pipelineColorFormats.push_back(mSwapChain->getColorFormat());
+        pipelineDepthFormat = mSwapChain->getDepthFormat();
+        pipelineSamples =
+                mCurrentRenderTarget->getSamples();// Default RT should have samples (usually 1)
+    } else {
+        const auto& mrtColorAttachments = mCurrentRenderTarget->getColorAttachmentInfos();
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < MRT::MAX_SUPPORTED_RENDER_TARGET_COUNT; ++i) {
+            if (mrtColorAttachments[i].handle) {
+                const auto* colorTexture = handleCast<WGPUTexture>(mrtColorAttachments[i].handle);
+                if (colorTexture) {
+                    pipelineColorFormats.push_back(colorTexture->getTexture().GetFormat());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        const auto& depthInfo = mCurrentRenderTarget->getDepthAttachmentInfo();
+        const auto& stencilInfo = mCurrentRenderTarget->getStencilAttachmentInfo();
+        if (depthInfo.handle) {
+            FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(!stencilInfo.handle)
+                    << "depth and stencil attachments cannot both be provided for WebGPU";
+            const auto* dfTexture = handleCast<WGPUTexture>(depthInfo.handle);
+            if (dfTexture) pipelineDepthFormat = dfTexture->getTexture().GetFormat();
+        } else {
+            if (stencilInfo.handle) {
+                const auto* sfTexture = handleCast<WGPUTexture>(stencilInfo.handle);
+                // Assuming combined depth/stencil format if only stencil is present
+                if (sfTexture) {
+                    pipelineDepthFormat = sfTexture->getTexture().GetFormat();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        pipelineSamples = mCurrentRenderTarget->getSamples();
+    }
+
+    if (program->fragmentShaderModule != nullptr) {
+        FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(!pipelineColorFormats.empty())
+                << "Render pipeline with fragment shader must have at least one color target "
+                   "format.";
+    }
+    wgpu::RenderPipeline pipeline = createWebGPURenderPipeline(mDevice, *program, *vertexBufferInfo,
+            layout, pipelineState.rasterState, pipelineState.stencilState,
+            pipelineState.polygonOffset, pipelineState.primitiveType, pipelineColorFormats,
+            pipelineDepthFormat, pipelineSamples);
+    assert_invariant(pipeline);
     mPipelineMap[hash] = pipeline;
     mRenderPassEncoder.SetPipeline(pipeline);
 }
 
 void WebGPUDriver::bindRenderPrimitive(Handle<HwRenderPrimitive> rph) {
     auto* renderPrimitive = handleCast<WGPURenderPrimitive>(rph);
-
-    // This *must* match the WGPUVertexBufferInfo that was bound in bindPipeline(). But we want
-    // to allow to call this before bindPipeline(), so the validation can only happen in draw()
     auto vbi = handleCast<WGPUVertexBufferInfo>(renderPrimitive->vertexBuffer->vbih);
-    assert_invariant(
+    for (const auto& webGPUSlotBindings: vbi->getWebGPUSlotBindingInfos()) {
-            vbi->getVertexBufferLayoutSize() == renderPrimitive->vertexBuffer->buffers.size());
+        mRenderPassEncoder.SetVertexBuffer(webGPUSlotBindings.slot,
-    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < vbi->getVertexBufferLayoutSize(); i++) {
+                renderPrimitive->vertexBuffer->buffers[webGPUSlotBindings.sourceBuffer],
-        mRenderPassEncoder.SetVertexBuffer(i, renderPrimitive->vertexBuffer->buffers[i]);
+                webGPUSlotBindings.bufferOffset);
     }
 
     mRenderPassEncoder.SetIndexBuffer(renderPrimitive->indexBuffer->getBuffer(),
@@ -1027,11 +977,27 @@ void WebGPUDriver::bindRenderPrimitive(Handle<HwRenderPrimitive> rph) {
 }
 
 void WebGPUDriver::draw2(uint32_t indexOffset, uint32_t indexCount, uint32_t instanceCount) {
+    // We defer actually binding until we actually draw
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < MAX_DESCRIPTOR_SET_COUNT; i++) {
+        auto& binding = mCurrentDescriptorSets[i];
+        if (binding.bindGroup) {
+            mRenderPassEncoder.SetBindGroup(i, binding.bindGroup, binding.offsetCount,
+                    binding.offsets.data());
+        }
+    }
+
     mRenderPassEncoder.DrawIndexed(indexCount, instanceCount, indexOffset, 0, 0);
 }
 
-void WebGPUDriver::draw(PipelineState, Handle<HwRenderPrimitive>, uint32_t indexOffset,
+void WebGPUDriver::draw(PipelineState pipelineState,
-        uint32_t indexCount, uint32_t instanceCount) {
+        Handle<HwRenderPrimitive> renderPrimitiveHandle, uint32_t indexOffset, uint32_t indexCount,
+        uint32_t instanceCount) {
+    WGPURenderPrimitive const* const renderPrimitive =
+            handleCast<WGPURenderPrimitive>(renderPrimitiveHandle);
+    pipelineState.primitiveType = renderPrimitive->type;
+    pipelineState.vertexBufferInfo = renderPrimitive->vertexBuffer->vbih;
+    bindPipeline(pipelineState);
+    bindRenderPrimitive(renderPrimitiveHandle);
     draw2(indexOffset, indexCount, instanceCount);
 }
 
@@ -1080,7 +1046,7 @@ void WebGPUDriver::updateDescriptorSetTexture(Handle<HwDescriptorSet> dsh,
         auto sampler = makeSampler(params);
         // TODO making assumptions that size and offset mean the same thing here.
         wgpu::BindGroupEntry tEntry{ .binding = static_cast<uint32_t>(binding * 2),
-            .textureView = texture->getTexView() };
+            .textureView = texture->getTextureView() };
         bindGroup->addEntry(tEntry.binding, std::move(tEntry));
 
         wgpu::BindGroupEntry sEntry{ .binding = static_cast<uint32_t>(binding * 2 + 1),
@@ -1091,15 +1057,18 @@ void WebGPUDriver::updateDescriptorSetTexture(Handle<HwDescriptorSet> dsh,
 
 void WebGPUDriver::bindDescriptorSet(Handle<HwDescriptorSet> dsh,
         backend::descriptor_set_t setIndex, backend::DescriptorSetOffsetArray&& offsets) {
+    assert_invariant(setIndex < MAX_DESCRIPTOR_SET_COUNT);
     const auto bindGroup = handleCast<WebGPUDescriptorSet>(dsh);
     const auto wbg = bindGroup->lockAndReturn(mDevice);
-    assert_invariant(mRenderPassEncoder);
+
-    const size_t dynamicOffsetCount = bindGroup->countEntitiesWithDynamicOffsets();
+    mCurrentDescriptorSets[setIndex] = { .bindGroup = wbg,
-    mRenderPassEncoder.SetBindGroup(setIndex, wbg, dynamicOffsetCount, offsets.data());
+        .offsetCount = bindGroup->countEntitiesWithDynamicOffsets(),
+        .offsets = std::move(offsets) };
 }
 
 void WebGPUDriver::setDebugTag(HandleBase::HandleId handleId, utils::CString tag) {
 }
+
 wgpu::Sampler WebGPUDriver::makeSampler(SamplerParams const& params) {
     wgpu::SamplerDescriptor desc{};
 

filament/backend/src/webgpu/WebGPUDriver.h

@@ -74,8 +74,16 @@ private:
     wgpu::RenderPassEncoder mRenderPassEncoder = nullptr;
     wgpu::CommandBuffer mCommandBuffer = nullptr;
     WGPURenderTarget* mDefaultRenderTarget = nullptr;
+    WGPURenderTarget* mCurrentRenderTarget = nullptr;
 
     tsl::robin_map<uint32_t, wgpu::RenderPipeline> mPipelineMap;
+
+    struct DescriptorSetBindingInfo{
+        wgpu::BindGroup bindGroup;
+        size_t offsetCount;
+        backend::DescriptorSetOffsetArray offsets;
+    };
+    std::array<DescriptorSetBindingInfo,MAX_DESCRIPTOR_SET_COUNT> mCurrentDescriptorSets;
     /*
      * Driver interface
      */

filament/backend/src/webgpu/WebGPUHandles.cpp

@@ -196,43 +196,90 @@ void WGPUBufferBase::updateGPUBuffer(BufferDescriptor& bufferDescriptor, uint32_
         queue.WriteBuffer(buffer, byteOffset + legalSize, &mRemainderChunk, 4);
     }
 }
+
+static constexpr uint32_t DUMMY_WEBGPU_SLOT = 0;
+
 WGPUVertexBufferInfo::WGPUVertexBufferInfo(uint8_t bufferCount, uint8_t attributeCount,
         AttributeArray const& attributes)
     : HwVertexBufferInfo(bufferCount, attributeCount),
-      mVertexBufferLayout(bufferCount),
+      // TODO: max limits may not be supported by webgpu driver. This should be addressed in the
-      mAttributes(bufferCount) {
+      // hardening part.
-    assert_invariant(attributeCount > 0);
+      mVertexBufferLayouts(MAX_VERTEX_BUFFER_COUNT),
-    assert_invariant(bufferCount > 0);
+      mVertexAttributes(MAX_VERTEX_BUFFER_COUNT) {
-    for (uint32_t attribIndex = 0; attribIndex < attributes.size(); attribIndex++) {
+
-        Attribute const& attrib = attributes[attribIndex];
+    // It starts from 1 because slot 0 is now reserved for the dummy.
-        // Ignore the attributes which are not bind to vertex buffers.
+    uint32_t currentWebGPUSlotIndex = 1;
-        if (attrib.buffer == Attribute::BUFFER_UNUSED) {
+    // A reasonable dummy stride (e.g., for vec4)
+    const uint32_t DUMMY_STRIDE = 16;
+
+    // Initialize the layout for the dummy slot (slot 0)
+    mVertexBufferLayouts[DUMMY_WEBGPU_SLOT].arrayStride = DUMMY_STRIDE;
+    mVertexBufferLayouts[DUMMY_WEBGPU_SLOT].stepMode = wgpu::VertexStepMode::Vertex;
+    mVertexBufferLayouts[DUMMY_WEBGPU_SLOT].attributeCount = 0;
+
+    mWebGPUSlotBindingInfos.push_back({
+        .sourceBuffer = 0,
+        .slot = DUMMY_WEBGPU_SLOT,
+        .bufferOffset = 0,
+        .stride = DUMMY_STRIDE,
+    });
+
+    for (uint32_t attributeIndex = 0; attributeIndex < attributes.size(); ++attributeIndex) {
+        const auto& attribute = attributes[attributeIndex];
+
+        bool const isInteger = attribute.flags & Attribute::FLAG_INTEGER_TARGET;
+        bool const isNormalized = attribute.flags & Attribute::FLAG_NORMALIZED;
+        wgpu::VertexFormat vertexFormat = getVertexFormat(attribute.type, isNormalized, isInteger);
+
+        if (attribute.buffer == Attribute::BUFFER_UNUSED) {
+            // Use some dummy format
+            vertexFormat = isInteger ? wgpu::VertexFormat::Uint8x4 : wgpu::VertexFormat::Unorm8x4;
+            mVertexAttributes[DUMMY_WEBGPU_SLOT].push_back({
+                .format = vertexFormat,
+                .offset = 0,
+                .shaderLocation = attributeIndex,
+            });
+            mVertexBufferLayouts[DUMMY_WEBGPU_SLOT].attributeCount++;
             continue;
         }
 
-        assert_invariant(attrib.buffer < bufferCount);
+        auto it = std::find_if(mWebGPUSlotBindingInfos.begin(), mWebGPUSlotBindingInfos.end(),
-        bool const isInteger = attrib.flags & Attribute::FLAG_INTEGER_TARGET;
+                [&](const auto& info) {
-        bool const isNormalized = attrib.flags & Attribute::FLAG_NORMALIZED;
+                    return info.sourceBuffer == attribute.buffer && info.stride == attribute.stride;
-        wgpu::VertexFormat vertexFormat = getVertexFormat(attrib.type, isNormalized, isInteger);
+                });
 
-        // Attributes are sequential per buffer
+        uint32_t assignedSlot;
-        mAttributes[attrib.buffer].push_back({
+        if (it != mWebGPUSlotBindingInfos.end()) {
-            .format = vertexFormat,
+            assignedSlot = it->slot;
-            .offset = attrib.offset,
-            .shaderLocation = attribIndex,
-        });
-
-        mVertexBufferLayout[attrib.buffer].stepMode = wgpu::VertexStepMode::Vertex;
-        if (mVertexBufferLayout[attrib.buffer].arrayStride == 0) {
-            mVertexBufferLayout[attrib.buffer].arrayStride = attrib.stride;
         } else {
-            assert_invariant(mVertexBufferLayout[attrib.buffer].arrayStride == attrib.stride);
+            // New combination, allocate a new WebGPU slot
+            assert_invariant(currentWebGPUSlotIndex < MAX_VERTEX_BUFFER_COUNT);
+            assignedSlot = currentWebGPUSlotIndex++;
+
+            mWebGPUSlotBindingInfos.push_back({
+                .sourceBuffer = attribute.buffer,
+                .slot = assignedSlot,
+                .bufferOffset = attribute.offset - (attribute.offset % attribute.stride),
+                .stride = attribute.stride,
+            });
+
+            mVertexBufferLayouts[assignedSlot].arrayStride = attribute.stride;
+            mVertexBufferLayouts[assignedSlot].stepMode = wgpu::VertexStepMode::Vertex;
+            mVertexBufferLayouts[assignedSlot].attributeCount = 0;
         }
+
+        mVertexAttributes[assignedSlot].push_back({
+            .format = vertexFormat,
+            .offset = attribute.offset % attribute.stride,
+            .shaderLocation = attributeIndex,
+        });
+        mVertexBufferLayouts[assignedSlot].attributeCount++;
     }
 
-    for (uint32_t bufferIndex = 0; bufferIndex < bufferCount; bufferIndex++) {
+    mVertexBufferLayouts.resize(currentWebGPUSlotIndex);
-        mVertexBufferLayout[bufferIndex].attributeCount = mAttributes[bufferIndex].size();
+
-        mVertexBufferLayout[bufferIndex].attributes = mAttributes[bufferIndex].data();
+    for (const auto& info: mWebGPUSlotBindingInfos) {
+        mVertexBufferLayouts[info.slot].attributes = mVertexAttributes[info.slot].data();
     }
 }
 
@@ -545,7 +592,7 @@ WGPUTexture::WGPUTexture(SamplerType target, uint8_t levels, TextureFormat forma
     FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(mTexture)
             << "Failed to create texture for " << textureDescriptor.label;
     // Second, the texture view aspect
-    mTexView = makeTextureView(0, levels, target);
+    mTexureView = makeTextureView(0, levels, target);
 }
 
 WGPUTexture::WGPUTexture(WGPUTexture* src, uint8_t baseLevel, uint8_t levelCount) noexcept {
@@ -554,7 +601,7 @@ WGPUTexture::WGPUTexture(WGPUTexture* src, uint8_t baseLevel, uint8_t levelCount
     mBlockWidth = src->mBlockWidth;
     mBlockHeight = src->mBlockHeight;
 
-    mTexView = makeTextureView(baseLevel, levelCount, target);
+    mTexureView = makeTextureView(baseLevel, levelCount, target);
 }
 
 wgpu::TextureUsage WGPUTexture::fToWGPUTextureUsage(TextureUsage const& fUsage) {
@@ -923,58 +970,153 @@ wgpu::TextureView WGPUTexture::makeTextureView(const uint8_t& baseLevel, const u
     return textureView;
 }
 
-WGPURenderTarget::Attachment WGPURenderTarget::getDrawColorAttachment(size_t index) {
+WGPURenderTarget::WGPURenderTarget(uint32_t width, uint32_t height, uint8_t samples,
-    assert_invariant( index < MRT::MAX_SUPPORTED_RENDER_TARGET_COUNT);
+        const MRT& colorAttachmentsMRT,
-    auto result = color[index];
+        const Attachment& depthAttachmentInfo,
-    if (index == 0 && defaultRenderTarget) {
+        const Attachment& stencilAttachmentInfo)
-
+    : HwRenderTarget(width, height),
-    }
+      defaultRenderTarget(false),
-
+      samples(samples),
-    return result;
+      mColorAttachments(colorAttachmentsMRT),
+      mDepthAttachment(depthAttachmentInfo),
+      mStencilAttachment(stencilAttachmentInfo) {
+    // TODO Make this an array
+    mColorAttachmentDescriptors.reserve(MRT::MAX_SUPPORTED_RENDER_TARGET_COUNT);
 }
 
 wgpu::LoadOp WGPURenderTarget::getLoadOperation(RenderPassParams const& params,
-                                             TargetBufferFlags buffer) {
+                                                TargetBufferFlags bufferToOperateOn) {
-    auto clearFlags = params.flags.clear;
+    if (any(params.flags.clear & bufferToOperateOn)) {
-    auto discardStartFlags = params.flags.discardStart;
-    if (any(clearFlags & buffer)) {
-        return wgpu::LoadOp::Clear;
-    } else if (any(discardStartFlags & buffer)) {
         return wgpu::LoadOp::Clear;
     }
+    if (any(params.flags.discardStart & bufferToOperateOn)) {
+        return wgpu::LoadOp::Clear; // Or wgpu::LoadOp::Undefined if clear is not desired on discard
+    }
     return wgpu::LoadOp::Load;
 }
 
 wgpu::StoreOp WGPURenderTarget::getStoreOperation(RenderPassParams const& params,
-                                               TargetBufferFlags buffer) {
+                                                  TargetBufferFlags bufferToOperateOn) {
-    const auto discardEndFlags = params.flags.discardEnd;
+    if (any(params.flags.discardEnd & bufferToOperateOn)) {
-    if (any(discardEndFlags & buffer)) {
         return wgpu::StoreOp::Discard;
     }
     return wgpu::StoreOp::Store;
 }
+
 void WGPURenderTarget::setUpRenderPassAttachments(wgpu::RenderPassDescriptor& descriptor,
-        wgpu::TextureView const& textureView, RenderPassParams const& params) {
+        RenderPassParams const& params, wgpu::TextureView const& defaultColorTextureView,
-    // auto discardFlags = params.flags.discardEnd;
+        wgpu::TextureView const& defaultDepthStencilTextureView,
-    // (void) discardFlags;
+        wgpu::TextureView const* customColorTextureViews, uint32_t customColorTextureViewCount,
-    // std::vector<wgpu::RenderPassColorAttachment> colorAttachments;
+        wgpu::TextureView const& customDepthTextureView,
-    colorAttachments.clear();
+        wgpu::TextureView const& customStencilTextureView, wgpu::TextureFormat customDepthFormat,
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < 1/*MRT::MAX_SUPPORTED_RENDER_TARGET_COUNT*/; i++) {
+        wgpu::TextureFormat customStencilFormat) {
-        // auto attachment = getDrawColorAttachment(i);
+    mColorAttachmentDescriptors.clear();
-        // if (attachment) {
+    mHasDepthStencilAttachment = false;
-            wgpu::RenderPassColorAttachment colorAttachment;
+
-            colorAttachment.view = textureView;
+    if (defaultRenderTarget) {
-            colorAttachment.loadOp  = getLoadOperation(params, getTargetBufferFlagsAt(i));
+        assert_invariant(defaultColorTextureView);
-            colorAttachment.storeOp = getStoreOperation(params, getTargetBufferFlagsAt(i));
+        mColorAttachmentDescriptors.push_back({ .view = defaultColorTextureView,
-            colorAttachment.clearValue = { params.clearColor.r, params.clearColor.g, params.clearColor.b, params.clearColor.a };
+            .resolveTarget = nullptr,
-            colorAttachments.emplace_back(colorAttachment);
+            .loadOp = WGPURenderTarget::getLoadOperation(params, TargetBufferFlags::COLOR0),
-        // }
+            .storeOp = WGPURenderTarget::getStoreOperation(params, TargetBufferFlags::COLOR0),
+            .clearValue = { params.clearColor.r, params.clearColor.g, params.clearColor.b,
+                params.clearColor.a } });
+
+        if (defaultDepthStencilTextureView) {
+            mDepthStencilAttachmentDescriptor = {
+                .view = defaultDepthStencilTextureView,
+                .depthLoadOp = WGPURenderTarget::getLoadOperation(params, TargetBufferFlags::DEPTH),
+                .depthStoreOp =
+                        WGPURenderTarget::getStoreOperation(params, TargetBufferFlags::DEPTH),
+                .depthClearValue = static_cast<float>(params.clearDepth),
+                .depthReadOnly =
+                        (params.readOnlyDepthStencil & RenderPassParams::READONLY_DEPTH) > 0,
+                .stencilLoadOp =
+                        WGPURenderTarget::getLoadOperation(params, TargetBufferFlags::STENCIL),
+                .stencilStoreOp =
+                        WGPURenderTarget::getStoreOperation(params, TargetBufferFlags::STENCIL),
+                .stencilClearValue = params.clearStencil,
+                .stencilReadOnly =
+                        (params.readOnlyDepthStencil & RenderPassParams::READONLY_STENCIL) > 0,
+            };
+            mHasDepthStencilAttachment = true;
+        }
+    } else {// Custom Render Target
+        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < customColorTextureViewCount; ++i) {
+            if (customColorTextureViews[i]) {
+                mColorAttachmentDescriptors.push_back({ .view = customColorTextureViews[i],
+                    // .resolveTarget = nullptr; // TODO: MSAA resolve for custom RT
+                    .loadOp = WGPURenderTarget::getLoadOperation(params, getTargetBufferFlagsAt(i)),
+                    .storeOp =
+                            WGPURenderTarget::getStoreOperation(params, getTargetBufferFlagsAt(i)),
+                    .clearValue = { .r = params.clearColor.r,
+                        .g = params.clearColor.g,
+                        .b = params.clearColor.b,
+                        .a = params.clearColor.a } });
+            }
+        }
+
+        FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(!(customDepthTextureView && customStencilTextureView))
+                << "WebGPU CANNOT support separate texture views for depth + stencil. depth + "
+                   "stencil needs to be in one texture view";
+
+        const bool hasStencil =
+                customStencilTextureView ||
+                (customDepthFormat == wgpu::TextureFormat::Depth24PlusStencil8 ||
+                        customDepthFormat == wgpu::TextureFormat::Depth32FloatStencil8);
+
+        const bool hasDepth =
+                customDepthTextureView ||
+                (customStencilFormat == wgpu::TextureFormat::Depth24PlusStencil8 ||
+                        customDepthFormat == wgpu::TextureFormat::Depth32FloatStencil8);
+
+        if (customDepthTextureView || customStencilTextureView) {
+            assert_invariant((hasDepth || hasStencil) &&
+                             "Depth or Texture view without a valid texture format");
+            mDepthStencilAttachmentDescriptor = {};
+            mDepthStencilAttachmentDescriptor.view =
+                    customDepthTextureView ? customDepthTextureView : customStencilTextureView;
+
+            if (hasDepth) {
+                mDepthStencilAttachmentDescriptor.depthLoadOp =
+                        WGPURenderTarget::getLoadOperation(params, TargetBufferFlags::DEPTH);
+                mDepthStencilAttachmentDescriptor.depthStoreOp =
+                        WGPURenderTarget::getStoreOperation(params, TargetBufferFlags::DEPTH);
+                mDepthStencilAttachmentDescriptor.depthClearValue =
+                        static_cast<float>(params.clearDepth);
+                mDepthStencilAttachmentDescriptor.depthReadOnly =
+                        (params.readOnlyDepthStencil & RenderPassParams::READONLY_DEPTH) > 0;
+            } else {
+                mDepthStencilAttachmentDescriptor.depthLoadOp = wgpu::LoadOp::Undefined;
+                mDepthStencilAttachmentDescriptor.depthStoreOp = wgpu::StoreOp::Undefined;
+                mDepthStencilAttachmentDescriptor.depthReadOnly = true;
+            }
+
+            if (hasStencil) {
+                mDepthStencilAttachmentDescriptor.stencilLoadOp =
+                        WGPURenderTarget::getLoadOperation(params, TargetBufferFlags::STENCIL);
+                mDepthStencilAttachmentDescriptor.stencilStoreOp =
+                        WGPURenderTarget::getStoreOperation(params, TargetBufferFlags::STENCIL);
+                mDepthStencilAttachmentDescriptor.stencilClearValue = params.clearStencil;
+                mDepthStencilAttachmentDescriptor.stencilReadOnly =
+                        (params.readOnlyDepthStencil & RenderPassParams::READONLY_STENCIL) > 0;
+            } else {
+                mDepthStencilAttachmentDescriptor.stencilLoadOp = wgpu::LoadOp::Undefined;
+                mDepthStencilAttachmentDescriptor.stencilStoreOp = wgpu::StoreOp::Undefined;
+                mDepthStencilAttachmentDescriptor.stencilReadOnly = true;
+            }
+            mHasDepthStencilAttachment = true;
+        }
     }
-    descriptor.colorAttachments = colorAttachments.data();
+
-    descriptor.colorAttachmentCount = colorAttachments.size();
+    descriptor.colorAttachmentCount = mColorAttachmentDescriptors.size();
-    descriptor.depthStencilAttachment = nullptr;
+    descriptor.colorAttachments = mColorAttachmentDescriptors.data();
-    descriptor.timestampWrites = nullptr;
+    descriptor.depthStencilAttachment =
+            mHasDepthStencilAttachment ? &mDepthStencilAttachmentDescriptor : nullptr;
+
+    // descriptor.sampleCount was removed from the core spec. If your webgpu.h still has it,
+    // and your Dawn version expects it, you might need to set it here based on this->samples.
+    // e.g., descriptor.sampleCount = this->samples;
 }
 
-
 }// namespace filament::backend

filament/backend/src/webgpu/WebGPUHandles.h

@@ -44,36 +44,46 @@ public:
 };
 
 
-// VertexBufferInfo contains layout info for Vertex Buffer based on WebGPU structs. In WebGPU each
+// WGPUVertexBufferInfo maps Filament vertex attributes to WebGPU buffer binding model.
-// VertexBufferLayout is associated with a single vertex buffer. So number of mVertexBufferLayout
-// is equal to bufferCount. Each VertexBufferLayout can contain multiple VertexAttribute. Bind index
-// of vertex buffer is implicitly calculated by the position of VertexBufferLayout in an array.
 class WGPUVertexBufferInfo : public HwVertexBufferInfo {
 public:
     WGPUVertexBufferInfo(uint8_t bufferCount, uint8_t attributeCount,
             AttributeArray const& attributes);
-    inline  wgpu::VertexBufferLayout const* getVertexBufferLayout() const {
+
-        return mVertexBufferLayout.data();
+    inline wgpu::VertexBufferLayout const* getVertexBufferLayouts() const {
+        return mVertexBufferLayouts.data();
+    }
+    inline uint32_t getVertexBufferLayoutCount() const {
+        return static_cast<uint32_t>(mVertexBufferLayouts.size());
     }
 
-    inline uint32_t getVertexBufferLayoutSize() const {
+    inline wgpu::VertexAttribute const* getVertexAttributes(uint32_t i) const {
-        return mVertexBufferLayout.size();
+        return mVertexAttributes[i].data();
+    }
+    inline uint32_t getVertexAttributeCount(uint32_t i) const {
+        return static_cast<uint32_t>(mVertexAttributes[i].size());
     }
 
-    inline wgpu::VertexAttribute const* getVertexAttributeForIndex(uint32_t index) const {
+    struct WebGPUSlotBindingInfo {
-        assert_invariant(index < mAttributes.size());
+        uint8_t sourceBuffer;
-        return mAttributes[index].data();
+        uint32_t slot;
-    }
+        uint64_t bufferOffset;
-
+        uint32_t stride;
-    inline uint32_t getVertexAttributeSize(uint32_t index) const {
+    };
-        assert_invariant(index < mAttributes.size());
+    inline const std::vector<WebGPUSlotBindingInfo>& getWebGPUSlotBindingInfos() const {
-        return mAttributes[index].size();
+        return mWebGPUSlotBindingInfos;
     }
 
 private:
-    // TODO: can we do better in terms on heap management.
+    // This stores the final wgpu::VertexBufferLayout objects, one per WebGPU slot.
-    std::vector<wgpu::VertexBufferLayout> mVertexBufferLayout{};
+    std::vector<wgpu::VertexBufferLayout> mVertexBufferLayouts;
-    std::vector<std::vector<wgpu::VertexAttribute>> mAttributes{};
+
+    // This stores all wgpu::VertexAttribute structs, indexed by their original
+    // Filament attributeIndex.
+    std::vector<std::vector<wgpu::VertexAttribute>> mVertexAttributes;
+
+    // Stores information for the driver to perform setVertexBuffer calls
+    std::vector<WebGPUSlotBindingInfo> mWebGPUSlotBindingInfos;
 };
 
 struct WGPUVertexBuffer : public HwVertexBuffer {
@@ -145,6 +155,9 @@ public:
     [[nodiscard]] bool getIsLocked() const { return mBindGroup != nullptr; }
     [[nodiscard]] size_t countEntitiesWithDynamicOffsets() const;
 
+    // May be nullptr. Use lockAndReturn to create the bind group when appropriate
+    [[nodiscard]] const wgpu::BindGroup& getBindGroup() const { return mBindGroup; }
+
 private:
     wgpu::BindGroupLayout mLayout = nullptr;
     static constexpr uint8_t INVALID_INDEX = MAX_DESCRIPTOR_COUNT + 1;
@@ -166,7 +179,8 @@ public:
     size_t getBlockHeight() const { return mBlockHeight; }
 
     [[nodiscard]] const wgpu::Texture& getTexture() const { return mTexture; }
-    [[nodiscard]] const wgpu::TextureView& getTexView() const { return mTexView; }
+    [[nodiscard]] const wgpu::TextureView& getTextureView() const { return mTexureView; }
+    [[nodiscard]] wgpu::TextureFormat getFormat() const { return mFormat; }
 
     static wgpu::TextureFormat fToWGPUTextureFormat(
             filament::backend::TextureFormat const& fFormat);
@@ -185,7 +199,7 @@ private:
     wgpu::TextureFormat mFormat = wgpu::TextureFormat::Undefined;
     wgpu::TextureAspect mAspect = wgpu::TextureAspect::Undefined;
     uint32_t mArrayLayerCount = 1;
-    wgpu::TextureView mTexView = nullptr;
+    wgpu::TextureView mTexureView = nullptr;
     wgpu::TextureUsage fToWGPUTextureUsage(filament::backend::TextureUsage const& fUsage);
     size_t mBlockWidth;
     size_t mBlockHeight;
@@ -199,55 +213,60 @@ struct WGPURenderPrimitive : public HwRenderPrimitive {
 
 class WGPURenderTarget : public HwRenderTarget {
 public:
-    class Attachment {
+    using Attachment = TargetBufferInfo; // Using TargetBufferInfo directly for attachments
-    public:
-        friend class WGPURenderTarget;
-
-        Attachment() = default;
-        Attachment(WGPUTexture* gpuTexture, uint8_t level = 0, uint16_t layer = 0)
-            : level(level),
-              layer(layer),
-              texture(gpuTexture->getTexture()),
-              mWGPUTexture(gpuTexture) {}
-        operator bool() const {
-            return mWGPUTexture != nullptr;
-        }
-
-        uint8_t level = 0;
-        uint16_t layer = 0;
-
-    private:
-        wgpu::Texture texture = nullptr;
-        WGPUTexture* mWGPUTexture = nullptr;
-    };
 
     WGPURenderTarget(uint32_t width, uint32_t height, uint8_t samples,
-            Attachment colorAttachments[MRT::MAX_SUPPORTED_RENDER_TARGET_COUNT]);
+            const MRT& colorAttachments,
+            const Attachment& depthAttachment,
+            const Attachment& stencilAttachment);
+
+    // Default constructor for the default render target
     WGPURenderTarget()
         : HwRenderTarget(0, 0),
-          defaultRenderTarget(true) {}
+          defaultRenderTarget(true),
+          samples(1) {}
 
-    void setUpRenderPassAttachments(wgpu::RenderPassDescriptor& descriptor,
+    // Updated signature: takes resolved views for custom RTs, and default views for default RT
-            wgpu::TextureView const& textureView, RenderPassParams const& params);
+    void setUpRenderPassAttachments(
+            wgpu::RenderPassDescriptor& descriptor,
+            RenderPassParams const& params,
+            // For default render target:
+            wgpu::TextureView const& defaultColorTextureView,
+            wgpu::TextureView const& defaultDepthStencilTextureView,
+            // For custom render targets:
+            wgpu::TextureView const* customColorTextureViews, // Array of views
+            uint32_t customColorTextureViewCount,
+            wgpu::TextureView const& customDepthTextureView,
+            wgpu::TextureView const& customStencilTextureView,
+            wgpu::TextureFormat customDepthFormat,
+            wgpu::TextureFormat customStencilFormat);
 
-    math::uint2 getAttachmentSize() noexcept;
 
     bool isDefaultRenderTarget() const { return defaultRenderTarget; }
     uint8_t getSamples() const { return samples; }
 
-    Attachment getDrawColorAttachment(size_t index);
+    // Accessors for the driver to get stored attachment info
-    Attachment getReadColorAttachment(size_t index);
+    const MRT& getColorAttachmentInfos() const { return mColorAttachments; }
+    const Attachment& getDepthAttachmentInfo() const { return mDepthAttachment; }
+    const Attachment& getStencilAttachmentInfo() const { return mStencilAttachment; }
 
+    // Static helpers for load/store operations
     static wgpu::LoadOp getLoadOperation(const RenderPassParams& params, TargetBufferFlags buffer);
     static wgpu::StoreOp getStoreOperation(const RenderPassParams& params, TargetBufferFlags buffer);
+
 private:
     bool defaultRenderTarget = false;
     uint8_t samples = 1;
 
-    Attachment color[MRT::MAX_SUPPORTED_RENDER_TARGET_COUNT] = {};
+    MRT mColorAttachments{};
-    math::uint2 attachmentSize = {};
+    // TODO WebGPU only supports a DepthStencil attachment, should this be just mDepthStencilAttachment?
-    std::vector<wgpu::RenderPassColorAttachment> colorAttachments{};
+    Attachment mDepthAttachment{};
-};
+    Attachment mStencilAttachment{};
 
+    // Cached descriptors for the render pass
+    std::vector<wgpu::RenderPassColorAttachment> mColorAttachmentDescriptors;
+    wgpu::RenderPassDepthStencilAttachment mDepthStencilAttachmentDescriptor{};
+    bool mHasDepthStencilAttachment = false;
+};
 }// namespace filament::backend
 #endif// TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_WEBGPUHANDLES_H

filament/backend/src/webgpu/WebGPUPipelineCreation.cpp

@@ -154,9 +154,9 @@ constexpr wgpu::BlendFactor toWebGPU(BlendFunction blendFunction) {
 wgpu::RenderPipeline createWebGPURenderPipeline(wgpu::Device const& device,
         WGPUProgram const& program, WGPUVertexBufferInfo const& vertexBufferInfo,
         wgpu::PipelineLayout const& layout, RasterState const& rasterState,
-        StencilState const& stencilState, PolygonOffset const& polygonOffset,
+        StencilState const& stencilState, PolygonOffset const& polygonOffset, PrimitiveType primitiveType,
-        PrimitiveType primitiveType, wgpu::TextureFormat colorFormat,
+        std::vector<wgpu::TextureFormat> const& colorFormats,
-        wgpu::TextureFormat depthFormat) {
+        wgpu::TextureFormat depthFormat, uint8_t samplesCount) {
     assert_invariant(program.vertexShaderModule);
     const wgpu::DepthStencilState depthStencilState {
         .format = depthFormat,
@@ -191,8 +191,8 @@ wgpu::RenderPipeline createWebGPURenderPipeline(wgpu::Device const& device,
             .entryPoint = "main",
             .constantCount = program.constants.size(),
             .constants = program.constants.data(),
-            .bufferCount = vertexBufferInfo.getVertexBufferLayoutSize(),
+            .bufferCount = vertexBufferInfo.getVertexBufferLayoutCount(),
-            .buffers = vertexBufferInfo.getVertexBufferLayout()
+            .buffers = vertexBufferInfo.getVertexBufferLayouts()
         },
         .primitive = {
             .topology = toWebGPU(primitiveType),
@@ -207,9 +207,9 @@ wgpu::RenderPipeline createWebGPURenderPipeline(wgpu::Device const& device,
             .unclippedDepth = !rasterState.depthClamp &&
                               device.HasFeature(wgpu::FeatureName::DepthClipControl)
         },
-        .depthStencil = &depthStencilState,
+        .depthStencil = depthFormat != wgpu::TextureFormat::Undefined ? &depthStencilState: nullptr,
         .multisample = {
-            .count = 1, // TODO need to get this from the render target
+            .count = samplesCount,
             .mask = 0xFFFFFFFF,
             .alphaToCoverageEnabled = rasterState.alphaToCoverage
         },
@@ -234,12 +234,15 @@ wgpu::RenderPipeline createWebGPURenderPipeline(wgpu::Device const& device,
         fragmentState.entryPoint = "main";
         fragmentState.constantCount = program.constants.size(),
         fragmentState.constants = program.constants.data(),
-        fragmentState.targetCount = 1; // TODO need to get this from the render target
+        fragmentState.targetCount = colorFormats.size();
         fragmentState.targets = colorTargets.data();
         assert_invariant(fragmentState.targetCount <= MRT::MAX_SUPPORTED_RENDER_TARGET_COUNT);
+        // A fragment shader implies at least one color target if it outputs color.
+        // This should be guaranteed by the caller ensuring colorFormats is not empty.
+        assert_invariant(fragmentState.targetCount > 0);
         for (size_t targetIndex = 0; targetIndex < fragmentState.targetCount; targetIndex++) {
             auto& colorTarget = colorTargets[targetIndex];
-            colorTarget.format = colorFormat;
+            colorTarget.format = colorFormats[targetIndex];
             colorTarget.blend = rasterState.hasBlending() ? &blendState : nullptr;
             colorTarget.writeMask =
                     rasterState.colorWrite ? wgpu::ColorWriteMask::All : wgpu::ColorWriteMask::None;

filament/backend/src/webgpu/WebGPUPipelineCreation.h

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 #define TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_WEBGPUPIPELINECREATION_H
 
 #include <cstdint>
+#include <vector>
 
 namespace wgpu {
 class Device;
@@ -38,8 +39,9 @@ class WGPUProgram;
 
 [[nodiscard]] wgpu::RenderPipeline createWebGPURenderPipeline(wgpu::Device const&,
         WGPUProgram const&, WGPUVertexBufferInfo const&, wgpu::PipelineLayout const&,
-        RasterState const&, StencilState const&, PolygonOffset const&, PrimitiveType,
+        RasterState const&, StencilState const&, PolygonOffset const&, PrimitiveType primitiveType,
-        wgpu::TextureFormat colorFormat, wgpu::TextureFormat depthFormat);
+        std::vector<wgpu::TextureFormat> const& colorFormats,
+        wgpu::TextureFormat depthFormat, uint8_t samplesCount);
 
 }// namespace filament::backend
 

filament/backend/src/webgpu/WebGPUStrings.h

@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2025 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#ifndef TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_WEBGPUSTRINGS_H
+#define TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_WEBGPUSTRINGS_H
+
+#include "WebGPUConstants.h"
+
+#include <backend/DriverEnums.h>
+
+#include <utils/Panic.h>
+#include <utils/ostream.h>
+
+#if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
+#include <dawn/webgpu_cpp_print.h>
+#endif
+#include <webgpu/webgpu_cpp.h>
+
+#include <cstdint>
+#if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
+#include <sstream>
+#endif
+#include <string_view>
+
+/**
+ * Reusable set of convenience functions for strings -- generally string views, literals, &
+ * streaming -- used in the WebGPU backend
+ */
+
+namespace filament::backend {
+
+#if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
+/**
+ * Convenience template to print WGPU types (which don't support Filament's utils::io::ostream)
+ * @tparam WebGPUPrintable e.g. wgpu::FeatureName type
+ * @param out stream to print to
+ * @param printable the instance to print
+ * @return the stream printed to
+ *
+ * Example usage (because including the template operator override itself does not compile):
+ * #if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
+ * utils::io::ostream& operator<<(utils::io::ostream& out,
+ *       const wgpu::FeatureName featureName) noexcept {
+ *   return streamInsertWebGPUPrintable(out, featureName);
+ * }
+ * #endif
+ */
+template<typename WebGPUPrintable>
+utils::io::ostream& streamInsertWebGPUPrintable(utils::io::ostream& out,
+        const WebGPUPrintable printable) {
+    std::stringstream printableStream;
+    printableStream << printable;
+    out << printableStream.str();
+    return out;
+}
+#endif
+
+[[nodiscard]] constexpr std::string_view errorTypeToString(const wgpu::ErrorType errorType) {
+    switch (errorType) {
+        case wgpu::ErrorType::NoError:     return "NO_ERROR";
+        case wgpu::ErrorType::Validation:  return "VALIDATION";
+        case wgpu::ErrorType::OutOfMemory: return "OUT_OF_MEMORY";
+        case wgpu::ErrorType::Internal:    return "INTERNAL";
+        case wgpu::ErrorType::Unknown:     return "UNKNOWN";
+    }
+}
+
+[[nodiscard]] constexpr std::string_view powerPreferenceToString(
+        const wgpu::PowerPreference powerPreference) {
+    switch (powerPreference) {
+        case wgpu::PowerPreference::Undefined:       return "UNDEFINED";
+        case wgpu::PowerPreference::LowPower:        return "LOW_POWER";
+        case wgpu::PowerPreference::HighPerformance: return "HIGH_PERFORMANCE";
+    }
+}
+
+[[nodiscard]] static inline std::string_view powerPreferenceToString(
+        const wgpu::DawnAdapterPropertiesPowerPreference powerPreference) {
+    return powerPreferenceToString(powerPreference.powerPreference);
+}
+
+[[nodiscard]] constexpr std::string_view backendTypeToString(const wgpu::BackendType backendType) {
+    switch (backendType) {
+        case wgpu::BackendType::Undefined: return "UNDEFINED";
+        case wgpu::BackendType::Null:      return "NULL";
+        case wgpu::BackendType::WebGPU:    return "WEBGPU";
+        case wgpu::BackendType::D3D11:     return "D3D11";
+        case wgpu::BackendType::D3D12:     return "D3D12";
+        case wgpu::BackendType::Metal:     return "METAL";
+        case wgpu::BackendType::Vulkan:    return "VULKAN";
+        case wgpu::BackendType::OpenGL:    return "OPENGL";
+        case wgpu::BackendType::OpenGLES:  return "OPENGLES";
+    }
+}
+
+[[nodiscard]] constexpr std::string_view adapterTypeToString(const wgpu::AdapterType adapterType) {
+    switch (adapterType) {
+        case wgpu::AdapterType::DiscreteGPU:   return "DISCRETE_GPU";
+        case wgpu::AdapterType::IntegratedGPU: return "INTEGRATED_GPU";
+        case wgpu::AdapterType::CPU:           return "CPU";
+        case wgpu::AdapterType::Unknown:       return "UNKNOWN";
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Convenience template to print wgpu::RequestAdapterOptions
+ * @tparam STREAM_TYPE useful namely for streaming to either an utils::io::ostream OR
+ * utils::details::PanicStream, but also for any kind of stream
+ * @param out stream to print to
+ * @param options instance to be printed
+ * @return stream printed to
+ *
+ * Example usage (because including the template operator override itself does not compile):
+ * template<typename STREAM_TYPE>
+ * STREAM_TYPE& operator<<(STREAM_TYPE& out, wgpu::RequestAdapterOptions const& options) noexcept {
+ *   return streamInsertRequestAdapterOptions(out, options);
+ * }
+ */
+template<typename STREAM_TYPE>
+STREAM_TYPE& streamInsertRequestAdapterOptions(STREAM_TYPE& out,
+        wgpu::RequestAdapterOptions const& options) noexcept {
+    out << "power preference " << powerPreferenceToString(options.powerPreference)
+        << " force fallback adapter " << bool(options.forceFallbackAdapter) << " backend type "
+        << backendTypeToString(options.backendType);
+    return out;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Convenience template to print wgpu::AdapterInfo
+ * @tparam STREAM_TYPE useful namely for streaming to either an utils::io::ostream OR
+ * utils::details::PanicStream, but also for any kind of stream
+ * @param out stream to print to
+ * @param options instance to be printed
+ * @return stream printed to
+ *
+ * Example usage (because including the template operator override itself does not compile):
+ * template<typename STREAM_TYPE>
+ * STREAM_TYPE& operator<<(STREAM_TYPE& out, wgpu::AdapterInfo const& info) noexcept {
+ *   return streamInsertRequestAdapterInfo(out, info);
+ * }
+ */
+template<class STREAM_TYPE>
+STREAM_TYPE& streamInsertRequestAdapterInfo(STREAM_TYPE& out,
+        wgpu::AdapterInfo const& info) noexcept {
+    out << "vendor (" << info.vendorID << ") '" << info.vendor
+        << "' device (" << info.deviceID << ") '" << info.device
+        << "' adapter " << adapterTypeToString(info.adapterType)
+        << " backend " << backendTypeToString(info.backendType)
+        << " architecture '" << info.architecture
+        << "' subgroupMinSize " << info.subgroupMinSize
+        << " subgroupMaxSize " << info.subgroupMaxSize;
+    return out;
+}
+
+[[nodiscard]] constexpr std::string_view deviceLostReasonToString(
+        const wgpu::DeviceLostReason reason) {
+    switch (reason) {
+        case wgpu::DeviceLostReason::Unknown:           return "UNKNOWN";
+        case wgpu::DeviceLostReason::Destroyed:         return "DESTROYED";
+        case wgpu::DeviceLostReason::CallbackCancelled: return "CALLBACK_CANCELLED";
+        case wgpu::DeviceLostReason::FailedCreation:    return "FAILED_CREATION";
+    }
+}
+
+[[nodiscard]] constexpr std::string_view filamentShaderStageToString(ShaderStage stage) {
+    switch (stage) {
+        case ShaderStage::VERTEX:   return "vertex";
+        case ShaderStage::FRAGMENT: return "fragment";
+        case ShaderStage::COMPUTE:  return "compute";
+    }
+}
+
+}// namespace filament::backend
+
+#endif// TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_WEBGPUSTRINGS_H

filament/backend/src/webgpu/WebGPUSwapChain.cpp

@@ -17,34 +17,50 @@
 #include "webgpu/WebGPUSwapChain.h"
 
 #include "webgpu/WebGPUConstants.h"
+#if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
+#include "webgpu/WebGPUStrings.h"
+#endif
 
 #include "backend/DriverEnums.h"
 
 #include <utils/Panic.h>
 #include <utils/ostream.h>
 
-#include <dawn/webgpu_cpp_print.h>
 #include <webgpu/webgpu_cpp.h>
 
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <cstdint>
-#include <sstream>
 
 namespace {
 
 #if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
+utils::io::ostream& operator<<(utils::io::ostream& out, const wgpu::TextureFormat format) noexcept {
+    return filament::backend::streamInsertWebGPUPrintable(out, format);
+}
+
+utils::io::ostream& operator<<(utils::io::ostream& out,
+        const wgpu::TextureUsage textureUsage) noexcept {
+    return filament::backend::streamInsertWebGPUPrintable(out, textureUsage);
+}
+
+utils::io::ostream& operator<<(utils::io::ostream& out,
+        const wgpu::PresentMode presentMode) noexcept {
+    return filament::backend::streamInsertWebGPUPrintable(out, presentMode);
+}
+
+utils::io::ostream& operator<<(utils::io::ostream& out,
+        const wgpu::CompositeAlphaMode alphaMode) noexcept {
+    return filament::backend::streamInsertWebGPUPrintable(out, alphaMode);
+}
+
 void printSurfaceCapabilitiesDetails(wgpu::SurfaceCapabilities const& capabilities) {
-    std::stringstream usagesStream{};
-    usagesStream << capabilities.usages;
     FWGPU_LOGI << "WebGPU surface capabilities:" << utils::io::endl;
-    FWGPU_LOGI << "  surface usages: " << usagesStream.str().data() << utils::io::endl;
+    FWGPU_LOGI << "  surface usages: " << capabilities.usages << utils::io::endl;
     FWGPU_LOGI << "  surface formats (" << capabilities.formatCount << "):" << utils::io::endl;
     if (capabilities.formatCount > 0 && capabilities.formats != nullptr) {
         std::for_each(capabilities.formats, capabilities.formats + capabilities.formatCount,
                 [](wgpu::TextureFormat const format) {
-                    std::stringstream formatStream{};
+                    FWGPU_LOGI << "    " << format << utils::io::endl;
-                    formatStream << format;
-                    FWGPU_LOGI << "    " << formatStream.str().data() << utils::io::endl;
                 });
     }
     FWGPU_LOGI << "  surface present modes (" << capabilities.presentModeCount
@@ -53,9 +69,7 @@ void printSurfaceCapabilitiesDetails(wgpu::SurfaceCapabilities const& capabiliti
         std::for_each(capabilities.presentModes,
                 capabilities.presentModes + capabilities.presentModeCount,
                 [](wgpu::PresentMode const presentMode) {
-                    std::stringstream presentModeStream{};
+                    FWGPU_LOGI << "    " << presentMode << utils::io::endl;
-                    presentModeStream << presentMode;
-                    FWGPU_LOGI << "    " << presentModeStream.str().data() << utils::io::endl;
                 });
     }
     FWGPU_LOGI << "  surface alpha modes (" << capabilities.alphaModeCount
@@ -64,46 +78,30 @@ void printSurfaceCapabilitiesDetails(wgpu::SurfaceCapabilities const& capabiliti
         std::for_each(capabilities.alphaModes,
                 capabilities.alphaModes + capabilities.alphaModeCount,
                 [](wgpu::CompositeAlphaMode const alphaMode) {
-                    std::stringstream alphaModeStream{};
+                    FWGPU_LOGI << "    " << alphaMode << utils::io::endl;
-                    alphaModeStream << alphaMode;
-                    FWGPU_LOGI << "    " << alphaModeStream.str().data() << utils::io::endl;
                 });
     }
 }
-#endif
 
-#if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
 void printSurfaceConfiguration(wgpu::SurfaceConfiguration const& config,
         wgpu::TextureFormat depthFormat) {
-    std::stringstream formatStream{};
-    formatStream << config.format;
-    std::stringstream usageStream{};
-    usageStream << config.usage;
-    std::stringstream alphaModeStream{};
-    alphaModeStream << config.alphaMode;
-    std::stringstream presentModeStream{};
-    presentModeStream << config.presentMode;
-    std::stringstream depthFormatStream;
-    depthFormatStream << depthFormat;
     FWGPU_LOGI << "WebGPU surface configuration:" << utils::io::endl;
-    FWGPU_LOGI << "  surface format: " << formatStream.str() << utils::io::endl;
+    FWGPU_LOGI << "  surface format: " << config.format << utils::io::endl;
-    FWGPU_LOGI << "  surface usage: " << usageStream.str() << utils::io::endl;
+    FWGPU_LOGI << "  surface usage: " << config.usage << utils::io::endl;
     FWGPU_LOGI << "  surface view formats (" << config.viewFormatCount << "):" << utils::io::endl;
     if (config.viewFormatCount > 0 && config.viewFormats != nullptr) {
         std::for_each(config.viewFormats, config.viewFormats + config.viewFormatCount,
                 [](wgpu::TextureFormat const viewFormat) {
-                    std::stringstream viewFormatStream{};
+                    FWGPU_LOGI << "    " << viewFormat << utils::io::endl;
-                    viewFormatStream << viewFormat;
-                    FWGPU_LOGI << "    " << viewFormatStream.str().data() << utils::io::endl;
                 });
     }
-    FWGPU_LOGI << "  surface alpha mode: " << alphaModeStream.str() << utils::io::endl;
+    FWGPU_LOGI << "  surface alpha mode: " << config.alphaMode << utils::io::endl;
     FWGPU_LOGI << "  surface width: " << config.width << utils::io::endl;
     FWGPU_LOGI << "  surface height: " << config.height << utils::io::endl;
-    FWGPU_LOGI << "  surface present mode: " << presentModeStream.str() << utils::io::endl;
+    FWGPU_LOGI << "  surface present mode: " << config.presentMode << utils::io::endl;
-    FWGPU_LOGI << "WebGPU selected depth format: " << depthFormatStream.str() << utils::io::endl;
+    FWGPU_LOGI << "WebGPU selected depth format: " << depthFormat << utils::io::endl;
 }
-#endif
+#endif// FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
 
 [[nodiscard]] constexpr wgpu::TextureFormat selectColorFormat(size_t availableFormatsCount,
         wgpu::TextureFormat const* availableFormats, bool useSRGBColorSpace) {

filament/backend/src/webgpu/platform/WebGPUPlatform.cpp

@@ -18,16 +18,30 @@
 
 #include "webgpu/WebGPUConstants.h"
 #include "webgpu/WebGPUDriver.h"
+#include "webgpu/WebGPUStrings.h"
 
+#include <backend/DriverEnums.h>
 #include <backend/Platform.h>
+#include <utils/Hash.h>
 #include <utils/Panic.h>
 #include <utils/ostream.h>
 
 #include <dawn/webgpu_cpp_print.h>
 #include <webgpu/webgpu_cpp.h>
 
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <array>
 #include <cstdint>
-#include <sstream>
+#include <functional>
+#include <mutex>
+#include <sstream>// for one-time-ish setup string concatenation, namely error messaging
+#include <unordered_set>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
+#if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
+#include <string_view>
+#include <variant>
+#endif
 
 /**
  * WebGPU Backend implementation common across platforms or operating systems (at least for now).
@@ -39,6 +53,213 @@ namespace filament::backend {
 
 namespace {
 
+constexpr std::array REQUIRED_FEATURES = {
+    wgpu::FeatureName::TransientAttachments };
+
+constexpr std::array OPTIONAL_FEATURES = {
+    wgpu::FeatureName::DepthClipControl,
+    wgpu::FeatureName::Depth32FloatStencil8,
+    wgpu::FeatureName::CoreFeaturesAndLimits };
+
+enum class LimitToValidate : uint8_t {
+    begin = 0,// needs to be first for iterating through all possible values in the enum
+    MAX_BIND_GROUPS,
+    MAX_BINDINGS_PER_BIND_GROUP,
+    MAX_SAMPLERS_PER_SHADER_STAGE,
+    MAX_STORAGE_BUFFERS_PER_SHADER_STAGE,
+    MAX_VERTEX_BUFFERS,
+    MAX_VERTEX_ATTRIBUTES,
+    end// needs to be last for iterating through all possible values in the enum
+       // (Sentinel value)
+};
+
+// Only the attributes identified by the LimitToValidate enum above will actually be validated
+// at runtime. Thus, if you add a limit here add the associated enum value in LimitToValidate!
+constexpr wgpu::Limits REQUIRED_LIMITS = {
+    .maxBindGroups = filament::backend::MAX_DESCRIPTOR_SET_COUNT,
+    .maxBindingsPerBindGroup = filament::backend::MAX_DESCRIPTOR_COUNT,
+    .maxSamplersPerShaderStage = 16, // TODO should be set to filament::backend::MAX_SAMPLER_COUNT,
+    .maxStorageBuffersPerShaderStage = filament::backend::MAX_SSBO_COUNT,
+    .maxVertexBuffers = 8, // TODO should be set to filament::backend::MAX_VERTEX_BUFFER_COUNT,
+    .maxVertexAttributes = filament::backend::MAX_VERTEX_ATTRIBUTE_COUNT,
+};
+
+constexpr void forEachLimitToValidate(std::function<bool(LimitToValidate const)> const& func) {
+    for (auto limit = static_cast<uint8_t>(LimitToValidate::begin) + 1;
+            limit < static_cast<uint8_t>(LimitToValidate::end); limit++) {
+        auto castedLimit = static_cast<LimitToValidate>(limit);
+        bool castedToValidValue = false;
+        switch (castedLimit) {
+            case LimitToValidate::begin:
+            case LimitToValidate::MAX_BIND_GROUPS:
+            case LimitToValidate::MAX_BINDINGS_PER_BIND_GROUP:
+            case LimitToValidate::MAX_SAMPLERS_PER_SHADER_STAGE:
+            case LimitToValidate::MAX_STORAGE_BUFFERS_PER_SHADER_STAGE:
+            case LimitToValidate::MAX_VERTEX_BUFFERS:
+            case LimitToValidate::MAX_VERTEX_ATTRIBUTES:
+            case LimitToValidate::end:
+                castedToValidValue = true;
+                break;
+        }
+        assert_invariant(castedToValidValue &&
+                         "LimitToValidate enum values are not sequentially incremented by 1? "
+                         "Compilers normally do this by default; which compiler was used here?");
+        if (func(castedLimit)) {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
+utils::io::ostream& operator<<(utils::io::ostream& out,
+        const wgpu::WGSLLanguageFeatureName languageFeatureName) noexcept {
+    return streamInsertWebGPUPrintable(out, languageFeatureName);
+}
+
+utils::io::ostream& operator<<(utils::io::ostream& out,
+        const wgpu::FeatureName featureName) noexcept {
+    return streamInsertWebGPUPrintable(out, featureName);
+}
+#endif
+
+template<typename STREAM_TYPE>
+STREAM_TYPE& operator<<(STREAM_TYPE& out, wgpu::RequestAdapterOptions const& options) noexcept {
+    return streamInsertRequestAdapterOptions(out, options);
+}
+
+template<class STREAM_TYPE>
+STREAM_TYPE& operator<<(STREAM_TYPE& out, wgpu::AdapterInfo const& info) noexcept {
+    return streamInsertRequestAdapterInfo(out, info);
+}
+
+constexpr bool isDefined(uint32_t limit) { return limit < wgpu::kLimitU32Undefined; }
+
+[[maybe_unused]] constexpr bool isDefined(uint64_t limit) {
+    return limit < wgpu::kLimitU64Undefined;
+}
+
+void assertLimitsAreExpressedInRequirementsStruct() {
+    forEachLimitToValidate([](LimitToValidate const limit) {
+        switch (limit) {
+            case LimitToValidate::MAX_BIND_GROUPS:
+                static_assert(isDefined(REQUIRED_LIMITS.maxBindGroups));
+                break;
+            case LimitToValidate::MAX_BINDINGS_PER_BIND_GROUP:
+                static_assert(isDefined(REQUIRED_LIMITS.maxBindingsPerBindGroup));
+                break;
+            case LimitToValidate::MAX_SAMPLERS_PER_SHADER_STAGE:
+                static_assert(isDefined(REQUIRED_LIMITS.maxSamplersPerShaderStage));
+                break;
+            case LimitToValidate::MAX_STORAGE_BUFFERS_PER_SHADER_STAGE:
+                static_assert(isDefined(REQUIRED_LIMITS.maxStorageBuffersPerShaderStage));
+                break;
+            case LimitToValidate::MAX_VERTEX_BUFFERS:
+                static_assert(isDefined(REQUIRED_LIMITS.maxVertexBuffers));
+                break;
+            case LimitToValidate::MAX_VERTEX_ATTRIBUTES:
+                static_assert(isDefined(REQUIRED_LIMITS.maxVertexAttributes));
+                break;
+            case LimitToValidate::begin:
+            case LimitToValidate::end:
+                break;
+        }
+        return false; // should not break
+    });
+}
+
+#if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
+[[nodiscard]] std::string_view toString(LimitToValidate limit) {
+    switch (limit) {
+        case LimitToValidate::MAX_BIND_GROUPS:
+            return "MAX_BIND_GROUPS";
+        case LimitToValidate::MAX_BINDINGS_PER_BIND_GROUP:
+            return "MAX_BINDINGS_PER_BIND_GROUP";
+        case LimitToValidate::MAX_SAMPLERS_PER_SHADER_STAGE:
+            return "MAX_SAMPLERS_PER_SHADER_STAGE";
+        case LimitToValidate::MAX_STORAGE_BUFFERS_PER_SHADER_STAGE:
+            return "MAX_STORAGE_BUFFERS_PER_SHADER_STAGE";
+        case LimitToValidate::MAX_VERTEX_BUFFERS:
+            return "MAX_VERTEX_BUFFERS";
+        case LimitToValidate::MAX_VERTEX_ATTRIBUTES:
+            return "MAX_VERTEX_ATTRIBUTES";
+        case LimitToValidate::begin:
+        case LimitToValidate::end:
+            return "UNKNOWN";
+    }
+}
+#endif
+
+[[nodiscard]] uint64_t valueForLimit(wgpu::Limits const& limits, LimitToValidate limit) {
+    switch (limit) {
+        case LimitToValidate::MAX_BIND_GROUPS:
+            return limits.maxBindGroups;
+        case LimitToValidate::MAX_BINDINGS_PER_BIND_GROUP:
+            return limits.maxBindingsPerBindGroup;
+        case LimitToValidate::MAX_SAMPLERS_PER_SHADER_STAGE:
+            return limits.maxSamplersPerShaderStage;
+        case LimitToValidate::MAX_STORAGE_BUFFERS_PER_SHADER_STAGE:
+            return limits.maxStorageBuffersPerShaderStage;
+        case LimitToValidate::MAX_VERTEX_BUFFERS:
+            return limits.maxVertexBuffers;
+        case LimitToValidate::MAX_VERTEX_ATTRIBUTES:
+            return limits.maxVertexAttributes;
+        case LimitToValidate::begin:
+        case LimitToValidate::end:
+            return 0;
+    }
+}
+
+[[nodiscard]] bool satisfiesLimits(wgpu::Limits const& limits) {
+    size_t failedLimitCount = 0;
+#if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
+    std::stringstream failedLimitsStream;
+#endif
+    forEachLimitToValidate([&](LimitToValidate const limit) {
+        uint64_t supportedValue = valueForLimit(limits, limit);
+        uint64_t requiredValue = valueForLimit(REQUIRED_LIMITS, limit);
+        if (supportedValue < requiredValue) {
+            failedLimitCount++;
+#if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
+            failedLimitsStream << toString(limit) << " required " << requiredValue << " but found "
+                               << supportedValue << ". ";
+#else
+            return true;// break early if not printing anything
+#endif
+        }
+        return false;// don't break, keep going
+    });
+    if (failedLimitCount == 0) {
+        return true;
+    }
+#if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
+    FWGPU_LOGI << "Failed to satisfy " << failedLimitCount
+               << " limit(s): " << failedLimitsStream.str();
+#endif
+    return false;
+}
+
+#if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
+void printInstanceDetails(wgpu::Instance const& instance) {
+    wgpu::SupportedWGSLLanguageFeatures supportedWGSLLanguageFeatures{};
+    if (!instance.GetWGSLLanguageFeatures(&supportedWGSLLanguageFeatures)) {
+        FWGPU_LOGW << "Failed to get WebGPU instance supported WGSL language features"
+                   << utils::io::endl;
+    } else {
+        FWGPU_LOGI << "WebGPU instance supported WGSL language features ("
+                   << supportedWGSLLanguageFeatures.featureCount << "):" << utils::io::endl;
+        if (supportedWGSLLanguageFeatures.featureCount > 0 &&
+                supportedWGSLLanguageFeatures.features != nullptr) {
+            std::for_each(supportedWGSLLanguageFeatures.features,
+                    supportedWGSLLanguageFeatures.features +
+                            supportedWGSLLanguageFeatures.featureCount,
+                    [](wgpu::WGSLLanguageFeatureName const featureName) {
+                        FWGPU_LOGI << "  " << featureName << utils::io::endl;
+                    });
+        }
+    }
+}
+#endif
+
 //either returns a valid instance or panics
 [[nodiscard]] wgpu::Instance createInstance() {
     wgpu::DawnTogglesDescriptor dawnTogglesDescriptor{};
@@ -63,119 +284,409 @@ namespace {
         }
     };
     wgpu::Instance instance = wgpu::CreateInstance(&instanceDescriptor);
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(instance != nullptr) << "Unable to create webgpu instance.";
+    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(instance != nullptr) << "Unable to create WebGPU instance.";
+#if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
+    printInstanceDetails(instance);
+#endif
     return instance;
 }
 
+#if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
+void printLimit(std::string_view name, const std::variant<uint32_t, uint64_t> value) {
+    FWGPU_LOGI << "  " << name.data() << ": ";
+    bool undefined = true;
+    if (std::holds_alternative<uint32_t>(value)) {
+        if (std::get<uint32_t>(value) != WGPU_LIMIT_U32_UNDEFINED) {
+            undefined = false;
+            FWGPU_LOGI << std::get<uint32_t>(value);
+        }
+    } else if (std::holds_alternative<uint64_t>(value)) {
+        if (std::get<uint64_t>(value) != WGPU_LIMIT_U64_UNDEFINED) {
+            undefined = false;
+            FWGPU_LOGI << std::get<uint64_t>(value);
+        }
+    }
+    if (undefined) {
+        FWGPU_LOGI << "UNDEFINED";
+    }
+    FWGPU_LOGI << utils::io::endl;
+}
+#endif// FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
+
+#if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
+void printLimits(wgpu::Limits const& limits) {
+    printLimit("maxTextureDimension1D", limits.maxTextureDimension1D);
+    printLimit("maxTextureDimension2D", limits.maxTextureDimension2D);
+    printLimit("maxTextureDimension3D", limits.maxTextureDimension3D);
+    printLimit("maxTextureArrayLayers", limits.maxTextureArrayLayers);
+    printLimit("maxBindGroups", limits.maxBindGroups);
+    printLimit("maxBindGroupsPlusVertexBuffers", limits.maxBindGroupsPlusVertexBuffers);
+    printLimit("maxBindingsPerBindGroup", limits.maxBindingsPerBindGroup);
+    printLimit("maxDynamicUniformBuffersPerPipelineLayout",
+            limits.maxDynamicUniformBuffersPerPipelineLayout);
+    printLimit("maxDynamicStorageBuffersPerPipelineLayout",
+            limits.maxDynamicStorageBuffersPerPipelineLayout);
+    printLimit("maxSampledTexturesPerShaderStage", limits.maxSampledTexturesPerShaderStage);
+    printLimit("maxSamplersPerShaderStage", limits.maxSamplersPerShaderStage);
+    printLimit("maxStorageBuffersPerShaderStage", limits.maxStorageBuffersPerShaderStage);
+    printLimit("maxStorageTexturesPerShaderStage", limits.maxStorageTexturesPerShaderStage);
+    printLimit("maxUniformBuffersPerShaderStage", limits.maxUniformBuffersPerShaderStage);
+    printLimit("maxUniformBufferBindingSize", limits.maxUniformBufferBindingSize);
+    printLimit("maxStorageBufferBindingSize", limits.maxStorageBufferBindingSize);
+    printLimit("minUniformBufferOffsetAlignment", limits.minUniformBufferOffsetAlignment);
+    printLimit("minStorageBufferOffsetAlignment", limits.minStorageBufferOffsetAlignment);
+    printLimit("maxVertexBuffers", limits.maxVertexBuffers);
+    printLimit("maxBufferSize", limits.maxBufferSize);
+    printLimit("maxVertexAttributes", limits.maxVertexAttributes);
+    printLimit("maxVertexBufferArrayStride", limits.maxVertexBufferArrayStride);
+    printLimit("maxInterStageShaderVariables", limits.maxInterStageShaderVariables);
+    printLimit("maxColorAttachments", limits.maxColorAttachments);
+    printLimit("maxColorAttachmentBytesPerSample", limits.maxColorAttachmentBytesPerSample);
+    printLimit("maxComputeWorkgroupStorageSize", limits.maxComputeWorkgroupStorageSize);
+    printLimit("maxComputeInvocationsPerWorkgroup", limits.maxComputeInvocationsPerWorkgroup);
+    printLimit("maxComputeWorkgroupSizeX", limits.maxComputeWorkgroupSizeX);
+    printLimit("maxComputeWorkgroupSizeY", limits.maxComputeWorkgroupSizeY);
+    printLimit("maxComputeWorkgroupSizeZ", limits.maxComputeWorkgroupSizeZ);
+    printLimit("maxComputeWorkgroupsPerDimension", limits.maxComputeWorkgroupsPerDimension);
+    printLimit("maxStorageBuffersInVertexStage", limits.maxStorageBuffersInVertexStage);
+    printLimit("maxStorageTexturesInVertexStage", limits.maxStorageTexturesInVertexStage);
+    printLimit("maxStorageBuffersInFragmentStage", limits.maxStorageBuffersInFragmentStage);
+    printLimit("maxStorageTexturesInFragmentStage", limits.maxStorageTexturesInFragmentStage);
+}
+#endif
+
+struct AdapterDetails final {
+    AdapterDetails()
+        : AdapterDetails(nullptr) {}
+    explicit AdapterDetails(wgpu::Adapter adapter)
+        : adapter(std::move(adapter)) {
+        info.nextInChain = &powerPreference;
+    }
+    AdapterDetails(wgpu::AdapterInfo&& info,
+            wgpu::DawnAdapterPropertiesPowerPreference& powerPreference, wgpu::Adapter&& adapter)
+        : info(std::move(info)),
+          powerPreference(powerPreference),
+          adapter(std::move(adapter)) {}
+    AdapterDetails& operator=(AdapterDetails&& other) noexcept {
+        adapter = std::exchange(other.adapter, nullptr);
+        info = std::exchange(other.info, {});
+        powerPreference = std::exchange(other.powerPreference, {});
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    wgpu::AdapterInfo info{};
+    wgpu::DawnAdapterPropertiesPowerPreference powerPreference{};
+    wgpu::Adapter adapter = nullptr;
+
+    bool operator==(AdapterDetails const& other) const {
+        return info.vendorID == other.info.vendorID &&
+               info.deviceID == other.info.deviceID &&
+               info.backendType == other.info.backendType &&
+               info.adapterType == other.info.adapterType &&
+               powerPreference.powerPreference == other.powerPreference.powerPreference;
+    }
+};
+
+template<class STREAM_TYPE>
+STREAM_TYPE& operator<<(STREAM_TYPE& out, AdapterDetails const& details) noexcept {
+    out << details.info
+        << " power preference " << powerPreferenceToString(details.powerPreference);
+    return out;
+}
+
+#if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
+void printAdapterDetails(AdapterDetails const& details) {
+    FWGPU_LOGI << "Selected WebGPU adapter info: " << details << utils::io::endl;
+    wgpu::SupportedFeatures supportedFeatures{};
+    details.adapter.GetFeatures(&supportedFeatures);
+    FWGPU_LOGI << "WebGPU adapter supported features (" << supportedFeatures.featureCount
+               << "):" << utils::io::endl;
+    if (supportedFeatures.featureCount > 0 && supportedFeatures.features != nullptr) {
+        std::for_each(supportedFeatures.features,
+                supportedFeatures.features + supportedFeatures.featureCount,
+                [](wgpu::FeatureName const featureName) {
+                    FWGPU_LOGI << "  " << featureName << utils::io::endl;
+                });
+    }
+    wgpu::Limits supportedLimits{};
+    if (!details.adapter.GetLimits(&supportedLimits)) {
+        FWGPU_LOGW << "Failed to get WebGPU adapter supported limits" << utils::io::endl;
+    } else {
+        FWGPU_LOGI << "WebGPU adapter supported limits:" << utils::io::endl;
+        printLimits(supportedLimits);
+    }
+}
+#endif
+
+struct AdapterDetailsHash final {
+    size_t operator()(AdapterDetails const& details) const {
+        using utils::hash::combine;
+        size_t hash = 0;
+        combine(hash, details.info.vendorID);
+        combine(hash, details.info.deviceID);
+        combine(hash, static_cast<uint32_t>(details.info.backendType));
+        combine(hash, static_cast<uint32_t>(details.info.adapterType));
+        combine(hash, static_cast<uint32_t>(details.powerPreference.powerPreference));
+        return hash;
+    }
+};
+
+[[nodiscard]] bool adapterMeetsMinimumRequirements(AdapterDetails const& details) {
+    // check if the adapter has all required features...
+    if (!std::all_of(REQUIRED_FEATURES.begin(), REQUIRED_FEATURES.end(),
+                [&details](auto const& featureName) {
+                    return details.adapter.HasFeature(featureName);
+                })) {
+#if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
+        FWGPU_LOGI << "WebGPU adapter " << details
+                   << " does not have the minimum required features." << utils::io::endl;
+        FWGPU_LOGI << "  Missing required feature(s): ";
+        for (wgpu::FeatureName const& requiredFeature: REQUIRED_FEATURES) {
+            if (!details.adapter.HasFeature(requiredFeature)) {
+                FWGPU_LOGI << requiredFeature << " ";
+            }
+        }
+        FWGPU_LOGI << utils::io::endl;
+#endif
+        return false;
+    }
+    wgpu::Limits supportedLimits {};
+    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(details.adapter.GetLimits(&supportedLimits))
+            << "Failed to get limits for WebGPU adapter: " << details;
+    if (!satisfiesLimits(supportedLimits)) {
+#if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
+        FWGPU_LOGI << " (for WebGPU adapter " << details << ")" << utils::io::endl;
+#endif
+        return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+// trys to get a set of compatible adapters (whether the meet minimum requirements or not).
+// It panics if none are found.
+[[nodiscard]] std::unordered_set<AdapterDetails, AdapterDetailsHash> requestCompatibleAdapters(
+        wgpu::Instance const& instance, std::vector<wgpu::RequestAdapterOptions> const& requests) {
+    // make the series of requests asynchronously, collecting compatible adapter results...
+    std::unordered_set<AdapterDetails, AdapterDetailsHash> compatibleAdapters;
+    compatibleAdapters.reserve(requests.size());
+    std::mutex adaptersMutex;
+    std::vector<wgpu::Future> futures(requests.size());
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < requests.size(); i++) {
+        wgpu::RequestAdapterOptions const& options = requests[i];
+        futures[i] = instance.RequestAdapter(&options, wgpu::CallbackMode::WaitAnyOnly,
+                [&options, &compatibleAdapters,
+                        &adaptersMutex](wgpu::RequestAdapterStatus const status,
+                        wgpu::Adapter const& readyAdapter, wgpu::StringView const message) {
+                    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(
+                            status != wgpu::RequestAdapterStatus::CallbackCancelled)
+                            << "Failed to request a WebGPU adapter due to the request callback "
+                               "being cancelled? Options: "
+                            << options << " " << message.data;
+                    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(status != wgpu::RequestAdapterStatus::Error)
+                            << "Failed to request a WebGPU adapter due to an error. Options: "
+                            << options << " Error: " << message.data;
+                    if (status == wgpu::RequestAdapterStatus::Success) {
+                        AdapterDetails details = AdapterDetails(readyAdapter);
+                        FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(readyAdapter.GetInfo(&details.info))
+                                << "Failed to get info for adapter (options: " << options << ")";
+                        const std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(adaptersMutex);
+                        compatibleAdapters.emplace(std::move(details.info), details.powerPreference,
+                                std::move(details.adapter));
+                        return;
+                    }
+                    assert_invariant(status == wgpu::RequestAdapterStatus::Unavailable);
+                });
+    }
+    // wait for all the results to return...
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < futures.size(); i++) {
+        wgpu::RequestAdapterOptions const& options = requests[i];
+        wgpu::Future& future = futures[i];
+        wgpu::WaitStatus status = instance.WaitAny(future, REQUEST_ADAPTER_TIMEOUT_NANOSECONDS);
+        FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(status != wgpu::WaitStatus::TimedOut)
+                << "Timed out requesting a WebGPU adapter with options " << options;
+        FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(status != wgpu::WaitStatus::Error)
+                << "Failed to request a WebGPU adapter with options " << options
+                << " due to an error (as request was made synchronous)";
+        assert_invariant(status == wgpu::WaitStatus::Success);
+    }
+    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(!compatibleAdapters.empty()) << "No WebGPU adapters found!";
+#if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
+    FWGPU_LOGI << compatibleAdapters.size() << " WebGPU adapter(s) found:" << utils::io::endl;
+    for (auto& details: compatibleAdapters) {
+        FWGPU_LOGI << "  WebGPU adapter: " << details << utils::io::endl;
+    }
+#endif
+    return compatibleAdapters;
+}
+
+// selects one preferred adapter or panics if none can be found
+wgpu::Adapter selectPreferredAdapter(
+        std::unordered_set<AdapterDetails, AdapterDetailsHash> const& compatibleAdapters) {
+    // for each unique adapter...
+    AdapterDetails const* selectedAdapter = nullptr;
+    size_t selectedOptionalFeaturesCount = 0;
+
+    // choose the most desirable adapter that meets the minimum requirements...
+    for (AdapterDetails const& details: compatibleAdapters) {
+        if (!adapterMeetsMinimumRequirements(details)) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        size_t supportedOptionalFeaturesCount = std::count_if(OPTIONAL_FEATURES.begin(),
+                OPTIONAL_FEATURES.end(), [&details](auto const& featureName) {
+                    return details.adapter.HasFeature(featureName);
+                });
+        // select this one if it is the first (perhaps it is the only one anyway)...
+        if (selectedAdapter == nullptr) {
+            selectedAdapter = &details;
+            selectedOptionalFeaturesCount = supportedOptionalFeaturesCount;
+            continue;
+        }
+        // NOTE: we can make this selection logic more dynamic, configurable,
+        // and robust in the future as needed, such as the app preferring lower power
+        // (prioritizing battery life) or weighting specific optional features in its decision, etc.
+        // This is just a good start that works for now.
+        //
+        // first, prefer higher performance...
+        if (details.powerPreference.powerPreference >
+                selectedAdapter->powerPreference.powerPreference) {
+            selectedAdapter = &details;
+            selectedOptionalFeaturesCount = supportedOptionalFeaturesCount;
+            continue;
+        }
+        // second, prefer more optional features supported...
+        if (supportedOptionalFeaturesCount > selectedOptionalFeaturesCount) {
+            selectedAdapter = &details;
+            selectedOptionalFeaturesCount = supportedOptionalFeaturesCount;
+            continue;
+        }
+        // otherwise keep the selected adapter
+        assert_invariant(selectedAdapter != nullptr);
+    }
+    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(selectedAdapter != nullptr)
+            << "Could not find a WebGPU adapter that meets the minimum requirements.";
+#if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
+    printAdapterDetails(*selectedAdapter);
+#endif
+    return selectedAdapter->adapter;
+}
+
+#if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
+void printDeviceDetails(wgpu::Device const& device) {
+    wgpu::SupportedFeatures supportedFeatures{};
+    device.GetFeatures(&supportedFeatures);
+    FWGPU_LOGI << "WebGPU device supported features (" << supportedFeatures.featureCount
+               << "):" << utils::io::endl;
+    if (supportedFeatures.featureCount > 0 && supportedFeatures.features != nullptr) {
+        std::for_each(supportedFeatures.features,
+                supportedFeatures.features + supportedFeatures.featureCount,
+                [](wgpu::FeatureName const featureName) {
+                    FWGPU_LOGI << "  " << featureName << utils::io::endl;
+                });
+    }
+    wgpu::Limits supportedLimits{};
+    if (!device.GetLimits(&supportedLimits)) {
+        FWGPU_LOGW << "Failed to get WebGPU supported device limits" << utils::io::endl;
+    } else {
+        FWGPU_LOGI << "WebGPU device supported limits:" << utils::io::endl;
+        printLimits(supportedLimits);
+    }
+}
+#endif
+
 }// namespace
 
 wgpu::Adapter WebGPUPlatform::requestAdapter(wgpu::Surface const& surface) {
-    // TODO consider power preference etc. (can be custom preferences passed to the platform or
+    assertLimitsAreExpressedInRequirementsStruct();
-    //                                      based on whether this is a Mobile or Desktop system,
+    std::vector<wgpu::RequestAdapterOptions> requests = getAdapterOptions();
-    //                                      etc...)
+    for (auto& request: requests) {
-    wgpu::RequestAdapterOptions adaptorOptions{ .compatibleSurface = surface };
+        request.compatibleSurface = surface;
-    // note this just gets the first adapter
+    }
-    wgpu::Adapter adapter = nullptr;
+    const std::unordered_set<AdapterDetails, AdapterDetailsHash> compatibleAdapters =
-    wgpu::WaitStatus status = mInstance.WaitAny(
+            requestCompatibleAdapters(mInstance, requests);
-            mInstance.RequestAdapter(&adaptorOptions, wgpu::CallbackMode::WaitAnyOnly,
+    return selectPreferredAdapter(compatibleAdapters);
-                    [&adapter](wgpu::RequestAdapterStatus const status,
-                            wgpu::Adapter const& readyAdapter, wgpu::StringView const message) {
-                        // TODO consider more robust error handling
-                        FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(status == wgpu::RequestAdapterStatus::Success)
-                                << "Unable to request a WebGPU adapter. Status "
-                                << static_cast<uint32_t>(status)
-                                << " with message: " << message.data;
-                        adapter = readyAdapter;
-                    }),
-            UINT16_MAX);// TODO define reasonable timeout (or do this asynchronously)
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(status == wgpu::WaitStatus::Success)
-            << "Non-successful wait status requesting a WebGPU adapter "
-            << static_cast<uint32_t>(status);
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(adapter != nullptr)
-            << "Failed to get a WebGPU adapter for the platform";
-    // TODO consider validating adapter has required features and/or limits
-    return adapter;
 }
 
 wgpu::Device WebGPUPlatform::requestDevice(wgpu::Adapter const& adapter) {
-    // TODO consider passing limits
-    constexpr std::array optionalFeatures = { wgpu::FeatureName::DepthClipControl,
-        wgpu::FeatureName::Depth32FloatStencil8, wgpu::FeatureName::CoreFeaturesAndLimits };
-
-    constexpr std::array requiredFeatures = { wgpu::FeatureName::TransientAttachments };
-
-    wgpu::SupportedFeatures supportedFeatures;
-    adapter.GetFeatures(&supportedFeatures);
-
     std::vector<wgpu::FeatureName> enabledFeatures;
-    enabledFeatures.reserve(requiredFeatures.size() + optionalFeatures.size());
+    enabledFeatures.reserve(REQUIRED_FEATURES.size() + OPTIONAL_FEATURES.size());
-
+    for (auto const& requiredFeature : REQUIRED_FEATURES) {
-    std::set_intersection(supportedFeatures.features,
+        enabledFeatures.push_back(requiredFeature);
-            supportedFeatures.features + supportedFeatures.featureCount, requiredFeatures.begin(),
+    }
-            requiredFeatures.end(), std::back_inserter(enabledFeatures));
+    for (auto const& optionalFeature : OPTIONAL_FEATURES) {
-
+        if (adapter.HasFeature(optionalFeature)) {
-    if (enabledFeatures.size() != requiredFeatures.size()) {
+            enabledFeatures.push_back(optionalFeature);
-        std::vector<wgpu::FeatureName> missingFeatures;
-        std::set_difference(requiredFeatures.begin(), requiredFeatures.end(),
-                supportedFeatures.features,
-                supportedFeatures.features + supportedFeatures.featureCount,
-                std::back_inserter(missingFeatures));
-
-        std::stringstream missingFeaturesStream{};
-        for (const auto& entry: missingFeatures) {
-            missingFeaturesStream << std::to_string(static_cast<uint32_t>(entry)) << " ";
         }
-        PANIC_POSTCONDITION("Some required features are not available %s/n",
-                missingFeaturesStream.str().c_str());
     }
-
-    std::set_intersection(supportedFeatures.features,
-            supportedFeatures.features + supportedFeatures.featureCount, optionalFeatures.begin(),
-            optionalFeatures.end(), std::back_inserter(enabledFeatures));
-
     wgpu::DeviceDescriptor deviceDescriptor{};
     deviceDescriptor.label = "graphics_device";
     deviceDescriptor.defaultQueue.label = "default_queue";
     deviceDescriptor.requiredFeatureCount = enabledFeatures.size();
     deviceDescriptor.requiredFeatures = enabledFeatures.data();
+    deviceDescriptor.requiredLimits = &REQUIRED_LIMITS;
     deviceDescriptor.SetDeviceLostCallback(wgpu::CallbackMode::AllowSpontaneous,
             [](wgpu::Device const&, wgpu::DeviceLostReason const& reason,
                     wgpu::StringView message) {
                 if (reason == wgpu::DeviceLostReason::Destroyed) {
+#if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_DEBUG_VALIDATION)
                     FWGPU_LOGD << "WebGPU device lost due to being destroyed (expected)"
                                << utils::io::endl;
+#endif
                     return;
                 }
                 // TODO try recreating the device instead of just panicking
-                std::stringstream reasonStream{};
-                reasonStream << reason;
                 FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(reason != wgpu::DeviceLostReason::Destroyed)
-                        << "WebGPU device lost: " << reasonStream.str() << " " << message.data;
+                        << "WebGPU device lost: " << deviceLostReasonToString(reason) << " "
+                        << message.data;
             });
     deviceDescriptor.SetUncapturedErrorCallback(
             [](wgpu::Device const&, wgpu::ErrorType errorType, wgpu::StringView message) {
-                std::stringstream typeStream{};
+                FWGPU_LOGE << "WebGPU device error: " << errorTypeToString(errorType) << " "
-                typeStream << errorType;
+                           << message.data << utils::io::endl;
-                FWGPU_LOGE << "WebGPU device error: " << typeStream.str() << " " << message.data
-                           << utils::io::endl;
             });
     wgpu::Device device = nullptr;
     wgpu::WaitStatus status = mInstance.WaitAny(
             adapter.RequestDevice(&deviceDescriptor, wgpu::CallbackMode::WaitAnyOnly,
                     [&device](wgpu::RequestDeviceStatus const status,
                             wgpu::Device const& readyDevice, wgpu::StringView const message) {
-                        FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(status == wgpu::RequestDeviceStatus::Success)
+                        FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(
-                                << "Unable to request a WebGPU device. Status: "
+                                status != wgpu::RequestDeviceStatus::CallbackCancelled)
-                                << static_cast<uint32_t>(status)
+                                << "Failed to request a WebGPU device due to the callback being "
-                                << " with message: " << message.data;
+                                   "cancelled? "
+                                << message;
+                        FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(status != wgpu::RequestDeviceStatus::Error)
+                                << "Failed to request a WebGPU device due to en error: " << message;
+                        assert_invariant(status == wgpu::RequestDeviceStatus::Success);
                         device = readyDevice;
                     }),
-            UINT64_MAX);// TODO define reasonable timeout (or do this asynchronously)
+            REQUEST_DEVICE_TIMEOUT_NANOSECONDS);
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(status == wgpu::WaitStatus::Success)
+    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(status != wgpu::WaitStatus::TimedOut)
-            << "Non-successful wait status requesting a WebGPU device "
+            << "Failed to request a WebGPU device due to a timeout.";
-            << static_cast<uint32_t>(status);
+    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(status != wgpu::WaitStatus::Error)
+            << "Failed to request a WebGPU device due to an error.";
+    assert_invariant(status == wgpu::WaitStatus::Success);
     FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(device != nullptr)
-            << "Failed to get a WebGPU device for the platform.";
+            << "Failed to get a WebGPU device for the platform. null device returned?";
+    size_t missingFeatures = 0;
+    std::stringstream featureNamesStream;
+    for (wgpu::FeatureName const& enabledFeature : enabledFeatures) {
+        if (!device.HasFeature(enabledFeature)) {
+            missingFeatures += 1;
+            featureNamesStream << enabledFeature << " ";
+        }
+    }
+    if (missingFeatures > 0) {
+        PANIC_POSTCONDITION("WebGPU device is missing %d requested feature(s) even though the "
+                            "adapter should support them: %s\n",
+                missingFeatures, featureNamesStream.str().data());
+    }
+    wgpu::Limits supportedLimits {};
+    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(device.GetLimits(&supportedLimits))
+            << "Failed to get limits for the device?";
+    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(satisfiesLimits(supportedLimits))
+            << "WebGPU device failed to statify required limits.";
+#if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
+    printDeviceDetails(device);
+#endif
     return device;
 }
 

filament/backend/src/webgpu/platform/WebGPUPlatformAndroid.cpp

@@ -21,7 +21,9 @@
 #include <android/native_window.h>
 #include <webgpu/webgpu_cpp.h>
 
+#include <array>
 #include <cstdint>
+#include <vector>
 
 /**
  * Android OS specific implementation aspects of the WebGPU backend
@@ -29,6 +31,30 @@
 
 namespace filament::backend {
 
+std::vector<wgpu::RequestAdapterOptions> WebGPUPlatform::getAdapterOptions() {
+    constexpr std::array powerPreferences = {
+        wgpu::PowerPreference::HighPerformance,
+        wgpu::PowerPreference::LowPower };
+    constexpr std::array backendTypes = { wgpu::BackendType::Vulkan, wgpu::BackendType::OpenGLES };
+    constexpr std::array forceFallbackAdapters = { false, true };
+    constexpr size_t totalCombinations =
+            powerPreferences.size() * backendTypes.size() * forceFallbackAdapters.size();
+    std::vector<wgpu::RequestAdapterOptions> requests;
+    requests.reserve(totalCombinations);
+    for (auto powerPreference: powerPreferences) {
+        for (auto backendType: backendTypes) {
+            for (auto forceFallbackAdapter: forceFallbackAdapters) {
+                requests.emplace_back(
+                        wgpu::RequestAdapterOptions{
+                            .powerPreference = powerPreference,
+                            .forceFallbackAdapter = forceFallbackAdapter,
+                            .backendType = backendType });
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return requests;
+}
+
 wgpu::Extent2D WebGPUPlatform::getSurfaceExtent(void* nativeWindow) const {
     ANativeWindow* window = static_cast<ANativeWindow*>(nativeWindow);
     return wgpu::Extent2D{

filament/backend/src/webgpu/platform/WebGPUPlatformApple.mm

@@ -21,7 +21,9 @@
 
 #include <webgpu/webgpu_cpp.h>
 
+#include <array>
 #include <cstdint>
+#include <vector>
 
 // Platform specific includes and defines
 #include <Cocoa/Cocoa.h>
@@ -33,6 +35,30 @@
 
 namespace filament::backend {
 
+std::vector<wgpu::RequestAdapterOptions> WebGPUPlatform::getAdapterOptions() {
+    constexpr std::array powerPreferences = {
+        wgpu::PowerPreference::HighPerformance,
+        wgpu::PowerPreference::LowPower };
+    constexpr std::array backendTypes = { wgpu::BackendType::Metal };
+    constexpr std::array forceFallbackAdapters = { false, true };
+    constexpr size_t totalCombinations =
+            powerPreferences.size() * backendTypes.size() * forceFallbackAdapters.size();
+    std::vector<wgpu::RequestAdapterOptions> requests;
+    requests.reserve(totalCombinations);
+    for (auto powerPreference: powerPreferences) {
+        for (auto backendType: backendTypes) {
+            for (auto forceFallbackAdapter: forceFallbackAdapters) {
+                requests.emplace_back(
+                        wgpu::RequestAdapterOptions{
+                            .powerPreference = powerPreference,
+                            .forceFallbackAdapter = forceFallbackAdapter,
+                            .backendType = backendType });
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return requests;
+}
+
 wgpu::Extent2D WebGPUPlatform::getSurfaceExtent(void* nativeWindow) const {
     // Both IOS and MacOS expects CAMetalLayer.
     CAMetalLayer* metalLayer = (__bridge CAMetalLayer*) nativeWindow;

filament/backend/src/webgpu/platform/WebGPUPlatformLinux.cpp

@@ -21,8 +21,10 @@
 
 #include <webgpu/webgpu_cpp.h>
 
+#include <array>
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <cstdint>
+#include <vector>
 
 #if defined(__linux__) || defined(__FreeBSD__)
     #define LINUX_OR_FREEBSD 1
@@ -79,6 +81,33 @@
 
 namespace filament::backend {
 
+std::vector<wgpu::RequestAdapterOptions> WebGPUPlatform::getAdapterOptions() {
+    constexpr std::array powerPreferences = {
+        wgpu::PowerPreference::HighPerformance,
+        wgpu::PowerPreference::LowPower };
+    constexpr std::array backendTypes = {
+        wgpu::BackendType::Vulkan,
+        wgpu::BackendType::OpenGL,
+        wgpu::BackendType::OpenGLES };
+    constexpr std::array forceFallbackAdapters = { false, true };
+    constexpr size_t totalCombinations =
+            powerPreferences.size() * backendTypes.size() * forceFallbackAdapters.size();
+    std::vector<wgpu::RequestAdapterOptions> requests;
+    requests.reserve(totalCombinations);
+    for (auto powerPreference: powerPreferences) {
+        for (auto backendType: backendTypes) {
+            for (auto forceFallbackAdapter: forceFallbackAdapters) {
+                requests.emplace_back(
+                        wgpu::RequestAdapterOptions{
+                            .powerPreference = powerPreference,
+                            .forceFallbackAdapter = forceFallbackAdapter,
+                            .backendType = backendType });
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return requests;
+}
+
 wgpu::Extent2D WebGPUPlatform::getSurfaceExtent(void* nativeWindow) const {
     auto surfaceExtent = wgpu::Extent2D{};
 #if defined(__linux__) && defined(FILAMENT_SUPPORTS_WAYLAND)

filament/backend/src/webgpu/platform/WebGPUPlatformWindows.cpp

@@ -20,7 +20,9 @@
 
 #include <webgpu/webgpu_cpp.h>
 
+#include <array>
 #include <cstdint>
+#include <vector>
 
 #include <Windows.h>
 
@@ -30,6 +32,35 @@
 
 namespace filament::backend {
 
+std::vector<wgpu::RequestAdapterOptions> WebGPUPlatform::getAdapterOptions() {
+    constexpr std::array powerPreferences = {
+        wgpu::PowerPreference::HighPerformance,
+        wgpu::PowerPreference::LowPower };
+    constexpr std::array backendTypes = {
+        wgpu::BackendType::Vulkan,
+        wgpu::BackendType::OpenGL,
+        wgpu::BackendType::OpenGLES,
+        wgpu::BackendType::D3D12,
+        wgpu::BackendType::D3D11 };
+    constexpr std::array forceFallbackAdapters = { false, true };
+    constexpr size_t totalCombinations =
+            powerPreferences.size() * backendTypes.size() * forceFallbackAdapters.size();
+    std::vector<wgpu::RequestAdapterOptions> requests;
+    requests.reserve(totalCombinations);
+    for (auto powerPreference: powerPreferences) {
+        for (auto backendType: backendTypes) {
+            for (auto forceFallbackAdapter: forceFallbackAdapters) {
+                requests.emplace_back(
+                        wgpu::RequestAdapterOptions{
+                            .powerPreference = powerPreference,
+                            .forceFallbackAdapter = forceFallbackAdapter,
+                            .backendType = backendType });
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return requests;
+}
+
 wgpu::Extent2D WebGPUPlatform::getSurfaceExtent(void* nativeWindow) const {
     HWND window = static_cast<HWND>(nativeWindow);
     RECT windowRect;

filament/backend/test/BackendTest.cpp

@@ -58,6 +58,8 @@ BackendTest::BackendTest() : commandBufferQueue(CONFIG_MIN_COMMAND_BUFFERS_SIZE,
         CONFIG_COMMAND_BUFFERS_SIZE, /*mPaused=*/false) {
     initializeDriver();
     mImageExpectations.emplace(getDriverApi());
+    NativeView nativeView = getNativeView();
+    mScreenSize = {nativeView.width, nativeView.height};
 }
 
 BackendTest::~BackendTest() {
@@ -138,42 +140,12 @@ filament::backend::RenderPassParams BackendTest::getNoClearRenderPass() {
     return RenderPassParams{};
 }
 
-void BackendTest::renderTriangle(
+std::size_t BackendTest::screenWidth() const {
-        PipelineLayout const& pipelineLayout,
+    return mScreenSize[0];
-        Handle<filament::backend::HwRenderTarget> renderTarget,
-        Handle<filament::backend::HwSwapChain> swapChain,
-        Handle<filament::backend::HwProgram> program) {
-    RenderPassParams params = getClearColorRenderPass();
-    params.viewport.width = 512;
-    params.viewport.height = 512;
-    renderTriangle(pipelineLayout, renderTarget, swapChain, program, params);
 }
 
-void BackendTest::renderTriangle(
+std::size_t BackendTest::screenHeight() const {
-        PipelineLayout const& pipelineLayout,
+    return mScreenSize[1];
-        Handle<HwRenderTarget> renderTarget,
-        Handle<HwSwapChain> swapChain,
-        Handle<HwProgram> program,
-        const RenderPassParams& params) {
-    auto& api = getDriverApi();
-
-    TrianglePrimitive triangle(api);
-
-    api.makeCurrent(swapChain, swapChain);
-
-    api.beginRenderPass(renderTarget, params);
-
-    PipelineState state;
-    state.program = program;
-    state.pipelineLayout = pipelineLayout;
-    state.rasterState.colorWrite = true;
-    state.rasterState.depthWrite = false;
-    state.rasterState.depthFunc = RasterState::DepthFunc::A;
-    state.rasterState.culling = CullingMode::NONE;
-
-    api.draw(state, triangle.getRenderPrimitive(), 0, 3, 1);
-
-    api.endRenderPass();
 }
 
 bool BackendTest::matchesEnvironment(Backend backend) {

filament/backend/test/BackendTest.h

@@ -61,24 +61,14 @@ protected:
             filament::math::float4 color = filament::math::float4(0, 1, 1, 1));
     static filament::backend::RenderPassParams getNoClearRenderPass();
 
-    void renderTriangle(
-            filament::backend::PipelineLayout const& pipelineLayout,
-            filament::backend::Handle<filament::backend::HwRenderTarget> renderTarget,
-            filament::backend::Handle<filament::backend::HwSwapChain> swapChain,
-            filament::backend::Handle<filament::backend::HwProgram> program);
-
-    void renderTriangle(
-            filament::backend::PipelineLayout const& pipelineLayout,
-            filament::backend::Handle<filament::backend::HwRenderTarget> renderTarget,
-            filament::backend::Handle<filament::backend::HwSwapChain> swapChain,
-            filament::backend::Handle<filament::backend::HwProgram> program,
-            const filament::backend::RenderPassParams& params);
-
     filament::backend::DriverApi& getDriverApi() { return *commandStream; }
     filament::backend::Driver& getDriver() { return *driver; }
 
     ImageExpectations& getExpectations() { return *mImageExpectations; }
 
+    std::size_t screenWidth() const;
+    std::size_t screenHeight() const;
+
     static bool matchesEnvironment(Backend backend);
     static bool matchesEnvironment(OperatingSystem operatingSystem);
 private:
@@ -98,6 +88,8 @@ private:
     // This isn't truly optional, it just needs to delay construction until after the driver has
     // been initialized
     std::optional<ImageExpectations> mImageExpectations;
+
+    std::array<size_t, 2> mScreenSize;
 };
 
 } // namespace test

filament/backend/test/test_Blit.cpp

@@ -322,7 +322,11 @@ TEST_F(BlitTest, ColorResolve) {
     {
         RenderFrame frame(api);
         api.beginRenderPass(srcRenderTarget, params);
-        api.draw(state, triangle.getRenderPrimitive(), 0, 3, 1);
+        state.primitiveType = PrimitiveType::TRIANGLES;
+        state.vertexBufferInfo = triangle.getVertexBufferInfo();
+        api.bindPipeline(state);
+        api.bindRenderPrimitive(triangle.getRenderPrimitive());
+        api.draw2(0, 3, 1);
         api.endRenderPass();
     }
 
@@ -489,8 +493,8 @@ TEST_F(BlitTest, BlitRegionToSwapChain) {
     constexpr int kSrcTexWidth = 1024;
     constexpr int kSrcTexHeight = 1024;
     constexpr auto kSrcTexFormat = TextureFormat::RGBA8;
-    constexpr int kDstTexWidth = 512;
+    const uint32_t kDstTexWidth = screenWidth();
-    constexpr int kDstTexHeight = 512;
+    const uint32_t kDstTexHeight = screenHeight();
     constexpr int kNumLevels = 3;
 
     // Create a SwapChain and make it current.

filament/backend/test/test_BufferUpdates.cpp

@@ -132,7 +132,11 @@ TEST_F(BufferUpdatesTest, VertexBufferUpdate) {
             }
 
             api.beginRenderPass(defaultRenderTarget, params);
-            api.draw(state, triangle.getRenderPrimitive(), 0, 3, 1);
+            state.primitiveType = PrimitiveType::TRIANGLES;
+            state.vertexBufferInfo = triangle.getVertexBufferInfo();
+            api.bindPipeline(state);
+            api.bindRenderPrimitive(triangle.getRenderPrimitive());
+            api.draw2(0, 3, 1);
             api.endRenderPass();
 
             triangleIndex++;
@@ -153,12 +157,12 @@ TEST_F(BufferUpdatesTest, VertexBufferUpdate) {
 TEST_F(BufferUpdatesTest, BufferObjectUpdateWithOffset) {
     NONFATAL_FAIL_IF(SkipEnvironment(OperatingSystem::APPLE, Backend::VULKAN),
             "All values including alpha are written as 0, see b/417254943");
-    constexpr int kTexWidth = 512;
-    constexpr int kTexHeight = 512;
 
     auto& api = getDriverApi();
     Cleanup cleanup(api);
 
+    const TrianglePrimitive triangle(api);
+
     // Create a platform-specific SwapChain and make it current.
     auto swapChain = cleanup.add(createSwapChain());
     api.makeCurrent(swapChain, swapChain);
@@ -175,10 +179,11 @@ TEST_F(BufferUpdatesTest, BufferObjectUpdateWithOffset) {
     shader.bindUniform<SimpleMaterialParams>(api, ubuffer, kBindingConfig);
 
     // Create a render target.
-    auto colorTexture = cleanup.add(api.createTexture(SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D, 1,
+    auto colorTexture =
-            TextureFormat::RGBA8, 1, kTexWidth, kTexHeight, 1, TextureUsage::COLOR_ATTACHMENT));
+            cleanup.add(api.createTexture(SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D, 1, TextureFormat::RGBA8, 1,
-    auto renderTarget = cleanup.add(api.createRenderTarget(
+                    screenWidth(), screenHeight(), 1, TextureUsage::COLOR_ATTACHMENT));
-            TargetBufferFlags::COLOR0, kTexWidth, kTexHeight, 1, 0, {{ colorTexture }}, {}, {}));
+    auto renderTarget = cleanup.add(api.createRenderTarget(TargetBufferFlags::COLOR0, screenWidth(),
+            screenHeight(), 1, 0, { { colorTexture } }, {}, {}));
 
     // Upload uniforms for the first triangle.
     // Upload the uniform, but with an offset to accommodate the padding in the shader's
@@ -189,34 +194,52 @@ TEST_F(BufferUpdatesTest, BufferObjectUpdateWithOffset) {
             .offset = { 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f }
     });
 
-    RenderPassParams params = getClearColorRenderPass();
+    PipelineState state = getColorWritePipelineState();
-    params.viewport.height = kTexWidth;
+    shader.addProgramToPipelineState(state);
-    params.viewport.width = kTexHeight;
+    state.primitiveType = PrimitiveType::TRIANGLES;
-    renderTriangle({ { shader.getDescriptorSetLayout() } }, renderTarget, swapChain,
+    state.vertexBufferInfo = triangle.getVertexBufferInfo();
-            shader.getProgram(), params);
 
-    // Upload uniforms for the second triangle. To test partial buffer updates, we'll only update
+    {
-    // color.b, color.a, scaleMinusOne, offset.x, and offset.y.
+        RenderFrame frame(api);
-    const UniformBindingConfig partialBindingConfig = {
-            .dataSize = sizeof(float) * 8,
-            .bufferSize = sizeof(SimpleMaterialParams) + 64,
-            .byteOffset = 64 + offsetof(SimpleMaterialParams, color.b)
-    };
-    shader.uploadUniform(api, ubuffer, partialBindingConfig,
-            std::array<float, 8>{
-                    1.0f, 1.0f, // color.b, color.a
-                    0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, // scale
-                    0.5f, 0.5f // offset.x, offset.y
-            });
 
-    params.flags.clear = TargetBufferFlags::NONE;
+        RenderPassParams clearParams = getClearColorRenderPass();
-    params.flags.discardStart = TargetBufferFlags::NONE;
+        clearParams.viewport.height = screenWidth();
-    renderTriangle({{ shader.getDescriptorSetLayout() }},
+        clearParams.viewport.width = screenHeight();
-            renderTarget, swapChain, shader.getProgram(), params);
+
+        api.beginRenderPass(renderTarget, clearParams);
+        api.bindPipeline(state);
+        api.bindRenderPrimitive(triangle.getRenderPrimitive());
+        api.draw2(0, 3, 1);
+        api.endRenderPass();
+
+        // Upload uniforms for the second triangle. To test partial buffer updates, we'll only
+        // update color.b, color.a, scaleMinusOne, offset.x, and offset.y.
+        const UniformBindingConfig partialBindingConfig = {
+                .dataSize = sizeof(float) * 8,
+                .bufferSize = sizeof(SimpleMaterialParams) + 64,
+                .byteOffset = 64 + offsetof(SimpleMaterialParams, color.b) };
+        shader.uploadUniform(api, ubuffer, partialBindingConfig,
+                std::array<float, 8>{
+                        1.0f, 1.0f, // color.b, color.a
+                        0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, // scale
+                        0.5f, 0.5f // offset.x, offset.y
+                });
+
+        RenderPassParams noClearParams = getNoClearRenderPass();
+        noClearParams.viewport.height = screenWidth();
+        noClearParams.viewport.width = screenHeight();
+
+        api.beginRenderPass(renderTarget, noClearParams);
+        api.bindPipeline(state);
+        api.bindRenderPrimitive(triangle.getRenderPrimitive());
+        api.draw2(0, 3, 1);
+        api.endRenderPass();
+    }
 
 
     EXPECT_IMAGE(renderTarget, getExpectations(),
-            ScreenshotParams(kTexWidth, kTexHeight, "BufferObjectUpdateWithOffset", 2320747245));
+            ScreenshotParams(screenWidth(), screenHeight(), "BufferObjectUpdateWithOffset",
+                    2320747245));
 
     api.flush();
     api.commit(swapChain);

filament/backend/test/test_FeedbackLoops.cpp

@@ -197,7 +197,11 @@ TEST_F(BackendTest, FeedbackLoops) {
                 });
 
                 api.beginRenderPass(renderTargets[targetLevel], params);
-                api.draw(state, triangle.getRenderPrimitive(), 0, 3, 1);
+                state.primitiveType = PrimitiveType::TRIANGLES;
+                state.vertexBufferInfo = triangle.getVertexBufferInfo();
+                api.bindPipeline(state);
+                api.bindRenderPrimitive(triangle.getRenderPrimitive());
+                api.draw2(0, 3, 1);
                 api.endRenderPass();
             }
 
@@ -230,7 +234,11 @@ TEST_F(BackendTest, FeedbackLoops) {
                 });
 
                 api.beginRenderPass(renderTargets[targetLevel], params);
-                api.draw(state, triangle.getRenderPrimitive(), 0, 3, 1);
+                state.primitiveType = PrimitiveType::TRIANGLES;
+                state.vertexBufferInfo = triangle.getVertexBufferInfo();
+                api.bindPipeline(state);
+                api.bindRenderPrimitive(triangle.getRenderPrimitive());
+                api.draw2(0, 3, 1);
                 api.endRenderPass();
             }
 

filament/backend/test/test_LoadImage.cpp

@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
 #include <backend/DriverEnums.h>
 #include <backend/Handle.h>
 
+#include "TrianglePrimitive.h"
 #include "private/filament/SamplerInterfaceBlock.h"
 
 #include <vector>
@@ -50,7 +51,7 @@ layout(location = 0) out vec4 fragColor;
 layout(location = 0, set = 0) uniform {samplerType} test_tex;
 
 void main() {
-    vec2 fbsize = vec2(512);
+    vec2 fbsize = vec2({texSize});
     vec2 uv = gl_FragCoord.xy / fbsize;
 #if defined(TARGET_METAL_ENVIRONMENT) || defined(TARGET_VULKAN_ENVIRONMENT) || defined(TARGET_WEBGPU_ENVIRONMENT)
     uv.y = 1.0 - uv.y;
@@ -71,7 +72,7 @@ float getLayer(in sampler3D s) { return 2.5f / 4.0f; }
 float getLayer(in sampler2DArray s) { return 2.0f; }
 
 void main() {
-    vec2 fbsize = vec2(512);
+    vec2 fbsize = vec2({texSize});
     vec2 uv = gl_FragCoord.xy / fbsize;
 #if defined(TARGET_METAL_ENVIRONMENT) || defined(TARGET_VULKAN_ENVIRONMENT) || defined(TARGET_WEBGPU_ENVIRONMENT)
     uv.y = 1.0 - uv.y;
@@ -89,7 +90,7 @@ layout(location = 0) out vec4 fragColor;
 layout(location = 0, set = 0) uniform sampler2D test_tex;
 
 void main() {
-    vec2 fbsize = vec2(512);
+    vec2 fbsize = vec2({texSize});
     vec2 uv = gl_FragCoord.xy / fbsize;
 #if defined(TARGET_METAL_ENVIRONMENT) || defined(TARGET_VULKAN_ENVIRONMENT) || defined(TARGET_WEBGPU_ENVIRONMENT)
     uv.y = 1.0 - uv.y;
@@ -105,17 +106,6 @@ namespace test {
 
 template<typename componentType> inline componentType getMaxValue();
 
-class LoadImageTest : public BackendTest {
-public:
-    LoadImageTest() {
-        mVertexShader = SharedShaders::getVertexShaderText(VertexShaderType::Noop,
-                ShaderUniformType::None);
-    }
-
-    std::string mVertexShader;
-};
-
-
 inline std::string stringReplace(const std::string& find, const std::string& replace,
         std::string source) {
     std::string::size_type pos = source.find(find);
@@ -211,6 +201,35 @@ static SamplerFormat getSamplerFormat(TextureFormat textureFormat) {
     }
 }
 
+class LoadImageTest : public BackendTest {
+public:
+    LoadImageTest() : mTriangle(getDriverApi()) {
+        mVertexShader = SharedShaders::getVertexShaderText(VertexShaderType::Noop,
+                ShaderUniformType::None);
+
+        // Checkerboard utils require square textures
+        EXPECT_THAT(screenWidth(), testing::Eq(screenWidth()));
+    }
+
+    uint32_t kTexSize = screenWidth();
+    uint32_t kHalfTexSize = kTexSize / 2;
+    uint32_t kDoubleTexSize = kTexSize * 2;
+    std::string mVertexShader;
+    TrianglePrimitive mTriangle;
+
+    std::string getFormattedFragment(const std::string& fragment, TextureFormat textureFormat) {
+        std::string withSampler =
+                stringReplace("{samplerType}", getSamplerTypeName(textureFormat), fragment);
+        return stringReplace("{texSize}", std::to_string(kTexSize), withSampler);
+    }
+
+    std::string getFormattedFragment(const std::string& fragment, SamplerType samplerType) {
+        std::string withSampler =
+                stringReplace("{samplerType}", getSamplerTypeName(samplerType), fragment);
+        return stringReplace("{texSize}", std::to_string(kTexSize), withSampler);
+    }
+};
+
 TEST_F(LoadImageTest, UpdateImage2D) {
     FAIL_IF(Backend::VULKAN, "Multiple test cases crash, see b/417481434");
 
@@ -303,8 +322,7 @@ TEST_F(LoadImageTest, UpdateImage2D) {
         filament::SamplerInterfaceBlock::SamplerInfo samplerInfo { "test", "tex", 0,
             SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D, getSamplerFormat(t.textureFormat), Precision::HIGH, false };
 
-        std::string const fragment = stringReplace("{samplerType}",
+        std::string const fragment = getFormattedFragment(fragmentTemplate, t.textureFormat);
-                getSamplerTypeName(t.textureFormat), fragmentTemplate);
         Shader shader(api, cleanup, ShaderConfig{
            .vertexShader = mVertexShader,
            .fragmentShader= fragment,
@@ -314,21 +332,26 @@ TEST_F(LoadImageTest, UpdateImage2D) {
         // Create a Texture.
         auto usage = TextureUsage::SAMPLEABLE | TextureUsage::UPLOADABLE;
         Handle<HwTexture> const texture = cleanup.add(api.createTexture(SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D, 1,
-                t.textureFormat, 1, 512, 512, 1u, usage));
+                t.textureFormat, 1, kTexSize, kTexSize, 1u, usage));
 
         // Upload some pixel data.
         if (t.uploadSubregions) {
-            api.update3DImage(texture, 0,   0,   0, 0, 256, 256, 1,
+            api.update3DImage(texture, 0, 0, 0, 0, kHalfTexSize, kHalfTexSize, 1,
-                    checkerboardPixelBuffer(t.pixelFormat, t.pixelType, 256, t.bufferPadding));
+                    checkerboardPixelBuffer(t.pixelFormat, t.pixelType, kHalfTexSize,
-            api.update3DImage(texture, 0, 256,   0, 0, 256, 256, 1,
+                            t.bufferPadding));
-                    checkerboardPixelBuffer(t.pixelFormat, t.pixelType, 256, t.bufferPadding));
+            api.update3DImage(texture, 0, kHalfTexSize, 0, 0, kHalfTexSize, kHalfTexSize, 1,
-            api.update3DImage(texture, 0,   0, 256, 0, 256, 256, 1,
+                    checkerboardPixelBuffer(t.pixelFormat, t.pixelType, kHalfTexSize,
-                    checkerboardPixelBuffer(t.pixelFormat, t.pixelType, 256, t.bufferPadding));
+                            t.bufferPadding));
-            api.update3DImage(texture, 0, 256, 256, 0, 256, 256, 1,
+            api.update3DImage(texture, 0, 0, kHalfTexSize, 0, kHalfTexSize, kHalfTexSize, 1,
-                    checkerboardPixelBuffer(t.pixelFormat, t.pixelType, 256, t.bufferPadding));
+                    checkerboardPixelBuffer(t.pixelFormat, t.pixelType, kHalfTexSize,
+                            t.bufferPadding));
+            api.update3DImage(texture, 0, kHalfTexSize, kHalfTexSize, 0, kHalfTexSize, kHalfTexSize,
+                    1,
+                    checkerboardPixelBuffer(t.pixelFormat, t.pixelType, kHalfTexSize,
+                            t.bufferPadding));
         } else {
-            api.update3DImage(texture, 0, 0, 0, 0, 512, 512, 1,
+            api.update3DImage(texture, 0, 0, 0, 0, kTexSize, kTexSize, 1,
-                    checkerboardPixelBuffer(t.pixelFormat, t.pixelType, 512, t.bufferPadding));
+                    checkerboardPixelBuffer(t.pixelFormat, t.pixelType, kTexSize, t.bufferPadding));
         }
 
         DescriptorSetHandle  descriptorSet = shader.createDescriptorSet(api);
@@ -338,11 +361,21 @@ TEST_F(LoadImageTest, UpdateImage2D) {
 
         api.bindDescriptorSet(descriptorSet, 0, {});
 
-        renderTriangle({{ shader.getDescriptorSetLayout() }},
+        RenderPassParams params = getClearColorRenderPass();
-                defaultRenderTarget, swapChain, shader.getProgram());
+        params.viewport.width = kTexSize;
+        params.viewport.height = kTexSize;
+        PipelineState state = getColorWritePipelineState();
+        shader.addProgramToPipelineState(state);
+        state.primitiveType = PrimitiveType::TRIANGLES;
+        state.vertexBufferInfo = mTriangle.getVertexBufferInfo();
+        api.beginRenderPass(defaultRenderTarget, params);
+        api.bindPipeline(state);
+        api.bindRenderPrimitive(mTriangle.getRenderPrimitive());
+        api.draw2(0, 3, 1);
+        api.endRenderPass();
 
         EXPECT_IMAGE(defaultRenderTarget, getExpectations(),
-                ScreenshotParams(512, 512, t.name, expectedHash));
+                ScreenshotParams(kTexSize, kTexSize, t.name, expectedHash));
 
         api.commit(swapChain);
         api.endFrame(0);
@@ -368,39 +401,39 @@ TEST_F(LoadImageTest, UpdateImageSRGB) {
     // Create a program.
     filament::SamplerInterfaceBlock::SamplerInfo samplerInfo { "test", "tex", 0,
         SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D, getSamplerFormat(textureFormat), Precision::HIGH, false };
-    std::string const fragment = stringReplace("{samplerType}",
+    std::string const fragment = getFormattedFragment(fragmentTemplate, textureFormat);
-            getSamplerTypeName(textureFormat), fragmentTemplate);
     Shader shader(api, cleanup, ShaderConfig{
         .vertexShader = mVertexShader, .fragmentShader = fragment, .uniforms = {{
             "test_tex", DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_FLOAT, samplerInfo
     }}});
 
     // Create a texture.
-    Handle<HwTexture> const texture = cleanup.add(api.createTexture(SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D, 1,
+    Handle<HwTexture> const texture =
-            textureFormat, 1, 512, 512, 1, TextureUsage::SAMPLEABLE | TextureUsage::UPLOADABLE));
+            cleanup.add(api.createTexture(SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D, 1, textureFormat, 1, kTexSize,
+                    kTexSize, 1, TextureUsage::SAMPLEABLE | TextureUsage::UPLOADABLE));
 
     // Create image data.
     size_t components; int bpp;
     getPixelInfo(pixelFormat, pixelType, components, bpp);
-    size_t bpl = 512 * 512 * bpp;
+    size_t bpl = kTexSize * kTexSize * bpp;
     size_t bufferSize = bpl;
     void* buffer = calloc(1, bufferSize);
     PixelBufferDescriptor descriptor(buffer, bufferSize, pixelFormat, pixelType,
-            1, 0, 0, 512, [](void* buffer, size_t size, void* user) {
+            1, 0, 0, kTexSize, [](void* buffer, size_t size, void* user) {
                 free(buffer);
             }, nullptr);
 
     // Add a gradient.
     uint8_t* pixel = (uint8_t*) buffer;
-    for (int r = 0; r < 512; r++) {
+    for (int r = 0; r < kTexSize; r++) {
-        for (int c = 0; c < 512; c++) {
+        for (int c = 0; c < kTexSize; c++) {
             for (int n = 0; n < components; n++) {
-                *pixel++ = (c / 512.0f) * 255;
+                *pixel++ = (c / static_cast<float>(kTexSize)) * 255;
             }
         }
     }
 
-    api.update3DImage(texture, 0, 0, 0, 0, 512, 512, 1, std::move(descriptor));
+    api.update3DImage(texture, 0, 0, 0, 0, kTexSize, kTexSize, 1, std::move(descriptor));
 
     api.beginFrame(0, 0, 0);
 
@@ -413,11 +446,21 @@ TEST_F(LoadImageTest, UpdateImageSRGB) {
 
     api.bindDescriptorSet(descriptorSet, 0, {});
 
-    renderTriangle({{ shader.getDescriptorSetLayout() }},
+    RenderPassParams params = getClearColorRenderPass();
-            defaultRenderTarget, swapChain, shader.getProgram());
+    params.viewport.width = kTexSize;
+    params.viewport.height = kTexSize;
+    PipelineState state = getColorWritePipelineState();
+    shader.addProgramToPipelineState(state);
+    state.primitiveType = PrimitiveType::TRIANGLES;
+    state.vertexBufferInfo = mTriangle.getVertexBufferInfo();
+    api.beginRenderPass(defaultRenderTarget, params);
+    api.bindPipeline(state);
+    api.bindRenderPrimitive(mTriangle.getRenderPrimitive());
+    api.draw2(0, 3, 1);
+    api.endRenderPass();
 
     EXPECT_IMAGE(defaultRenderTarget, getExpectations(),
-            ScreenshotParams(512, 512, "UpdateImageSRGB", 3300305265));
+            ScreenshotParams(kTexSize, kTexSize, "UpdateImageSRGB", 3300305265));
 
     api.commit(swapChain);
     api.endFrame(0);
@@ -442,8 +485,7 @@ TEST_F(LoadImageTest, UpdateImageMipLevel) {
     // Create a program.
     filament::SamplerInterfaceBlock::SamplerInfo samplerInfo { "test", "tex", 0,
         SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D, getSamplerFormat(textureFormat), Precision::HIGH, false };
-    std::string const fragment = stringReplace("{samplerType}",
+    std::string const fragment = getFormattedFragment(fragmentUpdateImageMip, textureFormat);
-            getSamplerTypeName(textureFormat), fragmentUpdateImageMip);
     Shader shader(api, cleanup, ShaderConfig {
         .vertexShader = mVertexShader,
         .fragmentShader = fragment,
@@ -454,12 +496,13 @@ TEST_F(LoadImageTest, UpdateImageMipLevel) {
     // Base level: 1024
     // Level 1:     512     <-- upload data and sample from this level
     // Level 2:     256
-    Handle<HwTexture> texture = cleanup.add(api.createTexture(SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D, 3,
+    Handle<HwTexture> texture = cleanup.add(
-            textureFormat, 1, 1024, 1024, 1, TextureUsage::SAMPLEABLE | TextureUsage::UPLOADABLE));
+            api.createTexture(SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D, 3, textureFormat, 1, kDoubleTexSize,
+                    kDoubleTexSize, 1, TextureUsage::SAMPLEABLE | TextureUsage::UPLOADABLE));
 
     // Create image data.
-    PixelBufferDescriptor descriptor = checkerboardPixelBuffer(pixelFormat, pixelType, 512);
+    PixelBufferDescriptor descriptor = checkerboardPixelBuffer(pixelFormat, pixelType, kTexSize);
-    api.update3DImage(texture, /* level*/ 1, 0, 0, 0, 512, 512, 1, std::move(descriptor));
+    api.update3DImage(texture, /* level*/ 1, 0, 0, 0, kTexSize, kTexSize, 1, std::move(descriptor));
 
     api.beginFrame(0, 0, 0);
 
@@ -472,11 +515,24 @@ TEST_F(LoadImageTest, UpdateImageMipLevel) {
 
     api.bindDescriptorSet(descriptorSet, 0, {});
 
-    renderTriangle({{ shader.getDescriptorSetLayout() }},
+    {
-            defaultRenderTarget, swapChain, shader.getProgram());
+        RenderFrame frame(api);
+        RenderPassParams params = getClearColorRenderPass();
+        params.viewport.width = kTexSize;
+        params.viewport.height = kTexSize;
+        PipelineState state = getColorWritePipelineState();
+        shader.addProgramToPipelineState(state);
+        state.primitiveType = PrimitiveType::TRIANGLES;
+        state.vertexBufferInfo = mTriangle.getVertexBufferInfo();
+        api.beginRenderPass(defaultRenderTarget, params);
+        api.bindPipeline(state);
+        api.bindRenderPrimitive(mTriangle.getRenderPrimitive());
+        api.draw2(0, 3, 1);
+        api.endRenderPass();
+    }
 
     EXPECT_IMAGE(defaultRenderTarget, getExpectations(),
-            ScreenshotParams(512, 512, "UpdateImageMipLevel", 1875922935));
+            ScreenshotParams(kTexSize, kTexSize, "UpdateImageMipLevel", 1875922935));
 
     api.commit(swapChain);
     api.endFrame(0);
@@ -506,8 +562,7 @@ TEST_F(LoadImageTest, UpdateImage3D) {
     // Create a program.
     filament::SamplerInterfaceBlock::SamplerInfo samplerInfo { "test", "tex", 0,
         SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D_ARRAY, getSamplerFormat(textureFormat), Precision::HIGH, false };
-    std::string fragment = stringReplace("{samplerType}",
+    std::string fragment = getFormattedFragment(fragmentUpdateImage3DTemplate, samplerType);
-            getSamplerTypeName(samplerType), fragmentUpdateImage3DTemplate);
     Shader shader(api, cleanup, ShaderConfig {
         .vertexShader = mVertexShader,
         .fragmentShader = fragment,
@@ -516,24 +571,24 @@ TEST_F(LoadImageTest, UpdateImage3D) {
 
     // Create a texture.
     Handle<HwTexture> texture = cleanup.add(api.createTexture(samplerType, 1,
-            textureFormat, 1, 512, 512, 4, usage));
+            textureFormat, 1, kTexSize, kTexSize, 4, usage));
 
     // Create image data for all 4 layers.
     size_t components; int bpp;
     getPixelInfo(pixelFormat, pixelType, components, bpp);
-    size_t bpl = 512 * 512 * bpp;
+    size_t bpl = kTexSize * kTexSize * bpp;
     size_t bufferSize = bpl * 4;
     void* buffer = calloc(1, bufferSize);
     PixelBufferDescriptor descriptor(buffer, bufferSize, pixelFormat, pixelType,
-            1, 0, 0, 512, [](void* buffer, size_t size, void* user) {
+            1, 0, 0, kTexSize, [](void* buffer, size_t size, void* user) {
                 free(buffer);
             }, nullptr);
 
     // Only add checkerboard data to the 3rd layer, which we'll sample from.
     uint8_t* thirdLayer = (uint8_t*) buffer + (bpl * 2);
-    fillCheckerboard<float>(thirdLayer, 512, 512, components, 1.0f);
+    fillCheckerboard<float>(thirdLayer, kTexSize, kTexSize, components, 1.0f);
 
-    api.update3DImage(texture, 0, 0, 0, 0, 512, 512, 4, std::move(descriptor));
+    api.update3DImage(texture, 0, 0, 0, 0, kTexSize, kTexSize, 4, std::move(descriptor));
 
     {
         RenderFrame frame(api);
@@ -546,11 +601,21 @@ TEST_F(LoadImageTest, UpdateImage3D) {
 
         api.bindDescriptorSet(descriptorSet, 0, {});
 
-        renderTriangle({ { shader.getDescriptorSetLayout() } },
+        RenderPassParams params = getClearColorRenderPass();
-                defaultRenderTarget, swapChain, shader.getProgram());
+        params.viewport.width = kTexSize;
+        params.viewport.height = kTexSize;
+        PipelineState state = getColorWritePipelineState();
+        shader.addProgramToPipelineState(state);
+        state.primitiveType = PrimitiveType::TRIANGLES;
+        state.vertexBufferInfo = mTriangle.getVertexBufferInfo();
+        api.beginRenderPass(defaultRenderTarget, params);
+        api.bindPipeline(state);
+        api.bindRenderPrimitive(mTriangle.getRenderPrimitive());
+        api.draw2(0, 3, 1);
+        api.endRenderPass();
 
         EXPECT_IMAGE(defaultRenderTarget, getExpectations(),
-                ScreenshotParams(512, 512, "UpdateImage3D", 1875922935));
+                ScreenshotParams(kTexSize, kTexSize, "UpdateImage3D", 1875922935));
     }
 
     api.stopCapture();

filament/backend/test/test_MRT.cpp

@@ -75,32 +75,32 @@ TEST_F(BackendTest, MRT) {
                     1,                                  // levels
                     TextureFormat::RGBA8,               // format
                     1,                                  // samples
-                    512,                                // width
+                    screenWidth(),                      // width
-                    512,                                // height
+                    screenHeight(),                     // height
                     1,                                  // depth
-                    usage));                             // usage
+                    usage));                            // usage
         Handle<HwTexture> textureB = cleanup.add(api.createTexture(
                     SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D,            // target
                     1,                                  // levels
                     TextureFormat::RGBA8,               // format
                     1,                                  // samples
-                    512,                                // width
+                    screenWidth(),                      // width
-                    512,                                // height
+                    screenHeight(),                     // height
                     1,                                  // depth
-                    usage));                             // usage
+                    usage));                            // usage
 
         // Create a RenderTarget with two attachments.
         Handle<HwRenderTarget> renderTarget = cleanup.add(api.createRenderTarget(
                 TargetBufferFlags::COLOR0 | TargetBufferFlags::COLOR1,
                 // The width and height must match the width and height of the respective mip
                 // level (at least for OpenGL).
-                512,                                       // width
+                screenWidth(),                          // width
-                512,                                       // height
+                screenHeight(),                         // height
-                1,                                         // samples
+                1,                                      // samples
-                0,                                         // layerCount
+                0,                                      // layerCount
-                {{textureA },{textureB }},                 // color
+                {{textureA },{textureB }},              // color
-                {},                                        // depth
+                {},                                     // depth
-                {}));                                       // stencil
+                {}));                                   // stencil
 
         PipelineState state = getColorWritePipelineState();
         shader.addProgramToPipelineState(state);
@@ -115,7 +115,11 @@ TEST_F(BackendTest, MRT) {
 
         // Draw a triangle.
         api.beginRenderPass(renderTarget, params);
-        api.draw(state, triangle.getRenderPrimitive(), 0, 3, 1);
+        state.primitiveType = PrimitiveType::TRIANGLES;
+        state.vertexBufferInfo = triangle.getVertexBufferInfo();
+        api.bindPipeline(state);
+        api.bindRenderPrimitive(triangle.getRenderPrimitive());
+        api.draw2(0, 3, 1);
         api.endRenderPass();
 
         api.flush();

filament/backend/test/test_MipLevels.cpp

@@ -145,7 +145,11 @@ TEST_F(BackendTest, TextureViewLod) {
             params.viewport = getFullViewport();
 
             api.beginRenderPass(renderTarget, params);
-            api.draw(state, triangle.getRenderPrimitive(), 0, 3, 1);
+            state.primitiveType = PrimitiveType::TRIANGLES;
+            state.vertexBufferInfo = triangle.getVertexBufferInfo();
+            api.bindPipeline(state);
+            api.bindRenderPrimitive(triangle.getRenderPrimitive());
+            api.draw2(0, 3, 1);
             api.endRenderPass();
         }
 
@@ -170,7 +174,11 @@ TEST_F(BackendTest, TextureViewLod) {
         // previous pass.
         api.beginRenderPass(defaultRenderTarget, params);
         api.scissor(params.viewport);
-        api.draw(state, triangle.getRenderPrimitive(), 0, 3, 1);
+        state.primitiveType = PrimitiveType::TRIANGLES;
+        state.vertexBufferInfo = triangle.getVertexBufferInfo();
+        api.bindPipeline(state);
+        api.bindRenderPrimitive(triangle.getRenderPrimitive());
+        api.draw2(0, 3, 1);
         api.endRenderPass();
 
         // Adjust the base mip to 2.
@@ -195,7 +203,11 @@ TEST_F(BackendTest, TextureViewLod) {
         params.flags.discardStart = TargetBufferFlags::NONE;
         api.beginRenderPass(defaultRenderTarget, params);
         api.scissor(params.viewport);
-        api.draw(state, triangle.getRenderPrimitive(), 0, 3, 1);
+        state.primitiveType = PrimitiveType::TRIANGLES;
+        state.vertexBufferInfo = triangle.getVertexBufferInfo();
+        api.bindPipeline(state);
+        api.bindRenderPrimitive(triangle.getRenderPrimitive());
+        api.draw2(0, 3, 1);
         api.endRenderPass();
 
         api.commit(swapChain);

filament/backend/test/test_MissingRequiredAttributes.cpp

@@ -92,7 +92,11 @@ TEST_F(BackendTest, MissingRequiredAttributes) {
 
         // Render a triangle.
         api.beginRenderPass(defaultRenderTarget, params);
-        api.draw(state, triangle.getRenderPrimitive(), 0, 3, 1);
+        state.primitiveType = PrimitiveType::TRIANGLES;
+        state.vertexBufferInfo = triangle.getVertexBufferInfo();
+        api.bindPipeline(state);
+        api.bindRenderPrimitive(triangle.getRenderPrimitive());
+        api.draw2(0, 3, 1);
         api.endRenderPass();
 
         api.flush();

filament/backend/test/test_ReadPixels.cpp

@@ -71,6 +71,11 @@ namespace test {
 
 class ReadPixelsTest : public BackendTest {
 public:
+    ReadPixelsTest() {
+        // Expect a square screen
+        EXPECT_THAT(screenWidth(), ::testing::Eq(screenHeight()));
+    }
+
     bool readPixelsFinished = false;
 };
 
@@ -82,9 +87,14 @@ TEST_F(ReadPixelsTest, ReadPixels) {
     // deterministic results. Take this test with a grain of salt, however, as other platform / GPU
     // combinations may vary ever-so-slightly, which would cause this test to fail.
 
-    const size_t renderTargetBaseSize = 512;
+    const size_t renderTargetBaseSize = screenWidth();
 
     struct TestCase {
+        explicit TestCase(size_t renderTargetBaseSize)
+            : renderTargetBaseSize(renderTargetBaseSize) {}
+
+        size_t renderTargetBaseSize;
+
         const char* testName = "readPixels_normal";
 
         // The murmur3 hash of the read pixel buffer result, used to determine success.
@@ -163,10 +173,10 @@ TEST_F(ReadPixelsTest, ReadPixels) {
 
     // The normative read pixels test case. Render a white triangle over a blue background and read
     // the full viewport into a pixel buffer.
-    TestCase const t0;
+    TestCase const t0(renderTargetBaseSize);
 
     // Check that a subregion of the render target can be read into a pixel buffer.
-    TestCase t2;
+    TestCase t2(renderTargetBaseSize);
     t2.testName = "readPixels_subregion";
     t2.readRect.x = 90;
     t2.readRect.y = 403;
@@ -176,7 +186,7 @@ TEST_F(ReadPixelsTest, ReadPixels) {
     t2.hash = 0xcba7675a;
 
     // Check that readPixels works when rendering into and reading from a mip level.
-    TestCase t3;
+    TestCase t3(renderTargetBaseSize);
     t3.testName = "readPixels_mip";
     t3.mipLevels = 4;
     t3.mipLevel = 2;
@@ -186,7 +196,7 @@ TEST_F(ReadPixelsTest, ReadPixels) {
     t3.hash = 0xe6fa6c55;
 
     // Check that readPixels can return pixels in floating point RGBA format.
-    TestCase t4;
+    TestCase t4(renderTargetBaseSize);
     t4.testName = "readPixels_float";
     t4.format = PixelDataFormat::RGBA;
     t4.type = PixelDataType::FLOAT;
@@ -194,7 +204,7 @@ TEST_F(ReadPixelsTest, ReadPixels) {
 
     // Check that readPixels can read a region of the render target into a subregion of a large
     // buffer.
-    TestCase t5;
+    TestCase t5(renderTargetBaseSize);
     t5.testName = "readPixels_subbuffer";
     t5.readRect.x = 90;
     t5.readRect.y = 403;
@@ -206,7 +216,7 @@ TEST_F(ReadPixelsTest, ReadPixels) {
     t5.hash = 0xbaefdb54;
 
     // Check that readPixels works with integer formats.
-    TestCase t6;
+    TestCase t6(renderTargetBaseSize);
     t6.testName = "readPixels_UINT";
     t6.format = PixelDataFormat::R_INTEGER;
     t6.type = PixelDataType::UINT;
@@ -214,7 +224,7 @@ TEST_F(ReadPixelsTest, ReadPixels) {
     t6.hash = 0x9d91227;
 
     // Check that readPixels works with half formats.
-    TestCase t7;
+    TestCase t7(renderTargetBaseSize);
     t7.testName = "readPixels_half";
     t7.format = PixelDataFormat::RG;
     t7.type = PixelDataType::HALF;
@@ -223,7 +233,7 @@ TEST_F(ReadPixelsTest, ReadPixels) {
 
     // Check that readPixels works when rendering into the SwapChain.
     // This requires that the test runner's native window size is 512x512.
-    TestCase t8;
+    TestCase t8(renderTargetBaseSize);
     t8.testName = "readPixels_swapchain";
     t8.useDefaultRT = true;
 
@@ -295,7 +305,11 @@ TEST_F(ReadPixelsTest, ReadPixels) {
         } else {
             floatShader.addProgramToPipelineState(state);
         }
-        api.draw(state, triangle.getRenderPrimitive(), 0, 3, 1);
+        state.primitiveType = PrimitiveType::TRIANGLES;
+        state.vertexBufferInfo = triangle.getVertexBufferInfo();
+        api.bindPipeline(state);
+        api.bindRenderPrimitive(triangle.getRenderPrimitive());
+        api.draw2(0, 3, 1);
 
         api.endRenderPass();
 
@@ -413,7 +427,11 @@ TEST_F(ReadPixelsTest, ReadPixelsPerformance) {
 
         // Render some content, just so we don't read back uninitialized data.
         api.beginRenderPass(renderTarget, params);
-        api.draw(state, triangle.getRenderPrimitive(), 0, 3, 1);
+        state.primitiveType = PrimitiveType::TRIANGLES;
+        state.vertexBufferInfo = triangle.getVertexBufferInfo();
+        api.bindPipeline(state);
+        api.bindRenderPrimitive(triangle.getRenderPrimitive());
+        api.draw2(0, 3, 1);
         api.endRenderPass();
 
         PixelBufferDescriptor descriptor(buffer, renderTargetSize * renderTargetSize * 4,

filament/backend/test/test_RenderExternalImage.cpp

@@ -90,7 +90,11 @@ TEST_F(BackendTest, RenderExternalImageWithoutSet) {
 
     // Render a triangle.
     api.beginRenderPass(defaultRenderTarget, params);
-    api.draw(state, triangle.getRenderPrimitive(), 0, 3, 1);
+    state.primitiveType = PrimitiveType::TRIANGLES;
+    state.vertexBufferInfo = triangle.getVertexBufferInfo();
+    api.bindPipeline(state);
+    api.bindRenderPrimitive(triangle.getRenderPrimitive());
+    api.draw2(0, 3, 1);
     api.endRenderPass();
 
     api.flush();
@@ -185,14 +189,18 @@ TEST_F(BackendTest, RenderExternalImage) {
 
     // Render a triangle.
     api.beginRenderPass(defaultRenderTarget, params);
-    api.draw(state, triangle.getRenderPrimitive(), 0, 3, 1);
+    state.primitiveType = PrimitiveType::TRIANGLES;
+    state.vertexBufferInfo = triangle.getVertexBufferInfo();
+    api.bindPipeline(state);
+    api.bindRenderPrimitive(triangle.getRenderPrimitive());
+    api.draw2(0, 3, 1);
     api.endRenderPass();
 
     api.flush();
     api.commit(swapChain);
     api.endFrame(0);
     EXPECT_IMAGE(defaultRenderTarget, getExpectations(),
-            ScreenshotParams(512, 512, "RenderExternalImage", 1206264951));
+            ScreenshotParams(screenWidth(), screenHeight(), "RenderExternalImage", 1206264951));
 
     api.stopCapture(0);
     api.finish();

filament/backend/test/test_Scissor.cpp

@@ -125,7 +125,11 @@ TEST_F(BackendTest, ScissorViewportRegion) {
 
         api.beginRenderPass(srcRenderTarget, params);
         api.scissor(scissor);
-        api.draw(ps, triangle.getRenderPrimitive(), 0, 3, 1);
+        ps.primitiveType = PrimitiveType::TRIANGLES;
+        ps.vertexBufferInfo = triangle.getVertexBufferInfo();
+        api.bindPipeline(ps);
+        api.bindRenderPrimitive(triangle.getRenderPrimitive());
+        api.draw2(0, 3, 1);
         api.endRenderPass();
 
         EXPECT_IMAGE(fullRenderTarget, getExpectations(),
@@ -201,7 +205,11 @@ TEST_F(BackendTest, ScissorViewportEdgeCases) {
 
         api.beginRenderPass(renderTarget, params);
         api.scissor(scissor);
-        api.draw(ps, triangle.getRenderPrimitive(), 0, 3, 1);
+        ps.primitiveType = PrimitiveType::TRIANGLES;
+        ps.vertexBufferInfo = triangle.getVertexBufferInfo();
+        api.bindPipeline(ps);
+        api.bindRenderPrimitive(triangle.getRenderPrimitive());
+        api.draw2(0, 3, 1);
         api.endRenderPass();
 
         params.viewport = topLeftViewport;
@@ -209,7 +217,11 @@ TEST_F(BackendTest, ScissorViewportEdgeCases) {
         params.flags.discardStart = TargetBufferFlags::NONE;
         api.beginRenderPass(renderTarget, params);
         api.scissor(scissor);
-        api.draw(ps, triangle.getRenderPrimitive(), 0, 3, 1);
+        ps.primitiveType = PrimitiveType::TRIANGLES;
+        ps.vertexBufferInfo = triangle.getVertexBufferInfo();
+        api.bindPipeline(ps);
+        api.bindRenderPrimitive(triangle.getRenderPrimitive());
+        api.draw2(0, 3, 1);
         api.endRenderPass();
 
         EXPECT_IMAGE(renderTarget, getExpectations(),

filament/backend/test/test_StencilBuffer.cpp

@@ -74,7 +74,8 @@ public:
         // Render a small triangle only to the stencil buffer, increasing the stencil buffer to 1.
         RenderPassParams params = {};
         params.flags.clear = TargetBufferFlags::COLOR0 | TargetBufferFlags::STENCIL;
-        params.viewport = { 0, 0, 512, 512 };
+        params.viewport = { 0, 0, static_cast<uint32_t>(screenWidth()),
+            static_cast<uint32_t>(screenHeight()) };
         params.clearColor = math::float4(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
         params.clearStencil = 0u;
         params.flags.discardStart = TargetBufferFlags::ALL;
@@ -91,7 +92,11 @@ public:
         api.beginFrame(0, 0, 0);
 
         api.beginRenderPass(renderTarget, params);
-        api.draw(ps, smallTriangle.getRenderPrimitive(), 0, 3, 1);
+        ps.primitiveType = PrimitiveType::TRIANGLES;
+        ps.vertexBufferInfo = smallTriangle.getVertexBufferInfo();
+        api.bindPipeline(ps);
+        api.bindRenderPrimitive(smallTriangle.getRenderPrimitive());
+        api.draw2(0, 3, 1);
         api.endRenderPass();
 
         // Step 2: Render a larger triangle with the stencil test enabled.
@@ -104,7 +109,11 @@ public:
         ps.stencilState.front.ref = 0u;
 
         api.beginRenderPass(renderTarget, params);
-        api.draw(ps, triangle.getRenderPrimitive(), 0, 3, 1);
+        ps.primitiveType = PrimitiveType::TRIANGLES;
+        ps.vertexBufferInfo = triangle.getVertexBufferInfo();
+        api.bindPipeline(ps);
+        api.bindRenderPrimitive(triangle.getRenderPrimitive());
+        api.draw2(0, 3, 1);
         api.endRenderPass();
 
         api.commit(mSwapChain);
@@ -123,18 +132,20 @@ TEST_F(BasicStencilBufferTest, StencilBuffer) {
     Cleanup cleanup(api);
 
     // Create two textures: a color and a stencil, and an associated RenderTarget.
-    auto colorTexture = cleanup.add(api.createTexture(SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D, 1,
+    auto colorTexture =
-            TextureFormat::RGBA8, 1, 512, 512, 1, TextureUsage::COLOR_ATTACHMENT));
+            cleanup.add(api.createTexture(SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D, 1, TextureFormat::RGBA8, 1,
-    auto stencilTexture = cleanup.add(api.createTexture(SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D, 1,
+                    screenWidth(), screenHeight(), 1, TextureUsage::COLOR_ATTACHMENT));
-            TextureFormat::STENCIL8, 1, 512, 512, 1, TextureUsage::STENCIL_ATTACHMENT));
+    auto stencilTexture =
-    auto renderTarget = cleanup.add(api.createRenderTarget(
+            cleanup.add(api.createTexture(SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D, 1, TextureFormat::STENCIL8, 1,
-            TargetBufferFlags::COLOR0 | TargetBufferFlags::STENCIL, 512, 512, 1, 0,
+                    screenWidth(), screenHeight(), 1, TextureUsage::STENCIL_ATTACHMENT));
-            {{ colorTexture }}, {}, {{ stencilTexture }}));
+    auto renderTarget = cleanup.add(api.createRenderTarget(TargetBufferFlags::COLOR0 |
+                                                                   TargetBufferFlags::STENCIL,
+            screenWidth(), screenHeight(), 1, 0, { { colorTexture } }, {}, { { stencilTexture } }));
 
     RunTest(renderTarget);
 
     EXPECT_IMAGE(renderTarget, getExpectations(),
-            ScreenshotParams(512, 512, "StencilBuffer", 0x3B1AEF0F));
+            ScreenshotParams(screenWidth(), screenHeight(), "StencilBuffer", 0x3B1AEF0F));
 
     flushAndWait();
     getDriver().purge();
@@ -147,19 +158,20 @@ TEST_F(BasicStencilBufferTest, DepthAndStencilBuffer) {
     Cleanup cleanup(api);
 
     // Create two textures: a color and a stencil, and an associated RenderTarget.
-    auto colorTexture = cleanup.add(api.createTexture(SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D, 1,
+    auto colorTexture =
-            TextureFormat::RGBA8, 1, 512, 512, 1, TextureUsage::COLOR_ATTACHMENT));
+            cleanup.add(api.createTexture(SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D, 1, TextureFormat::RGBA8, 1,
+                    screenWidth(), screenHeight(), 1, TextureUsage::COLOR_ATTACHMENT));
     auto depthStencilTexture = cleanup.add(api.createTexture(SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D, 1,
-            TextureFormat::DEPTH24_STENCIL8, 1, 512, 512, 1,
+            TextureFormat::DEPTH24_STENCIL8, 1, screenWidth(), screenHeight(), 1,
             TextureUsage::STENCIL_ATTACHMENT | TextureUsage::DEPTH_ATTACHMENT));
     auto renderTarget = cleanup.add(api.createRenderTarget(
-            TargetBufferFlags::COLOR0 | TargetBufferFlags::STENCIL, 512, 512, 1, 0,
+            TargetBufferFlags::COLOR0 | TargetBufferFlags::STENCIL, screenWidth(), screenHeight(),
-            {{ colorTexture }}, { depthStencilTexture }, {{ depthStencilTexture }}));
+            1, 0, { { colorTexture } }, { depthStencilTexture }, { { depthStencilTexture } }));
 
     RunTest(renderTarget);
 
     EXPECT_IMAGE(renderTarget, getExpectations(),
-            ScreenshotParams(512, 512, "DepthAndStencilBuffer", 0x3B1AEF0F));
+            ScreenshotParams(screenWidth(), screenHeight(), "DepthAndStencilBuffer", 0x3B1AEF0F));
 
     flushAndWait();
     getDriver().purge();
@@ -178,17 +190,18 @@ TEST_F(BasicStencilBufferTest, StencilBufferMSAA) {
     // Pass 1: Render a triangle into (an auto-created) MSAA color buffer using the stencil test.
     //         Performs an auto-resolve on the color.
     auto colorTexture = cleanup.add(api.createTexture(SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D, 1,
-            TextureFormat::RGBA8, 1, 512, 512, 1,
+            TextureFormat::RGBA8, 1, screenWidth(), screenHeight(), 1,
             TextureUsage::COLOR_ATTACHMENT | TextureUsage::SAMPLEABLE));
     auto depthStencilTextureMSAA = cleanup.add(api.createTexture(SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D, 1,
-            TextureFormat::DEPTH24_STENCIL8, 4, 512, 512, 1,
+            TextureFormat::DEPTH24_STENCIL8, 4, screenWidth(), screenHeight(), 1,
             TextureUsage::STENCIL_ATTACHMENT | TextureUsage::DEPTH_ATTACHMENT));
     auto renderTarget0 = cleanup.add(api.createRenderTarget(
-            TargetBufferFlags::DEPTH_AND_STENCIL, 512, 512, 4, 0,
+            TargetBufferFlags::DEPTH_AND_STENCIL, screenWidth(), screenHeight(), 4, 0,
             {{}}, { depthStencilTextureMSAA }, { depthStencilTextureMSAA }));
-    auto renderTarget1 = cleanup.add(api.createRenderTarget(
+    auto renderTarget1 = cleanup.add(
-            TargetBufferFlags::COLOR0 | TargetBufferFlags::DEPTH_AND_STENCIL, 512, 512, 4, 0,
+            api.createRenderTarget(TargetBufferFlags::COLOR0 | TargetBufferFlags::DEPTH_AND_STENCIL,
-            {{ colorTexture }}, { depthStencilTextureMSAA }, { depthStencilTextureMSAA }));
+                    screenWidth(), screenHeight(), 4, 0, { { colorTexture } },
+                    { depthStencilTextureMSAA }, { depthStencilTextureMSAA }));
 
     api.startCapture(0);
 
@@ -206,7 +219,8 @@ TEST_F(BasicStencilBufferTest, StencilBufferMSAA) {
     // Render a small triangle only to the stencil buffer, increasing the stencil buffer to 1.
     RenderPassParams params = {};
     params.flags.clear = TargetBufferFlags::STENCIL;
-    params.viewport = { 0, 0, 512, 512 };
+    params.viewport = { 0, 0, static_cast<uint32_t>(screenWidth()),
+        static_cast<uint32_t>(screenHeight()) };
     params.clearStencil = 0u;
     params.flags.discardStart = TargetBufferFlags::ALL;
     params.flags.discardEnd = TargetBufferFlags::NONE;
@@ -222,7 +236,11 @@ TEST_F(BasicStencilBufferTest, StencilBufferMSAA) {
     api.beginFrame(0, 0, 0);
 
     api.beginRenderPass(renderTarget0, params);
-    api.draw(ps, smallTriangle.getRenderPrimitive(), 0, 3, 1);
+    ps.primitiveType = PrimitiveType::TRIANGLES;
+    ps.vertexBufferInfo = smallTriangle.getVertexBufferInfo();
+    api.bindPipeline(ps);
+    api.bindRenderPrimitive(smallTriangle.getRenderPrimitive());
+    api.draw2(0, 3, 1);
     api.endRenderPass();
 
     // Step 2: Render a larger triangle with the stencil test enabled.
@@ -237,7 +255,11 @@ TEST_F(BasicStencilBufferTest, StencilBufferMSAA) {
     ps.stencilState.front.ref = 0u;
 
     api.beginRenderPass(renderTarget1, params);
-    api.draw(ps, triangle.getRenderPrimitive(), 0, 3, 1);
+    ps.primitiveType = PrimitiveType::TRIANGLES;
+    ps.vertexBufferInfo = triangle.getVertexBufferInfo();
+    api.bindPipeline(ps);
+    api.bindRenderPrimitive(triangle.getRenderPrimitive());
+    api.draw2(0, 3, 1);
     api.endRenderPass();
 
     api.commit(mSwapChain);
@@ -245,7 +267,8 @@ TEST_F(BasicStencilBufferTest, StencilBufferMSAA) {
     api.endFrame(0);
 
     EXPECT_IMAGE(renderTarget1, getExpectations(),
-            ScreenshotParams(512, 512, "StencilBufferAutoResolve", 3353562179));
+            ScreenshotParams(screenWidth(), screenHeight(), "StencilBufferAutoResolve",
+                    3353562179));
 
     flushAndWait();
     getDriver().purge();

filament/include/filament/Engine.h

@@ -1017,7 +1017,7 @@ public:
      *
      * @see setPaused
      */
-    bool isPaused() const noexcept;
+    bool isPaused() const noexcept(UTILS_HAS_THREADING);
 
     /**
      * Pause or resume rendering thread.

filament/include/filament/RenderTarget.h

@@ -153,6 +153,14 @@ public:
          */
         Builder& multiview(AttachmentPoint attachment, uint8_t layerCount, uint8_t baseLayer = 0) noexcept;
 
+        /**
+         * Sets the number of samples used for MSAA (Multisample Anti-Aliasing).
+         *
+         * @param samples The number of samples used for multisampling.
+         * @return A reference to this Builder for chaining calls.
+         */
+        Builder& samples(uint8_t samples) noexcept;
+
         /**
          * Creates the RenderTarget object and returns a pointer to it.
          *

filament/include/filament/Texture.h

@@ -172,6 +172,20 @@ public:
          */
         Builder& levels(uint8_t levels) noexcept;
 
+        /**
+         * Specifies the numbers of samples used for MSAA (Multisample Anti-Aliasing).
+         *
+         * Calling this method implicitly indicates the texture is used as a render target. Hence,
+         * this method should not be used in conjunction with other methods that are semantically
+         * conflicting like `setImage`.
+         *
+         * If this is invoked for array textures, it means this texture is used for multiview.
+         *
+         * @param samples Number of samples for this texture.
+         * @return This Builder, for chaining calls.
+         */
+        Builder& samples(uint8_t samples) noexcept;
+
         /**
          * Specifies the type of sampler to use.
          * @param target Sampler type

filament/src/Engine.cpp

@@ -387,7 +387,7 @@ JobSystem& Engine::getJobSystem() noexcept {
     return downcast(this)->getJobSystem();
 }
 
-bool Engine::isPaused() const noexcept {
+bool Engine::isPaused() const noexcept(UTILS_HAS_THREADING) {
     FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(UTILS_HAS_THREADING)
             << "Pause is meant for multi-threaded platforms.";
     return downcast(this)->isPaused();

filament/src/PostProcessManager.cpp

@@ -304,8 +304,10 @@ static const PostProcessManager::StaticMaterialInfo sMaterialList[] = {
         { "mipmapDepth",                MATERIAL(MIPMAPDEPTH) },
         { "sao",                        MATERIAL(SAO) },
         { "saoBentNormals",             MATERIAL(SAOBENTNORMALS) },
+#ifndef FILAMENT_DISABLE_GTAO
         { "gtao",                       MATERIAL(GTAO) },
         { "gtaoBentNormals",            MATERIAL(GTAOBENTNORMALS) },
+#endif
         { "separableGaussianBlur1",     MATERIAL(SEPARABLEGAUSSIANBLUR),
                 { {"arraySampler", false}, {"componentCount", 1} } },
         { "separableGaussianBlur1L",    MATERIAL(SEPARABLEGAUSSIANBLUR),
@@ -874,20 +876,25 @@ FrameGraphId<FrameGraphTexture> PostProcessManager::screenSpaceAmbientOcclusion(
                 }};
 
                 std::string_view materialName;
-                if (options.aoType ==
+                auto aoType = options.aoType;
+#ifdef FILAMENT_DISABLE_GTAO
+                materialName = computeBentNormals ? "saoBentNormals" : "sao";
+                aoType = AmbientOcclusionOptions::AmbientOcclusionType::SAO;
+#else
+                if (aoType ==
                         AmbientOcclusionOptions::AmbientOcclusionType::GTAO) {
                     materialName = computeBentNormals ? "gtaoBentNormals" : "gtao";
                 } else {
                     materialName = computeBentNormals ? "saoBentNormals" : "sao";
                 }
-
+#endif
                 auto& material = getPostProcessMaterial(materialName);
 
                 FMaterial const * const ma = material.getMaterial(mEngine);
                 FMaterialInstance* const mi = PostProcessMaterial::getMaterialInstance(ma);
 
                 // Set AO type specific material parameters
-                switch (options.aoType) {
+                switch (aoType) {
                     case AmbientOcclusionOptions::AmbientOcclusionType::SAO: {
                         // Where the falloff function peaks
                         const float peak = 0.1f * options.radius;

filament/src/details/Engine.cpp

@@ -67,6 +67,7 @@
 #include <math/vec4.h>
 
 #include <algorithm>
+#include <array>
 #include <chrono>
 #include <initializer_list>
 #include <memory>
@@ -369,9 +370,16 @@ void FEngine::init() {
             .sampler(Texture::Sampler::SAMPLER_CUBEMAP)
             .build(*this));
 
+    static constexpr std::array<uint32_t, 6> zeroCubemap{};
+    static constexpr std::array<uint32_t, 1> zeroRGBA{};
+    static constexpr std::array<uint32_t, 1> oneRGBA{ 0xffffffff };
+    static constexpr std::array<float   , 1> oneFloat{ 1.0f };
+    auto const size = [](auto&& array) {
+        return array.size() * sizeof(decltype(array[0]));
+    };
+
     driverApi.update3DImage(mDefaultIblTexture->getHwHandle(), 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 6,
-            { std::array<uint8_t, 6>{}.data(), 6,
+            { zeroCubemap.data(), size(zeroCubemap), Texture::Format::RGBA, Texture::Type::UBYTE });
-                Texture::Format::RGBA, Texture::Type::UBYTE });
 
     // 3 bands = 9 float3
     constexpr float sh[9 * 3] = { 0.0f };
@@ -393,12 +401,10 @@ void FEngine::init() {
             TextureFormat::RGBA8, 1, 1, 1, 1, TextureUsage::DEFAULT);
 
     driverApi.update3DImage(mDummyOneTexture, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1,
-            { std::array<uint8_t, 4>{0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff}.data(), 4,
+            { oneRGBA.data(), size(oneRGBA), Texture::Format::RGBA, Texture::Type::UBYTE });
-                Texture::Format::RGBA, Texture::Type::UBYTE });
 
     driverApi.update3DImage(mDummyZeroTexture, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1,
-            { std::array<uint8_t, 4>{}.data(), 4,
+            { zeroRGBA.data(), size(zeroRGBA), Texture::Format::RGBA, Texture::Type::UBYTE });
-                Texture::Format::RGBA, Texture::Type::UBYTE });
 
 
     mPerViewDescriptorSetLayoutSsrVariant = {
@@ -463,16 +469,13 @@ void FEngine::init() {
                 TextureFormat::RGBA8, 1, 1, 1, 1, TextureUsage::DEFAULT);
 
         driverApi.update3DImage(mDummyOneTextureArray, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1,
-                { std::array<uint8_t, 4>{0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff}.data(), 4,
+                { oneRGBA.data(), size(oneRGBA), Texture::Format::RGBA, Texture::Type::UBYTE });
-                    Texture::Format::RGBA, Texture::Type::UBYTE });
 
         driverApi.update3DImage(mDummyOneTextureArrayDepth, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1,
-                { std::array<float, 1>{1.0f}.data(), 4,
+                { oneFloat.data(), size(oneFloat), Texture::Format::DEPTH_COMPONENT, Texture::Type::FLOAT });
-                    Texture::Format::DEPTH_COMPONENT, Texture::Type::FLOAT });
 
         driverApi.update3DImage(mDummyZeroTextureArray, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1,
-                { std::array<uint8_t, 4>{}.data(), 4,
+                { zeroRGBA.data(), size(zeroRGBA), Texture::Format::RGBA, Texture::Type::UBYTE });
-                    Texture::Format::RGBA, Texture::Type::UBYTE });
 
         mDummyUniformBuffer = driverApi.createBufferObject(CONFIG_MINSPEC_UBO_SIZE,
                 BufferObjectBinding::UNIFORM, BufferUsage::STATIC);
@@ -624,6 +627,7 @@ void FEngine::shutdown() {
     driver.destroyTexture(std::move(mDummyOneTextureArray));
     driver.destroyTexture(std::move(mDummyZeroTexture));
     driver.destroyTexture(std::move(mDummyZeroTextureArray));
+    driver.destroyTexture(std::move(mDummyOneTextureArrayDepth));
 
     driver.destroyBufferObject(std::move(mDummyUniformBuffer));
 

filament/src/details/Fence.cpp

@@ -20,9 +20,19 @@
 
 #include <filament/Fence.h>
 
+#include <backend/DriverEnums.h>
+
+#include <utils/compiler.h>
 #include <utils/Panic.h>
 #include <utils/debug.h>
 
+#include <condition_variable>
+#include <chrono>
+#include <memory>
+#include <mutex>
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+
 namespace filament {
 
 using namespace backend;
@@ -30,7 +40,7 @@ using namespace backend;
 utils::Mutex FFence::sLock;
 utils::Condition FFence::sCondition;
 
-static const constexpr uint64_t PUMP_INTERVAL_MILLISECONDS = 1;
+static constexpr uint64_t PUMP_INTERVAL_MILLISECONDS = 1;
 
 using ms = std::chrono::milliseconds;
 using ns = std::chrono::nanoseconds;
@@ -60,7 +70,7 @@ FenceStatus FFence::waitAndDestroy(FFence* fence, Mode const mode) noexcept {
 }
 
 UTILS_NOINLINE
-FenceStatus FFence::wait(Mode const mode, uint64_t const timeout) noexcept {
+FenceStatus FFence::wait(Mode const mode, uint64_t const timeout) {
     FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(UTILS_HAS_THREADING || timeout == 0)
             << "Non-zero timeout requires threads.";
 
@@ -103,18 +113,15 @@ FenceStatus FFence::wait(Mode const mode, uint64_t const timeout) noexcept {
 
 UTILS_NOINLINE
 void FFence::FenceSignal::signal(State const s) noexcept {
-    std::lock_guard<utils::Mutex> const lock(sLock);
+    std::lock_guard const lock(sLock);
     mState = s;
     sCondition.notify_all();
 }
 
 UTILS_NOINLINE
 Fence::FenceStatus FFence::FenceSignal::wait(uint64_t const timeout) noexcept {
-    std::unique_lock<utils::Mutex> lock(sLock);
+    std::unique_lock lock(sLock);
     while (mState == UNSIGNALED) {
-        if (mState == DESTROYED) {
-            return FenceStatus::ERROR;
-        }
         if (timeout == FENCE_WAIT_FOR_EVER) {
             sCondition.wait(lock);
         } else {
@@ -124,6 +131,9 @@ Fence::FenceStatus FFence::FenceSignal::wait(uint64_t const timeout) noexcept {
             }
         }
     }
+    if (mState == DESTROYED) {
+        return FenceStatus::ERROR;
+    }
     return FenceStatus::CONDITION_SATISFIED;
 }
 

filament/src/details/Fence.h

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ public:
 
     void terminate(FEngine& engine) noexcept;
 
-    FenceStatus wait(Mode mode, uint64_t timeout) noexcept;
+    FenceStatus wait(Mode mode, uint64_t timeout);
 
     static FenceStatus waitAndDestroy(FFence* fence, Mode mode) noexcept;
 

filament/src/details/Material.cpp

@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ static std::unique_ptr<MaterialParser> createParser(Backend const backend,
             }
         }
 
-        FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(
+        FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(
                 materialResult != MaterialParser::ParseResult::ERROR_MISSING_BACKEND)
                 << "the material was not built for any of the " << to_string(backend)
                 << " backend's supported shader languages (" << languageNames.c_str() << ")\n";
@@ -104,12 +104,12 @@ static std::unique_ptr<MaterialParser> createParser(Backend const backend,
         return materialParser;
     }
 
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(materialResult == MaterialParser::ParseResult::SUCCESS)
+    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(materialResult == MaterialParser::ParseResult::SUCCESS)
             << "could not parse the material package";
 
     uint32_t version = 0;
     materialParser->getMaterialVersion(&version);
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(version == MATERIAL_VERSION)
+    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(version == MATERIAL_VERSION)
             << "Material version mismatch. Expected " << MATERIAL_VERSION << " but received "
             << version << ".";
 
@@ -573,7 +573,7 @@ void FMaterial::getPostProcessProgramSlow(Variant const variant,
 Program FMaterial::getProgramWithVariants(
         Variant variant,
         Variant vertexVariant,
-        Variant fragmentVariant) const noexcept {
+        Variant fragmentVariant) const {
     FEngine const& engine = mEngine;
     const ShaderModel sm = engine.getShaderModel();
     const bool isNoop = engine.getBackend() == Backend::NOOP;

filament/src/details/Material.h

@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ private:
     void getPostProcessProgramSlow(Variant variant,
             CompilerPriorityQueue priorityQueue) const noexcept;
     backend::Program getProgramWithVariants(Variant variant,
-            Variant vertexVariant, Variant fragmentVariant) const noexcept;
+            Variant vertexVariant, Variant fragmentVariant) const;
 
     void processBlendingMode(MaterialParser const* parser);
 

filament/src/details/MorphTargetBuffer.cpp

@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ void FMorphTargetBuffer::setPositionsAt(FEngine& engine, size_t const targetInde
 void FMorphTargetBuffer::setPositionsAt(FEngine& engine, size_t const targetIndex,
         float4 const* positions, size_t const count, size_t const offset) {
     FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(offset + count <= mVertexCount)
-            << "MorphTargetBuffer (size=" << (unsigned)mVertexCount
+            << "MorphTargetBuffer (size=" << mVertexCount
             << ") overflow (count=" << (unsigned)count << ", offset=" << (unsigned)offset << ")";
 
     auto size = getSize<POSITION>(count);
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ void FMorphTargetBuffer::setPositionsAt(FEngine& engine, size_t const targetInde
 void FMorphTargetBuffer::setTangentsAt(FEngine& engine, size_t const targetIndex,
         short4 const* tangents, size_t const count, size_t const offset) {
     FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(offset + count <= mVertexCount)
-            << "MorphTargetBuffer (size=" << (unsigned)mVertexCount
+            << "MorphTargetBuffer (size=" << mVertexCount
             << ") overflow (count=" << (unsigned)count << ", offset=" << (unsigned)offset << ")";
 
     const auto size = getSize<TANGENTS>(count);

filament/src/details/RenderTarget.cpp

@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ struct RenderTarget::BuilderDetails {
     FRenderTarget::Attachment mAttachments[FRenderTarget::ATTACHMENT_COUNT] = {};
     uint32_t mWidth{};
     uint32_t mHeight{};
-    uint8_t mSamples = 1;   // currently not settable in the public facing API
+    uint8_t mSamples = 1;
     // The number of layers for the render target. The value should be 1 except for multiview.
     // If multiview is enabled, this value is appropriately updated based on the layerCount value
     // from each attachment. Hence, #>1 means using multiview
@@ -85,6 +85,10 @@ RenderTarget::Builder& RenderTarget::Builder::multiview(AttachmentPoint pt, uint
     return *this;
 }
 
+RenderTarget::Builder& RenderTarget::Builder::samples(uint8_t samples) noexcept {
+    mImpl->mSamples = samples;
+    return *this;
+}
 
 RenderTarget* RenderTarget::Builder::build(Engine& engine) {
     using backend::TextureUsage;

filament/src/details/Renderer.cpp

@@ -447,11 +447,12 @@ void FRenderer::endFrame() {
 
 void FRenderer::readPixels(uint32_t const xoffset, uint32_t const yoffset, uint32_t const width, uint32_t const height,
         PixelBufferDescriptor&& buffer) {
-#ifndef NDEBUG
+
     const bool withinFrame = mSwapChain != nullptr;
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(withinFrame) << "readPixels() on a SwapChain must be called after"
+    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(withinFrame)
-                                                " beginFrame() and before endFrame().";
+            << "readPixels() on a SwapChain must be called after "
-#endif
+               "beginFrame() and before endFrame().";
+
     RendererUtils::readPixels(mEngine.getDriverApi(), mRenderTargetHandle,
             xoffset, yoffset, width, height, std::move(buffer));
 }

filament/src/details/Texture.cpp

@@ -78,6 +78,7 @@ struct Texture::BuilderDetails {
     uint32_t mHeight = 1;
     uint32_t mDepth = 1;
     uint8_t mLevels = 1;
+    uint8_t mSamples = 1;
     Sampler mTarget = Sampler::SAMPLER_2D;
     InternalFormat mFormat = InternalFormat::RGBA8;
     Usage mUsage = Usage::NONE;
@@ -118,6 +119,11 @@ Texture::Builder& Texture::Builder::levels(uint8_t const levels) noexcept {
     return *this;
 }
 
+Texture::Builder& Texture::Builder::samples(uint8_t const samples) noexcept {
+    mImpl->mSamples = std::max(uint8_t(1), samples);
+    return *this;
+}
+
 Texture::Builder& Texture::Builder::sampler(Sampler const target) noexcept {
     mImpl->mTarget = target;
     return *this;
@@ -169,6 +175,13 @@ Texture* Texture::Builder::build(Engine& engine) {
                 << "Texture has invalid dimensions: (" << mImpl->mWidth << ", " << mImpl->mHeight
                 << "), texture name=" << getNameOrDefault().c_str_safe();
     }
+
+    if (mImpl->mSamples > 1) {
+        FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(any(mImpl->mUsage & Texture::Usage::SAMPLEABLE))
+                << "Multisample (" << unsigned(mImpl->mSamples)
+                << ") texture is not sampleable, texture name=" << getNameOrDefault().c_str_safe();
+    }
+
     const bool isProtectedTexturesSupported =
             downcast(engine).getDriverApi().isProtectedTexturesSupported();
     const bool useProtectedMemory = bool(mImpl->mUsage & TextureUsage::PROTECTED);
@@ -286,6 +299,7 @@ FTexture::FTexture(FEngine& engine, const Builder& builder)
     mUsage = builder->mUsage;
     mTarget = builder->mTarget;
     mLevelCount = builder->mLevels;
+    mSampleCount = builder->mSamples;
     mSwizzle = builder->mSwizzle;
     mTextureIsSwizzled = builder->mTextureIsSwizzled;
     mHasBlitSrc = builder->mHasBlitSrc;
@@ -369,6 +383,9 @@ void FTexture::setImage(FEngine& engine, size_t const level,
     FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(!mExternal)
             << "External Texture not supported for this operation.";
 
+    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(any(mUsage & Texture::Usage::UPLOADABLE))
+            << "Texture is not uploadable.";
+
     FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(mSampleCount <= 1) << "Operation not supported with multisample ("
                                                    << unsigned(mSampleCount) << ") texture.";
 
@@ -384,7 +401,7 @@ void FTexture::setImage(FEngine& engine, size_t const level,
 
     FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(p.buffer) << "Data buffer is nullptr.";
 
-    uint32_t effectiveTextureDepthOrLayers;
+    uint32_t effectiveTextureDepthOrLayers = 0;
     switch (mTarget) {
         case SamplerType::SAMPLER_EXTERNAL:
             // can't happen by construction, fallthrough...
@@ -447,6 +464,7 @@ void FTexture::setImage(FEngine& engine, size_t const level,
             case SamplerType::SAMPLER_EXTERNAL:
                 return false;
         }
+        return false;
     };
 
     // this should have been validated already

filament/src/details/Texture.h

@@ -76,9 +76,6 @@ public:
 
     void generateMipmaps(FEngine& engine) const noexcept;
 
-    void setSampleCount(size_t const sampleCount) noexcept { mSampleCount = uint8_t(sampleCount); }
-    size_t getSampleCount() const noexcept { return mSampleCount; }
-    bool isMultisample() const noexcept { return mSampleCount > 1; }
     bool isCompressed() const noexcept { return isCompressedFormat(mFormat); }
 
     bool isCubemap() const noexcept { return mTarget == Sampler::SAMPLER_CUBEMAP; }

filament/src/details/VertexBuffer.cpp

@@ -100,19 +100,7 @@ VertexBuffer::Builder& VertexBuffer::Builder::attribute(VertexAttribute const at
     }
 
     if (size_t(attribute) < MAX_VERTEX_ATTRIBUTE_COUNT &&
-        size_t(bufferIndex) < MAX_VERTEX_ATTRIBUTE_COUNT) {
+            size_t(bufferIndex) < MAX_VERTEX_ATTRIBUTE_COUNT) {
-
-#ifndef NDEBUG
-        if (byteOffset & 0x3u) {
-            utils::slog.d << "[performance] VertexBuffer::Builder::attribute() "
-                             "byteOffset not multiple of 4" << utils::io::endl;
-        }
-        if (byteStride & 0x3u) {
-            utils::slog.d << "[performance] VertexBuffer::Builder::attribute() "
-                             "byteStride not multiple of 4" << utils::io::endl;
-        }
-#endif
-
         auto& entry = mImpl->mAttributes[attribute];
         entry.buffer = bufferIndex;
         entry.offset = byteOffset;
@@ -169,9 +157,15 @@ VertexBuffer* VertexBuffer::Builder::build(Engine& engine) {
     auto const& attributes = mImpl->mAttributes;
     utils::bitset32 attributedBuffers;
 
-    declaredAttributes.forEachSetBit([&](size_t const j){
+    declaredAttributes.forEachSetBit([&](size_t const j) {
-        // update set of used buffers
+
-        attributedBuffers.set(attributes[j].buffer);
+        FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION((attributes[j].offset & 0x3u) == 0)
+                << "attribute " << j << " offset=" << attributes[j].offset
+                << " is not multiple of 4";
+
+        FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION((attributes[j].stride & 0x3u) == 0)
+                << "attribute " << j << " stride=" << attributes[j].stride
+                << " is not multiple of 4";
 
         if (engine.getActiveFeatureLevel() == FeatureLevel::FEATURE_LEVEL_0) {
             FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(!(attributes[j].flags & Attribute::FLAG_INTEGER_TARGET))
@@ -190,9 +184,13 @@ VertexBuffer* VertexBuffer::Builder::build(Engine& engine) {
                     (1 << int(ET::HALF2)) |
                     (1 << int(ET::HALF3)) |
                     (1 << int(ET::HALF4));
+
             FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(!(invalidIntegerTypes & (1 << int(attributes[j].type))))
                     << "invalid integer vertex attribute type " << int(attributes[j].type);
         }
+
+        // update set of used buffers
+        attributedBuffers.set(attributes[j].buffer);
     });
 
     FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(attributedBuffers.count() == mImpl->mBufferCount)

filament/src/ds/DescriptorSet.cpp

@@ -241,6 +241,8 @@ bool DescriptorSet::isTextureCompatibleWithDescriptor(
             return t == TextureType::DEPTH || t == TextureType::DEPTH_STENCIL;
 
         case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_EXTERNAL:
+            return true;
+
         case DescriptorType::UNIFORM_BUFFER:
         case DescriptorType::SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER:
         case DescriptorType::INPUT_ATTACHMENT:

libs/filaflat/include/filaflat/Unflattener.h

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 #define TNT_FILAFLAT_UNFLATTENER_H
 
 #include <utils/compiler.h>
+#include <utils/debug.h>
 #include <utils/CString.h>
 
 #include <private/filament/Variant.h>

libs/filamat/include/filamat/MaterialBuilder.h

@@ -305,7 +305,7 @@ public:
 
     //! Add a parameter array to this material.
     MaterialBuilder& parameter(const char* name, size_t size, UniformType type,
-            ParameterPrecision precision = ParameterPrecision::DEFAULT) noexcept;
+            ParameterPrecision precision = ParameterPrecision::DEFAULT);
 
     //! Add a constant parameter to this material.
     template<typename T>
@@ -325,9 +325,9 @@ public:
             SamplerFormat format = SamplerFormat::FLOAT,
             ParameterPrecision precision = ParameterPrecision::DEFAULT, bool multisample = false,
             const char* transformName = "",
-            ShaderStageFlags stages = ShaderStageFlags::ALL_SHADER_STAGE_FLAGS) noexcept;
+            ShaderStageFlags stages = ShaderStageFlags::ALL_SHADER_STAGE_FLAGS);
 
-    MaterialBuilder& buffer(filament::BufferInterfaceBlock bib) noexcept;
+    MaterialBuilder& buffer(filament::BufferInterfaceBlock bib);
 
     //! Custom variables (all float4).
     MaterialBuilder& variable(Variable v, const char* name) noexcept;
@@ -617,7 +617,7 @@ public:
 
     //! Add a new fragment shader output variable. Only valid for materials in the POST_PROCESS domain.
     MaterialBuilder& output(VariableQualifier qualifier, OutputTarget target, Precision precision,
-            OutputType type, const char* name, int location = -1) noexcept;
+            OutputType type, const char* name, int location = -1);
 
     MaterialBuilder& enableFramebufferFetch() noexcept;
 
@@ -646,12 +646,12 @@ public:
      * Add a subpass parameter to this material.
      */
     MaterialBuilder& subpass(SubpassType subpassType,
-            SamplerFormat format, ParameterPrecision precision, const char* name) noexcept;
+            SamplerFormat format, ParameterPrecision precision, const char* name);
     MaterialBuilder& subpass(SubpassType subpassType,
-            SamplerFormat format, const char* name) noexcept;
+            SamplerFormat format, const char* name);
     MaterialBuilder& subpass(SubpassType subpassType,
-            ParameterPrecision precision, const char* name) noexcept;
+            ParameterPrecision precision, const char* name);
-    MaterialBuilder& subpass(SubpassType subpassType, const char* name) noexcept;
+    MaterialBuilder& subpass(SubpassType subpassType, const char* name);
 
     struct Parameter {
         Parameter() noexcept: parameterType(INVALID) {}

libs/filamat/src/GLSLPostProcessor.cpp

@@ -610,6 +610,14 @@ bool GLSLPostProcessor::spirvToWgsl(SpirvBlob *spirv, std::string *outWsl) {
         slog.e << "Tint writer error: " << wgslOut.Failure().reason << io::endl;
         return false;
     }
+    // Tint adds annotations that Dawn complains about when consuming. remove for now
+    // https://dawn.googlesource.com/dawn/+/efb17b02543fb52c0b2e21d6082c0c9fbc2168a9%5E%21/
+    char const* annotationStr = "@stride(16) @internal(disable_validation__ignore_stride)";
+    size_t pos = wgslOut->wgsl.find(annotationStr);
+    while (pos != std::string::npos) {
+        wgslOut->wgsl.erase(pos, strlen(annotationStr));
+        pos = wgslOut->wgsl.find(annotationStr);
+    }
     *outWsl = wgslOut->wgsl;
     return true;
 #else

libs/filamat/src/MaterialBuilder.cpp

@@ -289,7 +289,7 @@ MaterialBuilder& MaterialBuilder::variable(Variable v,
 }
 
 MaterialBuilder& MaterialBuilder::parameter(const char* name, size_t size, UniformType type,
-        ParameterPrecision precision) noexcept {
+        ParameterPrecision precision) {
     FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(mParameterCount < MAX_PARAMETERS_COUNT) << "Too many parameters";
     mParameters[mParameterCount++] = { name, type, size, precision };
     return *this;
@@ -303,7 +303,7 @@ MaterialBuilder& MaterialBuilder::parameter(const char* name, UniformType const
 
 MaterialBuilder& MaterialBuilder::parameter(const char* name, SamplerType samplerType,
         SamplerFormat format, ParameterPrecision precision, bool multisample,
-        const char* transformName, ShaderStageFlags stages) noexcept {
+        const char* transformName, ShaderStageFlags stages) {
     FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(!multisample ||
             (format != SamplerFormat::SHADOW &&
                     (samplerType == SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D ||
@@ -364,14 +364,14 @@ template MaterialBuilder& MaterialBuilder::constant<float>(
 template MaterialBuilder& MaterialBuilder::constant<bool>(
         const char* name, ConstantType type, bool defaultValue);
 
-MaterialBuilder& MaterialBuilder::buffer(BufferInterfaceBlock bib) noexcept {
+MaterialBuilder& MaterialBuilder::buffer(BufferInterfaceBlock bib) {
     FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(mBuffers.size() < MAX_BUFFERS_COUNT) << "Too many buffers";
     mBuffers.emplace_back(std::make_unique<BufferInterfaceBlock>(std::move(bib)));
     return *this;
 }
 
 MaterialBuilder& MaterialBuilder::subpass(SubpassType subpassType, SamplerFormat format,
-        ParameterPrecision precision, const char* name) noexcept {
+        ParameterPrecision precision, const char* name) {
     FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(format == SamplerFormat::FLOAT)
             << "Subpass parameters must have FLOAT format.";
 
@@ -381,16 +381,16 @@ MaterialBuilder& MaterialBuilder::subpass(SubpassType subpassType, SamplerFormat
 }
 
 MaterialBuilder& MaterialBuilder::subpass(SubpassType const subpassType, SamplerFormat const format,
-        const char* name) noexcept {
+        const char* name) {
     return subpass(subpassType, format, ParameterPrecision::DEFAULT, name);
 }
 
 MaterialBuilder& MaterialBuilder::subpass(SubpassType const subpassType, ParameterPrecision const precision,
-        const char* name) noexcept {
+        const char* name) {
     return subpass(subpassType, SamplerFormat::FLOAT, precision, name);
 }
 
-MaterialBuilder& MaterialBuilder::subpass(SubpassType const subpassType, const char* name) noexcept {
+MaterialBuilder& MaterialBuilder::subpass(SubpassType const subpassType, const char* name) {
     return subpass(subpassType, SamplerFormat::FLOAT, ParameterPrecision::DEFAULT, name);
 }
 
@@ -1191,7 +1191,7 @@ bool MaterialBuilder::generateShaders(JobSystem& jobSystem, const std::vector<Va
 }
 
 MaterialBuilder& MaterialBuilder::output(VariableQualifier qualifier, OutputTarget target,
-        Precision precision, OutputType type, const char* name, int location) noexcept {
+        Precision precision, OutputType type, const char* name, int location) {
     FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(target != OutputTarget::DEPTH || type == OutputType::FLOAT)
             << "Depth outputs must be of type FLOAT.";
     FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(

libs/filamat/src/shaders/CodeGenerator.cpp

@@ -939,9 +939,9 @@ utils::io::sstream& CodeGenerator::generateSpecializationConstant(utils::io::sst
     // Spec constants aren't fully supported in Tint,
     //  workaround until https://issues.chromium.org/issues/42250586 is resolved
     if (mTargetApi == TargetApi::WEBGPU) {
-        out << "layout (constant_id = " << id << ") const "
+        std::string const variableName = "FILAMENT_SPEC_CONST_" + std::to_string(id) + "_" + name;
-                << types[value.index()] << " " << name << "_hack = " << constantString << ";\n"
+        out << " " << types[value.index()] << " " << variableName << " = " << constantString << ";\n";
-                << types[value.index()] << " " << name << " = " << name << "_hack;\n";
+        out << types[value.index()] << " " << name << " =  " << variableName << ";\n";
         return out;
     }
     if (mTargetLanguage == MaterialBuilderBase::TargetLanguage::SPIRV) {

libs/filamentapp/include/filamentapp/Config.h

@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ struct Config {
     bool resizeable = true;
     bool headless = false;
     int stereoscopicEyeCount = 2;
+    uint8_t samples = 1;
 
     // Provided to indicate GPU preference for vulkan
     std::string vulkanGPUHint;

libs/geometry/include/geometry/TangentSpaceMesh.h

@@ -340,7 +340,7 @@ public:
                                     std::is_same<filament::math::ushort3, T>::value ||
                                     std::is_same<filament::math::ushort4, T>::value>::type;
     template<typename T, typename = is_supported_aux_t<T>>
-    void getAux(AuxAttribute attribute, T* out, size_t stride = 0) const noexcept;
+    void getAux(AuxAttribute attribute, T* out, size_t stride = 0) const;
 
     /**
      * Get number of output triangles.

libs/geometry/src/TangentSpaceMesh.cpp

@@ -747,22 +747,22 @@ void TangentSpaceMesh::getQuats(quath* out, size_t stride) const noexcept {
 }
 
 template void TangentSpaceMesh::getAux<float2>(AuxAttribute attribute, float2* out,
-        size_t stride) const noexcept;
+        size_t stride) const;
 
 template void TangentSpaceMesh::getAux<float3>(AuxAttribute attribute, float3* out,
-        size_t stride) const noexcept;
+        size_t stride) const;
 
 template void TangentSpaceMesh::getAux<float4>(AuxAttribute attribute, float4* out,
-        size_t stride) const noexcept;
+        size_t stride) const;
 
 template void TangentSpaceMesh::getAux<ushort3>(AuxAttribute attribute, ushort3* out,
-        size_t stride) const noexcept;
+        size_t stride) const;
 
 template void TangentSpaceMesh::getAux<ushort4>(AuxAttribute attribute, ushort4* out,
-        size_t stride) const noexcept;
+        size_t stride) const;
 
 template<typename T, typename>
-void TangentSpaceMesh::getAux(AuxAttribute attribute, T* out, size_t stride) const noexcept {
+void TangentSpaceMesh::getAux(AuxAttribute attribute, T* out, size_t stride) const {
     AttributeImpl attrib = static_cast<AttributeImpl>(attribute);
     auto inAux = mInput->data<T>(attrib);
     FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(inAux) << "Must provide input auxilliary attribute";

libs/geometry/src/TangentSpaceMeshInternal.h

@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 #include <math/norm.h>
 #include <math/quat.h>
 
+#include <utils/debug.h>
 #include <utils/Panic.h>
 
 #include <unordered_map>

libs/gltfio/src/AssetLoader.cpp

@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ struct FAssetLoader : public AssetLoader {
             mEngine(*config.engine),
             mDefaultNodeName(config.defaultNodeName) {
         if (config.ext) {
-            FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(AssetConfigurationExtended::isSupported())
+            FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(AssetConfigurationExtended::isSupported())
                     << "Extend asset loading is not supported on this platform";
             mLoaderExtended = std::make_unique<AssetLoaderExtended>(
                     *config.ext, config.engine, mMaterials);

libs/gltfio/src/DependencyGraph.cpp

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 #include "DependencyGraph.h"
 
+#include <utils/debug.h>
 #include <utils/Panic.h>
 
 using namespace filament;

libs/gltfio/src/FNodeManager.h

@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 #include <gltfio/NodeManager.h>
 
 #include <utils/compiler.h>
+#include <utils/debug.h>
 #include <utils/SingleInstanceComponentManager.h>
 #include <utils/Entity.h>
 #include <utils/Slice.h>

libs/gltfio/src/extended/TangentSpaceMeshWrapper.cpp

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 #include "TangentSpaceMeshWrapper.h"
 
+#include <utils/debug.h>
 #include <utils/Panic.h>
 
 #include <memory>

libs/iblprefilter/src/IBLPrefilterContext.cpp

@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ IBLPrefilterContext::IBLPrefilterContext(Engine& engine)
     mVertexBuffer = VertexBuffer::Builder()
             .vertexCount(3)
             .bufferCount(1)
-            .attribute(VertexAttribute::POSITION, 0,
+            .attribute(POSITION, 0,
                     VertexBuffer::AttributeType::FLOAT4, 0)
             .build(engine);
 
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ IBLPrefilterContext& IBLPrefilterContext::operator=(IBLPrefilterContext&& rhs) n
 
 IBLPrefilterContext::EquirectangularToCubemap::EquirectangularToCubemap(
         IBLPrefilterContext& context,
-        IBLPrefilterContext::EquirectangularToCubemap::Config const& config)
+        Config const& config)
         : mContext(context), mConfig(config) {
     Engine& engine = mContext.mEngine;
     mEquirectMaterial = Material::Builder().package(
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ IBLPrefilterContext::EquirectangularToCubemap::~EquirectangularToCubemap() noexc
 }
 
 IBLPrefilterContext::EquirectangularToCubemap::EquirectangularToCubemap(
-        IBLPrefilterContext::EquirectangularToCubemap&& rhs) noexcept
+        EquirectangularToCubemap&& rhs) noexcept
         : mContext(rhs.mContext) {
     using std::swap;
     swap(mEquirectMaterial, rhs.mEquirectMaterial);
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ IBLPrefilterContext::EquirectangularToCubemap::EquirectangularToCubemap(
 
 IBLPrefilterContext::EquirectangularToCubemap&
 IBLPrefilterContext::EquirectangularToCubemap::operator=(
-        IBLPrefilterContext::EquirectangularToCubemap&& rhs) noexcept {
+        EquirectangularToCubemap&& rhs) noexcept {
     using std::swap;
     if (this != &rhs) {
         swap(mEquirectMaterial, rhs.mEquirectMaterial);
@@ -300,7 +300,7 @@ Texture* IBLPrefilterContext::EquirectangularToCubemap::operator()(
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 IBLPrefilterContext::IrradianceFilter::IrradianceFilter(IBLPrefilterContext& context,
-        IBLPrefilterContext::IrradianceFilter::Config config)
+        Config config)
         : mContext(context),
          mSampleCount(std::min(config.sampleCount, uint16_t(2048))) {
 
@@ -362,13 +362,13 @@ IBLPrefilterContext::IrradianceFilter::~IrradianceFilter() noexcept {
 }
 
 IBLPrefilterContext::IrradianceFilter::IrradianceFilter(
-        IBLPrefilterContext::IrradianceFilter&& rhs) noexcept
+        IrradianceFilter&& rhs) noexcept
         : mContext(rhs.mContext) {
     this->operator=(std::move(rhs));
 }
 
 IBLPrefilterContext::IrradianceFilter& IBLPrefilterContext::IrradianceFilter::operator=(
-        IBLPrefilterContext::IrradianceFilter&& rhs) noexcept {
+        IrradianceFilter&& rhs) noexcept {
     using std::swap;
     if (this != & rhs) {
         swap(mKernelMaterial, rhs.mKernelMaterial);
@@ -378,9 +378,8 @@ IBLPrefilterContext::IrradianceFilter& IBLPrefilterContext::IrradianceFilter::op
     return *this;
 }
 
-filament::Texture* IBLPrefilterContext::IrradianceFilter::operator()(
+Texture* IBLPrefilterContext::IrradianceFilter::operator()(Options options,
-        IBLPrefilterContext::IrradianceFilter::Options options,
+        Texture const* environmentCubemap, Texture* outIrradianceTexture) {
-        filament::Texture const* environmentCubemap, filament::Texture* outIrradianceTexture) {
 
     FILAMENT_TRACING_CALL(FILAMENT_TRACING_CATEGORY_FILAMENT);
     using namespace backend;
@@ -470,12 +469,12 @@ filament::Texture* IBLPrefilterContext::IrradianceFilter::operator()(
 }
 
 UTILS_NOINLINE
-filament::Texture* IBLPrefilterContext::IrradianceFilter::operator()(
+Texture* IBLPrefilterContext::IrradianceFilter::operator()(
-        filament::Texture const* environmentCubemap, filament::Texture* outIrradianceTexture) {
+        Texture const* environmentCubemap, Texture* outIrradianceTexture) {
     return operator()({}, environmentCubemap, outIrradianceTexture);
 }
 
-filament::Texture* IBLPrefilterContext::IrradianceFilter::createIrradianceTexture() {
+Texture* IBLPrefilterContext::IrradianceFilter::createIrradianceTexture() {
     Engine& engine = mContext.mEngine;
 
     Texture* const outCubemap = Texture::Builder()
@@ -614,7 +613,7 @@ Texture* IBLPrefilterContext::SpecularFilter::operator()(
 }
 
 Texture* IBLPrefilterContext::SpecularFilter::operator()(
-        IBLPrefilterContext::SpecularFilter::Options options,
+        Options options,
         Texture const* environmentCubemap, Texture* outReflectionsTexture) {
 
     FILAMENT_TRACING_CALL(FILAMENT_TRACING_CATEGORY_FILAMENT);

libs/uberz/src/WritableArchive.cpp

@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@
 
 #include <string_view>
 
+#include <utils/compiler.h>
+#include <utils/debug.h>
 #include <utils/Log.h>
 #include <utils/Panic.h>
 

libs/utils/include/utils/Allocator.h

@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@
 #define TNT_UTILS_ALLOCATOR_H
 
 #include <utils/compiler.h>
-#include <utils/debug.h>
 #include <utils/memalign.h>
 #include <utils/Mutex.h>
 
@@ -36,22 +35,22 @@ namespace utils {
 
 namespace pointermath {
 
-template <typename P, typename T>
+template<typename P, typename T>
-static inline P* add(P* a, T b) noexcept {
+static P* add(P* a, T b) noexcept {
-    return (P*)(uintptr_t(a) + uintptr_t(b));
+    return (P*) (uintptr_t(a) + uintptr_t(b));
 }
 
-template <typename P>
+template<typename P>
-static inline P* align(P* p, size_t alignment) noexcept {
+static P* align(P* p, size_t alignment) noexcept {
     // alignment must be a power-of-two
-    assert_invariant(alignment && !(alignment & alignment-1));
+    assert(alignment && !(alignment & alignment-1));
-    return (P*)((uintptr_t(p) + alignment - 1) & ~(alignment - 1));
+    return (P*) ((uintptr_t(p) + alignment - 1) & ~(alignment - 1));
 }
 
-template <typename P>
+template<typename P>
-static inline P* align(P* p, size_t alignment, size_t offset) noexcept {
+static P* align(P* p, size_t alignment, size_t offset) noexcept {
     P* const r = align(add(p, offset), alignment);
-    assert_invariant(r >= add(p, offset));
+    assert(r >= add(p, offset));
     return r;
 }
 
@@ -102,7 +101,7 @@ public:
 
     // free memory back to the specified point
     void rewind(void* p) UTILS_RESTRICT noexcept {
-        assert_invariant(p >= mBegin && p < end());
+        assert(p >= mBegin && p < end());
         set_current(p);
     }
 
@@ -233,13 +232,13 @@ public:
         Node* const head = mHead;
         mHead = head ? head->next : nullptr;
         // this could indicate a use after free
-        assert_invariant(!mHead || mHead >= mBegin && mHead < mEnd);
+        assert(!mHead || mHead >= mBegin && mHead < mEnd);
         return head;
     }
 
     void push(void* p) noexcept {
-        assert_invariant(p);
+        assert(p);
-        assert_invariant(p >= mBegin && p < mEnd);
+        assert(p >= mBegin && p < mEnd);
         Node* const head = static_cast<Node*>(p);
         head->next = mHead;
         mHead = head;
@@ -297,18 +296,18 @@ public:
                 // This assert needs to occur after we have validated that there was no race condition
                 // Otherwise, next might already contain application data, if another thread
                 // raced ahead of us after we loaded mHead, but before we loaded mHead->next.
-                assert_invariant(!pNext || pNext >= pStorage);
+                assert(!pNext || pNext >= pStorage);
                 break;
             }
         }
         void* p = (currentHead.offset >= 0) ? (pStorage + currentHead.offset) : nullptr;
-        assert_invariant(!p || p >= pStorage);
+        assert(!p || p >= pStorage);
         return p;
     }
 
     void push(void* p) noexcept {
         Node* const storage = mStorage;
-        assert_invariant(p && p >= storage);
+        assert(p && p >= storage);
         Node* const node = static_cast<Node*>(p);
         HeadPtr currentHead = mHead.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
         HeadPtr newHead = { int32_t(node - storage), currentHead.tag + 1 };
@@ -381,9 +380,9 @@ public:
     // our allocator concept
     void* alloc(size_t size = ELEMENT_SIZE,
                 size_t alignment = ALIGNMENT, size_t offset = OFFSET) noexcept {
-        assert_invariant(size <= ELEMENT_SIZE);
+        assert(size <= ELEMENT_SIZE);
-        assert_invariant(alignment <= ALIGNMENT);
+        assert(alignment <= ALIGNMENT);
-        assert_invariant(offset == OFFSET);
+        assert(offset == OFFSET);
         return mFreeList.pop();
     }
 
@@ -461,7 +460,7 @@ public:
         if (UTILS_UNLIKELY(!p)) {
             p = HeapAllocator::alloc(size, alignment);
         }
-        assert_invariant(p);
+        assert(p);
         return p;
     }
 
@@ -942,7 +941,7 @@ public:
 
     TYPE* allocate(std::size_t n) {
         auto p = static_cast<TYPE *>(mArena.alloc(n * sizeof(TYPE), alignof(TYPE)));
-        assert_invariant(p);
+        assert(p);
         return p;
     }
 

libs/utils/include/utils/FixedCapacityVector.h

@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@
 
 namespace utils {
 
-class FixedCapacityVectorBase {
+class UTILS_PUBLIC FixedCapacityVectorBase {
 protected:
     UTILS_NORETURN static void capacityCheckFailed(size_t capacity, size_t size);
 };

libs/utils/include/utils/FixedCircularBuffer.h

@@ -18,12 +18,11 @@
 #ifndef TNT_UTILS_FIXEDCIRCULARBUFFER_H
 #define TNT_UTILS_FIXEDCIRCULARBUFFER_H
 
-#include <utils/debug.h>
-
 #include <memory>
 #include <optional>
 #include <type_traits>
 
+#include <assert.h>
 #include <stddef.h>
 
 namespace utils {
@@ -31,7 +30,7 @@ namespace utils {
 template<typename T>
 class FixedCircularBuffer {
 public:
-    explicit FixedCircularBuffer(size_t capacity)
+    explicit FixedCircularBuffer(size_t const capacity)
         : mData(std::make_unique<T[]>(capacity)), mCapacity(capacity) {}
 
     size_t size() const noexcept { return mSize; }
@@ -57,7 +56,7 @@ public:
     }
 
     T pop() noexcept {
-        assert_invariant(mSize > 0);
+        assert(mSize > 0);
         T result = mData[mBegin];
         mBegin = (mBegin + 1) % mCapacity;
         mSize--;