Added new method to partition heighfield

- added layer based heighfield partitioning
- the method is a bit slower than monotone partitioning, but does not
suffer from the long thin ploys
- the method partitions the heighfield into non-overlapping areas, but
does not try to resolve holes
- improved contour hole merging so that it can properly handle all
kinds of holes
- improved polygon triangulation to handle overlapping segments
- improved small and long polygon detail mesh generation
- updated samples to include all 3 partition methods and little
documentation to help to choose between them
This commit is contained in:
Mikko Mononen
2014-06-13 13:25:01 +03:00
parent bbcb11fd14
commit a89bb843d7
12 changed files with 1167 additions and 235 deletions

View File

@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
#include <math.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include "Recast.h"
#include "RecastAlloc.h"
#include "RecastAssert.h"
@@ -311,13 +312,13 @@ static void simplifyContour(rcIntArray& points, rcIntArray& simplified,
{
int ii = (i+1) % (simplified.size()/4);
const int ax = simplified[i*4+0];
const int az = simplified[i*4+2];
const int ai = simplified[i*4+3];
int ax = simplified[i*4+0];
int az = simplified[i*4+2];
int ai = simplified[i*4+3];
const int bx = simplified[ii*4+0];
const int bz = simplified[ii*4+2];
const int bi = simplified[ii*4+3];
int bx = simplified[ii*4+0];
int bz = simplified[ii*4+2];
int bi = simplified[ii*4+3];
// Find maximum deviation from the segment.
float maxd = 0;
@@ -338,6 +339,8 @@ static void simplifyContour(rcIntArray& points, rcIntArray& simplified,
cinc = pn-1;
ci = (bi+cinc) % pn;
endi = ai;
rcSwap(ax, bx);
rcSwap(az, bz);
}
// Tessellate only outer edges or edges between areas.
@@ -469,32 +472,6 @@ static void simplifyContour(rcIntArray& points, rcIntArray& simplified,
}
static void removeDegenerateSegments(rcIntArray& simplified)
{
// Remove adjacent vertices which are equal on xz-plane,
// or else the triangulator will get confused.
for (int i = 0; i < simplified.size()/4; ++i)
{
int ni = i+1;
if (ni >= (simplified.size()/4))
ni = 0;
if (simplified[i*4+0] == simplified[ni*4+0] &&
simplified[i*4+2] == simplified[ni*4+2])
{
// Degenerate segment, remove.
for (int j = i; j < simplified.size()/4-1; ++j)
{
simplified[j*4+0] = simplified[(j+1)*4+0];
simplified[j*4+1] = simplified[(j+1)*4+1];
simplified[j*4+2] = simplified[(j+1)*4+2];
simplified[j*4+3] = simplified[(j+1)*4+3];
}
simplified.resize(simplified.size()-4);
}
}
}
static int calcAreaOfPolygon2D(const int* verts, const int nverts)
{
int area = 0;
@@ -507,45 +484,146 @@ static int calcAreaOfPolygon2D(const int* verts, const int nverts)
return (area+1) / 2;
}
inline bool ileft(const int* a, const int* b, const int* c)
// TODO: these are the same as in RecastMesh.cpp, consider using the same.
inline int prev(int i, int n) { return i-1 >= 0 ? i-1 : n-1; }
inline int next(int i, int n) { return i+1 < n ? i+1 : 0; }
inline int area2(const int* a, const int* b, const int* c)
{
return (b[0] - a[0]) * (c[2] - a[2]) - (c[0] - a[0]) * (b[2] - a[2]) <= 0;
return (b[0] - a[0]) * (c[2] - a[2]) - (c[0] - a[0]) * (b[2] - a[2]);
}
static void getClosestIndices(const int* vertsa, const int nvertsa,
const int* vertsb, const int nvertsb,
int& ia, int& ib)
// Exclusive or: true iff exactly one argument is true.
// The arguments are negated to ensure that they are 0/1
// values. Then the bitwise Xor operator may apply.
// (This idea is due to Michael Baldwin.)
inline bool xorb(bool x, bool y)
{
int closestDist = 0xfffffff;
ia = -1, ib = -1;
for (int i = 0; i < nvertsa; ++i)
return !x ^ !y;
}
// Returns true iff c is strictly to the left of the directed
// line through a to b.
inline bool left(const int* a, const int* b, const int* c)
{
return area2(a, b, c) < 0;
}
inline bool leftOn(const int* a, const int* b, const int* c)
{
return area2(a, b, c) <= 0;
}
inline bool collinear(const int* a, const int* b, const int* c)
{
return area2(a, b, c) == 0;
}
// Returns true iff ab properly intersects cd: they share
// a point interior to both segments. The properness of the
// intersection is ensured by using strict leftness.
static bool intersectProp(const int* a, const int* b, const int* c, const int* d)
{
// Eliminate improper cases.
if (collinear(a,b,c) || collinear(a,b,d) ||
collinear(c,d,a) || collinear(c,d,b))
return false;
return xorb(left(a,b,c), left(a,b,d)) && xorb(left(c,d,a), left(c,d,b));
}
// Returns T iff (a,b,c) are collinear and point c lies
// on the closed segement ab.
static bool between(const int* a, const int* b, const int* c)
{
if (!collinear(a, b, c))
return false;
// If ab not vertical, check betweenness on x; else on y.
if (a[0] != b[0])
return ((a[0] <= c[0]) && (c[0] <= b[0])) || ((a[0] >= c[0]) && (c[0] >= b[0]));
else
return ((a[2] <= c[2]) && (c[2] <= b[2])) || ((a[2] >= c[2]) && (c[2] >= b[2]));
}
// Returns true iff segments ab and cd intersect, properly or improperly.
static bool intersect(const int* a, const int* b, const int* c, const int* d)
{
if (intersectProp(a, b, c, d))
return true;
else if (between(a, b, c) || between(a, b, d) ||
between(c, d, a) || between(c, d, b))
return true;
else
return false;
}
static bool vequal(const int* a, const int* b)
{
return a[0] == b[0] && a[2] == b[2];
}
static bool intersectSegCountour(const int* d0, const int* d1, int i, int n, const int* verts)
{
// For each edge (k,k+1) of P
for (int k = 0; k < n; k++)
{
const int in = (i+1) % nvertsa;
const int ip = (i+nvertsa-1) % nvertsa;
const int* va = &vertsa[i*4];
const int* van = &vertsa[in*4];
const int* vap = &vertsa[ip*4];
int k1 = next(k, n);
// Skip edges incident to i.
if (i == k || i == k1)
continue;
const int* p0 = &verts[k * 4];
const int* p1 = &verts[k1 * 4];
if (vequal(d0, p0) || vequal(d1, p0) || vequal(d0, p1) || vequal(d1, p1))
continue;
if (intersect(d0, d1, p0, p1))
return true;
}
return false;
}
static bool inCone(int i, int n, const int* verts, const int* pj)
{
const int* pi = &verts[i * 4];
const int* pi1 = &verts[next(i, n) * 4];
const int* pin1 = &verts[prev(i, n) * 4];
// If P[i] is a convex vertex [ i+1 left or on (i-1,i) ].
if (leftOn(pin1, pi, pi1))
return left(pi, pj, pin1) && left(pj, pi, pi1);
// Assume (i-1,i,i+1) not collinear.
// else P[i] is reflex.
return !(leftOn(pi, pj, pi1) && leftOn(pj, pi, pin1));
}
static void removeDegenerateSegments(rcIntArray& simplified)
{
// Remove adjacent vertices which are equal on xz-plane,
// or else the triangulator will get confused.
int npts = simplified.size()/4;
for (int i = 0; i < npts; ++i)
{
int ni = next(i, npts);
for (int j = 0; j < nvertsb; ++j)
if (vequal(&simplified[i*4], &simplified[ni*4]))
{
const int* vb = &vertsb[j*4];
// vb must be "infront" of va.
if (ileft(vap,va,vb) && ileft(va,van,vb))
// Degenerate segment, remove.
for (int j = i; j < simplified.size()/4-1; ++j)
{
const int dx = vb[0] - va[0];
const int dz = vb[2] - va[2];
const int d = dx*dx + dz*dz;
if (d < closestDist)
{
ia = i;
ib = j;
closestDist = d;
}
simplified[j*4+0] = simplified[(j+1)*4+0];
simplified[j*4+1] = simplified[(j+1)*4+1];
simplified[j*4+2] = simplified[(j+1)*4+2];
simplified[j*4+3] = simplified[(j+1)*4+3];
}
simplified.resize(simplified.size()-4);
npts--;
}
}
}
static bool mergeContours(rcContour& ca, rcContour& cb, int ia, int ib)
{
const int maxVerts = ca.nverts + cb.nverts + 2;
@@ -590,6 +668,167 @@ static bool mergeContours(rcContour& ca, rcContour& cb, int ia, int ib)
return true;
}
struct rcContourHole
{
rcContour* contour;
int minx, minz, leftmost;
};
struct rcContourRegion
{
rcContour* outline;
rcContourHole* holes;
int nholes;
};
struct rcPotentialDiagonal
{
int vert;
int dist;
};
// Finds the lowest leftmost vertex of a contour.
static void findLeftMostVertex(rcContour* contour, int* minx, int* minz, int* leftmost)
{
*minx = contour->verts[0];
*minz = contour->verts[2];
*leftmost = 0;
for (int i = 1; i < contour->nverts; i++)
{
const int x = contour->verts[i*4+0];
const int z = contour->verts[i*4+2];
if (x < *minx || (x == *minx && z < *minz))
{
*minx = x;
*minz = z;
*leftmost = i;
}
}
}
static int compareHoles(const void* va, const void* vb)
{
const rcContourHole* a = (const rcContourHole*)va;
const rcContourHole* b = (const rcContourHole*)vb;
if (a->minx == b->minx)
{
if (a->minz < b->minz)
return -1;
if (a->minz > b->minz)
return 1;
}
else
{
if (a->minx < b->minx)
return -1;
if (a->minx > b->minx)
return 1;
}
return 0;
}
static int compareDiagDist(const void* va, const void* vb)
{
const rcPotentialDiagonal* a = (const rcPotentialDiagonal*)va;
const rcPotentialDiagonal* b = (const rcPotentialDiagonal*)vb;
if (a->dist < b->dist)
return -1;
if (a->dist > b->dist)
return 1;
return 0;
}
static void mergeRegionHoles(rcContext* ctx, rcContourRegion& region)
{
// Sort holes from left to right.
for (int i = 0; i < region.nholes; i++)
findLeftMostVertex(region.holes[i].contour, &region.holes[i].minx, &region.holes[i].minz, &region.holes[i].leftmost);
qsort(region.holes, region.nholes, sizeof(rcContourHole), compareHoles);
int maxVerts = region.outline->nverts;
for (int i = 0; i < region.nholes; i++)
maxVerts += region.holes[i].contour->nverts;
rcScopedDelete<rcPotentialDiagonal> diags = (rcPotentialDiagonal*)rcAlloc(sizeof(rcPotentialDiagonal)*maxVerts, RC_ALLOC_TEMP);
if (!diags)
{
ctx->log(RC_LOG_WARNING, "mergeRegionHoles: Failed to allocated diags %d.", maxVerts);
return;
}
rcContour* outline = region.outline;
// Merge holes into the outline one by one.
for (int i = 0; i < region.nholes; i++)
{
rcContour* hole = region.holes[i].contour;
int index = -1;
int bestVertex = region.holes[i].leftmost;
for (int iter = 0; iter < hole->nverts; iter++)
{
// Find potential diagonals.
// The 'best' vertex must be in the cone described by 3 cosequtive vertices of the outline.
// ..o j-1
// |
// | * best
// |
// j o-----o j+1
// :
int ndiags = 0;
const int* corner = &hole->verts[bestVertex*4];
for (int j = 0; j < outline->nverts; j++)
{
if (inCone(j, outline->nverts, outline->verts, corner))
{
int dx = outline->verts[j*4+0] - corner[0];
int dz = outline->verts[j*4+2] - corner[2];
diags[ndiags].vert = j;
diags[ndiags].dist = dx*dx + dz*dz;
ndiags++;
}
}
// Sort potential diagonals by distance, we want to make the connection as short as possible.
qsort(diags, ndiags, sizeof(rcPotentialDiagonal), compareDiagDist);
// Find a diagonal that is not intersecting the outline not the remaining holes.
index = -1;
for (int j = 0; j < ndiags; j++)
{
const int* pt = &outline->verts[diags[j].vert*4];
bool intersect = intersectSegCountour(pt, corner, diags[i].vert, outline->nverts, outline->verts);
for (int k = i; k < region.nholes && !intersect; k++)
intersect |= intersectSegCountour(pt, corner, -1, region.holes[k].contour->nverts, region.holes[k].contour->verts);
if (!intersect)
{
index = diags[j].vert;
break;
}
}
// If found non-intersecting diagonal, stop looking.
if (index != -1)
break;
// All the potential diagonals for the current vertex were intersecting, try next vertex.
bestVertex = (bestVertex + 1) % hole->nverts;
}
if (index == -1)
{
ctx->log(RC_LOG_WARNING, "mergeHoles: Failed to find merge points for %p and %p.", region.outline, hole);
continue;
}
if (!mergeContours(*region.outline, *hole, index, bestVertex))
{
ctx->log(RC_LOG_WARNING, "mergeHoles: Failed to merge contours %p and %p.", region.outline, hole);
continue;
}
}
}
/// @par
///
/// The raw contours will match the region outlines exactly. The @p maxError and @p maxEdgeLen
@@ -722,7 +961,7 @@ bool rcBuildContours(rcContext* ctx, rcCompactHeightfield& chf,
if (cset.nconts >= maxContours)
{
// Allocate more contours.
// This can happen when there are tiny holes in the heightfield.
// This happens when a region has holes.
const int oldMax = maxContours;
maxContours *= 2;
rcContour* newConts = (rcContour*)rcAlloc(sizeof(rcContour)*maxContours, RC_ALLOC_PERM);
@@ -738,7 +977,7 @@ bool rcBuildContours(rcContext* ctx, rcCompactHeightfield& chf,
ctx->log(RC_LOG_WARNING, "rcBuildContours: Expanding max contours from %d to %d.", oldMax, maxContours);
}
rcContour* cont = &cset.conts[cset.nconts++];
cont->nverts = simplified.size()/4;
@@ -779,70 +1018,95 @@ bool rcBuildContours(rcContext* ctx, rcCompactHeightfield& chf,
}
}
/* cont->cx = cont->cy = cont->cz = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < cont->nverts; ++i)
{
cont->cx += cont->verts[i*4+0];
cont->cy += cont->verts[i*4+1];
cont->cz += cont->verts[i*4+2];
}
cont->cx /= cont->nverts;
cont->cy /= cont->nverts;
cont->cz /= cont->nverts;*/
cont->reg = reg;
cont->area = area;
}
}
}
}
// Check and merge droppings.
// Sometimes the previous algorithms can fail and create several contours
// per area. This pass will try to merge the holes into the main region.
for (int i = 0; i < cset.nconts; ++i)
// Merge holes if needed.
if (cset.nconts > 0)
{
rcContour& cont = cset.conts[i];
// Check if the contour is would backwards.
if (calcAreaOfPolygon2D(cont.verts, cont.nverts) < 0)
// Calculate winding of all polygons.
rcScopedDelete<char> winding = (char*)rcAlloc(sizeof(char)*cset.nconts, RC_ALLOC_TEMP);
if (!winding)
{
// Find another contour which has the same region ID.
int mergeIdx = -1;
for (int j = 0; j < cset.nconts; ++j)
ctx->log(RC_LOG_ERROR, "rcBuildContours: Out of memory 'hole' (%d).", cset.nconts);
return false;
}
int nholes = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < cset.nconts; ++i)
{
rcContour& cont = cset.conts[i];
// If the contour is wound backwards, it is a hole.
winding[i] = calcAreaOfPolygon2D(cont.verts, cont.nverts) < 0 ? -1 : 1;
if (winding[i] < 0)
nholes++;
}
if (nholes > 0)
{
// Collect outline contour and holes contours per region.
// We assume that there is one outline and multiple holes.
const int nregions = chf.maxRegions+1;
rcScopedDelete<rcContourRegion> regions = (rcContourRegion*)rcAlloc(sizeof(rcContourRegion)*nregions, RC_ALLOC_TEMP);
if (!regions)
{
if (i == j) continue;
if (cset.conts[j].nverts && cset.conts[j].reg == cont.reg)
ctx->log(RC_LOG_ERROR, "rcBuildContours: Out of memory 'regions' (%d).", nregions);
return false;
}
memset(regions, 0, sizeof(rcContourRegion)*nregions);
rcScopedDelete<rcContourHole> holes = (rcContourHole*)rcAlloc(sizeof(rcContourHole)*cset.nconts, RC_ALLOC_TEMP);
if (!holes)
{
ctx->log(RC_LOG_ERROR, "rcBuildContours: Out of memory 'holes' (%d).", cset.nconts);
return false;
}
memset(holes, 0, sizeof(rcContourHole)*cset.nconts);
for (int i = 0; i < cset.nconts; ++i)
{
rcContour& cont = cset.conts[i];
// Positively would contours are outlines, negative holes.
if (winding[i] > 0)
{
// Make sure the polygon is correctly oriented.
if (calcAreaOfPolygon2D(cset.conts[j].verts, cset.conts[j].nverts))
{
mergeIdx = j;
break;
}
if (regions[cont.reg].outline)
ctx->log(RC_LOG_ERROR, "rcBuildContours: Multiple outlines for region %d.", cont.reg);
regions[cont.reg].outline = &cont;
}
else
{
regions[cont.reg].nholes++;
}
}
if (mergeIdx == -1)
int index = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < nregions; i++)
{
ctx->log(RC_LOG_WARNING, "rcBuildContours: Could not find merge target for bad contour %d.", i);
if (regions[i].nholes > 0)
{
regions[i].holes = &holes[index];
index += regions[i].nholes;
regions[i].nholes = 0;
}
}
else
for (int i = 0; i < cset.nconts; ++i)
{
rcContour& mcont = cset.conts[mergeIdx];
// Merge by closest points.
int ia = 0, ib = 0;
getClosestIndices(mcont.verts, mcont.nverts, cont.verts, cont.nverts, ia, ib);
if (ia == -1 || ib == -1)
{
ctx->log(RC_LOG_WARNING, "rcBuildContours: Failed to find merge points for %d and %d.", i, mergeIdx);
continue;
}
if (!mergeContours(mcont, cont, ia, ib))
{
ctx->log(RC_LOG_WARNING, "rcBuildContours: Failed to merge contours %d and %d.", i, mergeIdx);
continue;
}
rcContour& cont = cset.conts[i];
rcContourRegion& reg = regions[cont.reg];
if (winding[i] < 0)
reg.holes[reg.nholes++].contour = &cont;
}
// Finally merge each regions holes into the outline.
for (int i = 0; i < nregions; i++)
{
if (regions[i].nholes > 0)
mergeRegionHoles(ctx, regions[i]);
}
}
}
ctx->stopTimer(RC_TIMER_BUILD_CONTOURS);