Add missing VulkanDriver.h header

Keep it's original behavior of no-op

.github/workflows/postsubmit.yml

@@ -21,8 +21,9 @@ jobs:
       - name: Run update script
         env:
           GH_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.FILAMENTBOT_TOKEN }}
+          COMMIT_MESSAGE: ${{ steps.get_commit_msg.outputs.msg }}
         run: |
-          GOLDEN_BRANCH=$(echo "${{ steps.get_commit_msg.outputs.msg }}" | python3 test/renderdiff/src/commit_msg.py)
+          GOLDEN_BRANCH=$(echo "${COMMIT_MESSAGE}" | python3 test/renderdiff/src/commit_msg.py)
           COMMIT_HASH="${{ steps.get_commit_msg.outputs.hash }}"
           if [[ "${GOLDEN_BRANCH}" != "main" ]]; then
               git config --global user.email "filament.bot@gmail.com"

.github/workflows/presubmit.yml

@@ -134,18 +134,17 @@ jobs:
         env:
           COMMIT_MESSAGE: ${{ steps.get_commit_msg.outputs.msg }}
         run: |
-          ls ./gltf/Models
           TEST_DIR=test/renderdiff
           source ${TEST_DIR}/src/preamble.sh
-          start_
+          set -eux
           GOLDEN_BRANCH=$(echo "${COMMIT_MESSAGE}" | python3 ${TEST_DIR}/src/commit_msg.py)
-          bash ${TEST_DIR}/generate.sh && \
+          bash ${TEST_DIR}/generate.sh
-              python3 ${TEST_DIR}/src/golden_manager.py \
+          python3 ${TEST_DIR}/src/golden_manager.py \
                   --branch=${GOLDEN_BRANCH} \
                   --output=${GOLDEN_OUTPUT_DIR}
 
-          # Note that we need to upload the output even if comparison fails, so we undo `set -ex`
+          # Note that we need to upload the output even if comparison fails, so we undo `set -eux`
-          end_
+          set +eux
 
           python3 ${TEST_DIR}/src/compare.py \
               --src=${GOLDEN_OUTPUT_DIR} \
@@ -158,6 +157,7 @@ jobs:
              cat compare_output.txt >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
              echo "$DELIMITER" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
           fi
+        shell: bash
       - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
         with:
           name: presubmit-renderdiff-result

CMakeLists.txt

@@ -872,7 +872,9 @@ add_subdirectory(${LIBRARIES}/utils)
 add_subdirectory(${LIBRARIES}/viewer)
 add_subdirectory(${FILAMENT}/shaders)
 add_subdirectory(${EXTERNAL}/abseil/tnt)
-add_subdirectory(${EXTERNAL}/basisu/tnt)
+# Add zstd before basisu to force it to use the external zstd target,
+# preventing a duplicate symbol conflict with its bundled version.
+add_subdirectory(${EXTERNAL}/zstd/tnt)
 add_subdirectory(${EXTERNAL}/civetweb/tnt)
 add_subdirectory(${EXTERNAL}/imgui/tnt)
 add_subdirectory(${EXTERNAL}/robin-map/tnt)
@@ -886,7 +888,7 @@ add_subdirectory(${EXTERNAL}/jsmn/tnt)
 add_subdirectory(${EXTERNAL}/stb/tnt)
 add_subdirectory(${EXTERNAL}/getopt)
 add_subdirectory(${EXTERNAL}/perfetto/tnt)
-add_subdirectory(${EXTERNAL}/zstd/tnt)
+add_subdirectory(${EXTERNAL}/basisu/tnt)
 
 
 # Note that this has to be placed after mikktspace in order for combine_static_libs to work.

README.md

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ repositories {
 }
 
 dependencies {
-    implementation 'com.google.android.filament:filament-android:1.67.1'
+    implementation 'com.google.android.filament:filament-android:1.68.0'
 }
 ```
 
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ Here are all the libraries available in the group `com.google.android.filament`:
 iOS projects can use CocoaPods to install the latest release:
 
 ```shell
-pod 'Filament', '~> 1.67.1'
+pod 'Filament', '~> 1.68.0'
 ```
 
 ## Documentation

RELEASE_NOTES.md

@@ -7,6 +7,9 @@ A new header is inserted each time a *tag* is created.
 Instead, if you are authoring a PR for the main branch, add your release note to
 [NEW_RELEASE_NOTES.md](./NEW_RELEASE_NOTES.md).
 
+## v1.68.1
+
+
 ## v1.68.0
 
 - engine: add `View::getLastDynamicResolutionScale()` (b/457753622)

android/build.gradle

@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ buildscript {
         'kotlin': '2.0.21',
         'kotlin_coroutines': '1.9.0',
         'buildTools': '35.0.0',
-        'ndk': '27.0.11718014',
+        'ndk': '29.0.14206865',
         'androidx_core': '1.13.1',
         'androidx_annotations': '1.9.0'
     ]

android/filament-android/src/main/cpp/Material.cpp

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ using namespace filament;
 
 extern "C" JNIEXPORT jlong JNICALL
 Java_com_google_android_filament_Material_nBuilderBuild(JNIEnv *env, jclass,
-        jlong nativeEngine, jobject buffer_, jint size, jint shBandCount, jint shadowQuality) {
+        jlong nativeEngine, jobject buffer_, jint size, jint shBandCount, jint shadowQuality, jint uboBatchingMode) {
     Engine* engine = (Engine*) nativeEngine;
     AutoBuffer buffer(env, buffer_, size);
     auto builder = Material::Builder();
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ Java_com_google_android_filament_Material_nBuilderBuild(JNIEnv *env, jclass,
         builder.sphericalHarmonicsBandCount(shBandCount);
     }
     builder.shadowSamplingQuality((Material::Builder::ShadowSamplingQuality)shadowQuality);
+    builder.uboBatching((Material::UboBatchingMode)uboBatchingMode);
     Material* material = builder
             .package(buffer.getData(), buffer.getSize())
             .build(*engine);

android/filament-android/src/main/java/com/google/android/filament/Material.java

@@ -261,6 +261,20 @@ public class Material {
         LOW
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Defines whether a material instance should use UBO batching or not.
+     */
+    public enum UboBatchingMode {
+        /**
+         * For default, it follows the engine settings.
+         * If UBO batching is enabled on the engine and the material domain is SURFACE, it
+         * turns on the UBO batching. Otherwise, it turns off the UBO batching.
+        */
+        DEFAULT,
+        /** Disable the Ubo Batching for this material */
+        DISABLED
+    }
+
     public static class UserVariantFilterBit {
         /** Directional lighting */
         public static int DIRECTIONAL_LIGHTING = 0x01;
@@ -372,6 +386,7 @@ public class Material {
         private int mSize;
         private int mShBandCount = 0;
         private ShadowSamplingQuality mShadowSamplingQuality = ShadowSamplingQuality.LOW;
+        private UboBatchingMode mUboBatchingMode = UboBatchingMode.DEFAULT;
 
 
         /**
@@ -416,6 +431,17 @@ public class Material {
             return this;
         }
 
+        /**
+         * Set the batching mode of the instances created from this material.
+         * @param uboBatchingMode
+         * @return Reference to this Builder for chaining calls.
+         */
+        @NonNull
+        public Builder uboBatching(UboBatchingMode mode) {
+            mUboBatchingMode = mode;
+            return this;
+        }
+
         /**
          * Creates and returns the Material object.
          *
@@ -428,7 +454,7 @@ public class Material {
         @NonNull
         public Material build(@NonNull Engine engine) {
             long nativeMaterial = nBuilderBuild(engine.getNativeObject(),
-                mBuffer, mSize, mShBandCount, mShadowSamplingQuality.ordinal());
+                mBuffer, mSize, mShBandCount, mShadowSamplingQuality.ordinal(), mUboBatchingMode.ordinal());
             if (nativeMaterial == 0) throw new IllegalStateException("Couldn't create Material");
             return new Material(nativeMaterial);
         }
@@ -1094,7 +1120,7 @@ public class Material {
         mNativeObject = 0;
     }
 
-    private static native long nBuilderBuild(long nativeEngine, @NonNull Buffer buffer, int size, int shBandCount, int shadowQuality);
+    private static native long nBuilderBuild(long nativeEngine, @NonNull Buffer buffer, int size, int shBandCount, int shadowQuality, int uboBatchingMode);
     private static native long nCreateInstance(long nativeMaterial);
     private static native long nCreateInstanceWithName(long nativeMaterial, @NonNull String name);
     private static native long nGetDefaultInstance(long nativeMaterial);

android/gradle.properties

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 GROUP=com.google.android.filament
-VERSION_NAME=1.67.1
+VERSION_NAME=1.68.0
 
 POM_DESCRIPTION=Real-time physically based rendering engine for Android.
 

build.sh

@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ function print_fgviewer_help {
 }
 
 # Unless explicitly specified, NDK version will be selected as highest available version within same major release chain
-FILAMENT_NDK_VERSION=${FILAMENT_NDK_VERSION:-$(cat `dirname $0`/build/common/versions | grep GITHUB_NDK_VERSION | sed s/GITHUB_NDK_VERSION=//g | cut -f 1 -d ".")}
+FILAMENT_NDK_VERSION=$(cat `dirname $0`/build/common/versions | grep GITHUB_NDK_VERSION | sed s/GITHUB_NDK_VERSION=//g | cut -f 1 -d ".")
 
 # Internal variables
 ISSUE_CLEAN=false

build/android/build.sh

@@ -18,8 +18,8 @@ if [[ "$GITHUB_WORKFLOW" ]]; then
     fi
 fi
 
-# Unless explicitly specified, NDK version will be set to match exactly the required one
+# Unless explicitly specified, NDK version will be selected as highest available version within same major release chain
-FILAMENT_NDK_VERSION=${GITHUB_NDK_VERSION:-27.0.11718014}
+FILAMENT_NDK_VERSION=$(cat `dirname $0`/../common/versions | grep GITHUB_NDK_VERSION | sed s/GITHUB_NDK_VERSION=//g)
 
 (! grep "${FILAMENT_NDK_VERSION}" `dirname $0`/../../android/build.gradle > /dev/null) &&
     echo "Mismatch of NDK versions: want ${FILAMENT_NDK_VERSION} and not found in android/build.gradle" &&

build/common/versions

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ GITHUB_CMAKE_VERSION=3.22.1
 GITHUB_NINJA_VERSION=1.10.2
 GITHUB_MESA_VERSION=24.2.1
 GITHUB_LLVM_VERSION=16
-GITHUB_NDK_VERSION=27.0.11718014
+GITHUB_NDK_VERSION=29.0.14206865
 GITHUB_EMSDK_VERSION=3.1.60
 GITHUB_VULKANSDK_VERSION=1.4.321.0
 GITHUB_GLTF_SAMPLE_ASSETS_COMMIT=d441dfdb87413ff412c620849a649d61789a470f

build/toolchain-aarch64-linux-android.cmake

@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ set(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH_MODE_INCLUDE ONLY)
 #   C_FLAGS += -Wl,-pie
 #   CXX_FLAGS += -lstdc++
 
-set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS} -fPIE -mcpu=cortex-a57" CACHE STRING "Toolchain CFLAGS")
+set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS} -fPIE -march=armv8-a -mtune=cortex-a78" CACHE STRING "Toolchain CFLAGS")
 set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} ${CMAKE_C_FLAGS}" CACHE STRING "Toolchain CXXFLAGS")
 set(CMAKE_EXE_LINKER_FLAGS "${CMAKE_EXE_LINKER_FLAGS} -fPIE -pie -static-libstdc++" CACHE STRING "Toolchain LDFLAGS")
 set(CMAKE_SHARED_LINKER_FLAGS "${CMAKE_SHARED_LINKER_FLAGS} -static-libstdc++" CACHE STRING "Toolchain LDFLAGS")

build/toolchain-arm7-linux-android.cmake

@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ set(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH_MODE_INCLUDE ONLY)
 # for hardfp: CFLAGS must have -mhard-float
 #             LDFLAGS must have -Wl,--no-warn-mismatch
 #
-set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS   "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS} -mthumb -march=armv7-a -mcpu=cortex-a15 -mfloat-abi=softfp -mfpu=neon-vfpv4 -fPIE" CACHE STRING "Toolchain CFLAGS")
+set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS   "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS} -mthumb -march=armv7-a -mfloat-abi=softfp -mfpu=neon-vfpv4 -fPIE" CACHE STRING "Toolchain CFLAGS")
 set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} ${CMAKE_C_FLAGS}" CACHE STRING "Toolchain CXXFLAGS")
 set(CMAKE_EXE_LINKER_FLAGS    "${CMAKE_EXE_LINKER_FLAGS}    -march=armv7-a -Wl,--no-warn-mismatch -L${TOOLCHAIN}/arm-linux-androideabi/lib/armv7-a -static-libstdc++ -fPIE -pie" CACHE STRING "Toolchain LDFLAGS")
 set(CMAKE_SHARED_LINKER_FLAGS "${CMAKE_SHARED_LINKER_FLAGS} -march=armv7-a -Wl,--no-warn-mismatch -L${TOOLCHAIN}/arm-linux-androideabi/lib/armv7-a -static-libstdc++" CACHE STRING "Toolchain LDFLAGS")

docs/dup/intro.html

@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ important for <code>matc</code> (material compiler).</p>
 }
 
 dependencies {
-    implementation 'com.google.android.filament:filament-android:1.67.1'
+    implementation 'com.google.android.filament:filament-android:1.68.0'
 }
 </code></pre>
 <p>Here are all the libraries available in the group <code>com.google.android.filament</code>:</p>
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ dependencies {
 </div>
 <h3 id="ios"><a class="header" href="#ios">iOS</a></h3>
 <p>iOS projects can use CocoaPods to install the latest release:</p>
-<pre><code class="language-shell">pod 'Filament', '~&gt; 1.67.1'
+<pre><code class="language-shell">pod 'Filament', '~&gt; 1.68.0'
 </code></pre>
 <h2 id="documentation"><a class="header" href="#documentation">Documentation</a></h2>
 <ul>

docs_src/build/requirements.txt

@@ -10,6 +10,6 @@ sortedcontainers==2.4.0
 trio==0.31.0
 trio-websocket==0.12.2
 typing_extensions==4.15.0
-urllib3==2.5.0
+urllib3==2.6.0
 websocket-client==1.9.0
 wsproto==1.2.0

filament/backend/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -206,6 +206,8 @@ if (FILAMENT_SUPPORTS_VULKAN)
             src/vulkan/VulkanDriverFactory.h
             src/vulkan/VulkanExternalImageManager.cpp
             src/vulkan/VulkanExternalImageManager.h
+            src/vulkan/VulkanStreamedImageManager.cpp
+            src/vulkan/VulkanStreamedImageManager.h
             src/vulkan/VulkanFboCache.cpp
             src/vulkan/VulkanFboCache.h
             src/vulkan/VulkanHandles.cpp
@@ -316,6 +318,8 @@ if (FILAMENT_SUPPORTS_WEBGPU)
             src/webgpu/WebGPURenderPrimitive.h
             src/webgpu/WebGPURenderTarget.cpp
             src/webgpu/WebGPURenderTarget.h
+            src/webgpu/WebGPUStagePool.cpp
+            src/webgpu/WebGPUStagePool.h
             src/webgpu/WebGPUStrings.h
             src/webgpu/WebGPUSwapChain.cpp
             src/webgpu/WebGPUSwapChain.h

filament/backend/include/backend/BufferObjectStreamDescriptor.h

@@ -1,63 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2025 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#ifndef TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_BUFFEROBJECTSTREAMDESCRIPTOR_H
-#define TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_BUFFEROBJECTSTREAMDESCRIPTOR_H
-
-#include <backend/Handle.h>
-
-#include <vector>
-
-namespace filament::backend {
-
-/**
- * The type of association between a buffer object and a stream.
- */
- enum class BufferObjectStreamAssociationType { TRANSFORM_MATRIX };
-
-/**
- * A descriptor for a buffer object to stream association.
- */
-class UTILS_PUBLIC BufferObjectStreamDescriptor {
-public:
-    //! creates an empty descriptor
-    BufferObjectStreamDescriptor() noexcept = default;
-
-    BufferObjectStreamDescriptor(const BufferObjectStreamDescriptor& rhs) = delete;
-    BufferObjectStreamDescriptor& operator=(const BufferObjectStreamDescriptor& rhs) = delete;
-
-    BufferObjectStreamDescriptor(BufferObjectStreamDescriptor&& rhs) = default;
-    BufferObjectStreamDescriptor& operator=(BufferObjectStreamDescriptor&& rhs) = default;
-
-    // --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-    struct StreamDataDescriptor {
-        uint32_t offset;
-        Handle<HwStream> stream;
-        BufferObjectStreamAssociationType associationType;
-    };
-
-    std::vector<StreamDataDescriptor> mStreams;
-};
-
-} // namespace filament::backend
-
-#if !defined(NDEBUG)
-utils::io::ostream& operator<<(utils::io::ostream& out,
-        const filament::backend::BufferObjectStreamDescriptor& b);
-#endif
-
-#endif // TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_BUFFEROBJECTSTREAMDESCRIPTOR_H

filament/backend/include/backend/DriverEnums.h

@@ -1713,6 +1713,8 @@ using FrameTimestamps = Platform::FrameTimestamps;
 
 using CompositorTiming = Platform::CompositorTiming;
 
+using AsynchronousMode = Platform::AsynchronousMode;
+
 } // namespace filament::backend
 
 template<> struct utils::EnableBitMaskOperators<filament::backend::ShaderStageFlags>

filament/backend/include/backend/Platform.h

@@ -74,6 +74,9 @@ public:
         ExternalImageHandle& operator=(ExternalImageHandle const& rhs) noexcept;
         ExternalImageHandle& operator=(ExternalImageHandle&& rhs) noexcept;
 
+        bool operator==(const ExternalImageHandle& rhs) const noexcept {
+            return mTarget == rhs.mTarget;
+        }
         explicit operator bool() const noexcept { return mTarget != nullptr; }
 
         ExternalImage* UTILS_NULLABLE get() noexcept { return mTarget; }
@@ -252,6 +255,28 @@ public:
         REALTIME,
     };
 
+    /**
+     * Defines how asynchronous operations are handled by the engine.
+     */
+    enum class AsynchronousMode : uint8_t {
+        /**
+         * Asynchronous operations are disabled. This is the default.
+         */
+        NONE,
+
+        /**
+         * Attempts to use a dedicated worker thread for asynchronous tasks. If threading is not
+         * supported by the platform, it automatically falls back to using an amortization strategy.
+         */
+        THREAD_PREFERRED,
+
+        /**
+         * Uses an amortization strategy, processing a small number of asynchronous tasks during
+         * each engine update cycle.
+         */
+        AMORTIZATION,
+    };
+
     struct DriverConfig {
         /**
          * Size of handle arena in bytes. Setting to 0 indicates default value is to be used.
@@ -321,6 +346,11 @@ public:
          *      - VulkanPlatform
          */
         bool vulkanEnableStagingBufferBypass = false;
+
+        /**
+         * Asynchronous mode for the engine. Defines how asynchronous operations are handled.
+         */
+        AsynchronousMode asynchronousMode = AsynchronousMode::NONE;
     };
 
     Platform() noexcept;

filament/backend/include/backend/platforms/PlatformEGLAndroid.h

@@ -30,8 +30,6 @@
 
 #include <math/mat3.h>
 
-#include "AndroidNativeWindow.h"
-
 #include <chrono>
 
 #include <stddef.h>

filament/backend/include/private/backend/CommandStream.h

@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@
 #include "private/backend/Driver.h"
 
 #include <backend/BufferDescriptor.h>
-#include <backend/BufferObjectStreamDescriptor.h>
 #include <backend/CallbackHandler.h>
 #include <backend/DriverEnums.h>
 #include <backend/Handle.h>

filament/backend/include/private/backend/Driver.h

@@ -51,7 +51,6 @@
 namespace filament::backend {
 
 class BufferDescriptor;
-class BufferObjectStreamDescriptor;
 class CallbackHandler;
 class PixelBufferDescriptor;
 class Program;

filament/backend/include/private/backend/DriverAPI.inc

@@ -392,10 +392,6 @@ DECL_DRIVER_API_N(updateBufferObject,
         backend::BufferDescriptor&&, data,
         uint32_t, byteOffset)
 
-DECL_DRIVER_API_N(registerBufferObjectStreams,
-        backend::BufferObjectHandle, boh,
-        backend::BufferObjectStreamDescriptor&&, streams)
-
 DECL_DRIVER_API_N(updateBufferObjectUnsynchronized,
         backend::BufferObjectHandle, boh,
         backend::BufferDescriptor&&, data,

filament/backend/src/metal/MetalDriver.mm

@@ -1144,8 +1144,12 @@ bool MetalDriver::isRenderTargetFormatSupported(TextureFormat format) {
 bool MetalDriver::isFrameBufferFetchSupported() {
     // FrameBuffer fetch is achievable via "programmable blending" in Metal, and only supported on
     // Apple GPUs with readWriteTextureSupport.
-    return mContext->highestSupportedGpuFamily.apple >= 1 &&
+    // On macOS, framebuffer fetch requires MSL 2.3, which is only available with macOS 11.0.
-            mContext->device.readWriteTextureSupport;
+    if (@available(macOS 11.0, *)) {
+        return mContext->highestSupportedGpuFamily.apple >= 1 &&
+               mContext->device.readWriteTextureSupport;
+    }
+    return false;
 }
 
 bool MetalDriver::isFrameBufferFetchMultiSampleSupported() {
@@ -1286,10 +1290,6 @@ void MetalDriver::updateIndexBuffer(Handle<HwIndexBuffer> ibh, BufferDescriptor&
     scheduleDestroy(std::move(data));
 }
 
-void MetalDriver::registerBufferObjectStreams(Handle<HwBufferObject> boh, BufferObjectStreamDescriptor&& streams) {
-    // Noop
-}
-
 void MetalDriver::updateBufferObject(Handle<HwBufferObject> boh, BufferDescriptor&& data,
         uint32_t byteOffset) {
     FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(!isInRenderPass(mContext))

filament/backend/src/metal/MetalHandles.mm

@@ -1684,7 +1684,7 @@ MetalMemoryMappedBuffer::~MetalMemoryMappedBuffer() = default;
 void MetalMemoryMappedBuffer::unmap() {
 #if !defined(FILAMENT_IOS) && defined(__x86_64__)
     // Managed memory requires didModifyRange to synchronize changes to the GPU. This is specific to Intel Macs.
-    MetalBuffer* buffer = bo->getBuffer();
+    MetalBuffer* buffer = mtl.bo->getBuffer();
     id<MTLBuffer> mtlBuffer = buffer->getGpuBufferForDraw();
     if (mtlBuffer && mtlBuffer.storageMode == MTLStorageModeManaged) {
         [mtlBuffer didModifyRange:NSMakeRange(mtl.offset, mtl.size)];

filament/backend/src/metal/MetalShaderCompiler.mm

@@ -111,9 +111,22 @@ bool MetalShaderCompiler::isParallelShaderCompileSupported() const noexcept {
         id<MTLLibrary> library = nil;
         switch (program.getShaderLanguage()) {
             case ShaderLanguage::MSL: {
-                // By default, Metal uses the most recent language version.
                 MTLCompileOptions* options = [MTLCompileOptions new];
                 options.fastMathEnabled = YES;
+                // The docs for MTLCompileOptions say that Metal uses the most
+                // recent language version if it is not specified, but this is
+                // not always true: it is possible for the environment to be set
+                // up in a way where an older version is used by default. So we
+                // explicitly set the minimum version we require.
+                #if defined(FILAMENT_IOS)
+                    options.languageVersion = MTLLanguageVersion2_0;
+                #else
+                    if (@available(macOS 11.0, *)) {
+                        options.languageVersion = MTLLanguageVersion2_3;
+                    } else {
+                        options.languageVersion = MTLLanguageVersion2_2;
+                    }
+                #endif
 
                 assert_invariant(source[source.size() - 1] == '\0');
                 // the shader string is null terminated and the length includes the null character

filament/backend/src/noop/NoopDriver.cpp

@@ -291,8 +291,6 @@ void NoopDriver::updateBufferObject(Handle<HwBufferObject> ibh, BufferDescriptor
     scheduleDestroy(std::move(p));
 }
 
-void NoopDriver::registerBufferObjectStreams(Handle<HwBufferObject> boh, BufferObjectStreamDescriptor&& streams) { }
-
 void NoopDriver::updateBufferObjectUnsynchronized(Handle<HwBufferObject> ibh, BufferDescriptor&& p,
         uint32_t byteOffset) {
     scheduleDestroy(std::move(p));

filament/backend/src/opengl/OpenGLContext.h

@@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ void OpenGLContext::bindVertexArray(RenderPrimitive const* p) noexcept {
         // - the nameVersion is out of date *and* we're on the protected context, in this case:
         //      - the name must be stale from a previous use of this context because we always
         //        destroy the protected context when we're done with it.
-        bool const recreateVaoName = p != &mDefaultVAO &&
+        bool const recreateVaoName = vao != &mDefaultVAO &&
                 ((vao->vao[contextIndex] == 0) ||
                         (vao->nameVersion != state.age && contextIndex == 1));
         if (UTILS_UNLIKELY(recreateVaoName)) {

filament/backend/src/opengl/OpenGLDriver.cpp

@@ -39,7 +39,6 @@
 #include <backend/Platform.h>
 #include <backend/Program.h>
 #include <backend/TargetBufferInfo.h>
-#include <backend/BufferObjectStreamDescriptor.h>
 
 #include "private/backend/CommandStream.h"
 #include "private/backend/Dispatcher.h"
@@ -2837,38 +2836,6 @@ void OpenGLDriver::updateIndexBuffer(
     CHECK_GL_ERROR()
 }
 
-void OpenGLDriver::registerBufferObjectStreams(Handle<HwBufferObject> boh, BufferObjectStreamDescriptor&& streams) {
-    DEBUG_MARKER()
-
-    GLBufferObject const* bo = handle_cast<GLBufferObject*>(boh);
-    mStreamUniformDescriptors[bo->gl.id] = std::move(streams);
-}
-
-
-// specialization for mat3f (which has a different alignment, see std140 layout rules)
-static void copyMat3f(void* addr, size_t const offset, const mat3f& v) noexcept {
-    struct mat43 {
-        float v[3][4];
-    };
-
-    addr = static_cast<char*>(addr) + offset;
-    mat43& temp = *static_cast<mat43*>(addr);
-
-    temp.v[0][0] = v[0][0];
-    temp.v[0][1] = v[0][1];
-    temp.v[0][2] = v[0][2];
-
-    temp.v[1][0] = v[1][0];
-    temp.v[1][1] = v[1][1];
-    temp.v[1][2] = v[1][2];
-
-    temp.v[2][0] = v[2][0];
-    temp.v[2][1] = v[2][1];
-    temp.v[2][2] = v[2][2];
-
-    // don't store anything in temp.v[][3] because there could be uniforms packed there
-}
-
 void OpenGLDriver::updateBufferObject(
         Handle<HwBufferObject> boh, BufferDescriptor&& bd, uint32_t const byteOffset) {
     DEBUG_MARKER()
@@ -2882,19 +2849,6 @@ void OpenGLDriver::updateBufferObject(
         gl.bindVertexArray(nullptr);
     }
 
-    if (UTILS_UNLIKELY(!mStreamUniformDescriptors.empty())) {
-        auto const streamDescriptors = mStreamUniformDescriptors.find(bo->gl.id);
-        if (streamDescriptors != mStreamUniformDescriptors.end()) {
-            for (auto const& [offset, stream, associationType] : streamDescriptors->second.mStreams) {
-                if (associationType == BufferObjectStreamAssociationType::TRANSFORM_MATRIX) {
-                    auto transform = getStreamTransformMatrix(stream);
-                    copyMat3f(bd.buffer, offset, transform);
-                }
-            }
-            mStreamUniformDescriptors.erase(streamDescriptors);
-        }
-    }
-
     if (UTILS_UNLIKELY(bo->bindingType == BufferObjectBinding::UNIFORM && gl.isES2())) {
         assert_invariant(bo->gl.buffer);
         memcpy(static_cast<uint8_t*>(bo->gl.buffer) + byteOffset, bd.buffer, bd.size);

filament/backend/src/opengl/OpenGLDriver.h

@@ -36,7 +36,6 @@
 #include <backend/Platform.h>
 #include <backend/Program.h>
 #include <backend/TargetBufferInfo.h>
-#include <backend/BufferObjectStreamDescriptor.h>
 
 #include "private/backend/Driver.h"
 #include "private/backend/HandleAllocator.h"
@@ -394,8 +393,6 @@ private:
     // the must be accessed from the user thread only
     std::vector<GLStream*> mStreamsWithPendingAcquiredImage;
 
-    std::unordered_map<GLuint, BufferObjectStreamDescriptor> mStreamUniformDescriptors;
-
     void attachStream(GLTexture* t, GLStream* stream);
     void detachStream(GLTexture* t) noexcept;
     void replaceStream(GLTexture* t, GLStream* stream) noexcept;

filament/backend/src/opengl/gl_headers.h

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@
  */
 
 
-#if defined(__ANDROID__) || defined(FILAMENT_USE_EXTERNAL_GLES3) || defined(__EMSCRIPTEN__)
+#if defined(__ANDROID__) || defined(FILAMENT_USE_EXTERNAL_GLES3) || defined(__EMSCRIPTEN__) || defined(FILAMENT_SUPPORTS_EGL_ON_LINUX)
 
     #if defined(__EMSCRIPTEN__)
     #   include <GLES3/gl3.h>

filament/backend/src/opengl/platforms/PlatformEGLAndroid.cpp

@@ -178,20 +178,30 @@ void PlatformEGLAndroid::beginFrame(
         int64_t const monotonic_clock_ns,
         int64_t refreshIntervalNs,
         uint32_t const frameId) noexcept {
-    // associate the user frameid with the system frame id
+    // if frameId is 0, it means we're not associated to a particular frame, which is the case
-    setPresentFrameId(mCurrentDrawSwapChain, frameId);
+    // for standalone views. And in this case we skip the performance hint (since we wouldn't get
+    // the right timing anyway as well as the frame info timing collections)
 
-    if (mPerformanceHintSession.isValid()) {
+    // associate the user frameid with the system frame id.
+    if (frameId && mCurrentDrawSwapChain) {
+        // mCurrentDrawSwapChain could be null if we're called from renderStandaloneView
+        setPresentFrameId(mCurrentDrawSwapChain, frameId);
+    }
+
+    if (frameId && mPerformanceHintSession.isValid()) {
         if (refreshIntervalNs <= 0) {
             // we're not provided with a target time, use the display period, if everything fails,
             // assume 16.67ms
             refreshIntervalNs = 16'666'667;
 
-            CompositorTiming compositorTiming{};
+            if (mCurrentDrawSwapChain) {
-            bool const hasCompositorTiming =
+                // mCurrentDrawSwapChain could be null if we're called from renderStandaloneView
-                    queryCompositorTiming(mCurrentDrawSwapChain, &compositorTiming);
+                CompositorTiming compositorTiming{};
-            if (hasCompositorTiming && compositorTiming.compositeInterval > 0) {
+                bool const hasCompositorTiming =
-                refreshIntervalNs = compositorTiming.compositeInterval;
+                        queryCompositorTiming(mCurrentDrawSwapChain, &compositorTiming);
+                if (hasCompositorTiming && compositorTiming.compositeInterval > 0) {
+                    refreshIntervalNs = compositorTiming.compositeInterval;
+                }
             }
         }
         mStartTimeOfActualWork = clock::time_point(std::chrono::nanoseconds(monotonic_clock_ns));
@@ -440,6 +450,10 @@ Platform::SwapChain* PlatformEGLAndroid::createSwapChain(
 void PlatformEGLAndroid::destroySwapChain(SwapChain* swapChain) noexcept {
     if (swapChain) {
         SwapChainEGLAndroid* const sc = static_cast<SwapChainEGLAndroid*>(swapChain);
+        if (mCurrentDrawSwapChain == sc) {
+            // don't keep a dangling pointer around
+            mCurrentDrawSwapChain = nullptr;
+        }
         sc->terminate(*this);
         delete sc;
     }

filament/backend/src/opengl/platforms/PlatformEGLHeadless.cpp

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 
 #include <backend/platforms/PlatformEGLHeadless.h>
 
-#include "opengl/GLUtils.h"
+#include <bluegl/BlueGL.h>
 
 #include <EGL/egl.h>
 #include <EGL/eglext.h>
@@ -35,16 +35,31 @@ PlatformEGLHeadless::PlatformEGLHeadless() noexcept
 }
 
 bool PlatformEGLHeadless::isOpenGL() const noexcept {
-    return  true;
+#if defined(BACKEND_OPENGL_VERSION_GL)
+    return true;
+#else
+    return false;
+#endif  // defined(BACKEND_OPENGL_VERSION_GL)
 }
 
 backend::Driver* PlatformEGLHeadless::createDriver(void* sharedContext,
         const Platform::DriverConfig& driverConfig) {
-    EGLBoolean bindAPI = eglBindAPI(EGL_OPENGL_API);
+    auto bindApiHelper = [](EGLenum api, const char* errorString) -> bool {
-    if (UTILS_UNLIKELY(!bindAPI)) {
+        EGLBoolean bindAPI = eglBindAPI(api);
-        LOG(ERROR) << "eglBindAPI EGL_OPENGL_API failed";
+        if (UTILS_UNLIKELY(bindAPI == EGL_FALSE || bindAPI == EGL_BAD_PARAMETER)) {
+            logEglError(errorString);
+            eglReleaseThread();
+            return false;
+        };
+        return true;
+    };
+
+    EGLenum api = isOpenGL() ? EGL_OPENGL_API : EGL_OPENGL_ES_API;
+    const char* apiString = isOpenGL() ? "eglBindAPI EGL_OPENGL_API" : "eglBindAPI EGL_OPENGL_ES_API";
+    if (!bindApiHelper(api, apiString)) {
         return nullptr;
     }
+
     int bindBlueGL = bluegl::bind();
     if (UTILS_UNLIKELY(bindBlueGL != 0)) {
         LOG(ERROR) << "bluegl bind failed";

filament/backend/src/ostream.cpp

@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
  */
 
 #include <backend/BufferDescriptor.h>
-#include <backend/BufferObjectStreamDescriptor.h>
 #include <backend/DescriptorSetOffsetArray.h>
 #include <backend/DriverEnums.h>
 #include <backend/PipelineState.h>
@@ -434,10 +433,6 @@ io::ostream& operator<<(io::ostream& out, BufferDescriptor const& b) {
     << ", user=" << b.getUser() << " }";
 }
 
-io::ostream& operator<<(io::ostream& out, const BufferObjectStreamDescriptor& b) {
-    return out << "BufferObjectStreamDescriptor{ streams(" << b.mStreams.size() << ")=... }";
-}
-
 io::ostream& operator<<(io::ostream& out, PixelBufferDescriptor const& b) {
     BufferDescriptor const& base = static_cast<BufferDescriptor const&>(b);
     return out << "PixelBufferDescriptor{ " << base

filament/backend/src/vulkan/VulkanBufferProxy.cpp

@@ -62,8 +62,9 @@ void VulkanBufferProxy::loadFromCpu(VulkanCommandBuffer& commands, const void* c
     // a memcpy if its available.
     bool const isStaticOrShared =
             any(mUsage & (BufferUsage::STATIC | BufferUsage::SHARED_WRITE_BIT));
-    bool const useMemcpy = (isUniformAndAvailable || isStaticOrShared) && isMemcopyable &&
+    bool const useMemcpy =
-                           mStagingBufferBypassEnabled;
+            ((isUniformAndAvailable && mStagingBufferBypassEnabled) || isStaticOrShared) &&
+            isMemcopyable;
     if (useMemcpy) {
         char* dest = static_cast<char*>(mBuffer->getGpuBuffer()->allocationInfo.pMappedData) +
                      byteOffset;

filament/backend/src/vulkan/VulkanDescriptorSetCache.cpp

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 #include "VulkanCommands.h"
 #include "VulkanHandles.h"
 #include "VulkanConstants.h"
+#include "utils/compiler.h"
 
 #include <utils/FixedCapacityVector.h>
 #include <utils/Panic.h>
@@ -31,6 +32,18 @@ namespace filament::backend {
 
 namespace {
 
+using Bitmask = fvkutils::UniformBufferBitmask;
+static_assert(sizeof(Bitmask) * 8 == fvkutils::MAX_DESCRIPTOR_SET_BITMASK_BITS);
+
+Bitmask foldBitsInHalf(Bitmask bitset) {
+    Bitmask outBitset;
+    bitset.forEachSetBit([&](size_t index) {
+        constexpr size_t BITMASK_LOWER_BITS_LEN = sizeof(outBitset) * 4;
+        outBitset.set(index % BITMASK_LOWER_BITS_LEN);
+    });
+    return outBitset;
+}
+
 using DescriptorSetLayoutArray = VulkanDescriptorSetCache::DescriptorSetLayoutArray;
 using DescriptorCount = VulkanDescriptorSetCache::DescriptorCount;
 
@@ -304,8 +317,7 @@ void VulkanDescriptorSetCache::commit(VulkanCommandBuffer* commands,
         // This code actually binds the descriptor sets.
         auto set = updateSets[index];
         VkCommandBuffer const cmdbuffer = commands->buffer();
-        VkDescriptorSet vkset = useExternalSamplers[index] ? set->getExternalSamplerVkSet() :
+        VkDescriptorSet const vkset = set->getVkSet();
-            set->getVkSet();
         commands->acquire(set);
         vkCmdBindDescriptorSets(cmdbuffer, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, pipelineLayout, index,
                 1, &vkset, set->uniqueDynamicUboCount, set->getOffsets()->data());
@@ -341,17 +353,39 @@ void VulkanDescriptorSetCache::updateBuffer(fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanDescri
         .pBufferInfo = &info,
     };
     vkUpdateDescriptorSets(mDevice, 1, &descriptorWrite, 0, nullptr);
-
-    if (auto externalSamplerSet = set->getExternalSamplerVkSet();
-            externalSamplerSet != VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
-        descriptorWrite.dstSet = externalSamplerSet;
-        vkUpdateDescriptorSets(mDevice, 1, &descriptorWrite, 0, nullptr);
-    }
     set->acquire(bufferObject);
 }
 
-void VulkanDescriptorSetCache::updateSamplerImpl(VkDescriptorSet vkset, uint8_t binding,
+void VulkanDescriptorSetCache::updateSampler(fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanDescriptorSet> set,
-        fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanTexture> texture, VkSampler sampler) noexcept {
+        uint8_t binding, fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanTexture> texture,
+        VkSampler sampler, VkDescriptorSetLayout externalSamplerLayout) noexcept {
+
+    // We have to update a bound set for two use cases
+    //   - streaming API (a changing feed of AHardwareBuffer)
+    //   - external samplers - potential changing of dataspace per-frame
+    if (UTILS_UNLIKELY(set->isBound())) {
+        auto layout = set->getLayout();
+        // Build a new descriptor set from the new layout
+        auto genLayout = externalSamplerLayout != VK_NULL_HANDLE ?
+                externalSamplerLayout : layout->getVkLayout();
+        VkDescriptorSet const newSet = getVkSet(layout->count, genLayout);
+        Bitmask const ubo = layout->bitmask.ubo | layout->bitmask.dynamicUbo;
+        Bitmask samplers = layout->bitmask.sampler;
+        samplers.unset(binding);
+
+        // Each bitmask denotes a binding index, and separated into two stages - vertex and buffer
+        // We fold the two stages into just the lower half of the bits to denote a combined set of
+        // bindings.
+        Bitmask const copyBindings = foldBitsInHalf(ubo | samplers);
+        VkDescriptorSet const srcSet = set->getVkSet();
+        copySet(srcSet, newSet, copyBindings);
+        set->addNewSet(newSet,
+                [this, layoutCount = layout->count, genLayout, newSet](VulkanDescriptorSet*) {
+                    this->manualRecycle(layoutCount, genLayout, newSet);
+                });
+    }
+
+    VkDescriptorSet const vkset = set->getVkSet();
     VkImageSubresourceRange range = texture->getPrimaryViewRange();
     VkImageViewType const expectedType = texture->getViewType();
     if (any(texture->usage & TextureUsage::DEPTH_ATTACHMENT) &&
@@ -376,19 +410,6 @@ void VulkanDescriptorSetCache::updateSamplerImpl(VkDescriptorSet vkset, uint8_t
         .pImageInfo = &info,
     };
     vkUpdateDescriptorSets(mDevice, 1, &descriptorWrite, 0, nullptr);
-}
-
-void VulkanDescriptorSetCache::updateSampler(fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanDescriptorSet> set,
-        uint8_t binding, fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanTexture> texture,
-        VkSampler sampler) noexcept {
-    updateSamplerImpl(set->getVkSet(), binding, texture, sampler);
-    set->acquire(texture);
-}
-
-void VulkanDescriptorSetCache::updateSamplerForExternalSamplerSet(
-        fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanDescriptorSet> set, uint8_t binding,
-        fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanTexture> texture) noexcept {
-    updateSamplerImpl(set->getExternalSamplerVkSet(), binding, texture, VK_NULL_HANDLE);
     set->acquire(texture);
 }
 
@@ -405,7 +426,7 @@ fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanDescriptorSet> VulkanDescriptorSetCache::createSet
     auto const& count = layout->count;
     auto const vklayout = layout->getVkLayout();
     auto set = fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanDescriptorSet>::make(
-            mResourceManager, handle, layout->bitmask.dynamicUbo, layout->count.dynamicUbo,
+            mResourceManager, handle, layout,
             [vkSet, count, vklayout, this](
                     VulkanDescriptorSet*) { this->manualRecycle(count, vklayout, vkSet); },
             vkSet);
@@ -428,4 +449,22 @@ void VulkanDescriptorSetCache::manualRecycle(VulkanDescriptorSetLayout::Count co
 
 void VulkanDescriptorSetCache::gc() { mStashedSets = {}; }
 
+void VulkanDescriptorSetCache::copySet(VkDescriptorSet srcSet, VkDescriptorSet dstSet,
+        fvkutils::SamplerBitmask bindings) const {
+    // TODO: fix the size for better memory management
+    std::vector<VkCopyDescriptorSet> copies;
+    bindings.forEachSetBit([&](size_t index) {
+        copies.push_back({
+            .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COPY_DESCRIPTOR_SET,
+            .srcSet = srcSet,
+            .srcBinding = (uint32_t) index,
+            .dstSet = dstSet,
+            .dstBinding = (uint32_t) index,
+            .descriptorCount = 1,
+        });
+    });
+    vkUpdateDescriptorSets(mDevice, 0, nullptr, copies.size(), copies.data());
+}
+
+
 } // namespace filament::backend

filament/backend/src/vulkan/VulkanDescriptorSetCache.h

@@ -55,7 +55,8 @@ public:
             VkDeviceSize size) noexcept;
 
     void updateSampler(fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanDescriptorSet> set, uint8_t binding,
-            fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanTexture> texture, VkSampler sampler) noexcept;
+            fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanTexture> texture, VkSampler sampler,
+            VkDescriptorSetLayout externalSamplerLayout = VK_NULL_HANDLE) noexcept;
 
     void updateSamplerForExternalSamplerSet(fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanDescriptorSet> set, uint8_t binding,
             fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanTexture> texture) noexcept;
@@ -90,8 +91,8 @@ public:
     void resetCachedState() noexcept { mLastBoundInfo = {}; }
 
 private:
-    void updateSamplerImpl(VkDescriptorSet set, uint8_t binding,
+    void copySet(VkDescriptorSet srcSet, VkDescriptorSet destSet,
-            fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanTexture> texture, VkSampler sampler) noexcept;
+            fvkutils::SamplerBitmask copyBindings) const;
 
     class DescriptorInfinitePool;
 

filament/backend/src/vulkan/VulkanDriver.cpp

@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@
 #include "vulkan/memory/ResourcePointer.h"
 #include "vulkan/utils/Conversion.h"
 #include "vulkan/utils/Definitions.h"
+#include "vulkan/utils/Image.h"
 
 #include <backend/DriverEnums.h>
 #include <backend/platforms/VulkanPlatform.h>
@@ -244,6 +245,7 @@ VulkanDriver::VulkanDriver(VulkanPlatform* platform, VulkanContext& context,
       mQueryManager(mPlatform->getDevice()),
       mExternalImageManager(platform, &mSamplerCache, &mYcbcrConversionCache, &mDescriptorSetCache,
               &mDescriptorSetLayoutCache),
+      mStreamedImageManager(&mExternalImageManager),
       mIsSRGBSwapChainSupported(mPlatform->getCustomization().isSRGBSwapChainSupported),
       mIsMSAASwapChainSupported(false), // TODO: support MSAA swapchain
       mStereoscopicType(driverConfig.stereoscopicType) {
@@ -420,12 +422,14 @@ void VulkanDriver::beginFrame(int64_t monotonic_clock_ns,
         int64_t refreshIntervalNs, uint32_t frameId) {
     FVK_PROFILE_MARKER(PROFILE_NAME_BEGINFRAME);
 
-    if (mCurrentSwapChain) { // This should be guaranteed
+    // if frameId is 0, it means we're not associated to a particular frame, which is the case
+    // for standalone views. And in this case we skip the frame info timing collection.
+    if (frameId && mCurrentSwapChain) { // This should be guaranteed
         mPlatform->setPresentFrameId(mCurrentSwapChain->swapChain, frameId);
     }
 
     // Check if any command have finished and reset all its used resources. The resources
-    // wont be destroyed but their reference count will decreased if the command is already
+    // won't be destroyed but their reference count will be decreased if the command is already
     // completed.
     //
     // This will let us check if any VulkanBuffer is currently in flight or not.
@@ -479,6 +483,9 @@ void VulkanDriver::updateDescriptorSetTexture(
     if (UTILS_UNLIKELY(mExternalImageManager.isExternallySampledTexture(texture))) {
         mExternalImageManager.bindExternallySampledTexture(set, binding, texture, params);
         mAppState.hasBoundExternalImages = true;
+    } else if (bool(texture->getStream())) {
+        mStreamedImageManager.bindStreamedTexture(set, binding, texture, params);
+        mAppState.hasBoundExternalImages = true;
     } else {
         VulkanSamplerCache::Params cacheParams = {
             .sampler = params,
@@ -486,6 +493,7 @@ void VulkanDriver::updateDescriptorSetTexture(
         VkSampler const vksampler = mSamplerCache.getSampler(cacheParams);
         mDescriptorSetCache.updateSampler(set, binding, texture, vksampler);
         mExternalImageManager.clearTextureBinding(set, binding);
+        mStreamedImageManager.unbindStreamedTexture(set, binding);
     }
 }
 
@@ -497,10 +505,7 @@ void VulkanDriver::copyToMemoryMappedBuffer(MemoryMappedBufferHandle mmbh, size_
     assert_invariant(any(mmb->access & MapBufferAccessFlags::WRITE_BIT));
     assert_invariant(offset + data.size <= mmb->size);
 
-    // TODO: this isa zero-effort implementation of copyToMemoryMappedBuffer(), where we just
+    // On UMA systems, this is a memcpy into the memory-mapped buffer, otherwise use a staging buffer.
-    //       call updateBufferObject(). This could be a fallback implementation for when
-    //       shared memory is not available.
-    //       On UMA systems, this should just be a memcpy into the memory-mapped buffer.
     updateBufferObject(mmb->boh, std::move(data), mmb->offset + offset);
 }
 
@@ -1108,6 +1113,12 @@ void VulkanDriver::destroySwapChain(Handle<HwSwapChain> sch) {
 }
 
 void VulkanDriver::destroyStream(Handle<HwStream> sh) {
+    FVK_SYSTRACE_SCOPE();
+    if (!sh) {
+        return;
+    }
+    auto stream = resource_ptr<VulkanStream>::cast(&mResourceManager, sh);
+    stream.dec();
 }
 
 void VulkanDriver::destroySync(Handle<HwSync> sh) {
@@ -1145,18 +1156,38 @@ void VulkanDriver::destroyDescriptorSet(Handle<HwDescriptorSet> dsh) {
 }
 
 Handle<HwStream> VulkanDriver::createStreamNative(void* nativeStream, utils::ImmutableCString tag) {
+    FVK_LOGW << "createStreamNative not supported in Vulkan.";
     return {};
 }
 
 Handle<HwStream> VulkanDriver::createStreamAcquired(utils::ImmutableCString tag) {
-    return {};
+    // @TODO This is still not thread-safe. We might have to revisit this question.
+    FVK_SYSTRACE_SCOPE();
+    auto handle = mResourceManager.allocHandle<VulkanStream>();
+    auto stream = resource_ptr<VulkanStream>::make(&mResourceManager, handle);
+    stream.inc();
+    return handle;
 }
 
 void VulkanDriver::setAcquiredImage(Handle<HwStream> sh, void* image, const math::mat3f& transform,
         CallbackHandler* handler, StreamCallback cb, void* userData) {
+    FVK_SYSTRACE_SCOPE();
+    auto stream = resource_ptr<VulkanStream>::cast(&mResourceManager, sh);
+    assert_invariant(stream->streamType == StreamType::ACQUIRED);
+    assert_invariant(image != nullptr);
+    // This covers the case where setAcquiredImage is called back to back (no updateStreams in between)
+    if (stream->previousNeedsRelease()) {
+        scheduleRelease(stream->takePrevious());
+    }
+    stream->acquire({ image, cb, userData, handler});
+    mStreamsWithPendingAcquiredImage.push_back(stream);
 }
 
 void VulkanDriver::setStreamDimensions(Handle<HwStream> sh, uint32_t width, uint32_t height) {
+    FVK_SYSTRACE_SCOPE();
+    auto stream = resource_ptr<VulkanStream>::cast(&mResourceManager, sh);
+    stream->width = width;
+    stream->height = height;
 }
 
 int64_t VulkanDriver::getStreamTimestamp(Handle<HwStream> sh) {
@@ -1164,6 +1195,70 @@ int64_t VulkanDriver::getStreamTimestamp(Handle<HwStream> sh) {
 }
 
 void VulkanDriver::updateStreams(CommandStream* driver) {
+    FVK_SYSTRACE_SCOPE();
+    if (UTILS_UNLIKELY(!mStreamsWithPendingAcquiredImage.empty())) {
+        for (auto& stream: mStreamsWithPendingAcquiredImage) {
+            if (stream->previousNeedsRelease()) {
+                scheduleRelease(stream->takePrevious());
+            }
+
+            // This executes on the backend thread (updateStreams is synchonous which means it
+            // executes on the user thread) Note: stream is captured by copy which is fine, this is
+            // a copy of a resource_ptr<VulkanStream>. We only need it find the associated stream
+            // inside the mStreamedImageManager texture bindings
+            driver->queueCommand([this, stream, s = stream.get(),
+                                         image = stream->getAcquired().image]() {
+                auto texture = s->getTexture(image);
+                if (!texture) {
+                    auto externalImage = fvkutils::createExternalImageFromRaw(mPlatform, image, false);
+                    auto metadata = mPlatform->extractExternalImageMetadata(externalImage);
+                    auto imgData = mPlatform->createVkImageFromExternal(externalImage);
+
+                    assert_invariant(imgData.internal.valid() || imgData.external.valid());
+
+                    VkFormat vkformat = metadata.format;
+                    VkImage vkimage = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+                    VkDeviceMemory memory = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+                    if (imgData.internal.valid()) {
+                        metadata.externalFormat = 0;
+                        vkimage = imgData.internal.image;
+                        memory = imgData.internal.memory;
+                    } else {
+                        vkformat = VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED;
+                        vkimage = imgData.external.image;
+                        memory = imgData.external.memory;
+                    }
+
+                    VkSamplerYcbcrConversion const conversion =
+                            mExternalImageManager.getVkSamplerYcbcrConversion(metadata);
+
+                    auto newTexture = resource_ptr<VulkanTexture>::construct(&mResourceManager,
+                            mContext, mPlatform->getDevice(), mAllocator, &mResourceManager,
+                            &mCommands, vkimage, memory, vkformat, conversion, metadata.samples,
+                            metadata.width, metadata.height, metadata.layers,
+                            metadata.filamentUsage, mStagePool);
+
+                    auto& commands = mCommands.get();
+                    // Unlike uploaded textures or swapchains, we need to explicit transition this
+                    // texture into the read layout.
+                    newTexture->transitionLayout(&commands, newTexture->getPrimaryViewRange(),
+                            VulkanLayout::FRAG_READ);
+
+                    if (imgData.external.valid()) {
+                        mExternalImageManager.addExternallySampledTexture(newTexture,
+                                externalImage);
+                        // Cache the AHB backed image. Acquires the image here.
+                        s->pushImage(image, newTexture);
+                    }
+
+                    texture = newTexture;
+                }
+
+                mStreamedImageManager.onStreamAcquireImage(texture, stream);
+            });
+        }
+        mStreamsWithPendingAcquiredImage.clear();
+    }
 }
 
 void VulkanDriver::destroyFence(Handle<HwFence> fh) {
@@ -1459,17 +1554,13 @@ void VulkanDriver::updateIndexBuffer(Handle<HwIndexBuffer> ibh, BufferDescriptor
     scheduleDestroy(std::move(p));
 }
 
-void VulkanDriver::registerBufferObjectStreams(Handle<HwBufferObject> boh,
-        BufferObjectStreamDescriptor&& streams) {
-    // Noop
-}
-
 void VulkanDriver::updateBufferObject(Handle<HwBufferObject> boh, BufferDescriptor&& bd,
         uint32_t byteOffset) {
     VulkanCommandBuffer& commands = mCommands.get();
 
     auto bo = resource_ptr<VulkanBufferObject>::cast(&mResourceManager, boh);
     commands.acquire(bo);
+
     bo->loadFromCpu(commands, bd.buffer, byteOffset, bd.size);
 
     scheduleDestroy(std::move(bd));
@@ -1537,6 +1628,12 @@ TimerQueryResult VulkanDriver::getTimerQueryValue(Handle<HwTimerQuery> tqh, uint
 }
 
 void VulkanDriver::setExternalStream(Handle<HwTexture> th, Handle<HwStream> sh) {
+    FVK_SYSTRACE_SCOPE();
+    auto t = resource_ptr<VulkanTexture>::cast(&mResourceManager, th);
+    assert_invariant(t);
+    auto s = resource_ptr<VulkanStream>::cast(&mResourceManager, sh);
+    assert_invariant(s);
+    t->setStream(s);
 }
 
 void VulkanDriver::generateMipmaps(Handle<HwTexture> th) {

filament/backend/src/vulkan/VulkanDriver.h

@@ -34,12 +34,14 @@
 #include "vulkan/VulkanDescriptorSetCache.h"
 #include "vulkan/VulkanDescriptorSetLayoutCache.h"
 #include "vulkan/VulkanExternalImageManager.h"
+#include "vulkan/VulkanStreamedImageManager.h"
 #include "vulkan/VulkanPipelineLayoutCache.h"
 #include "vulkan/memory/ResourceManager.h"
 #include "vulkan/memory/ResourcePointer.h"
 #include "vulkan/utils/Definitions.h"
 
 #include "backend/DriverEnums.h"
+#include "backend/BufferObjectStreamDescriptor.h"
 
 #include "DriverBase.h"
 #include "private/backend/Driver.h"
@@ -157,6 +159,8 @@ private:
     VulkanDescriptorSetCache mDescriptorSetCache;
     VulkanQueryManager mQueryManager;
     VulkanExternalImageManager mExternalImageManager;
+    VulkanStreamedImageManager mStreamedImageManager;
+
 
     // This maps a VulkanSwapchain to a native swapchain. VulkanSwapchain should have a copy of the
     // Platform::Swapchain pointer, but queryFrameTimestamps() and queryCompositorTiming() are
@@ -202,6 +206,10 @@ private:
     bool const mIsSRGBSwapChainSupported;
     bool const mIsMSAASwapChainSupported;
     backend::StereoscopicType const mStereoscopicType;
+
+    // setAcquiredImage is a DECL_DRIVER_API_SYNCHRONOUS_N which means we don't necessarily have the
+    // data to process it at call time. So we store it and process it during updateStreams.
+    std::vector<resource_ptr<VulkanStream>> mStreamsWithPendingAcquiredImage;
 };
 
 } // namespace filament::backend

filament/backend/src/vulkan/VulkanExternalImageManager.cpp

@@ -31,9 +31,6 @@ namespace filament::backend {
 
 namespace {
 
-using Bitmask = fvkutils::UniformBufferBitmask;
-static_assert(sizeof(Bitmask) * 8 == fvkutils::MAX_DESCRIPTOR_SET_BITMASK_BITS);
-
 template<typename T>
 void erasep(std::vector<T>& v, std::function<bool(T const&)> f) {
     auto newEnd = std::remove_if(v.begin(), v.end(), f);
@@ -50,31 +47,6 @@ ImageData& findImage(std::vector<ImageData>& images,
     return *itr;
 }
 
-void copySet(VkDevice device, VkDescriptorSet srcSet, VkDescriptorSet dstSet, Bitmask bindings) {
-    // TODO: fix the size for better memory management
-    std::vector<VkCopyDescriptorSet> copies;
-    bindings.forEachSetBit([&](size_t index) {
-        copies.push_back({
-            .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COPY_DESCRIPTOR_SET,
-            .srcSet = srcSet,
-            .srcBinding = (uint32_t) index,
-            .dstSet = dstSet,
-            .dstBinding = (uint32_t) index,
-            .descriptorCount = 1,
-        });
-    });
-    vkUpdateDescriptorSets(device, 0, nullptr, copies.size(), copies.data());
-}
-
-Bitmask foldBitsInHalf(Bitmask bitset) {
-    Bitmask outBitset;
-    bitset.forEachSetBit([&](size_t index) {
-        constexpr size_t BITMASK_LOWER_BITS_LEN = sizeof(outBitset) * 4;
-        outBitset.set(index % BITMASK_LOWER_BITS_LEN);
-    });
-    return outBitset;
-}
-
 }// namespace
 
 VulkanExternalImageManager::VulkanExternalImageManager(VulkanPlatform* platform,
@@ -141,6 +113,9 @@ void VulkanExternalImageManager::updateSetAndLayout(
             continue;
         }
         auto& imageData = findImage(mImages, bindingInfo.image);
+        // For non YUV images (some ext images are NOT ext FMT)
+        // getVkSamplerYcbcrConversion(metadata) will return NULL, and image->conversion will be
+        // null
         updateImage(&imageData);
 
         auto samplerParams = bindingInfo.samplerParams;
@@ -172,38 +147,14 @@ void VulkanExternalImageManager::updateSetAndLayout(
     std::for_each(samplerAndBindings.begin(), samplerAndBindings.end(),
             [&](auto const& b) { outSamplers.push_back(std::get<1>(b)); });
 
-    VkDescriptorSetLayout const oldLayout = layout->getExternalSamplerVkLayout();
     VkDescriptorSetLayout const newLayout = mDescriptorSetLayoutCache->getVkLayout(layout->bitmask,
             actualExternalSamplers, outSamplers);
-
+    layout->setExternalSamplerVkLayout(newLayout);
-    // Need to copy the set
-    VkDescriptorSet const oldSet = set->getExternalSamplerVkSet();
-    if (oldLayout != newLayout || oldSet == VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
-        // Build a new descriptor set from the new layout
-        VkDescriptorSet const newSet = mDescriptorSetCache->getVkSet(layout->count, newLayout);
-        auto const ubo = layout->bitmask.ubo | layout->bitmask.dynamicUbo;
-        auto const samplers = layout->bitmask.sampler & (~actualExternalSamplers);
-
-        // Each bitmask denotes a binding index, and separated into two stages - vertex and buffer
-        // We fold the two stages into just the lower half of the bits to denote a combined set of
-        // bindings.
-        Bitmask const copyBindings = foldBitsInHalf(ubo | samplers);
-        VkDescriptorSet const srcSet = oldSet != VK_NULL_HANDLE ? oldSet : set->getVkSet();
-        copySet(mPlatform->getDevice(), srcSet, newSet, copyBindings);
-
-        set->setExternalSamplerVkSet(newSet,
-                [&descriptorSetCache = mDescriptorSetCache, layoutCount = layout->count, newLayout,
-                        newSet](VulkanDescriptorSet*) {
-                    descriptorSetCache->manualRecycle(layoutCount, newLayout, newSet);
-                });
-        if (oldLayout != newLayout) {
-            layout->setExternalSamplerVkLayout(newLayout);
-        }
-    }
-
     // Update the external samplers in the set
     for (auto& [binding, sampler, image]: samplerAndBindings) {
-        mDescriptorSetCache->updateSamplerForExternalSamplerSet(set, binding, image);
+        // We cannot call updateSamplerForExternalSamplerSet because some samplers are non NULL
+        // (RGB) and we cannot do a combined update with a NULL sampler.
+        mDescriptorSetCache->updateSampler(set, binding, image, sampler, newLayout);
     }
 }
 
@@ -261,13 +212,25 @@ void VulkanExternalImageManager::bindExternallySampledTexture(
         fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanTexture> image, SamplerParams samplerParams) {
     // Should we do duplicate validation here?
     auto& imageData = findImage(mImages, image);
-    mSetBindings.push_back({ bindingPoint, imageData.image, set, samplerParams });
+    auto itr = std::find_if(mSetBindings.begin(), mSetBindings.end(),
+            [&](SetBindingInfo const& binding) {
+                return (binding.set == set && binding.binding == bindingPoint);
+            });
+    if (itr == mSetBindings.end()) {
+        mSetBindings.push_back({ bindingPoint, imageData.image, set, samplerParams });
+    } else {
+        // override the image data in the binding point
+        itr->image = image;
+        itr->samplerParams = samplerParams;
+    }
 }
 
 void VulkanExternalImageManager::addExternallySampledTexture(
        fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanTexture> image,
         Platform::ExternalImageHandleRef platformHandleRef) {
-    mImages.push_back({ image, platformHandleRef, false });
+    // By passing VK_NULL_HANDLE which is already there by default.
+    // We make it clear that all default images do NOT have a chroma conversion.
+    mImages.push_back({ image, platformHandleRef, false, VK_NULL_HANDLE });
 }
 
 void VulkanExternalImageManager::removeExternallySampledTexture(

filament/backend/src/vulkan/VulkanExternalImageManager.h

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ class VulkanSamplerCache;
 class VulkanDescriptorSetLayoutCache;
 class VulkanDescriptorSetCache;
 
-// Manages the logic of external images and their quirks wrt Vulikan.
+// Manages the logic of external images and their quirks wrt Vulkan.
 class VulkanExternalImageManager {
 public:
 

filament/backend/src/vulkan/VulkanHandles.cpp

@@ -40,6 +40,11 @@ namespace filament::backend {
 
 namespace {
 
+// We don't have a good estimate for this magic number. This is used to remove empty
+// slots from a descriptor set (a VulkanDescriptorset is backed by multiple
+// VkDescriptorSet.
+size_t DESCRIPTOR_SET_GC_LIMIT = 10;
+
 inline VulkanBufferBinding getBufferObjectBinding(BufferObjectBinding bindingType) noexcept {
     switch (bindingType) {
         case BufferObjectBinding::VERTEX:
@@ -192,15 +197,70 @@ VulkanDescriptorSetLayout::Bitmask VulkanDescriptorSetLayout::Bitmask::fromLayou
     return fromBackendLayout(layout);
 }
 
-// This method will store an age associated with this command buffer into the VulkanBuffer, which
+VulkanDescriptorSet::~VulkanDescriptorSet() {
-// will allow us to determine whether a barrier is necessary or not.
+    for (auto setBundle: mSets) {
+        if (setBundle.onRecycleFn) {
+            setBundle.onRecycleFn(this);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+VulkanDescriptorSet::VulkanDescriptorSet(fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanDescriptorSetLayout> layout,
+        OnRecycle&& onRecycleFn, VkDescriptorSet vkSet)
+    : dynamicUboMask(layout->bitmask.dynamicUbo),
+      uniqueDynamicUboCount(layout->count.dynamicUbo),
+      mLayout(layout),
+      mCurrentSetIndex(0) {
+    addNewSet(vkSet, std::move(onRecycleFn));
+}
+
 void VulkanDescriptorSet::referencedBy(VulkanCommandBuffer& commands) {
+    // This will store an age associated with this command buffer into the VulkanBuffer, which
+    // will allow us to determine whether a barrier is necessary or not.
     mUboMask.forEachSetBit([this, &commands](size_t index) {
         auto& res = mResources[index];
         fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanBufferObject> bo =
                 fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanBufferObject>::cast((VulkanBufferObject*) res.get());
         bo->referencedBy(commands);
     });
+    mSets[mCurrentSetIndex].fenceStatus = commands.getFenceStatus();
+}
+
+void VulkanDescriptorSet::gc() {
+    size_t empty = 0;
+    for (auto& setBundle: mSets) {
+        assert_invariant(setBundle.onRecycleFn);
+        if (setBundle.vkSet == VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
+            empty++;
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (setBundle.fenceStatus && setBundle.fenceStatus->getStatus() == VK_SUCCESS) {
+            setBundle.onRecycleFn(this);
+            setBundle.vkSet = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+            setBundle.fenceStatus = {};
+            empty++;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (empty > DESCRIPTOR_SET_GC_LIMIT) {
+        std::vector<InternalVkSet> retainedSets;
+        for (auto& setBundle: mSets) {
+            if (setBundle.vkSet != VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
+                retainedSets.push_back({
+                    setBundle.vkSet,
+                    std::move(setBundle.onRecycleFn),
+                    std::move(setBundle.fenceStatus)
+                });
+            }
+        }
+        std::swap(mSets, retainedSets);
+    }
+}
+
+void VulkanDescriptorSet::addNewSet(VkDescriptorSet vkSet, OnRecycle&& onRecycleFn) {
+    gc();
+    mCurrentSetIndex = mSets.size();
+    mSets.push_back({ vkSet, std::move(onRecycleFn) });
 }
 
 PushConstantDescription::PushConstantDescription(backend::Program const& program) {

filament/backend/src/vulkan/VulkanHandles.h

@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@
 #include "VulkanTexture.h"
 #include "vulkan/VulkanCommands.h"
 #include "vulkan/memory/Resource.h"
+#include "vulkan/memory/ResourcePointer.h"
 #include "vulkan/utils/Definitions.h"
 #include "vulkan/utils/StaticVector.h"
 
@@ -57,6 +58,8 @@ inline uint8_t collapsedCount(Bitmask const& mask) {
 
 } // anonymous namespace
 
+class VulkanDescriptorSetCache;
+
 struct VulkanBufferObject;
 
 struct VulkanDescriptorSetLayout : public HwDescriptorSetLayout, fvkmemory::Resource {
@@ -159,38 +162,14 @@ public:
     using OnRecycle = std::function<void(VulkanDescriptorSet*)>;
 
     VulkanDescriptorSet(
-            fvkutils::UniformBufferBitmask const& dynamicUboMask,
+            fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanDescriptorSetLayout> layout,
-            uint8_t uniqueDynamicUboCount,
+            OnRecycle&& onRecycleFn, VkDescriptorSet vkSet);
-            OnRecycle&& onRecycleFn, VkDescriptorSet vkSet)
-        : dynamicUboMask(dynamicUboMask),
-          uniqueDynamicUboCount(uniqueDynamicUboCount),
-          mVkSet(vkSet),
-          mOnRecycleFn(std::move(onRecycleFn)) {}
 
     // NOLINTNEXTLINE(bugprone-exception-escape)
-    ~VulkanDescriptorSet() {
+    ~VulkanDescriptorSet();
-        if (mOnRecycleFn) {
-            mOnRecycleFn(this);
-        }
-        if (mOnRecycleExternalSamplerFn) {
-            mOnRecycleExternalSamplerFn(this);
-        }
-    }
 
     VkDescriptorSet getVkSet() const noexcept {
-        return mVkSet;
+        return mSets[mCurrentSetIndex].vkSet;
-    }
-
-    VkDescriptorSet getExternalSamplerVkSet() const noexcept {
-        return mExternalSamplerVkSet;
-    }
-
-    void setExternalSamplerVkSet(VkDescriptorSet vkset, OnRecycle onRecycle) {
-        mExternalSamplerVkSet = vkset;
-        if (mOnRecycleExternalSamplerFn) {
-            mOnRecycleExternalSamplerFn(this);
-        }
-        mOnRecycleExternalSamplerFn = onRecycle;
     }
 
     void setOffsets(backend::DescriptorSetOffsetArray&& offsets) noexcept {
@@ -211,17 +190,33 @@ public:
 
     void referencedBy(VulkanCommandBuffer& commands);
 
-    fvkutils::UniformBufferBitmask const dynamicUboMask;
+    bool isBound() const {
+        return bool(mSets[mCurrentSetIndex].fenceStatus);
+    }
+
+    fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanDescriptorSetLayout> getLayout() const { return mLayout; }
+
+    fvkutils::UniformBufferBitmask const& dynamicUboMask;
     uint8_t const uniqueDynamicUboCount;
 
 private:
-    VkDescriptorSet const mVkSet;
+    friend class VulkanDescriptorSetCache;
-    VkDescriptorSet mExternalSamplerVkSet = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
 
+    void addNewSet(VkDescriptorSet vkSet, OnRecycle&& onRecycleFn);
+
+    void gc();
+
+    struct InternalVkSet {
+        VkDescriptorSet vkSet = {};
+        OnRecycle onRecycleFn;
+        std::shared_ptr<VulkanCmdFence> fenceStatus;
+    };
+
+    fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanDescriptorSetLayout> mLayout;
     backend::DescriptorSetOffsetArray mOffsets;
     std::vector<fvkmemory::resource_ptr<fvkmemory::Resource>> mResources;
-    OnRecycle mOnRecycleFn;
+    uint8_t mCurrentSetIndex;
-    OnRecycle mOnRecycleExternalSamplerFn;
+    std::vector<InternalVkSet> mSets;
     fvkutils::UniformBufferBitmask mUboMask;
 };
 

filament/backend/src/vulkan/VulkanPipelineCache.cpp

@@ -191,9 +191,12 @@ VulkanPipelineCache::PipelineCacheEntry* VulkanPipelineCache::createPipeline() n
         .alphaToCoverageEnable = raster.alphaToCoverageEnable,
         .alphaToOneEnable = VK_FALSE,
     };
+    bool const enableDepthTest =
+        raster.depthCompareOp != SamplerCompareFunc::A ||
+        raster.depthWriteEnable;
     VkPipelineDepthStencilStateCreateInfo vkDs = {
         .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_DEPTH_STENCIL_STATE_CREATE_INFO,
-        .depthTestEnable = VK_TRUE,
+        .depthTestEnable = enableDepthTest ? VK_TRUE : VK_FALSE,
         .depthWriteEnable = raster.depthWriteEnable,
         .depthCompareOp = fvkutils::getCompareOp(raster.depthCompareOp),
         .depthBoundsTestEnable = VK_FALSE,

filament/backend/src/vulkan/VulkanStreamedImageManager.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2025 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include "VulkanStreamedImageManager.h"
+
+#include "VulkanDescriptorSetCache.h"
+#include "VulkanExternalImageManager.h"
+#include "VulkanDescriptorSetLayoutCache.h"
+#include "VulkanSamplerCache.h"
+
+namespace filament::backend {
+VulkanStreamedImageManager::VulkanStreamedImageManager(VulkanExternalImageManager* manager)
+        : mExternalImageManager(manager) {}
+
+VulkanStreamedImageManager::~VulkanStreamedImageManager() = default;
+
+void VulkanStreamedImageManager::terminate() { mStreamedTexturesBindings.clear(); }
+
+void VulkanStreamedImageManager::bindStreamedTexture(
+        fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanDescriptorSet> set,
+        uint8_t bindingPoint, fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanTexture> image,
+        SamplerParams samplerParams) {
+    mStreamedTexturesBindings.push_back({ bindingPoint, image, set, samplerParams });
+}
+
+void VulkanStreamedImageManager::unbindStreamedTexture(
+        fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanDescriptorSet> set,
+        uint8_t bindingPoint) {
+    auto iter = std::remove_if(mStreamedTexturesBindings.begin(), mStreamedTexturesBindings.end(),
+            [&](StreamedTextureBinding& binding) {
+                return ((binding.set == set) && (binding.binding == bindingPoint));
+            });
+    mStreamedTexturesBindings.erase(iter, mStreamedTexturesBindings.end());
+}
+
+void VulkanStreamedImageManager::onStreamAcquireImage(fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanTexture> image,
+        fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanStream> stream) {
+    for (StreamedTextureBinding const& data: mStreamedTexturesBindings) {
+        // Find the right stream
+        if (data.image->getStream() == stream) {
+            mExternalImageManager->bindExternallySampledTexture(data.set, data.binding, image,
+                    data.samplerParams);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+} // namespace filament::backend

filament/backend/src/vulkan/VulkanStreamedImageManager.h

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2025 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#ifndef TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_CACHING_VULKANSTREAMEDIMAGEMANAGER_H
+#define TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_CACHING_VULKANSTREAMEDIMAGEMANAGER_H
+
+#include "VulkanHandles.h"
+
+#include <backend/DriverEnums.h>
+
+#include <array>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace filament::backend {
+
+class VulkanExternalImageManager;
+class VulkanDescriptorSetCache;
+class VulkanSamplerCache;
+
+// Manages the logic of streamed images.
+class VulkanStreamedImageManager {
+public:
+    VulkanStreamedImageManager(
+            VulkanExternalImageManager* manager);
+    ~VulkanStreamedImageManager();
+    void terminate();
+
+public:
+    void bindStreamedTexture(fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanDescriptorSet> set, uint8_t bindingPoint,
+            fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanTexture> image, SamplerParams samplerParams);
+    void unbindStreamedTexture(fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanDescriptorSet> set,
+            uint8_t bindingPoint);
+    void onStreamAcquireImage(fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanTexture> image,
+            fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanStream> stream);
+
+private:
+    struct StreamedTextureBinding {
+        uint8_t binding = 0;
+        fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanTexture> image;
+        fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanDescriptorSet> set;
+        SamplerParams samplerParams;
+    };
+    // keep track of all the stream bindings
+    std::vector<StreamedTextureBinding> mStreamedTexturesBindings;
+
+    VulkanExternalImageManager* mExternalImageManager;
+};
+
+} // namespace filament::backend
+
+#endif // TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_CACHING_VULKANSTREAMEDIMAGEMANAGER_H

filament/backend/src/vulkan/VulkanSwapChain.cpp

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 #include "VulkanCommands.h"
 #include "VulkanTexture.h"
 
+#include <utils/debug.h>
 #include <utils/FixedCapacityVector.h>
 #include <utils/Panic.h>
 
@@ -105,6 +106,11 @@ void VulkanSwapChain::update() {
 }
 
 void VulkanSwapChain::present(DriverBase& driver) {
+    // The last acquire failed, so just skip presenting.
+    if (!mAcquired) {
+        return;
+    }
+
     if (!mHeadless && mTransitionSwapChainImageLayoutForPresent) {
         VulkanCommandBuffer& commands = mCommands->get();
         VkImageSubresourceRange const subresources{
@@ -161,7 +167,15 @@ void VulkanSwapChain::acquire(bool& resized) {
 
     VulkanPlatform::ImageSyncData imageSyncData;
     VkResult const result = mPlatform->acquire(swapChain, &imageSyncData);
+
+    if (result != VK_SUCCESS) {
+        // We just don't set mAcquired here so the next present will just skip.
+        FVK_LOGD << "Failed to acquire next image in the swapchain result=" << (int) result;
+        return;
+    }
+
     mCurrentSwapIndex = imageSyncData.imageIndex;
+    assert_invariant(mCurrentSwapIndex < mFinishedDrawing.size());
     mFinishedDrawing[mCurrentSwapIndex] = {};
     FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(result == VK_SUCCESS || result == VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR)
             << "Cannot acquire in swapchain. error=" << static_cast<int32_t>(result);

filament/backend/src/vulkan/VulkanTexture.h

@@ -36,6 +36,43 @@ namespace filament::backend {
 
 struct VulkanTexture;
 
+struct VulkanStream : public HwStream, fvkmemory::Resource {
+
+    //-- These methods are only called from the frontend
+    void acquire(const AcquiredImage& image) {
+        user_thread.mPrevious = user_thread.mAcquired;
+        user_thread.mAcquired = image;
+    }
+    bool previousNeedsRelease() const { return (user_thread.mPrevious.image != nullptr); }
+    // this function will null the previous once the caller takes it.
+    // It ensures we don't schedule for release twice.
+    AcquiredImage takePrevious() {
+        AcquiredImage previous = user_thread.mPrevious;
+        user_thread.mPrevious = {};
+        return previous;
+    }
+    const AcquiredImage& getAcquired() const { return user_thread.mAcquired; }
+
+    //-- These methods are only called from the backend thread
+    fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanTexture> getTexture(void* ahb) {
+        if (auto itr = mTextures.find(ahb); itr != mTextures.end()) {
+            return itr->second;
+        }
+        return {};
+    }
+    void pushImage(void* ahb, fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanTexture> tex) { mTextures[ahb] = tex; }
+
+private:
+    // These are only called from the frontend
+    struct {
+        AcquiredImage mAcquired;
+        AcquiredImage mPrevious;
+    } user_thread;
+
+    // #TODO b/442937292
+    std::unordered_map<void*, fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanTexture>> mTextures;
+};
+
 struct VulkanTextureState : public fvkmemory::Resource {
     VulkanTextureState(VulkanStagePool& stagePool, VulkanCommands* commands, VmaAllocator allocator,
             VkDevice device, VkImage image, VkDeviceMemory deviceMemory, VkFormat format,
@@ -74,6 +111,8 @@ private:
 
     // The texture with the sidecar owns the sidecar.
     fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanTexture> mSidecarMSAA;
+    // The stream this texture is associated with.
+    fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanStream> mStream;
 
     VkImage const mTextureImage;
     VkDeviceMemory const mTextureImageMemory;
@@ -105,6 +144,7 @@ private:
     using ImageViewHash = utils::hash::MurmurHashFn<ImageViewKey>;
     std::unordered_map<ImageViewKey, VkImageView, ImageViewHash> mCachedImageViews;
 
+
     friend struct VulkanTexture;
 };
 
@@ -182,6 +222,14 @@ struct VulkanTexture : public HwTexture, fvkmemory::Resource {
         return mState->mSidecarMSAA;
     }
 
+    void setStream(fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanStream> stream) {
+        mState->mStream = stream;
+    }
+
+    fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanStream> getStream() const {
+        return mState->mStream;
+    }
+
     bool isTransientAttachment() const {
         return mState->mUsage & VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSIENT_ATTACHMENT_BIT;
     }

filament/backend/src/vulkan/memory/Resource.cpp

@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@ template ResourceType getTypeEnum<VulkanBuffer>() noexcept;
 template ResourceType getTypeEnum<VulkanSync>() noexcept;
 template ResourceType getTypeEnum<VulkanMemoryMappedBuffer>() noexcept;
 template ResourceType getTypeEnum<VulkanSemaphore>() noexcept;
+template ResourceType getTypeEnum<VulkanStream>() noexcept;
 
 template<typename D>
 ResourceType getTypeEnum() noexcept {
@@ -104,6 +105,9 @@ ResourceType getTypeEnum() noexcept {
     if constexpr (std::is_same_v<D, VulkanSemaphore>) {
         return ResourceType::SEMAPHORE;
     }
+    if constexpr (std::is_same_v<D, VulkanStream>) {
+        return ResourceType::STREAM;
+    }
     return ResourceType::UNDEFINED_TYPE;
 }
 
@@ -149,6 +153,8 @@ std::string_view getTypeStr(ResourceType type) {
             return "VulkanMemoryMappedBuffer";
         case ResourceType::SEMAPHORE:
             return "Semaphore";
+        case ResourceType::STREAM:
+            return "VulkanStream";
         case ResourceType::UNDEFINED_TYPE:
             return "";
     }

filament/backend/src/vulkan/memory/Resource.h

@@ -55,7 +55,8 @@ enum class ResourceType : uint8_t {
     SYNC = 17,
     MEMORY_MAPPED_BUFFER = 18,
     SEMAPHORE = 19,
-    UNDEFINED_TYPE = 20,    // Must be the last enum because we use it for iterating over the enums.
+    STREAM = 20,
+    UNDEFINED_TYPE = 21,    // Must be the last enum because we use it for iterating over the enums.
 };
 
 template<typename D>

filament/backend/src/vulkan/memory/ResourceManager.cpp

@@ -123,6 +123,9 @@ void ResourceManager::destroyWithType(ResourceType type, HandleId id) {
         case ResourceType::SEMAPHORE:
             destruct<VulkanSemaphore>(Handle<VulkanSemaphore>(id));
             break;
+        case ResourceType::STREAM:
+            destruct<VulkanStream>(Handle<VulkanStream>(id));
+            break;
         case ResourceType::UNDEFINED_TYPE:
             break;
     }

filament/backend/src/vulkan/utils/Image.cpp

@@ -18,6 +18,12 @@
 
 #include "vulkan/VulkanTexture.h"
 
+#if defined(__ANDROID__)
+#include "backend/platforms/VulkanPlatformAndroid.h"
+#include <android/hardware_buffer.h>
+#include <android/native_window.h>
+#endif
+
 #include <utils/Panic.h>
 #include <utils/algorithm.h>
 #include <utils/debug.h>
@@ -234,6 +240,19 @@ uint8_t reduceSampleCount(uint8_t sampleCount, VkSampleCountFlags mask) {
     return mostSignificantBit((sampleCount - 1) & mask);
 }
 
+filament::backend::Platform::ExternalImageHandle createExternalImageFromRaw(
+        filament::backend::VulkanPlatform* platform, void* image, bool sRGB) {
+
+#if defined(__ANDROID__)
+    if (__builtin_available(android 26, *)) {
+        return static_cast<filament::backend::VulkanPlatformAndroid*>(platform)
+                ->createExternalImage(reinterpret_cast<AHardwareBuffer const*>(image), sRGB);
+    }
+#endif
+    return {};
+
+}
+
 } // namespace filament::backend::fvkutils
 
 bool operator<(const VkImageSubresourceRange& a, const VkImageSubresourceRange& b) {

filament/backend/src/vulkan/utils/Image.h

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 #define TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_VULKAN_UTILS_IMAGE_H
 
 #include <backend/DriverEnums.h>
+#include <backend/platforms/VulkanPlatform.h>
 
 #include <utils/Log.h>
 
@@ -106,6 +107,9 @@ VkImageAspectFlags getImageAspect(VkFormat format);
 
 uint8_t reduceSampleCount(uint8_t sampleCount, VkSampleCountFlags mask);
 
+Platform::ExternalImageHandle createExternalImageFromRaw(filament::backend::VulkanPlatform* platform,
+        void* image,
+        bool sRGB);
 } // namespace fvkutils
 
 } // namespace filament::backend

filament/backend/src/webgpu/WebGPUBufferBase.cpp

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 
 #include "WebGPUConstants.h"
 #include "WebGPUQueueManager.h"
+#include "WebGPUStagePool.h"
 
 #include "DriverBase.h"
 #include <backend/BufferDescriptor.h>
@@ -65,7 +66,7 @@ WebGPUBufferBase::WebGPUBufferBase(wgpu::Device const& device, const wgpu::Buffe
 // of 4 by padding with zeros.
 void WebGPUBufferBase::updateGPUBuffer(BufferDescriptor const& bufferDescriptor,
         const uint32_t byteOffset, wgpu::Device const& device,
-        WebGPUQueueManager* const webGPUQueueManager) {
+        WebGPUQueueManager* const webGPUQueueManager, WebGPUStagePool* const webGPUStagePool) {
     FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(bufferDescriptor.buffer)
             << "updateGPUBuffer called with a null buffer";
     FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(bufferDescriptor.size + byteOffset <= mBuffer.GetSize())
@@ -85,15 +86,12 @@ void WebGPUBufferBase::updateGPUBuffer(BufferDescriptor const& bufferDescriptor,
     const size_t stagingBufferSize =
             remainder == 0 ? bufferDescriptor.size : mainBulk + FILAMENT_WEBGPU_BUFFER_SIZE_MODULUS;
 
-    // create a staging buffer
+    wgpu::Buffer stagingBuffer = webGPUStagePool->acquireBuffer(stagingBufferSize,
-    wgpu::BufferDescriptor descriptor{
+            webGPUQueueManager->getLatestSubmissionState());
-        .label = "Filament WebGPU Staging Buffer",
-        .usage = wgpu::BufferUsage::MapWrite | wgpu::BufferUsage::CopySrc,
-        .size = stagingBufferSize,
-        .mappedAtCreation = true };
-    wgpu::Buffer stagingBuffer = device.CreateBuffer(&descriptor);
 
     void* mappedRange = stagingBuffer.GetMappedRange();
+    assert_invariant(mappedRange);
+
     memcpy(mappedRange, bufferDescriptor.buffer, bufferDescriptor.size);
 
     // Make sure the padded memory is set to 0 to have deterministic behaviors
@@ -106,7 +104,9 @@ void WebGPUBufferBase::updateGPUBuffer(BufferDescriptor const& bufferDescriptor,
 
     // Copy the staging buffer contents to the destination buffer.
     webGPUQueueManager->getCommandEncoder().CopyBufferToBuffer(stagingBuffer, 0, mBuffer,
-            byteOffset, stagingBufferSize);
+            byteOffset,
+            remainder == 0 ? bufferDescriptor.size
+                           : mainBulk + FILAMENT_WEBGPU_BUFFER_SIZE_MODULUS);
 }
 
 } // namespace filament::backend

filament/backend/src/webgpu/WebGPUBufferBase.h

@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ namespace filament::backend {
 
 class BufferDescriptor;
 class WebGPUQueueManager;
+class WebGPUStagePool;
 
 /**
   * A base class for WebGPU buffer objects, providing common functionality for creating and
@@ -40,7 +41,7 @@ public:
      * ensures the calls happen in the expected sequence.
      */
     void updateGPUBuffer(BufferDescriptor const&, uint32_t byteOffset, wgpu::Device const& device,
-            WebGPUQueueManager* const webGPUQueueManager);
+            WebGPUQueueManager* const webGPUQueueManager, WebGPUStagePool* const webGPUStagePool);
 
     [[nodiscard]] wgpu::Buffer const& getBuffer() const { return mBuffer; }
 

filament/backend/src/webgpu/WebGPUDriver.cpp

@@ -107,6 +107,7 @@ WebGPUDriver::WebGPUDriver(WebGPUPlatform& platform,
       mAdapter{ mPlatform.requestAdapter(nullptr) },
       mDevice{ mPlatform.requestDevice(mAdapter) },
       mQueueManager{ mDevice },
+      mStagePool{ mDevice },
       mPipelineLayoutCache{ mDevice },
       mPipelineCache{ mDevice },
       mRenderPassMipmapGenerator{ mDevice, &mQueueManager },
@@ -177,6 +178,9 @@ void WebGPUDriver::endFrame(const uint32_t /* frameId */) {
     for (size_t i = 0; i < MAX_DESCRIPTOR_SET_COUNT; i++) {
         mCurrentDescriptorSets[i] = {};
     }
+
+    // Garbage collection (if necessary)
+    mStagePool.gc();
 }
 
 // If a command encoder is in flight then the encoder is finished and submitted to the GPU queue.
@@ -651,11 +655,6 @@ void WebGPUDriver::setAcquiredImage(Handle<HwStream> sh, void* image, const math
     //todo
 }
 
-void WebGPUDriver::registerBufferObjectStreams(Handle<HwBufferObject> bufferObjectHandle,
-        BufferObjectStreamDescriptor&& streams) {
-    //todo
-}
-
 void WebGPUDriver::setStreamDimensions(Handle<HwStream> sh, uint32_t width, uint32_t height) {
     //todo
 }
@@ -856,7 +855,7 @@ void WebGPUDriver::updateIndexBuffer(Handle<HwIndexBuffer> indexBufferHandle,
     // draw calls are made.
     flush();
     handleCast<WebGPUIndexBuffer>(indexBufferHandle)
-            ->updateGPUBuffer(bufferDescriptor, byteOffset, mDevice, &mQueueManager);
+            ->updateGPUBuffer(bufferDescriptor, byteOffset, mDevice, &mQueueManager, &mStagePool);
     scheduleDestroy(std::move(bufferDescriptor));
 }
 
@@ -867,14 +866,14 @@ void WebGPUDriver::updateBufferObject(Handle<HwBufferObject> bufferObjectHandle,
     // draw calls are made.
     flush();
     handleCast<WebGPUBufferObject>(bufferObjectHandle)
-            ->updateGPUBuffer(bufferDescriptor, byteOffset, mDevice, &mQueueManager);
+            ->updateGPUBuffer(bufferDescriptor, byteOffset, mDevice, &mQueueManager, &mStagePool);
     scheduleDestroy(std::move(bufferDescriptor));
 }
 
 void WebGPUDriver::updateBufferObjectUnsynchronized(Handle<HwBufferObject> bufferObjectHandle,
         BufferDescriptor&& bufferDescriptor, const uint32_t byteOffset) {
     handleCast<WebGPUBufferObject>(bufferObjectHandle)
-            ->updateGPUBuffer(bufferDescriptor, byteOffset, mDevice, &mQueueManager);
+            ->updateGPUBuffer(bufferDescriptor, byteOffset, mDevice, &mQueueManager, &mStagePool);
     scheduleDestroy(std::move(bufferDescriptor));
 }
 

filament/backend/src/webgpu/WebGPUDriver.h

@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
 #include "webgpu/WebGPUPipelineLayoutCache.h"
 #include "webgpu/WebGPURenderPassMipmapGenerator.h"
 #include "webgpu/WebGPUQueueManager.h"
+#include "webgpu/WebGPUStagePool.h"
 #include "webgpu/utils/AsyncTaskCounter.h"
 #include <backend/platforms/WebGPUPlatform.h>
 
@@ -81,6 +82,7 @@ private:
     wgpu::Device mDevice = nullptr;
     wgpu::Limits mDeviceLimits = {};
     WebGPUQueueManager mQueueManager;
+    WebGPUStagePool mStagePool;
     void* mNativeWindow = nullptr;
     WebGPUSwapChain* mSwapChain = nullptr;
     uint64_t mNextFakeHandle = 1;

filament/backend/src/webgpu/WebGPUQueueManager.cpp

@@ -64,6 +64,7 @@ wgpu::CommandEncoder WebGPUQueueManager::getCommandEncoder() {
         };
         mCommandEncoder = mDevice.CreateCommandEncoder(&commandEncoderDescriptor);
         ASSERT_POSTCONDITION(mCommandEncoder, "Failed to create command encoder.");
+        mLatestSubmissionState = std::make_shared<WebGPUSubmissionState>();
     }
     return mCommandEncoder;
 }
@@ -94,8 +95,6 @@ void WebGPUQueueManager::submit() {
         return;
     }
 
-    mLatestSubmissionState = std::make_shared<WebGPUSubmissionState>();
-
     wgpu::CommandBufferDescriptor commandBufferDescriptor{
         .label = "Filament Command Buffer",
     };

filament/backend/src/webgpu/WebGPUStagePool.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+/*
+* Copyright (C) 2025 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include "WebGPUStagePool.h"
+
+#include "WebGPUConstants.h"
+#include "WebGPUQueueManager.h"
+
+namespace filament::backend {
+
+WebGPUStagePool::WebGPUStagePool(wgpu::Device const& device) : mDevice(device) {}
+
+WebGPUStagePool::~WebGPUStagePool() = default;
+
+wgpu::Buffer WebGPUStagePool::acquireBuffer(size_t requiredSize,
+        std::shared_ptr<WebGPUSubmissionState> submissionState) {
+    wgpu::Buffer buffer;
+    {
+        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mMutex);
+        auto iter = mBuffers.lower_bound(requiredSize);
+        if (iter != mBuffers.end()) {
+            buffer = iter->second;
+            mBuffers.erase(iter);
+        }
+    }
+    if (!buffer.Get()) {
+        buffer = createNewBuffer(requiredSize);
+    }
+    mInProgress.push_back({submissionState, buffer});
+    return buffer;
+}
+
+void WebGPUStagePool::recycleBuffer(wgpu::Buffer buffer) {
+    struct UserData final {
+        wgpu::Buffer buffer;
+        WebGPUStagePool* webGPUStagePool;
+    };
+    auto userData =
+            std::make_unique<UserData>(UserData{ .buffer = buffer, .webGPUStagePool = this });
+    buffer.MapAsync(wgpu::MapMode::Write, 0, buffer.GetSize(), wgpu::CallbackMode::AllowSpontaneous,
+            [data = std::move(userData)](wgpu::MapAsyncStatus status, const char* message) {
+                if (UTILS_LIKELY(status == wgpu::MapAsyncStatus::Success)) {
+                    if (!data->webGPUStagePool) {
+                        return;
+                    }
+                    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(data->webGPUStagePool->mMutex);
+                    data->webGPUStagePool->mBuffers.insert(
+                            { data->buffer.GetSize(), data->buffer });
+                } else {
+                    FWGPU_LOGE << "Failed to MapAsync when recycling staging buffer: " << message;
+                }
+            });
+}
+
+void WebGPUStagePool::gc() {
+    // We found that MapAsync would sometimes lead to GetMappedRange returning nullptr if the
+    // command using that staging buffer has not finished executing, so here we only recycle those
+    // buffers that are not still being used by any command
+    std::vector<std::pair<std::shared_ptr<WebGPUSubmissionState>, wgpu::Buffer>> stillInProgress;
+    for (auto& [st, buffer]: mInProgress) {
+        if (st->getStatus() == FenceStatus::CONDITION_SATISFIED) {
+            recycleBuffer(buffer);
+        } else {
+            stillInProgress.push_back({st, buffer});
+        }
+    }
+    std::swap(mInProgress, stillInProgress);
+}
+
+wgpu::Buffer WebGPUStagePool::createNewBuffer(size_t bufferSize) {
+    wgpu::BufferDescriptor descriptor{
+        .label = "Filament WebGPU Staging Buffer",
+        .usage = wgpu::BufferUsage::MapWrite | wgpu::BufferUsage::CopySrc,
+        .size = bufferSize,
+        .mappedAtCreation = true };
+    return mDevice.CreateBuffer(&descriptor);
+}
+
+} // namespace filament::backend

filament/backend/src/webgpu/WebGPUStagePool.h

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+/*
+* Copyright (C) 2025 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#ifndef TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_WEBGPUSTAGEPOOL_H
+#define TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_WEBGPUSTAGEPOOL_H
+
+#include <webgpu/webgpu_cpp.h>
+
+#include <map>
+#include <mutex>
+
+namespace filament::backend {
+
+struct WebGPUSubmissionState;
+
+class WebGPUStagePool {
+public:
+    WebGPUStagePool(wgpu::Device const& device);
+    ~WebGPUStagePool();
+
+    wgpu::Buffer acquireBuffer(size_t requiredSize,
+            std::shared_ptr<WebGPUSubmissionState> submissionState);
+    void recycleBuffer(wgpu::Buffer buffer);
+    void gc();
+
+private:
+    wgpu::Buffer createNewBuffer(size_t bufferSize);
+    std::multimap<uint32_t, wgpu::Buffer> mBuffers;
+    std::vector<std::pair<std::shared_ptr<WebGPUSubmissionState>, wgpu::Buffer>> mInProgress;
+    std::mutex mMutex;
+
+    wgpu::Device mDevice;
+};
+
+} // namespace filament::backend
+
+#endif // TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_WEBGPUSTAGEPOOL_H

filament/include/filament/Engine.h

@@ -192,6 +192,7 @@ public:
     using StereoscopicType = backend::StereoscopicType;
     using Driver = backend::Driver;
     using GpuContextPriority = backend::Platform::GpuContextPriority;
+    using AsynchronousMode = backend::AsynchronousMode;
 
     /**
      * Config is used to define the memory footprint used by the engine, such as the
@@ -428,6 +429,11 @@ public:
          * initial memory usage.
          */
         uint32_t sharedUboInitialSizeInBytes = 256 * 64;
+
+        /**
+         * Asynchronous mode for the engine. Defines how asynchronous operations are handled.
+         */
+        AsynchronousMode asynchronousMode = AsynchronousMode::NONE;
     };
 
 
@@ -742,6 +748,14 @@ public:
      */
     bool isStereoSupported(StereoscopicType stereoscopicType) const noexcept;
 
+    /**
+     * Checks if the engine is set up for asynchronous operation. If it returns true, the
+     * asynchronous versions of the APIs are available for use.
+     *
+     * @return true if the engine supports asynchronous operation.
+     */
+    bool isAsynchronousOperationSupported() const noexcept;
+
     /**
      * Retrieves the configuration settings of this Engine.
      *

filament/include/filament/Material.h

@@ -69,6 +69,20 @@ public:
     using ShaderModel = backend::ShaderModel;
     using SubpassType = backend::SubpassType;
 
+    /**
+     * Defines whether a material instance should use UBO batching or not.
+     */
+    enum class UboBatchingMode {
+        /**
+         * For default, it follows the engine settings.
+         * If UBO batching is enabled on the engine and the material domain is SURFACE, it
+         * turns on the UBO batching. Otherwise, it turns off the UBO batching.
+        */
+        DEFAULT,
+        //! Disable the Ubo Batching for this material
+        DISABLED,
+    };
+
     /**
      * Holds information about a material parameter.
      */
@@ -165,6 +179,13 @@ public:
          */
         Builder& shadowSamplingQuality(ShadowSamplingQuality quality) noexcept;
 
+        /**
+         * Set the batching mode of the instances created from this material.
+         * @param uboBatchingMode
+         * @return
+         */
+        Builder& uboBatching(UboBatchingMode uboBatchingMode) noexcept;
+
         /**
          * Creates the Material object and returns a pointer to it.
          *

filament/src/Engine.cpp

@@ -455,6 +455,10 @@ bool Engine::isStereoSupported(StereoscopicType) const noexcept {
     return downcast(this)->isStereoSupported();
 }
 
+bool Engine::isAsynchronousOperationSupported() const noexcept {
+    return downcast(this)->isAsynchronousOperationSupported();
+}
+
 size_t Engine::getMaxStereoscopicEyes() noexcept {
     return FEngine::getMaxStereoscopicEyes();
 }

filament/src/FrameInfo.cpp

@@ -101,11 +101,24 @@ void FrameInfoManager::beginFrame(FSwapChain* swapChain, DriverApi& driver,
     auto& history = mFrameTimeHistory;
     // don't exceed the capacity, drop the oldest entry
     if (UTILS_LIKELY(history.size() == history.capacity())) {
-        if (!mDisableGpuFrameComplete) {
+        FrameInfoImpl& frameInfo = history.back();
-            assert_invariant(history.back().fence);
+        if (frameInfo.ready.load(std::memory_order_relaxed)) {
-            driver.destroyFence(std::move(history.back().fence));
+            if (!mDisableGpuFrameComplete) {
+                assert_invariant(frameInfo.fence);
+                driver.destroyFence(std::move(frameInfo.fence));
+            }
+            history.pop_back();
+        } else {
+            // This is a big problem, we ran out of space in the circular queue and that entry
+            // hasn't been processed yet. Because the code below keeps a reference to the
+            // front element of the queue, we can't pop/push. Our only option is to not record
+            // a new entry for this frame, which will create a false skipped frame in the
+            // data.
+            LOG(WARNING) << "FrameInfo's circular queue is full, but the oldest item hasn't "
+                            "been processed yet. Skipping this frame, id = " << frameId;
+            mLastBeginFrameSkipped = true;
+            return;
         }
-        history.pop_back();
     }
 
     // create a new entry
@@ -193,6 +206,14 @@ void FrameInfoManager::beginFrame(FSwapChain* swapChain, DriverApi& driver,
 }
 
 void FrameInfoManager::endFrame(DriverApi& driver) noexcept {
+    if (mLastBeginFrameSkipped) {
+        // if we had to skip the last beginFrame(), endFrame() needs to be skipped too
+        // because history.front() now references the wrong frame.
+        // It is guaranteed that if beginFrame() is called, endFrame() will be called too.
+        mLastBeginFrameSkipped = false;
+        return;
+    }
+
     auto& front = mFrameTimeHistory.front();
     front.endFrame = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
 

filament/src/FrameInfo.h

@@ -95,33 +95,8 @@ struct FrameInfoImpl : public details::FrameInfo {
         assert_invariant(!fence);
     }
 
-    FrameInfoImpl(FrameInfoImpl&& rhs) noexcept : 
+    FrameInfoImpl(FrameInfoImpl& rhs) noexcept = delete;
-        details::FrameInfo(rhs),
+    FrameInfoImpl& operator=(FrameInfoImpl& rhs) noexcept = delete;
-        frameId(rhs.frameId),
-        beginFrame(rhs.beginFrame),
-        endFrame(rhs.endFrame),
-        backendBeginFrame(rhs.backendBeginFrame),
-        backendEndFrame(rhs.backendEndFrame),
-        gpuFrameComplete(rhs.gpuFrameComplete),
-        vsync(rhs.vsync),
-        fence(rhs.fence),
-        ready(rhs.ready.load())
-    {
-    }
-
-    FrameInfoImpl& operator=(FrameInfoImpl&& rhs) noexcept {
-        details::FrameInfo::operator=(rhs);
-        frameId = rhs.frameId;
-        beginFrame = rhs.beginFrame;
-        endFrame = rhs.endFrame;
-        backendBeginFrame = rhs.backendBeginFrame;
-        backendEndFrame = rhs.backendEndFrame;
-        gpuFrameComplete = rhs.gpuFrameComplete;
-        vsync = rhs.vsync;
-        fence = rhs.fence;
-        ready.store(rhs.ready.load());
-        return *this;
-    }
 };
 
 template<typename T, size_t CAPACITY>
@@ -340,6 +315,7 @@ private:
     FrameHistoryQueue mFrameTimeHistory{};
     utils::AsyncJobQueue mJobQueue;
     FSwapChain* mLastSeenSwapChain = nullptr;
+    bool mLastBeginFrameSkipped = false;
     bool const mHasTimerQueries = false;
     bool const mDisableGpuFrameComplete = false;
 };

filament/src/details/Engine.cpp

@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ using namespace filaflat;
 namespace {
 
 backend::Platform::DriverConfig getDriverConfig(FEngine* instance) {
-    return {
+    Platform::DriverConfig driverConfig {
         .handleArenaSize = instance->getRequestedDriverHandleArenaSize(),
         .metalUploadBufferSizeBytes = instance->getConfig().metalUploadBufferSizeBytes,
         .disableParallelShaderCompile = instance->features.backend.disable_parallel_shader_compile,
@@ -116,7 +116,11 @@ backend::Platform::DriverConfig getDriverConfig(FEngine* instance) {
         .gpuContextPriority = instance->getConfig().gpuContextPriority,
         .vulkanEnableStagingBufferBypass =
                 instance->features.backend.vulkan.enable_staging_buffer_bypass,
+        .asynchronousMode = instance->features.backend.enable_asynchronous_operation ?
+                instance->getConfig().asynchronousMode : AsynchronousMode::NONE,
     };
+
+    return driverConfig;
 }
 
 } // anonymous
@@ -727,7 +731,6 @@ void FEngine::prepare() {
             // post-process materials instances must be commited explicitly because their
             // parameters are typically not set at this point in time.
             if (item->getMaterial()->getMaterialDomain() == MaterialDomain::SURFACE) {
-                item->commitStreamUniformAssociations(driver);
                 item->commit(driver, uboManager);
             }
         });
@@ -991,10 +994,9 @@ FMaterialInstance* FEngine::createMaterialInstance(const FMaterial* material,
     return p;
 }
 
-FMaterialInstance* FEngine::createMaterialInstance(const FMaterial* material, const char* name,
+FMaterialInstance* FEngine::createMaterialInstance(const FMaterial* material,
-        UboBatchingMode batchingMode) noexcept {
+        const char* name) noexcept {
-    FMaterialInstance* p =
+    FMaterialInstance* p = mHeapAllocator.make<FMaterialInstance>(*this, material, name);
-            mHeapAllocator.make<FMaterialInstance>(*this, material, name, batchingMode);
     if (UTILS_LIKELY(p)) {
         auto pos = mMaterialInstances.emplace(material, "MaterialInstance");
         pos.first->second.insert(p);
@@ -1503,6 +1505,11 @@ Engine::FeatureLevel FEngine::setActiveFeatureLevel(FeatureLevel featureLevel) {
     return (mActiveFeatureLevel = std::max(mActiveFeatureLevel, featureLevel));
 }
 
+bool FEngine::isAsynchronousOperationSupported() const noexcept {
+    return features.backend.enable_asynchronous_operation &&
+        mConfig.asynchronousMode != AsynchronousMode::NONE;
+}
+
 #if defined(__EMSCRIPTEN__)
 void FEngine::resetBackendState() noexcept {
     getDriverApi().resetState();

filament/src/details/Engine.h

@@ -216,6 +216,8 @@ public:
         return getDriver().isStereoSupported();
     }
 
+    bool isAsynchronousOperationSupported() const noexcept;
+
     static size_t getMaxStereoscopicEyes() noexcept {
         return CONFIG_MAX_STEREOSCOPIC_EYES;
     }
@@ -345,21 +347,10 @@ public:
 
     FRenderer* createRenderer() noexcept;
 
-    // Defines whether a material instance should use UBO batching or not.
-    enum class UboBatchingMode {
-        // For default, it follows the engine settings.
-        // If UBO batching is enabled on the engine and the material domain is not SURFACE, it
-        // turns on the UBO batching. Otherwise, it turns off the UBO batching.
-        DEFAULT,
-        NO_UBO_BATCHING,
-        UBO_BATCHING
-    };
-
     FMaterialInstance* createMaterialInstance(const FMaterial* material,
             const FMaterialInstance* other, const char* name) noexcept;
 
-    FMaterialInstance* createMaterialInstance(const FMaterial* material, const char* name,
+    FMaterialInstance* createMaterialInstance(const FMaterial* material, const char* name) noexcept;
-            UboBatchingMode batchingMode) noexcept;
 
     FScene* createScene() noexcept;
     FView* createView() noexcept;
@@ -780,7 +771,7 @@ public:
                 bool assert_texture_can_generate_mipmap = CORRECTNESS_ASSERTION_DEFAULT;
             } debug;
             struct {
-                bool disable_gpu_frame_complete_metric = false;
+                bool disable_gpu_frame_complete_metric = true;
             } frame_info;
         } engine;
         struct {
@@ -797,6 +788,7 @@ public:
             bool disable_amortized_shader_compile = true;
             bool disable_handle_use_after_free_check = false;
             bool disable_heap_handle_tags = true; // FIXME: this should be false
+            bool enable_asynchronous_operation = false;
         } backend;
         struct {
             bool check_crc32_after_loading = false;
@@ -817,6 +809,9 @@ public:
             { "backend.disable_heap_handle_tags",
               "Disable Handle<> tags for heap-allocated handles.",
               &features.backend.disable_heap_handle_tags, true },
+            { "backend.enable_asynchronous_operation",
+              "Enable asynchronous operation for resource management.",
+              &features.backend.enable_asynchronous_operation, true },
             { "backend.opengl.assert_native_window_is_valid",
               "Asserts that the ANativeWindow is valid when rendering starts.",
               &features.backend.opengl.assert_native_window_is_valid, true },

filament/src/details/Material.cpp

@@ -70,10 +70,19 @@
 
 namespace filament {
 
+namespace {
+
 using namespace backend;
 using namespace filaflat;
 using namespace utils;
-using UboBatchingMode = FEngine::UboBatchingMode;
+using UboBatchingMode = Material::UboBatchingMode;
+
+bool shouldEnableBatching(FEngine& engine, UboBatchingMode batchingMode, MaterialDomain domain) {
+    return batchingMode != UboBatchingMode::DISABLED && engine.isUboBatchingEnabled() &&
+           domain == MaterialDomain::SURFACE;
+}
+
+} // anonymous namespace
 
 struct Material::BuilderDetails {
     const void* mPayload = nullptr;
@@ -81,6 +90,7 @@ struct Material::BuilderDetails {
     bool mDefaultMaterial = false;
     int32_t mShBandsCount = 3;
     Builder::ShadowSamplingQuality mShadowSamplingQuality = Builder::ShadowSamplingQuality::LOW;
+    UboBatchingMode mUboBatchingMode = UboBatchingMode::DEFAULT;
     std::unordered_map<
         CString,
         std::variant<int32_t, float, bool>,
@@ -115,6 +125,11 @@ Material::Builder& Material::Builder::shadowSamplingQuality(ShadowSamplingQualit
     return *this;
 }
 
+Material::Builder& Material::Builder::uboBatching(UboBatchingMode const mode) noexcept {
+    mImpl->mUboBatchingMode = mode;
+    return *this;
+}
+
 template<typename T, typename>
 Material::Builder& Material::Builder::constant(const char* name, size_t nameLength, T value) {
     FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(name != nullptr) << "name cannot be null";
@@ -148,8 +163,12 @@ Material* Material::Builder::build(Engine& engine) const {
 FMaterial::FMaterial(FEngine& engine, const Builder& builder, MaterialDefinition const& definition)
         : mDefinition(definition),
           mIsDefaultMaterial(builder->mDefaultMaterial),
+          mUseUboBatching(shouldEnableBatching(engine, builder->mUboBatchingMode,
+                  definition.materialDomain)),
           mEngine(engine),
           mMaterialId(engine.getMaterialId()) {
+    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(!mUseUboBatching || engine.isUboBatchingEnabled())
+            << "UBO batching is not enabled.";
     mSpecializationConstants = processSpecializationConstants(builder);
     precacheDepthVariants(engine);
 
@@ -282,14 +301,14 @@ FMaterialInstance* FMaterial::createInstance(const char* name) const noexcept {
         return FMaterialInstance::duplicate(mDefaultMaterialInstance, name);
     } else {
         // but if we don't, just create an instance with all the default parameters
-        return mEngine.createMaterialInstance(this, name, UboBatchingMode::DEFAULT);
+        return mEngine.createMaterialInstance(this, name);
     }
 }
 
 FMaterialInstance* FMaterial::getDefaultInstance() noexcept {
     if (UTILS_UNLIKELY(!mDefaultMaterialInstance)) {
         mDefaultMaterialInstance =
-                mEngine.createMaterialInstance(this, mDefinition.name.c_str(), UboBatchingMode::DEFAULT);
+                mEngine.createMaterialInstance(this, mDefinition.name.c_str());
         mDefaultMaterialInstance->setDefaultInstance(true);
     }
     return mDefaultMaterialInstance;

filament/src/details/Material.h

@@ -248,6 +248,10 @@ public:
         return mDefinition.perViewLayoutIndex;
     }
 
+    bool useUboBatching() const noexcept {
+        return mUseUboBatching;
+    }
+
 #if FILAMENT_ENABLE_MATDBG
     void applyPendingEdits() noexcept;
 
@@ -310,6 +314,8 @@ private:
 
     bool mIsDefaultMaterial = false;
 
+    bool mUseUboBatching = false;
+
     // reserve some space to construct the default material instance
     mutable FMaterialInstance* mDefaultMaterialInstance = nullptr;
 

filament/src/details/MaterialInstance.cpp

@@ -58,18 +58,8 @@ using namespace utils;
 namespace filament {
 
 using namespace backend;
-using UboBatchingMode = FEngine::UboBatchingMode;
 
-bool shouldEnableBatching(FEngine& engine, UboBatchingMode batchingMode, MaterialDomain domain) {
+FMaterialInstance::FMaterialInstance(FEngine& engine, FMaterial const* material, const char* name) noexcept
-    if (batchingMode != UboBatchingMode::DEFAULT) {
-        return batchingMode == UboBatchingMode::UBO_BATCHING;
-    }
-
-    return engine.isUboBatchingEnabled() && domain == MaterialDomain::SURFACE;
-}
-
-FMaterialInstance::FMaterialInstance(FEngine& engine, FMaterial const* material, const char* name,
-        UboBatchingMode batchingMode) noexcept
         : mMaterial(material),
           mDescriptorSet("MaterialInstance", material->getDescriptorSetLayout()),
           mCulling(CullingMode::BACK),
@@ -80,12 +70,9 @@ FMaterialInstance::FMaterialInstance(FEngine& engine, FMaterial const* material,
           mHasScissor(false),
           mIsDoubleSided(false),
           mIsDefaultInstance(false),
-          mUseUboBatching(
+          mUseUboBatching(material->useUboBatching()),
-                  shouldEnableBatching(engine, batchingMode, material->getMaterialDomain())),
           mTransparencyMode(TransparencyMode::DEFAULT),
           mName(name ? CString(name) : material->getName()) {
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(!mUseUboBatching || engine.isUboBatchingEnabled())
-            << "UBO batching is not enabled.";
     FEngine::DriverApi& driver = engine.getDriverApi();
 
     // even if the material doesn't have any parameters, we allocate a small UBO because it's
@@ -160,7 +147,6 @@ FMaterialInstance::FMaterialInstance(FEngine& engine,
           mUseUboBatching(other->mUseUboBatching),
           mScissorRect(other->mScissorRect),
           mName(name ? CString(name) : other->mName) {
-    assert_invariant(!mUseUboBatching || engine.isUboBatchingEnabled());
     FEngine::DriverApi& driver = engine.getDriverApi();
     FMaterial const* const material = other->getMaterial();
 
@@ -223,31 +209,6 @@ void FMaterialInstance::terminate(FEngine& engine) {
     }
 }
 
-void FMaterialInstance::commitStreamUniformAssociations(FEngine::DriverApi& driver) {
-    mHasStreamUniformAssociations = false;
-    if (!mTextureParameters.empty()) {
-        BufferObjectStreamDescriptor descriptor;
-        for (auto const& [binding, p]: mTextureParameters) {
-            ssize_t offset = mMaterial->getUniformInterfaceBlock().getTransformFieldOffset(binding);
-            if (offset >= 0) {
-                if (auto stream = p.texture->getStream()) {
-                    mHasStreamUniformAssociations = true;
-                    descriptor.mStreams.push_back({ uint32_t(offset), stream->getHandle(),
-                        BufferObjectStreamAssociationType::TRANSFORM_MATRIX });
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        if (descriptor.mStreams.size() > 0) {
-            // UBO batching is incompatible with stream uniform associations because streams require a
-            // dedicated UBO handle, not a sub-allocation. Assert that any instance here uses its own UBO.
-            assert_invariant(!mUseUboBatching);
-            auto const* ubHandle = std::get_if<Handle<HwBufferObject>>(&mUboData);
-            assert_invariant(ubHandle);
-            driver.registerBufferObjectStreams(*ubHandle, std::move(descriptor));
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 void FMaterialInstance::commit(FEngine& engine) const {
     if (UTILS_LIKELY(mMaterial->getMaterialDomain() != MaterialDomain::SURFACE)) {
         commit(engine.getDriverApi(), engine.getUboManager());
@@ -255,10 +216,9 @@ void FMaterialInstance::commit(FEngine& engine) const {
 }
 
 void FMaterialInstance::commit(FEngine::DriverApi& driver, UboManager* uboManager) const {
-    if (mUniforms.isDirty() || mHasStreamUniformAssociations) {
+    if (mUniforms.isDirty()) {
         mUniforms.clean();
-        if (mUseUboBatching) {
+        if (isUsingUboBatching()) {
-            assert_invariant(uboManager != nullptr);
             if (!BufferAllocator::isValid(getAllocationId())) {
                 // The allocation hasn't happened yet, return.
                 return;
@@ -289,7 +249,7 @@ void FMaterialInstance::commit(FEngine::DriverApi& driver, UboManager* uboManage
     // TODO: eventually we should remove this in RELEASE builds
     fixMissingSamplers();
 
-    if (mUseUboBatching && !BufferAllocator::isValid(getAllocationId())) {
+    if (isUsingUboBatching() && !BufferAllocator::isValid(getAllocationId())) {
         return;
     }
 
@@ -439,7 +399,7 @@ void FMaterialInstance::use(FEngine::DriverApi& driver, Variant variant) const {
         return;
     }
 
-    if (mUseUboBatching && !BufferAllocator::isValid(getAllocationId())) {
+    if (isUsingUboBatching() && !BufferAllocator::isValid(getAllocationId())) {
         return;
     }
 
@@ -476,7 +436,7 @@ void FMaterialInstance::assignUboAllocation(
         const Handle<HwBufferObject>& ubHandle,
         BufferAllocator::AllocationId id,
         BufferAllocator::allocation_size_t offset) {
-    assert_invariant(mUseUboBatching);
+    assert_invariant(isUsingUboBatching());
 
     mUboData = id;
     mUboOffset = offset;

filament/src/details/MaterialInstance.h

@@ -56,8 +56,7 @@ class FTexture;
 
 class FMaterialInstance : public MaterialInstance {
 public:
-    FMaterialInstance(FEngine& engine, FMaterial const* material, const char* name,
+    FMaterialInstance(FEngine& engine, FMaterial const* material, const char* name) noexcept;
-            FEngine::UboBatchingMode batchingMode) noexcept;
     FMaterialInstance(FEngine& engine, FMaterialInstance const* other, const char* name);
     FMaterialInstance(const FMaterialInstance& rhs) = delete;
     FMaterialInstance& operator=(const FMaterialInstance& rhs) = delete;
@@ -68,8 +67,6 @@ public:
 
     void terminate(FEngine& engine);
     
-    void commitStreamUniformAssociations(FEngine::DriverApi& driver);
-    
     void commit(FEngine& engine) const;
 
     void commit(FEngine::DriverApi& driver, UboManager* uboManager) const;
@@ -288,7 +285,6 @@ private:
     tsl::robin_map<backend::descriptor_binding_t, TextureParameter> mTextureParameters;
     mutable DescriptorSet mDescriptorSet;
     UniformBuffer mUniforms;
-    bool mHasStreamUniformAssociations = false;
 
     backend::PolygonOffset mPolygonOffset{};
     backend::StencilState mStencilState{};

filament/src/details/Renderer.cpp

@@ -292,16 +292,11 @@ void FRenderer::skipFrame(uint64_t vsyncSteadyClockTimeNano) {
     // do this before engine.flush()
     mResourceAllocator->gc(true);
 
-    // Run the component managers' GC in parallel
-    // WARNING: while doing this we can't access any component manager
-    auto& js = engine.getJobSystem();
-
-    auto *job = js.runAndRetain(jobs::createJob(js, nullptr, &FEngine::gc, &engine)); // gc all managers
-
     engine.flush();     // flush command stream
 
-    // make sure we're done with the gcs
+    // Run the component managers' GC
-    js.waitAndRelease(job);
+    auto& js = engine.getJobSystem();
+    js.runAndWait(jobs::createJob(js, nullptr, &FEngine::gc, &engine)); // gc all managers
 }
 
 bool FRenderer::shouldRenderFrame() const noexcept {
@@ -468,16 +463,11 @@ void FRenderer::endFrame() {
     // do this before engine.flush()
     mResourceAllocator->gc();
 
-    // Run the component managers' GC in parallel
-    // WARNING: while doing this we can't access any component manager
-    auto& js = engine.getJobSystem();
-
-    auto *job = js.runAndRetain(jobs::createJob(js, nullptr, &FEngine::gc, &engine)); // gc all managers
-
     engine.flush();     // flush command stream
 
-    // make sure we're done with the gcs
+    // Run the component managers' GC
-    js.waitAndRelease(job);
+    auto& js = engine.getJobSystem();
+    js.runAndWait(jobs::createJob(js, nullptr, &FEngine::gc, &engine)); // gc all managers
 }
 
 void FRenderer::readPixels(
@@ -571,7 +561,6 @@ void FRenderer::renderStandaloneView(FView const* view) {
 
     if (UTILS_LIKELY(view->getScene())) {
         mPreviousRenderTargets.clear();
-        mFrameId++;
 
         // ask the engine to do what it needs to (e.g. updates light buffer, materials...)
         FEngine& engine = mEngine;
@@ -581,8 +570,7 @@ void FRenderer::renderStandaloneView(FView const* view) {
         driver.beginFrame(
                 steady_clock::now().time_since_epoch().count(),
                 mDisplayInfo.refreshRate == 0.0 ? 0 : int64_t(
-                        1'000'000'000.0 / mDisplayInfo.refreshRate),
+                        1'000'000'000.0 / mDisplayInfo.refreshRate), 0);
-                mFrameId);
 
         // because we don't have a "present" call, we use flush so the driver can submit
         // the command buffer; we do this before driver.endFrame() to mimic what would
@@ -591,7 +579,7 @@ void FRenderer::renderStandaloneView(FView const* view) {
 
         engine.submitFrame();
 
-        driver.endFrame(mFrameId);
+        driver.endFrame(0);
 
         // engine.flush() has already been called by renderInternal(), but we need an extra one
         // for endFrame() above. This operation in actually not too heavy, it just kicks the

filament/src/details/Renderer.h

@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ private:
     backend::Handle<backend::HwRenderTarget> mRenderTargetHandle;
     FSwapChain* mSwapChain = nullptr;
     size_t mCommandsHighWatermark = 0;
-    uint32_t mFrameId = 0;
+    uint32_t mFrameId = 1; // id 0 is reserved for standalone views
     FrameInfoManager mFrameInfoManager;
     backend::TextureFormat mHdrTranslucent;
     backend::TextureFormat mHdrQualityMedium;

filament/src/details/UboManager.cpp

@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ using allocation_size_t = BufferAllocator::allocation_size_t;
 // FenceManager
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-void UboManager::FenceManager::track(DriverApi& driver, std::unordered_set<AllocationId>&& allocationIds) {
+void UboManager::FenceManager::track(DriverApi& driver, AllocationIdContainer&& allocationIds) {
     if (allocationIds.empty()) {
         return;
     }
@@ -159,15 +159,16 @@ void UboManager::finishBeginFrame(DriverApi& driver) {
 }
 
 void UboManager::endFrame(DriverApi& driver) {
-    std::unordered_set<AllocationId> allocationIds;
+    auto allocationIds =
-    for (const auto* mi : mManagedInstances) {
+            FenceManager::AllocationIdContainer::with_capacity(mManagedInstances.size());
+    for (const auto* mi: mManagedInstances) {
         const AllocationId id = mi->getAllocationId();
         if (UTILS_UNLIKELY(!BufferAllocator::isValid(id))) {
             continue;
         }
 
         mAllocator.acquireGpu(id);
-        allocationIds.insert(id);
+        allocationIds.push_back(id);
     }
 
     mFenceManager.track(driver, std::move(allocationIds));

filament/src/details/UboManager.h

@@ -55,6 +55,7 @@ public:
     class FenceManager {
     public:
         using AllocationId = BufferAllocator::AllocationId;
+        using AllocationIdContainer = utils::FixedCapacityVector<AllocationId>;
 
         FenceManager() = default;
         ~FenceManager() = default;
@@ -65,7 +66,7 @@ public:
 
         // Creates a new fence to track a set of allocation IDs for the current frame.
         // This marks the beginning of GPU's usage of these resources.
-        void track(backend::DriverApi& driver, std::unordered_set<AllocationId>&& allocationIds);
+        void track(backend::DriverApi& driver, AllocationIdContainer&& allocationIds);
 
 
         // Checks all tracked fences and invokes a callback for resources associated with
@@ -80,7 +81,7 @@ public:
     private:
         // Not ideal, but we need to know which slots to decrement gpuUseCount for each frame.
         using FenceAndAllocations =
-                std::pair<backend::Handle<backend::HwFence>, std::unordered_set<AllocationId>>;
+                std::pair<backend::Handle<backend::HwFence>, AllocationIdContainer>;
         std::vector<FenceAndAllocations> mFenceAllocationList;
     };
 

filament/test/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -13,11 +13,25 @@ set(GENERATION_ROOT ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR})
 set(RESOURCE_DIR  "${GENERATION_ROOT}/resources")
 file(MAKE_DIRECTORY ${RESOURCE_DIR})
 
+set(MATERIAL_DIR  "${GENERATION_ROOT}/material")
+file(MAKE_DIRECTORY ${MATERIAL_DIR})
+
+set(SANDBOX_TRANSFORM_NAME_MAT ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/sandboxTransformName.mat)
+set(TEST_MATERIAL_TRANSFORM_NAME_FILAMAT ${MATERIAL_DIR}/test_material_transformname.filamat)
+
+add_custom_command(
+        OUTPUT ${TEST_MATERIAL_TRANSFORM_NAME_FILAMAT}
+        COMMAND matc ${MATC_BASE_FLAGS} -o ${TEST_MATERIAL_TRANSFORM_NAME_FILAMAT} ${SANDBOX_TRANSFORM_NAME_MAT}
+        MAIN_DEPENDENCY ${SANDBOX_TRANSFORM_NAME_MAT}
+        DEPENDS matc
+        COMMENT "Compiling material ${SANDBOX_TRANSFORM_NAME_MAT}"
+)
+
 get_resgen_vars(${RESOURCE_DIR} filament_test_resources)
 
 set(RESOURCE_BINS
         ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/test_material.filamat
-        ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/test_material_transformname.filamat
+        ${TEST_MATERIAL_TRANSFORM_NAME_FILAMAT}
 )
 
 add_custom_command(

filament/test/update_test_material.sh

@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ OUTPUT_DIR="filament/test/"
 ./build.sh -p desktop release matc
 MATC=out/cmake-release/tools/matc/matc
 ${MATC} --platform all --api all -o ${OUTPUT_DIR}/test_material.filamat samples/materials/sandboxLit.mat
-${MATC} --platform all --api all -o ${OUTPUT_DIR}/test_material_transformname.filamat samples/materials/sandboxTransformName.mat
 
 set +x
 

ios/CocoaPods/Filament.podspec

@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 Pod::Spec.new do |spec|
   spec.name = "Filament"
-  spec.version = "1.67.1"
+  spec.version = "1.68.0"
   spec.license = { :type => "Apache 2.0", :file => "LICENSE" }
   spec.homepage = "https://google.github.io/filament"
   spec.authors = "Google LLC."
   spec.summary = "Filament is a real-time physically based rendering engine for Android, iOS, Windows, Linux, macOS, and WASM/WebGL."
   spec.platform = :ios, "11.0"
-  spec.source = { :http => "https://github.com/google/filament/releases/download/v1.67.1/filament-v1.67.1-ios.tgz" }
+  spec.source = { :http => "https://github.com/google/filament/releases/download/v1.68.0/filament-v1.68.0-ios.tgz" }
 
   # Fix linking error with Xcode 12; we do not yet support the simulator on Apple silicon.
   spec.pod_target_xcconfig = {

libs/filabridge/include/filament/MaterialEnums.h

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@
 namespace filament {
 
 // update this when a new version of filament wouldn't work with older materials
-static constexpr size_t MATERIAL_VERSION = 67;
+static constexpr size_t MATERIAL_VERSION = 68;
 
 /**
  * Supported shading models

libs/filabridge/include/private/filament/BufferInterfaceBlock.h

@@ -170,10 +170,6 @@ public:
     // negative value if name doesn't exist or Panic if exceptions are enabled
     ssize_t getFieldOffset(std::string_view name, size_t index) const;
 
-    // returns offset in bytes of the transform matrix for the given external texture binding
-    // returns -1 if the field doesn't exist
-    ssize_t getTransformFieldOffset(uint8_t binding) const;
-
     FieldInfo const* getFieldInfo(std::string_view name) const;
 
     bool hasField(std::string_view name) const noexcept {
@@ -201,7 +197,6 @@ private:
     utils::CString mName;
     utils::FixedCapacityVector<FieldInfo> mFieldInfoList;
     std::unordered_map<std::string_view , uint32_t> mInfoMap;
-    std::unordered_map<uint8_t, uint32_t> mTransformOffsetMap;
     uint32_t mSize = 0; // size in bytes rounded to multiple of 4
     Alignment mAlignment = Alignment::std140;
     Target mTarget = Target::UNIFORM;

libs/filabridge/src/BufferInterfaceBlock.cpp

@@ -122,8 +122,6 @@ BufferInterfaceBlock::BufferInterfaceBlock(Builder const& builder) noexcept
 
     auto& uniformsInfoList = mFieldInfoList;
 
-    auto& transformOffsetMap = mTransformOffsetMap;
-
     uint32_t i = 0;
     uint16_t offset = 0;
     for (auto const& e : builder.mEntries) {
@@ -150,11 +148,6 @@ BufferInterfaceBlock::BufferInterfaceBlock(Builder const& builder) noexcept
         // record this uniform info
         infoMap[{ info.name.data(), info.name.size() }] = i;
 
-        // record the transform offset if this is an external sampler
-        if (e.associatedSampler != 0) {
-            transformOffsetMap[e.associatedSampler] = offset;
-        }
-
         // advance offset to next slot
         offset += stride * std::max(1u, e.size);
         ++i;
@@ -170,14 +163,6 @@ ssize_t BufferInterfaceBlock::getFieldOffset(std::string_view name, size_t index
     return (ssize_t)info->getBufferOffset(index);
 }
 
-ssize_t BufferInterfaceBlock::getTransformFieldOffset(uint8_t binding) const {
-    auto pos = mTransformOffsetMap.find(binding);
-    if (pos == mTransformOffsetMap.end()) {
-        return -1;
-    }
-    return (ssize_t)pos->second * sizeof(uint32_t);
-}
-
 BufferInterfaceBlock::FieldInfo const* BufferInterfaceBlock::getFieldInfo(
         std::string_view name) const {
     auto pos = mInfoMap.find(name);

libs/filagui/include/filagui/ImGuiHelper.h

@@ -17,9 +17,6 @@
 #ifndef FILAGUI_IMGUIHELPER_H_
 #define FILAGUI_IMGUIHELPER_H_
 
-#include <vector>
-#include <functional>
-
 #include <filament/Engine.h>
 #include <filament/IndexBuffer.h>
 #include <filament/Material.h>
@@ -32,6 +29,10 @@
 #include <utils/Entity.h>
 #include <utils/Path.h>
 
+#include <functional>
+#include <vector>
+#include <unordered_set>
+
 struct ImDrawData;
 struct ImGuiIO;
 struct ImGuiContext;
@@ -100,6 +101,7 @@ public:
       filament::TextureSampler mSampler;
       bool mFlipVertical = false;
       utils::Path mSettingsPath;
+      std::unordered_set<filament::Texture*> mImGuiTextures;
 };
 
 } // namespace filagui

libs/filagui/src/ImGuiHelper.cpp

@@ -148,6 +148,12 @@ ImGuiHelper::~ImGuiHelper() {
         mEngine->destroy(ib);
     }
 
+    // These are textures that have been created by imgui but were not explicitly freed before
+    // shutdown.
+    for (auto itextures: mImGuiTextures) {
+        mEngine->destroy(itextures);
+    }
+
     EntityManager& em = utils::EntityManager::get();
     em.destroy(mRenderable);
     em.destroy(mCameraEntity);
@@ -189,6 +195,48 @@ void ImGuiHelper::render(float timeStepInSeconds, Callback imguiCommands) {
 
 void ImGuiHelper::processImGuiCommands(ImDrawData* commands, const ImGuiIO& io) {
     ImGui::SetCurrentContext(mImGuiContext);
+    if (commands->Textures != nullptr) {
+        for (ImTextureData* tex : *commands->Textures) {
+            if (tex->Status == ImTextureStatus_OK) {
+                continue;
+            } else if (tex->Status == ImTextureStatus_WantCreate) {
+                IM_ASSERT(tex->TexID == 0 && tex->BackendUserData == nullptr);
+                Texture* ftex = Texture::Builder()
+                        .width(tex->Width)
+                        .height(tex->Height)
+                        .levels(1)
+                        .format(Texture::InternalFormat::RGBA8)
+                        .sampler(Texture::Sampler::SAMPLER_2D)
+                        .build(*mEngine);
+                IM_ASSERT(tex->Format == ImTextureFormat_RGBA32);
+                const int size = tex->Width * tex->Height * 4;
+                Texture::PixelBufferDescriptor pb(tex->GetPixels(), size,
+                                                Texture::Format::RGBA,
+                                                Texture::Type::UBYTE);
+                ftex->setImage(*mEngine, 0, std::move(pb));
+
+                tex->SetTexID((ImTextureID)ftex);
+                tex->SetStatus(ImTextureStatus_OK);
+                mImGuiTextures.insert(ftex);
+            } else if (tex->Status == ImTextureStatus_WantUpdates) {
+                const int size = tex->Width * tex->Height * 4;
+                Texture::PixelBufferDescriptor pb(tex->GetPixels(), size,
+                                                Texture::Format::RGBA,
+                                                Texture::Type::UBYTE);
+                filament::Texture* ftex = (filament::Texture*)tex->TexID;
+                ftex->setImage(*mEngine, 0, std::move(pb));
+                tex->SetStatus(ImTextureStatus_OK);
+            } else if (tex->Status == ImTextureStatus_WantDestroy &&
+                    tex->UnusedFrames > 0) {
+
+                filament::Texture* ftex = (filament::Texture*)tex->TexID;
+                mEngine->destroy(ftex);
+                tex->SetTexID(ImTextureID_Invalid);
+                tex->SetStatus(ImTextureStatus_Destroyed);
+                mImGuiTextures.erase(ftex);
+            }
+        }
+    }
 
     mHasSynced = false;
     auto& rcm = mEngine->getRenderableManager();
@@ -228,7 +276,7 @@ void ImGuiHelper::processImGuiCommands(ImDrawData* commands, const ImGuiIO& io)
             if (pcmd.UserCallback) {
                 pcmd.UserCallback(cmds, &pcmd);
             } else {
-                auto texture = (Texture const*)pcmd.TextureId;
+                auto texture = (Texture const*)pcmd.GetTexID();
                 MaterialInstance* materialInstance;
 #ifdef __ANDROID__
                 if (texture && texture->getTarget() == Texture::Sampler::SAMPLER_EXTERNAL) {

libs/filamentapp/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -37,9 +37,13 @@ set(SRCS
         src/IcoSphere.cpp
         src/MeshAssimp.cpp
         src/Sphere.cpp
-        src/VulkanPlatformHelper.cpp
+        src/KeyInputConversion.h
 )
 
+if (FILAMENT_SUPPORTS_VULKAN)
+    list(APPEND SRCS src/VulkanPlatformHelper.cpp)
+endif()
+
 set(LIBS
         assimp
         camutils
@@ -79,7 +83,11 @@ endif()
 
 if (WIN32)
     list(APPEND SRCS src/NativeWindowHelperWindows.cpp)
-    list(APPEND SRCS src/VulkanPlatformHelperWindows.cpp)
+
+    if (FILAMENT_SUPPORTS_VULKAN)
+        list(APPEND SRCS src/VulkanPlatformHelperWindows.cpp)
+    endif()
+
     list(APPEND LIBS sdl2main)
 endif()
 

libs/filamentapp/src/FilamentApp.cpp

@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@
 
 #include <filamentapp/FilamentApp.h>
 
+#include "KeyInputConversion.h"
+
 #if defined(WIN32)
 #    include <SDL_syswm.h>
 #    include <utils/unwindows.h>
@@ -211,27 +213,6 @@ void FilamentApp::run(const Config& config, SetupCallback setupCallback,
             SDL_GetWindowWMInfo(window->getSDLWindow(), &wmInfo);
             ImGui::GetMainViewport()->PlatformHandleRaw = wmInfo.info.win.window;
         #endif
-        io.KeyMap[ImGuiKey_Tab] = SDL_SCANCODE_TAB;
-        io.KeyMap[ImGuiKey_LeftArrow] = SDL_SCANCODE_LEFT;
-        io.KeyMap[ImGuiKey_RightArrow] = SDL_SCANCODE_RIGHT;
-        io.KeyMap[ImGuiKey_UpArrow] = SDL_SCANCODE_UP;
-        io.KeyMap[ImGuiKey_DownArrow] = SDL_SCANCODE_DOWN;
-        io.KeyMap[ImGuiKey_PageUp] = SDL_SCANCODE_PAGEUP;
-        io.KeyMap[ImGuiKey_PageDown] = SDL_SCANCODE_PAGEDOWN;
-        io.KeyMap[ImGuiKey_Home] = SDL_SCANCODE_HOME;
-        io.KeyMap[ImGuiKey_End] = SDL_SCANCODE_END;
-        io.KeyMap[ImGuiKey_Insert] = SDL_SCANCODE_INSERT;
-        io.KeyMap[ImGuiKey_Delete] = SDL_SCANCODE_DELETE;
-        io.KeyMap[ImGuiKey_Backspace] = SDL_SCANCODE_BACKSPACE;
-        io.KeyMap[ImGuiKey_Space] = SDL_SCANCODE_SPACE;
-        io.KeyMap[ImGuiKey_Enter] = SDL_SCANCODE_RETURN;
-        io.KeyMap[ImGuiKey_Escape] = SDL_SCANCODE_ESCAPE;
-        io.KeyMap[ImGuiKey_A] = SDL_SCANCODE_A;
-        io.KeyMap[ImGuiKey_C] = SDL_SCANCODE_C;
-        io.KeyMap[ImGuiKey_V] = SDL_SCANCODE_V;
-        io.KeyMap[ImGuiKey_X] = SDL_SCANCODE_X;
-        io.KeyMap[ImGuiKey_Y] = SDL_SCANCODE_Y;
-        io.KeyMap[ImGuiKey_Z] = SDL_SCANCODE_Z;
         io.SetClipboardTextFn = [](void*, const char* text) {
             SDL_SetClipboardText(text);
         };
@@ -305,15 +286,19 @@ void FilamentApp::run(const Config& config, SetupCallback setupCallback,
                         io.AddInputCharactersUTF8(event->text.text);
                         break;
                     }
-                    case SDL_KEYDOWN:
+                    case SDL_KEYUP:
-                    case SDL_KEYUP: {
+                    case SDL_KEYDOWN: {
-                        int key = event->key.keysym.scancode;
+                        SDL_Scancode const scancode = event->key.keysym.scancode;
-                        IM_ASSERT(key >= 0 && key < IM_ARRAYSIZE(io.KeysDown));
+                        SDL_Keycode const keycode = event->key.keysym.sym;
-                        io.KeysDown[key] = (event->type == SDL_KEYDOWN);
+
-                        io.KeyShift = ((SDL_GetModState() & KMOD_SHIFT) != 0);
+                        auto modState = SDL_GetModState();
-                        io.KeyAlt = ((SDL_GetModState() & KMOD_ALT) != 0);
+                        io.AddKeyEvent(ImGuiMod_Ctrl, (modState & KMOD_CTRL) != 0);
-                        io.KeyCtrl = ((SDL_GetModState() & KMOD_CTRL) != 0);
+                        io.AddKeyEvent(ImGuiMod_Shift, (modState & KMOD_SHIFT) != 0);
-                        io.KeySuper = ((SDL_GetModState() & KMOD_GUI) != 0);
+                        io.AddKeyEvent(ImGuiMod_Alt, (modState & KMOD_ALT) != 0);
+                        io.AddKeyEvent(ImGuiMod_Super, (modState & KMOD_GUI) != 0);
+                        io.AddKeyEvent(
+                                filamentapp_utils::ImGui_ImplSDL2_KeyEventToImGuiKey(keycode, scancode),
+                                event->type == SDL_KEYDOWN);
                         break;
                     }
                 }

libs/filamentapp/src/KeyInputConversion.h

@@ -0,0 +1,297 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2025 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#ifndef TNT_FILAMENT_FILAMENTAPP_KEYINPUTCONVERSION_H
+#define TNT_FILAMENT_FILAMENTAPP_KEYINPUTCONVERSION_H
+
+#include <imgui.h>
+#include <SDL.h>
+
+namespace filamentapp_utils {
+
+// Copied from
+// https://github.com/ocornut/imgui/blob/940627d008b8f0584b7f50d24574537cf24a32e1/backends/imgui_impl_sdl2.cpp#L206
+ImGuiKey ImGui_ImplSDL2_KeyEventToImGuiKey(SDL_Keycode keycode, SDL_Scancode scancode) {
+    switch (keycode) {
+        case SDLK_TAB:
+            return ImGuiKey_Tab;
+        case SDLK_LEFT:
+            return ImGuiKey_LeftArrow;
+        case SDLK_RIGHT:
+            return ImGuiKey_RightArrow;
+        case SDLK_UP:
+            return ImGuiKey_UpArrow;
+        case SDLK_DOWN:
+            return ImGuiKey_DownArrow;
+        case SDLK_PAGEUP:
+            return ImGuiKey_PageUp;
+        case SDLK_PAGEDOWN:
+            return ImGuiKey_PageDown;
+        case SDLK_HOME:
+            return ImGuiKey_Home;
+        case SDLK_END:
+            return ImGuiKey_End;
+        case SDLK_INSERT:
+            return ImGuiKey_Insert;
+        case SDLK_DELETE:
+            return ImGuiKey_Delete;
+        case SDLK_BACKSPACE:
+            return ImGuiKey_Backspace;
+        case SDLK_SPACE:
+            return ImGuiKey_Space;
+        case SDLK_RETURN:
+            return ImGuiKey_Enter;
+        case SDLK_ESCAPE:
+            return ImGuiKey_Escape;
+        // case SDLK_QUOTE: return ImGuiKey_Apostrophe;
+        case SDLK_COMMA:
+            return ImGuiKey_Comma;
+        // case SDLK_MINUS: return ImGuiKey_Minus;
+        case SDLK_PERIOD:
+            return ImGuiKey_Period;
+        // case SDLK_SLASH: return ImGuiKey_Slash;
+        case SDLK_SEMICOLON:
+            return ImGuiKey_Semicolon;
+        // case SDLK_EQUALS: return ImGuiKey_Equal;
+        // case SDLK_LEFTBRACKET: return ImGuiKey_LeftBracket;
+        // case SDLK_BACKSLASH: return ImGuiKey_Backslash;
+        // case SDLK_RIGHTBRACKET: return ImGuiKey_RightBracket;
+        // case SDLK_BACKQUOTE: return ImGuiKey_GraveAccent;
+        case SDLK_CAPSLOCK:
+            return ImGuiKey_CapsLock;
+        case SDLK_SCROLLLOCK:
+            return ImGuiKey_ScrollLock;
+        case SDLK_NUMLOCKCLEAR:
+            return ImGuiKey_NumLock;
+        case SDLK_PRINTSCREEN:
+            return ImGuiKey_PrintScreen;
+        case SDLK_PAUSE:
+            return ImGuiKey_Pause;
+        case SDLK_KP_0:
+            return ImGuiKey_Keypad0;
+        case SDLK_KP_1:
+            return ImGuiKey_Keypad1;
+        case SDLK_KP_2:
+            return ImGuiKey_Keypad2;
+        case SDLK_KP_3:
+            return ImGuiKey_Keypad3;
+        case SDLK_KP_4:
+            return ImGuiKey_Keypad4;
+        case SDLK_KP_5:
+            return ImGuiKey_Keypad5;
+        case SDLK_KP_6:
+            return ImGuiKey_Keypad6;
+        case SDLK_KP_7:
+            return ImGuiKey_Keypad7;
+        case SDLK_KP_8:
+            return ImGuiKey_Keypad8;
+        case SDLK_KP_9:
+            return ImGuiKey_Keypad9;
+        case SDLK_KP_PERIOD:
+            return ImGuiKey_KeypadDecimal;
+        case SDLK_KP_DIVIDE:
+            return ImGuiKey_KeypadDivide;
+        case SDLK_KP_MULTIPLY:
+            return ImGuiKey_KeypadMultiply;
+        case SDLK_KP_MINUS:
+            return ImGuiKey_KeypadSubtract;
+        case SDLK_KP_PLUS:
+            return ImGuiKey_KeypadAdd;
+        case SDLK_KP_ENTER:
+            return ImGuiKey_KeypadEnter;
+        case SDLK_KP_EQUALS:
+            return ImGuiKey_KeypadEqual;
+        case SDLK_LCTRL:
+            return ImGuiKey_LeftCtrl;
+        case SDLK_LSHIFT:
+            return ImGuiKey_LeftShift;
+        case SDLK_LALT:
+            return ImGuiKey_LeftAlt;
+        case SDLK_LGUI:
+            return ImGuiKey_LeftSuper;
+        case SDLK_RCTRL:
+            return ImGuiKey_RightCtrl;
+        case SDLK_RSHIFT:
+            return ImGuiKey_RightShift;
+        case SDLK_RALT:
+            return ImGuiKey_RightAlt;
+        case SDLK_RGUI:
+            return ImGuiKey_RightSuper;
+        case SDLK_APPLICATION:
+            return ImGuiKey_Menu;
+        case SDLK_0:
+            return ImGuiKey_0;
+        case SDLK_1:
+            return ImGuiKey_1;
+        case SDLK_2:
+            return ImGuiKey_2;
+        case SDLK_3:
+            return ImGuiKey_3;
+        case SDLK_4:
+            return ImGuiKey_4;
+        case SDLK_5:
+            return ImGuiKey_5;
+        case SDLK_6:
+            return ImGuiKey_6;
+        case SDLK_7:
+            return ImGuiKey_7;
+        case SDLK_8:
+            return ImGuiKey_8;
+        case SDLK_9:
+            return ImGuiKey_9;
+        case SDLK_a:
+            return ImGuiKey_A;
+        case SDLK_b:
+            return ImGuiKey_B;
+        case SDLK_c:
+            return ImGuiKey_C;
+        case SDLK_d:
+            return ImGuiKey_D;
+        case SDLK_e:
+            return ImGuiKey_E;
+        case SDLK_f:
+            return ImGuiKey_F;
+        case SDLK_g:
+            return ImGuiKey_G;
+        case SDLK_h:
+            return ImGuiKey_H;
+        case SDLK_i:
+            return ImGuiKey_I;
+        case SDLK_j:
+            return ImGuiKey_J;
+        case SDLK_k:
+            return ImGuiKey_K;
+        case SDLK_l:
+            return ImGuiKey_L;
+        case SDLK_m:
+            return ImGuiKey_M;
+        case SDLK_n:
+            return ImGuiKey_N;
+        case SDLK_o:
+            return ImGuiKey_O;
+        case SDLK_p:
+            return ImGuiKey_P;
+        case SDLK_q:
+            return ImGuiKey_Q;
+        case SDLK_r:
+            return ImGuiKey_R;
+        case SDLK_s:
+            return ImGuiKey_S;
+        case SDLK_t:
+            return ImGuiKey_T;
+        case SDLK_u:
+            return ImGuiKey_U;
+        case SDLK_v:
+            return ImGuiKey_V;
+        case SDLK_w:
+            return ImGuiKey_W;
+        case SDLK_x:
+            return ImGuiKey_X;
+        case SDLK_y:
+            return ImGuiKey_Y;
+        case SDLK_z:
+            return ImGuiKey_Z;
+        case SDLK_F1:
+            return ImGuiKey_F1;
+        case SDLK_F2:
+            return ImGuiKey_F2;
+        case SDLK_F3:
+            return ImGuiKey_F3;
+        case SDLK_F4:
+            return ImGuiKey_F4;
+        case SDLK_F5:
+            return ImGuiKey_F5;
+        case SDLK_F6:
+            return ImGuiKey_F6;
+        case SDLK_F7:
+            return ImGuiKey_F7;
+        case SDLK_F8:
+            return ImGuiKey_F8;
+        case SDLK_F9:
+            return ImGuiKey_F9;
+        case SDLK_F10:
+            return ImGuiKey_F10;
+        case SDLK_F11:
+            return ImGuiKey_F11;
+        case SDLK_F12:
+            return ImGuiKey_F12;
+        case SDLK_F13:
+            return ImGuiKey_F13;
+        case SDLK_F14:
+            return ImGuiKey_F14;
+        case SDLK_F15:
+            return ImGuiKey_F15;
+        case SDLK_F16:
+            return ImGuiKey_F16;
+        case SDLK_F17:
+            return ImGuiKey_F17;
+        case SDLK_F18:
+            return ImGuiKey_F18;
+        case SDLK_F19:
+            return ImGuiKey_F19;
+        case SDLK_F20:
+            return ImGuiKey_F20;
+        case SDLK_F21:
+            return ImGuiKey_F21;
+        case SDLK_F22:
+            return ImGuiKey_F22;
+        case SDLK_F23:
+            return ImGuiKey_F23;
+        case SDLK_F24:
+            return ImGuiKey_F24;
+        case SDLK_AC_BACK:
+            return ImGuiKey_AppBack;
+        case SDLK_AC_FORWARD:
+            return ImGuiKey_AppForward;
+        default:
+            break;
+    }
+
+    // Fallback to scancode
+    switch (scancode) {
+        case SDL_SCANCODE_GRAVE:
+            return ImGuiKey_GraveAccent;
+        case SDL_SCANCODE_MINUS:
+            return ImGuiKey_Minus;
+        case SDL_SCANCODE_EQUALS:
+            return ImGuiKey_Equal;
+        case SDL_SCANCODE_LEFTBRACKET:
+            return ImGuiKey_LeftBracket;
+        case SDL_SCANCODE_RIGHTBRACKET:
+            return ImGuiKey_RightBracket;
+        case SDL_SCANCODE_NONUSBACKSLASH:
+            return ImGuiKey_Oem102;
+        case SDL_SCANCODE_BACKSLASH:
+            return ImGuiKey_Backslash;
+        case SDL_SCANCODE_SEMICOLON:
+            return ImGuiKey_Semicolon;
+        case SDL_SCANCODE_APOSTROPHE:
+            return ImGuiKey_Apostrophe;
+        case SDL_SCANCODE_COMMA:
+            return ImGuiKey_Comma;
+        case SDL_SCANCODE_PERIOD:
+            return ImGuiKey_Period;
+        case SDL_SCANCODE_SLASH:
+            return ImGuiKey_Slash;
+        default:
+            break;
+    }
+    return ImGuiKey_None;
+}
+
+} // namespace filamentapp_utils
+
+#endif // TNT_FILAMENT_FILAMENTAPP_KEYINPUTCONVERSION_H

libs/filamentapp/src/NativeWindowHelperLinux.cpp

@@ -38,19 +38,18 @@ void* getNativeWindow(SDL_Window* sdlWindow) {
         SDL_GetWindowSize(sdlWindow, &width, &height);
 
         // Static is used here to allocate the struct pointer for the lifetime of the program.
-        // Without static the valid struct quickyly goes out of scope, and ends with seemingly
+        // Without static the valid struct quickly goes out of scope, and ends with seemingly
-        // random segfaults.
+        // random segfaults. We must update the values on each call.
         static struct {
             struct wl_display *display;
             struct wl_surface *surface;
             uint32_t width;
             uint32_t height;
-        } wayland {
+        } wayland;
-            wmi.info.wl.display,
+        wayland.display = wmi.info.wl.display;
-            wmi.info.wl.surface,
+        wayland.surface = wmi.info.wl.surface;
-            static_cast<uint32_t>(width),
+        wayland.width = static_cast<uint32_t>(width);
-            static_cast<uint32_t>(height)
+        wayland.height = static_cast<uint32_t>(height);
-        };
         return (void *) &wayland;
 #endif
     }

libs/utils/benchmark/benchmark_memcpy.cpp

@@ -18,25 +18,125 @@
 
 #include <benchmark/benchmark.h>
 
+#include <utils/memalign.h>
 
-static void BM_memcpy(benchmark::State& state) {
+#include <cstddef>
-    char* src = new char[state.range(0)];
+#include <cstdint>
-    char* dst = new char[state.range(0)];
+#include <cstdlib>
-    memset(src, 'x', (size_t)state.range(0));
+#include <cstring>
+#include <vector>
 
-    {
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-        PerformanceCounters pc(state);
-        for (auto _ : state) {
-            memcpy(dst, src, (size_t)state.range(0));
-            benchmark::DoNotOptimize(dst);
-            benchmark::DoNotOptimize(src);
-            benchmark::ClobberMemory();
-        }
-    }
-    state.SetBytesProcessed(int64_t(state.iterations()) * int64_t(state.range(0)));
 
-    delete[] src;
+#ifdef __linux__
-    delete[] dst;
+#include <sched.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <sys/syscall.h>
+#endif
+
+// Returns true if successful, false if failed
+static bool pinThreadToCore(int core_id) {
+#ifdef __linux__
+    cpu_set_t cpuset;
+    CPU_ZERO(&cpuset);
+    CPU_SET(core_id, &cpuset);
+
+    // 0 = current thread
+    int const result = sched_setaffinity(0, sizeof(cpu_set_t), &cpuset);
+    return (result == 0);
+#else
+    (void)core_id;
+    return false;
+#endif
 }
 
-BENCHMARK(BM_memcpy)->Range(8, 8192<<10)->Threads(1)->Threads(8);
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+static constexpr size_t ALIGNMENT = 16 << 10;
+
+template<class T, size_t Align>
+struct AlignedAllocator {
+    using value_type = T;
+
+    template<class U>
+    struct rebind {
+        using other = AlignedAllocator<U, Align>;
+    };
+
+    AlignedAllocator() noexcept = default;
+
+    template<class U>
+    explicit AlignedAllocator(const AlignedAllocator<U, Align>&) noexcept {}
+
+    T* allocate(size_t const n) {
+        size_t const bytes = n * sizeof(T);
+        // std::aligned_alloc requires size to be a multiple of alignment.
+        size_t const aligned_bytes = ((bytes + Align - 1) / Align) * Align;
+        void* ptr = utils::aligned_alloc(aligned_bytes, Align);
+        return static_cast<T*>(ptr);
+    }
+
+    void deallocate(T* p, size_t) noexcept {
+        utils::aligned_free(p);
+    }
+};
+
+template<typename T>
+using PageAlignedVector = std::vector<T, AlignedAllocator<T, ALIGNMENT>>;
+
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+static void BM_memcpy(benchmark::State& state) {
+    // pinThreadToCore(7);
+    int64_t const size = state.range(0);
+    PageAlignedVector<char> src(size);
+    PageAlignedVector<char> dst(size);
+
+    // make all these pages resident
+    memset(src.data(), 0, size);
+    memset(dst.data(), 0, size);
+    benchmark::ClobberMemory();
+
+    {
+        // PerformanceCounters const pc(state);
+        for (auto _: state) {
+            memcpy(dst.data(), src.data(), size);
+            benchmark::DoNotOptimize(dst);
+            benchmark::DoNotOptimize(src);
+        }
+    }
+    state.SetBytesProcessed(int64_t(state.iterations()) * int64_t(size));
+}
+
+static void BM_memset(benchmark::State& state) {
+    //pinThreadToCore(7);
+    int64_t const size = state.range(0);
+    PageAlignedVector<char> src(size);
+
+    // make all these pages resident
+    memset(src.data(), 0, size);
+    benchmark::ClobberMemory();
+
+    {
+        // PerformanceCounters const pc(state);
+        for (auto _: state) {
+            memset(src.data(), 0, size);
+            benchmark::DoNotOptimize(src);
+        }
+    }
+    state.SetBytesProcessed(int64_t(state.iterations()) * int64_t(size));
+}
+
+BENCHMARK(BM_memcpy)
+    ->DenseRange( 4<<10, 128<<10,   8<<10)
+    ->DenseRange(128<<10,  4<<20, 128<<10)
+    ->DenseRange(  4<<20, 16<<20,   1<<20)
+    ->DenseRange( 16<<20, 32<<20,   2<<20)
+    ;
+
+BENCHMARK(BM_memset)
+    ->DenseRange( 4<<10, 128<<10,   8<<10)
+    ->DenseRange(128<<10,  4<<20, 128<<10)
+    ->DenseRange(  4<<20, 16<<20,   1<<20)
+    ->DenseRange( 16<<20, 32<<20,   2<<20)
+    ;

libs/utils/include/utils/Invocable.h

@@ -65,6 +65,7 @@ public:
     // Creates an Invocable that does not contain a functor.
     // Will evaluate to false.
     Invocable() = default;
+    Invocable(std::nullptr_t) noexcept {}
 
     ~Invocable() noexcept;
 
@@ -77,6 +78,7 @@ public:
 
     Invocable& operator=(const Invocable&) = delete;
     Invocable& operator=(Invocable&& rhs) noexcept;
+    Invocable& operator=(std::nullptr_t) noexcept;
 
     // Invokes the invocable with the args passed in.
     // If the Invocable is empty, this will assert.
@@ -141,6 +143,17 @@ Invocable<R(Args...)>& Invocable<R(Args...)>::operator=(Invocable&& rhs) noexcep
     return *this;
 }
 
+template<typename R, typename... Args>
+Invocable<R(Args...)>& Invocable<R(Args...)>::operator=(std::nullptr_t) noexcept {
+    if (mDeleter) {
+        mDeleter(mInvocable);
+    }
+    mInvocable = nullptr;
+    mDeleter = nullptr;
+    mInvoker = nullptr;
+    return *this;
+}
+
 template<typename R, typename... Args>
 template<typename... OperatorArgs>
 R Invocable<R(Args...)>::operator()(OperatorArgs&& ... args) {

libs/utils/src/AsyncJobQueue.cpp

@@ -55,7 +55,10 @@ AsyncJobQueue::AsyncJobQueue(const char* name, Priority priority) {
 }
 
 AsyncJobQueue::~AsyncJobQueue() noexcept {
+    // wait for all pending callbacks to be called & terminate the thread
+    drainAndExit();
 #if !defined(__EMSCRIPTEN__)
+    assert_invariant(!mThread.joinable());
     assert_invariant(mQueue.empty());
 #endif
 }
@@ -94,6 +97,9 @@ bool AsyncJobQueue::isValid() const noexcept {
 void AsyncJobQueue::drainAndExit() {
 #if !defined(__EMSCRIPTEN__)
     std::unique_lock lock(mLock);
+    if (mExitRequested) {
+        return;
+    }
     // we request the service thread to exit, but we're guaranteed that it'll only exit
     // after all current callbacks are processed. In addition, once mExitRequested is set,
     // no new jobs can be added, so we can join the thread.

libs/viewer/src/ViewerGui.cpp

@@ -41,6 +41,36 @@ using namespace filament::math;
 namespace filament {
 namespace viewer {
 
+namespace {
+
+ImGuiKey convertKey(int keycode) {
+
+    // The following table uses normal ANSI codes, which is consistent with the keyCode that
+    // comes from a web "keydown" event.
+    switch (keycode) {
+        case 9: return ImGuiKey_Tab;
+        case 37: return ImGuiKey_LeftArrow;
+        case 39: return ImGuiKey_RightArrow;
+        case 38: return ImGuiKey_UpArrow;
+        case 40: return ImGuiKey_DownArrow;
+        case 36: return ImGuiKey_Home;
+        case 35: return ImGuiKey_End;
+        case 46: return ImGuiKey_Delete;
+        case 8: return ImGuiKey_Backspace;
+        case 13: return ImGuiKey_Enter;
+        case 27: return ImGuiKey_Escape;
+        case 65: return ImGuiKey_A;
+        case 67: return ImGuiKey_C;
+        case 86: return ImGuiKey_V;
+        case 88: return ImGuiKey_X;
+        case 89: return ImGuiKey_Y;
+        case 90: return ImGuiKey_Z;
+        default: return ImGuiKey_None;
+    }
+}
+
+}
+
 mat4f fitIntoUnitCube(const Aabb& bounds, float zoffset) {
     float3 minpt = bounds.min;
     float3 maxpt = bounds.max;
@@ -563,27 +593,6 @@ void ViewerGui::renderUserInterface(float timeStepInSeconds, View* guiView, floa
         mImGuiHelper = new ImGuiHelper(mEngine, guiView, "");
 
         auto& io = ImGui::GetIO();
-
-        // The following table uses normal ANSI codes, which is consistent with the keyCode that
-        // comes from a web "keydown" event.
-        io.KeyMap[ImGuiKey_Tab] = 9;
-        io.KeyMap[ImGuiKey_LeftArrow] = 37;
-        io.KeyMap[ImGuiKey_RightArrow] = 39;
-        io.KeyMap[ImGuiKey_UpArrow] = 38;
-        io.KeyMap[ImGuiKey_DownArrow] = 40;
-        io.KeyMap[ImGuiKey_Home] = 36;
-        io.KeyMap[ImGuiKey_End] = 35;
-        io.KeyMap[ImGuiKey_Delete] = 46;
-        io.KeyMap[ImGuiKey_Backspace] = 8;
-        io.KeyMap[ImGuiKey_Enter] = 13;
-        io.KeyMap[ImGuiKey_Escape] = 27;
-        io.KeyMap[ImGuiKey_A] = 65;
-        io.KeyMap[ImGuiKey_C] = 67;
-        io.KeyMap[ImGuiKey_V] = 86;
-        io.KeyMap[ImGuiKey_X] = 88;
-        io.KeyMap[ImGuiKey_Y] = 89;
-        io.KeyMap[ImGuiKey_Z] = 90;
-
         // TODO: this is not the best way to handle high DPI in ImGui, but it is fine when using the
         // proggy font. Users need to refresh their window when dragging between displays with
         // different pixel ratios.
@@ -609,20 +618,28 @@ void ViewerGui::mouseEvent(float mouseX, float mouseY, bool mouseButton, float m
         io.MouseDown[0] = mouseButton != 0;
         io.MouseDown[1] = false;
         io.MouseDown[2] = false;
-        io.KeyCtrl = control;
+        io.AddKeyEvent(ImGuiMod_Ctrl, control);
     }
 }
 
 void ViewerGui::keyDownEvent(int keyCode) {
-    if (mImGuiHelper && keyCode < IM_ARRAYSIZE(ImGui::GetIO().KeysDown)) {
+    if (!mImGuiHelper) {
-        ImGui::GetIO().KeysDown[keyCode] = true;
+        return;
     }
+    ImGuiIO& io = ImGui::GetIO();
+    io.AddKeyEvent(
+            convertKey(keyCode),
+            true);
 }
 
 void ViewerGui::keyUpEvent(int keyCode) {
-    if (mImGuiHelper && keyCode < IM_ARRAYSIZE(ImGui::GetIO().KeysDown)) {
+    if (!mImGuiHelper) {
-        ImGui::GetIO().KeysDown[keyCode] = false;
+        return;
     }
+    ImGuiIO& io = ImGui::GetIO();
+    io.AddKeyEvent(
+            convertKey(keyCode),
+            false);
 }
 
 void ViewerGui::keyPressEvent(int charCode) {

samples/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -37,7 +37,6 @@ set(MATERIAL_SRCS
         materials/sandboxLitSolidRefractionSsr.mat
         materials/sandboxSpecGloss.mat
         materials/sandboxSubsurface.mat
-        materials/sandboxTransformName.mat
         materials/sandboxUnlit.mat
         materials/texturedLit.mat
 )