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nlohmann
2026-11-09 18:59:22 +00:00
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@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ Pointer path of the value within the document, and with
If the source text repeats a key, this resolves to the *first* member with it, not to the last one that
[`materialize()`](materialize.md) and `parse()` keep. See the [Notes on duplicate keys](operator[].md#notes) of
`operator[]` and [Duplicate keys](../../features/json_view.md#duplicate-keys) for the reasons and for how to get
`operator[]` and [Duplicate keys](../../features/json_view/differences.md#duplicate-keys) for the reasons and for how to get
the last value.
Unlike [`operator[]`](operator[].md), which returns a [discarded](is_discarded.md) view for a missing key or an
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@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ As for `BasicJsonType`, with [`JSON_DIAGNOSTICS`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/m
Duplicate keys: the first member wins
If the source text repeats a key, this resolves to the *first* member with it, not to the last one that [`materialize()`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json_view/materialize/index.md) and `parse()` keep. See the [Notes on duplicate keys](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json_view/operator%5B%5D/#notes) of `operator[]` and [Duplicate keys](https://json.nlohmann.me/features/json_view/#duplicate-keys) for the reasons and for how to get the last value.
If the source text repeats a key, this resolves to the *first* member with it, not to the last one that [`materialize()`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json_view/materialize/index.md) and `parse()` keep. See the [Notes on duplicate keys](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json_view/operator%5B%5D/#notes) of `operator[]` and [Duplicate keys](https://json.nlohmann.me/features/json_view/differences/#duplicate-keys) for the reasons and for how to get the last value.
Unlike [`operator[]`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json_view/operator%5B%5D/index.md), which returns a [discarded](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json_view/is_discarded/index.md) view for a missing key or an out-of-range index, `at` always throws — exactly as `BasicJsonType::at` does, and with the same messages, so existing error handling written against `BasicJsonType::at` keeps working unchanged when switched to a view. This also holds for overload 3: unlike [`operator[]`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json_view/operator%5B%5D/index.md) with a JSON pointer, which returns a discarded view for a missing key or an out-of-range index, `at` throws for those too (`out_of_range.403`/`out_of_range.401`).
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@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ placeholder for "no value yet" and later be assigned a real view.
- [`is_discarded`](is_discarded.md) - return whether the view is invalid
- [`root`](../basic_json_document/root.md) - the view of a document's root value
- [`view_mode`](../view_mode.md) - whether a document and its views can be edited
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view.md#ownership-and-lifetime) - how long a view stays valid
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view/lifetime.md) - how long a view stays valid
## Version history
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@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ true
- [`is_discarded`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json_view/is_discarded/index.md) - return whether the view is invalid
- [`root`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json_document/root/index.md) - the view of a document's root value
- [`view_mode`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/view_mode/index.md) - whether a document and its views can be edited
- [Zero-copy JSON views](https://json.nlohmann.me/features/json_view/#ownership-and-lifetime) - how long a view stays valid
- [Zero-copy JSON views](https://json.nlohmann.me/features/json_view/lifetime/index.md) - how long a view stays valid
## Version history
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@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ No-throw guarantee: this function never throws exceptions.
If the source text repeats a key, this resolves to the *first* member with it, not to the last one that
[`materialize()`](materialize.md) and `parse()` keep. See the [Notes on duplicate keys](operator[].md#notes) of
`operator[]` and [Duplicate keys](../../features/json_view.md#duplicate-keys) for the reasons and for how to get
`operator[]` and [Duplicate keys](../../features/json_view/differences.md#duplicate-keys) for the reasons and for how to get
the last value.
Overload 1 always returns `#!cpp false` when the value is not an object — including a [discarded](is_discarded.md)
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@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ No-throw guarantee: this function never throws exceptions.
Duplicate keys: the first member wins
If the source text repeats a key, this resolves to the *first* member with it, not to the last one that [`materialize()`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json_view/materialize/index.md) and `parse()` keep. See the [Notes on duplicate keys](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json_view/operator%5B%5D/#notes) of `operator[]` and [Duplicate keys](https://json.nlohmann.me/features/json_view/#duplicate-keys) for the reasons and for how to get the last value.
If the source text repeats a key, this resolves to the *first* member with it, not to the last one that [`materialize()`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json_view/materialize/index.md) and `parse()` keep. See the [Notes on duplicate keys](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json_view/operator%5B%5D/#notes) of `operator[]` and [Duplicate keys](https://json.nlohmann.me/features/json_view/differences/#duplicate-keys) for the reasons and for how to get the last value.
Overload 1 always returns `false` when the value is not an object — including a [discarded](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json_view/is_discarded/index.md) view.
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@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ except that `#!cpp -0` is written as `#!cpp 0`, the way [`BasicJsonType::parse()
`#!cpp number_format::source` copies every number exactly as written in the source text instead, with no exception
for `#!cpp -0` — `#!cpp 1.50`, `#!cpp 1E2`, `#!cpp -0.0`, `#!cpp -0`, or all digits of an integer literal with more
digits than any number type holds (such a literal is itself classified as a float, see
[What is different](../../features/json_view.md#what-is-different)) — something `BasicJsonType` cannot do, since
[What is different](../../features/json_view/differences.md)) — something `BasicJsonType` cannot do, since
parsing already reduces every number to its parsed value.
## Examples
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ parsing already reduces every number to its parsed value.
- [`operator<<`](operator_ltlt.md) - serialize this value to a stream
- [`materialize`](materialize.md) - build a `BasicJsonType` value, e.g. to use `BasicJsonType::dump`'s `error_handler`
- [`BasicJsonType::dump`](../basic_json/dump.md) - the corresponding function of `basic_json`
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view.md#writing-a-view-back) - writing a view back without building a tree
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view/reading.md#writing-a-view-back) - writing a view back without building a tree
## Version history
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@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ Strings are escaped by the same rules as [`BasicJsonType::dump`](https://json.nl
With `numbers == number_format::shortest`, floats are written with the library's shortest round-trip conversion, exactly as [`BasicJsonType::dump`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/dump/index.md) would (e.g. `1.5`, `100.0`, `1e+100`), and integers are copied from the source text — already canonical in JSON, so this matches their shortest form too — except that `-0` is written as `0`, the way [`BasicJsonType::parse()`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/parse/index.md) reads it.
`number_format::source` copies every number exactly as written in the source text instead, with no exception for `-0` — `1.50`, `1E2`, `-0.0`, `-0`, or all digits of an integer literal with more digits than any number type holds (such a literal is itself classified as a float, see [What is different](https://json.nlohmann.me/features/json_view/#what-is-different)) — something `BasicJsonType` cannot do, since parsing already reduces every number to its parsed value.
`number_format::source` copies every number exactly as written in the source text instead, with no exception for `-0` — `1.50`, `1E2`, `-0.0`, `-0`, or all digits of an integer literal with more digits than any number type holds (such a literal is itself classified as a float, see [What is different](https://json.nlohmann.me/features/json_view/differences/index.md)) — something `BasicJsonType` cannot do, since parsing already reduces every number to its parsed value.
## Examples
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ Output:
- [`operator<<`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json_view/operator_ltlt/index.md) - serialize this value to a stream
- [`materialize`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json_view/materialize/index.md) - build a `BasicJsonType` value, e.g. to use `BasicJsonType::dump`'s `error_handler`
- [`BasicJsonType::dump`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/dump/index.md) - the corresponding function of `basic_json`
- [Zero-copy JSON views](https://json.nlohmann.me/features/json_view/#writing-a-view-back) - writing a view back without building a tree
- [Zero-copy JSON views](https://json.nlohmann.me/features/json_view/reading/#writing-a-view-back) - writing a view back without building a tree
## Version history
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@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ constant time on average.
If the source text repeats a key, this resolves to the *first* member with it, not to the last one that
[`materialize()`](materialize.md) and `parse()` keep. See the [Notes on duplicate keys](operator[].md#notes) of
`operator[]` and [Duplicate keys](../../features/json_view.md#duplicate-keys) for the reasons and for how to get
`operator[]` and [Duplicate keys](../../features/json_view/differences.md#duplicate-keys) for the reasons and for how to get
the last value.
Unlike [`BasicJsonType::find`](../basic_json/find.md), which always returns `#!cpp end()` for a non-object type, this
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@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ Linear in the number of members: as for [`ordered_json`](https://json.nlohmann.m
Duplicate keys: the first member wins
If the source text repeats a key, this resolves to the *first* member with it, not to the last one that [`materialize()`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json_view/materialize/index.md) and `parse()` keep. See the [Notes on duplicate keys](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json_view/operator%5B%5D/#notes) of `operator[]` and [Duplicate keys](https://json.nlohmann.me/features/json_view/#duplicate-keys) for the reasons and for how to get the last value.
If the source text repeats a key, this resolves to the *first* member with it, not to the last one that [`materialize()`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json_view/materialize/index.md) and `parse()` keep. See the [Notes on duplicate keys](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json_view/operator%5B%5D/#notes) of `operator[]` and [Duplicate keys](https://json.nlohmann.me/features/json_view/differences/#duplicate-keys) for the reasons and for how to get the last value.
Unlike [`BasicJsonType::find`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/find/index.md), which always returns `end()` for a non-object type, this also does so for a [discarded](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json_view/is_discarded/index.md) view — there is no separate "invalid" iterator to return.
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@@ -39,14 +39,14 @@ as [`BasicJsonType::parse()`](../basic_json/parse.md) does), as well as the type
accept views, e.g. with [`is_json_view`](../is_json_view.md). A `from_json()` that also accepts types that are no JSON
values at all, such as the unconstrained `#!cpp template<typename BasicJsonType> void from_json(const BasicJsonType&,
T&)` of [arbitrary type conversions](../../features/arbitrary_types.md), is not called with a view: it may use
`BasicJsonType` functions a view does not have. See [Writing generic code](../../features/json_view.md#writing-generic-code).
`BasicJsonType` functions a view does not have. See [Writing generic code](../../features/json_view/generic_code.md).
!!! warning "Duplicate keys"
Such a `from_json()` looks members up in the view, where a repeated key finds the **first** member, while
`#!cpp materialize().get<T>()` sees the **last** one, as [`BasicJsonType::parse()`](../basic_json/parse.md)
keeps it: for `#!cpp {"x":1,"x":2}`, `#!cpp get<point>()` reads `#!cpp x == 1`. See
[Duplicate keys](../../features/json_view.md#duplicate-keys).
[Duplicate keys](../../features/json_view/differences.md#duplicate-keys).
Every other `T` — user types whose `from_json()` is written for `BasicJsonType` only, types without a default
constructor, `#!cpp std::tuple`s holding references, ... — is converted by `#!cpp materialize().get<T>()`: the subtree is built into a real `BasicJsonType`
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ instead: its path is relative to the root of the view's subtree, because `materi
- [`number_token`](number_token.md) - a number's token text, without a copy
- [`materialize`](materialize.md) - build the `BasicJsonType` value of this subtree
- [`BasicJsonType::get`](../basic_json/get.md) - the corresponding function of `basic_json`
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view.md#getting-values-out-without-copying) - which conversions avoid building a basic_json value
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view/reading.md#getting-values-out-without-copying) - which conversions avoid building a basic_json value
## Version history
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@@ -19,11 +19,11 @@ For the types below, the conversion works directly on the flat index — no `Bas
- `std::vector<U, A>` of the types above — from an array, element by element, each converted with `get<U>()`; `std::vector<basic_json_view>` keeps a view of every element instead of a value
- `std::map<K, basic_json_view, C, A>` and `std::unordered_map<K, basic_json_view, H, E, A>`, if `K` is constructible from a `(const char*, std::size_t)` pair — views of the members of an object; with a repeated key, the view of the *last* member is kept, as [`BasicJsonType::parse()`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/parse/index.md) keeps its value
A default-constructible `T` whose `from_json()` accepts views reads the view directly as well, without building a `BasicJsonType` value. This covers the library's own conversions of the standard library types — all other `std::vector`s, `std::map`/`std::unordered_map` (also with other key types), `std::list`, `std::deque`, `std::set`, `std::forward_list`, `std::valarray`, `std::array`, C arrays, `std::pair`, `std::tuple`, `std::optional`, enumerations, `std::filesystem::path`, ... -- which give the same values as `materialize().get<T>()` (from an object, a repeated key keeps the *last* value, as [`BasicJsonType::parse()`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/parse/index.md) does), as well as the types of the [`NLOHMANN_DEFINE_TYPE_*`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/macros/nlohmann_define_type_intrusive/index.md) and [`NLOHMANN_DEFINE_DERIVED_TYPE_*`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/macros/nlohmann_define_derived_type/index.md) macros and the enumerations of [`NLOHMANN_JSON_SERIALIZE_ENUM`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/macros/nlohmann_json_serialize_enum/index.md), and any `from_json()` constrained to accept views, e.g. with [`is_json_view`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/is_json_view/index.md). A `from_json()` that also accepts types that are no JSON values at all, such as the unconstrained `template<typename BasicJsonType> void from_json(const BasicJsonType&,T&)` of [arbitrary type conversions](https://json.nlohmann.me/features/arbitrary_types/index.md), is not called with a view: it may use `BasicJsonType` functions a view does not have. See [Writing generic code](https://json.nlohmann.me/features/json_view/#writing-generic-code).
A default-constructible `T` whose `from_json()` accepts views reads the view directly as well, without building a `BasicJsonType` value. This covers the library's own conversions of the standard library types — all other `std::vector`s, `std::map`/`std::unordered_map` (also with other key types), `std::list`, `std::deque`, `std::set`, `std::forward_list`, `std::valarray`, `std::array`, C arrays, `std::pair`, `std::tuple`, `std::optional`, enumerations, `std::filesystem::path`, ... -- which give the same values as `materialize().get<T>()` (from an object, a repeated key keeps the *last* value, as [`BasicJsonType::parse()`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/parse/index.md) does), as well as the types of the [`NLOHMANN_DEFINE_TYPE_*`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/macros/nlohmann_define_type_intrusive/index.md) and [`NLOHMANN_DEFINE_DERIVED_TYPE_*`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/macros/nlohmann_define_derived_type/index.md) macros and the enumerations of [`NLOHMANN_JSON_SERIALIZE_ENUM`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/macros/nlohmann_json_serialize_enum/index.md), and any `from_json()` constrained to accept views, e.g. with [`is_json_view`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/is_json_view/index.md). A `from_json()` that also accepts types that are no JSON values at all, such as the unconstrained `template<typename BasicJsonType> void from_json(const BasicJsonType&,T&)` of [arbitrary type conversions](https://json.nlohmann.me/features/arbitrary_types/index.md), is not called with a view: it may use `BasicJsonType` functions a view does not have. See [Writing generic code](https://json.nlohmann.me/features/json_view/generic_code/index.md).
Duplicate keys
Such a `from_json()` looks members up in the view, where a repeated key finds the **first** member, while `materialize().get<T>()` sees the **last** one, as [`BasicJsonType::parse()`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/parse/index.md) keeps it: for `{"x":1,"x":2}`, `get<point>()` reads `x == 1`. See [Duplicate keys](https://json.nlohmann.me/features/json_view/#duplicate-keys).
Such a `from_json()` looks members up in the view, where a repeated key finds the **first** member, while `materialize().get<T>()` sees the **last** one, as [`BasicJsonType::parse()`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/parse/index.md) keeps it: for `{"x":1,"x":2}`, `get<point>()` reads `x == 1`. See [Duplicate keys](https://json.nlohmann.me/features/json_view/differences/#duplicate-keys).
Every other `T` — user types whose `from_json()` is written for `BasicJsonType` only, types without a default constructor, `std::tuple`s holding references, ... — is converted by `materialize().get<T>()`: the subtree is built into a real `BasicJsonType` value first (as [`BasicJsonType::parse()`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/parse/index.md) would), and converted from there exactly as [`BasicJsonType::get<T>()`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/get/index.md) would convert it.
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ Berlin 10115
- [`number_token`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json_view/number_token/index.md) - a number's token text, without a copy
- [`materialize`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json_view/materialize/index.md) - build the `BasicJsonType` value of this subtree
- [`BasicJsonType::get`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/get/index.md) - the corresponding function of `basic_json`
- [Zero-copy JSON views](https://json.nlohmann.me/features/json_view/#getting-values-out-without-copying) - which conversions avoid building a basic_json value
- [Zero-copy JSON views](https://json.nlohmann.me/features/json_view/reading/#getting-values-out-without-copying) - which conversions avoid building a basic_json value
## Version history
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@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ since floating-point values and unescaped strings are read from the source lazil
- [`get`](get.md) - convert the value to a given type (`#!cpp get<string_view_t>()` is equivalent to this function)
- [`number_token`](number_token.md) - a number's token text, without a copy
- [`BasicJsonType::get_ref`](../basic_json/get_ref.md) - the closest counterpart of `basic_json`
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view.md#getting-values-out-without-copying) - borrowing strings instead of copying them
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view/reading.md#getting-values-out-without-copying) - borrowing strings instead of copying them
## Version history
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@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ false
- [`get`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json_view/get/index.md) - convert the value to a given type (`get<string_view_t>()` is equivalent to this function)
- [`number_token`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json_view/number_token/index.md) - a number's token text, without a copy
- [`BasicJsonType::get_ref`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/get_ref/index.md) - the closest counterpart of `basic_json`
- [Zero-copy JSON views](https://json.nlohmann.me/features/json_view/#getting-values-out-without-copying) - borrowing strings instead of copying them
- [Zero-copy JSON views](https://json.nlohmann.me/features/json_view/reading/#getting-values-out-without-copying) - borrowing strings instead of copying them
## Version history
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@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ them with those of a default-constructed `T`.
- [`get`](get.md) - convert the value to a given type
- [`BasicJsonType::get_to`](../basic_json/get_to.md) - the corresponding function of `basic_json`
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view.md#getting-values-out-without-copying) - which conversions avoid building a basic_json value
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view/reading.md#getting-values-out-without-copying) - which conversions avoid building a basic_json value
## Version history
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@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ db.example.com:5432 (tls)
- [`get`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json_view/get/index.md) - convert the value to a given type
- [`BasicJsonType::get_to`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/get_to/index.md) - the corresponding function of `basic_json`
- [Zero-copy JSON views](https://json.nlohmann.me/features/json_view/#getting-values-out-without-copying) - which conversions avoid building a basic_json value
- [Zero-copy JSON views](https://json.nlohmann.me/features/json_view/reading/#getting-values-out-without-copying) - which conversions avoid building a basic_json value
## Version history
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@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ A `basic_json_view` is not convertible to `#!cpp bool`: such a conversion would
- [`(constructor)`](basic_json_view.md) - the default constructor creates a discarded view
- [`basic_json_document::is_discarded`](../basic_json_document/is_discarded.md) - return whether the last parse failed
- [`BasicJsonType::is_discarded`](../basic_json/is_discarded.md) - the corresponding function of `basic_json`
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view.md#what-is-different) - how views differ from basic_json
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view/differences.md) - how views differ from basic_json
## Version history
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@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ true
- [`(constructor)`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json_view/basic_json_view/index.md) - the default constructor creates a discarded view
- [`basic_json_document::is_discarded`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json_document/is_discarded/index.md) - return whether the last parse failed
- [`BasicJsonType::is_discarded`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/is_discarded/index.md) - the corresponding function of `basic_json`
- [Zero-copy JSON views](https://json.nlohmann.me/features/json_view/#what-is-different) - how views differ from basic_json
- [Zero-copy JSON views](https://json.nlohmann.me/features/json_view/differences/index.md) - how views differ from basic_json
## Version history
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@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ never caches the result.
- [`root`](../basic_json_document/root.md) - the view of a document's root value
- [`BasicJsonType::parse`](../basic_json/parse.md) - build a `BasicJsonType` value directly from a JSON text
- [`JSON_DIAGNOSTIC_POSITIONS`](../macros/json_diagnostic_positions.md) - source positions on parsed values
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view.md#getting-values-out-without-copying) - when to build a basic_json value from a view
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view/reading.md#getting-values-out-without-copying) - when to build a basic_json value from a view
## Version history
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- [`root`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json_document/root/index.md) - the view of a document's root value
- [`BasicJsonType::parse`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/parse/index.md) - build a `BasicJsonType` value directly from a JSON text
- [`JSON_DIAGNOSTIC_POSITIONS`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/macros/json_diagnostic_positions/index.md) - source positions on parsed values
- [Zero-copy JSON views](https://json.nlohmann.me/features/json_view/#getting-values-out-without-copying) - when to build a basic_json value from a view
- [Zero-copy JSON views](https://json.nlohmann.me/features/json_view/reading/#getting-values-out-without-copying) - when to build a basic_json value from a view
## Version history
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- [`number_token`](number_token.md) - get a single number's token text without dumping the whole value
- [`BasicJsonType::error_handler_t`](../basic_json/error_handler_t.md) - the analogous enumeration for
`BasicJsonType::dump`'s decoding-error behavior
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view.md#writing-a-view-back) - writing numbers as they appeared in the source
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view/reading.md#writing-a-view-back) - writing numbers as they appeared in the source
## Version history
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- [`dump`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json_view/dump/index.md) - serialize to a JSON-formatted string
- [`number_token`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json_view/number_token/index.md) - get a single number's token text without dumping the whole value
- [`BasicJsonType::error_handler_t`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/error_handler_t/index.md) - the analogous enumeration for `BasicJsonType::dump`'s decoding-error behavior
- [Zero-copy JSON views](https://json.nlohmann.me/features/json_view/#writing-a-view-back) - writing numbers as they appeared in the source
- [Zero-copy JSON views](https://json.nlohmann.me/features/json_view/reading/#writing-a-view-back) - writing numbers as they appeared in the source
## Version history
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- [`BasicJsonType::number_integer_t`](../basic_json/number_integer_t.md),
[`number_unsigned_t`](../basic_json/number_unsigned_t.md), [`number_float_t`](../basic_json/number_float_t.md) - the
number types `#!cpp get<T>()` and `materialize()` convert into
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view.md#getting-values-out-without-copying) - reading a number exactly as written
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view/reading.md#getting-values-out-without-copying) - reading a number exactly as written
## Version history
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- [`get`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json_view/get/index.md) - convert the value to a given type
- [`get_string`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json_view/get_string/index.md) - the string, without a copy
- [`BasicJsonType::number_integer_t`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/number_integer_t/index.md), [`number_unsigned_t`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/number_unsigned_t/index.md), [`number_float_t`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/number_float_t/index.md) - the number types `get<T>()` and `materialize()` convert into
- [Zero-copy JSON views](https://json.nlohmann.me/features/json_view/#getting-values-out-without-copying) - reading a number exactly as written
- [Zero-copy JSON views](https://json.nlohmann.me/features/json_view/reading/#getting-values-out-without-copying) - reading a number exactly as written
## Version history
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[`materialize()`](materialize.md) or iterate the members with [`items()`](items.md) and keep the last match.
The key hash index of a larger object (128 members or more) leads to the first member of a key as well.
[`begin()`](begin.md)/[`end()`](end.md) and [`items()`](items.md) iterate over *all* members, including
duplicates, in document order. See [Duplicate keys](../../features/json_view.md#duplicate-keys) and
duplicates, in document order. See [Duplicate keys](../../features/json_view/differences.md#duplicate-keys) and
[`size()`](size.md#notes).
!!! info "JSON pointer resolution"
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Duplicate keys: the first member wins
If the source text has an object with a duplicate key, `operator[]` (and [`at`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json_view/at/index.md), [`find`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json_view/find/index.md), [`contains`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json_view/contains/index.md), [`value`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json_view/value/index.md), and JSON pointer resolution) all resolve to the *first* member with that key, because a lookup can stop as soon as it finds a match. This is different from [`materialize()`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json_view/materialize/index.md) (and [`BasicJsonType::parse()`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/parse/index.md)), which replay every member in order and so keep the *last* value for a repeated key, so `v["a"]` and `v.materialize()["a"]` can differ. To get the value `parse()` would give, use [`materialize()`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json_view/materialize/index.md) or iterate the members with [`items()`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json_view/items/index.md) and keep the last match. The key hash index of a larger object (128 members or more) leads to the first member of a key as well. [`begin()`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json_view/begin/index.md)/[`end()`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json_view/end/index.md) and [`items()`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json_view/items/index.md) iterate over *all* members, including duplicates, in document order. See [Duplicate keys](https://json.nlohmann.me/features/json_view/#duplicate-keys) and [`size()`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json_view/size/#notes).
If the source text has an object with a duplicate key, `operator[]` (and [`at`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json_view/at/index.md), [`find`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json_view/find/index.md), [`contains`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json_view/contains/index.md), [`value`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json_view/value/index.md), and JSON pointer resolution) all resolve to the *first* member with that key, because a lookup can stop as soon as it finds a match. This is different from [`materialize()`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json_view/materialize/index.md) (and [`BasicJsonType::parse()`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/parse/index.md)), which replay every member in order and so keep the *last* value for a repeated key, so `v["a"]` and `v.materialize()["a"]` can differ. To get the value `parse()` would give, use [`materialize()`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json_view/materialize/index.md) or iterate the members with [`items()`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json_view/items/index.md) and keep the last match. The key hash index of a larger object (128 members or more) leads to the first member of a key as well. [`begin()`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json_view/begin/index.md)/[`end()`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json_view/end/index.md) and [`items()`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json_view/items/index.md) iterate over *all* members, including duplicates, in document order. See [Duplicate keys](https://json.nlohmann.me/features/json_view/differences/#duplicate-keys) and [`size()`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json_view/size/#notes).
JSON pointer resolution
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compare by value across their types (`#!cpp 1 == 1.0`), and an object compares by its members, with duplicate keys
resolved exactly as `parse()` resolves them — the last value, at the position of the first occurrence of the key.
This is not what [`operator[]`](operator[].md) and the other lookups return for a duplicate key: they find the *first*
member (see [Duplicate keys](../../features/json_view.md#duplicate-keys)).
member (see [Duplicate keys](../../features/json_view/differences.md#duplicate-keys)).
## Parameters
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1. Compares two views for equality: whether the values [`BasicJsonType::parse()`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/parse/index.md) would produce for `lhs` and `rhs` are equal, according to `BasicJsonType`'s [`operator==`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/operator_eq/index.md).
1. Compares a view and a `BasicJsonType` value for equality, in either order: whether the value `parse()` would produce for the view and the other operand are equal, according to `BasicJsonType`'s [`operator==`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/operator_eq/index.md).
Neither overload builds a `BasicJsonType` value for a view to do the comparison (see [Notes](#notes) below). Numbers compare by value across their types (`1 == 1.0`), and an object compares by its members, with duplicate keys resolved exactly as `parse()` resolves them — the last value, at the position of the first occurrence of the key. This is not what [`operator[]`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json_view/operator%5B%5D/index.md) and the other lookups return for a duplicate key: they find the *first* member (see [Duplicate keys](https://json.nlohmann.me/features/json_view/#duplicate-keys)).
Neither overload builds a `BasicJsonType` value for a view to do the comparison (see [Notes](#notes) below). Numbers compare by value across their types (`1 == 1.0`), and an object compares by its members, with duplicate keys resolved exactly as `parse()` resolves them — the last value, at the position of the first occurrence of the key. This is not what [`operator[]`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json_view/operator%5B%5D/index.md) and the other lookups return for a duplicate key: they find the *first* member (see [Duplicate keys](https://json.nlohmann.me/features/json_view/differences/#duplicate-keys)).
## Parameters
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- [`dump`](dump.md) - serialize to a JSON-formatted string
- [`operator<<(std::ostream&)`](../operator_ltlt.md) - the corresponding operator for `basic_json`
- [`JSON_NO_IO`](../macros/json_no_io.md) - switch off functions relying on certain C++ I/O headers
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view.md#writing-a-view-back) - writing a view back without building a tree
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view/reading.md#writing-a-view-back) - writing a view back without building a tree
## Version history
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- [`dump`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json_view/dump/index.md) - serialize to a JSON-formatted string
- [`operator<<(std::ostream&)`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/operator_ltlt/index.md) - the corresponding operator for `basic_json`
- [`JSON_NO_IO`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/macros/json_no_io/index.md) - switch off functions relying on certain C++ I/O headers
- [Zero-copy JSON views](https://json.nlohmann.me/features/json_view/#writing-a-view-back) - writing a view back without building a tree
- [Zero-copy JSON views](https://json.nlohmann.me/features/json_view/reading/#writing-a-view-back) - writing a view back without building a tree
## Version history
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- [`source`](../basic_json_document/source.md) - the parsed text
- [`is_string`](is_string.md) - return whether the value is a string
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view.md#images) - images and the source text
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view/images.md) - images and the source text
## Version history
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- [`source`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json_document/source/index.md) - the parsed text
- [`is_string`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json_view/is_string/index.md) - return whether the value is a string
- [Zero-copy JSON views](https://json.nlohmann.me/features/json_view/#images) - images and the source text
- [Zero-copy JSON views](https://json.nlohmann.me/features/json_view/images/index.md) - images and the source text
## Version history
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If the source text repeats a key, this resolves to the *first* member with it, not to the last one that
[`materialize()`](materialize.md) and `parse()` keep. See the [Notes on duplicate keys](operator[].md#notes) of
`operator[]` and [Duplicate keys](../../features/json_view.md#duplicate-keys) for the reasons and for how to get
`operator[]` and [Duplicate keys](../../features/json_view/differences.md#duplicate-keys) for the reasons and for how to get
the last value.
!!! info "Differences to `at` and `operator[]`"
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Duplicate keys: the first member wins
If the source text repeats a key, this resolves to the *first* member with it, not to the last one that [`materialize()`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json_view/materialize/index.md) and `parse()` keep. See the [Notes on duplicate keys](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json_view/operator%5B%5D/#notes) of `operator[]` and [Duplicate keys](https://json.nlohmann.me/features/json_view/#duplicate-keys) for the reasons and for how to get the last value.
If the source text repeats a key, this resolves to the *first* member with it, not to the last one that [`materialize()`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json_view/materialize/index.md) and `parse()` keep. See the [Notes on duplicate keys](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json_view/operator%5B%5D/#notes) of `operator[]` and [Duplicate keys](https://json.nlohmann.me/features/json_view/differences/#duplicate-keys) for the reasons and for how to get the last value.
Differences to `at` and `operator[]`