Add json_document and json_view: node index, parser, and document

Add json_document and json_view, a read-only, zero-copy index of a
JSON text, as the first public slice of the zero-copy view (#5295).

A parse produces a flat array of 16-byte nodes in document order,
one per value and one per object key. Strings stay in the source
text; escaped strings are decoded into an arena. Integers are
converted while their digits are in the cache; floats keep only
their digit layout and are converted on read. Containers store the
size of their subtree, so a reader can step over one in constant
time. A document makes a handful of allocations, however many
values it has.

The parser accepts exactly what json::parse accepts, with every
combination of ignore_comments and ignore_trailing_commas, with and
without a trailing NUL, and under JSON_STRICT_NUL_HANDLING. It is
portable C++11 and does not depend on byte order.

basic_json_document adds parse, parse_copy, accept, read (reuses a
document's memory), root, is_discarded, source, owns_source,
node_count, memory_usage, and shrink_to_fit. basic_json_view adds
type, the is_* queries, operator bool, size, empty, materialize,
and source_offset. A parse error throws the same exception
basic_json::parse would throw for the same input, message and
position included.

detail::abi_config keeps JSON_STRICT_NUL_HANDLING and
JSON_USE_LEGACY_DISCARDED_VALUE_COMPARISON readable after json.hpp
undefines them, in the ABI namespace so they always match the
basic_json in use.

A NUL byte that ends a // comment is the end of the input, as in
parse() since #5696.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

.github/labeler.yml

@@ -45,6 +45,23 @@ labels:
 - label: "aspect: binary formats"
   title: "(?i)(bson|cbor|msgpack|messagepack|ubjson|bjdata|bon8|binary format)"
 
+- label: "aspect: json_view"
+  files:
+    - "include/nlohmann/json_view\\.hpp"
+    - "include/nlohmann/detail/view/.*"
+    - "single_include/nlohmann/json_view\\.hpp"
+    - "tests/src/unit-json_view.*"
+    - "tests/src/fuzzer-parse_json_view\\.cpp"
+    - "tools/amalgamate/config_json_view\\.json"
+    - "docs/mkdocs/docs/features/json_view\\.md"
+    - "docs/mkdocs/docs/api/basic_json_(document|view)/.*"
+    - "docs/mkdocs/docs/api/(ordered_)?json_(document|view)\\.md"
+    - "docs/mkdocs/docs/examples/(basic_json_(document|view)__|(ordered_)?json_(document|view)).*"
+    - "tests/benchmarks/src/benchmarks_view\\.cpp"
+
+- label: "aspect: json_view"
+  title: "(?i)(json_view|json_document|zero-copy)"
+
 - label: "python"
   files:
     - "\\.py$"

.github/workflows/check_amalgamation.yml

@@ -118,12 +118,15 @@ jobs:
           python3 $TOOL_DIR/amalgamate.py -c $TOOL_DIR/config_json.json -s .
           python3 $TOOL_DIR/amalgamate.py -c $TOOL_DIR/config_json_fwd.json -s .
           cp include/nlohmann/json_literals.hpp $INCLUDE_DIR/json_literals.hpp
+          # the configuration of json_view.hpp comes with the pull request until
+          # it is on develop; the tool itself is still develop's
+          python3 $TOOL_DIR/amalgamate.py -c $MAIN_DIR/tools/amalgamate/config_json_view.json -s .
 
           # the header list of the Bazel "json" target must match the files in include/
           cmake -P cmake/scripts/gen_bazel_build_file.cmake
 
           ${{ github.workspace }}/venv/bin/astyle --project=tools/astyle/.astylerc --suffix=none --quiet \
-            $INCLUDE_DIR/json.hpp $INCLUDE_DIR/json_fwd.hpp
+            $INCLUDE_DIR/json.hpp $INCLUDE_DIR/json_fwd.hpp $INCLUDE_DIR/json_view.hpp
 
           # fail loudly if a directory is renamed or removed: find would only warn
           # about the missing path and silently drop its files from the check