review: iterators + fixed bug on raw views

Add dispatcher.hpp to entt.hpp

.gitignore

@@ -1,2 +1 @@
-# QtCreator
 *.user

CMakeLists.txt

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ endif()
 # Project configuration
 #
 
-project(entt VERSION 2.1.0)
+project(entt VERSION 2.5.0)
 
 if(NOT CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE)
     set(CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE Debug)
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ set(PROJECT_AUTHOR_EMAIL "michele.caini@gmail.com")
 
 message("*")
 message("* ${PROJECT_NAME} v${PROJECT_VERSION} (${CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE})")
-message("* Copyright (c) 2017 ${PROJECT_AUTHOR} <${PROJECT_AUTHOR_EMAIL}>")
+message("* Copyright (c) 2018 ${PROJECT_AUTHOR} <${PROJECT_AUTHOR_EMAIL}>")
 message("*")
 
 #
@@ -37,13 +37,28 @@ message("*")
 #
 
 set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 14)
+set(CMAKE_CXX_EXTENSIONS OFF)
 set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD_REQUIRED ON)
 
 if(NOT MSVC)
-    set(CMAKE_SHARED_LINKER_FLAGS "${CMAKE_SHARED_LINKER_FLAGS} -Wl,--no-undefined")
+    include(CheckCXXSourceCompiles)
+
+    set(OLD_CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS ${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS})
+    set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} -stdlib=libc++")
+
+    check_cxx_source_compiles("
+        #include<type_traits>
+        int main() { return std::is_same<int, int>::value ? 0 : 1; }
+    " HAS_LIBCPP)
+
+    if(NOT HAS_LIBCPP)
+        set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${OLD_CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS}")
+    endif()
+
     set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} -pedantic -Wall")
     set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_RELEASE "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_RELEASE} -DRELEASE")
     set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_DEBUG "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_DEBUG} -O0 -g -DDEBUG")
+    set(CMAKE_SHARED_LINKER_FLAGS "${CMAKE_SHARED_LINKER_FLAGS} -Wl,--no-undefined")
 
     if (CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID MATCHES "Clang")
         # it seems that -O3 ruins the performance when using clang ...
@@ -55,14 +70,10 @@ if(NOT MSVC)
 endif()
 
 #
-# CMake configuration
+# Include EnTT
 #
 
-set(PROJECT_CMAKE_IN ${entt_SOURCE_DIR}/cmake/in)
-set(PROJECT_DEPS_DIR ${entt_SOURCE_DIR}/deps)
-set(PROJECT_SRC_DIR ${entt_SOURCE_DIR}/src)
-
-set(PROJECT_RUNTIME_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY bin)
+include_directories(${entt_SOURCE_DIR}/src)
 
 #
 # Tests
@@ -74,9 +85,13 @@ if(BUILD_TESTING)
     set(THREADS_PREFER_PTHREAD_FLAG ON)
     find_package(Threads REQUIRED)
 
+    option(BUILD_BENCHMARK "Build benchmark." OFF)
+    option(BUILD_MOD "Build mod example." OFF)
+    option(BUILD_SNAPSHOT "Build snapshot example." OFF)
+
     # gtest, gtest_main, gmock and gmock_main targets are available from now on
-    set(GOOGLETEST_DEPS_DIR ${PROJECT_DEPS_DIR}/googletest)
-    configure_file(${PROJECT_CMAKE_IN}/googletest.in ${GOOGLETEST_DEPS_DIR}/CMakeLists.txt)
+    set(GOOGLETEST_DEPS_DIR ${entt_SOURCE_DIR}/deps/googletest)
+    configure_file(${entt_SOURCE_DIR}/cmake/in/googletest.in ${GOOGLETEST_DEPS_DIR}/CMakeLists.txt)
     execute_process(COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -G "${CMAKE_GENERATOR}" . WORKING_DIRECTORY ${GOOGLETEST_DEPS_DIR})
     execute_process(COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND} --build . WORKING_DIRECTORY ${GOOGLETEST_DEPS_DIR})
     set(gtest_force_shared_crt ON CACHE BOOL "" FORCE)
@@ -95,3 +110,18 @@ find_package(Doxygen 1.8)
 if(DOXYGEN_FOUND)
     add_subdirectory(docs)
 endif()
+
+#
+# AOB
+#
+
+add_custom_target(
+    entt_aob
+    SOURCES
+        appveyor.yml
+        AUTHORS
+        LICENSE
+        README.md
+        TODO
+        .travis.yml
+)

LICENSE

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 The MIT License (MIT)
 
-Copyright (c) 2017 Michele Caini
+Copyright (c) 2018 Michele Caini
 
 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
 of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal

TODO

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+* custom allocators and EnTT allocator-aware in general (long term feature, I don't actually need it at the moment) - see #22
+* to analyze, long term feature: systems organizer based on dependency graphs for implicit parallelism (I don't want to think anymore in future :-))
+* scene management (I prefer the concept of spaces, that is a kind of scene anyway)
+* blueprint registry - kind of factory to create entitites template for initialization (get rid of the extra versions of Registry::create)
+* review doc: separate it in multiple md/dox files, reduce the readme to a minimum and provide users with links to the online documentation on gh-pages
+* debugging tools (#60): the issue online already contains interesting tips on this, look at it
+* signals on component creation/destruction: crtp + internal detection, probably it works - test it!!
+* define a macro for the noexcept policy, so as to provide users with an easy way to disable exception handling
+* AOB

appveyor.yml

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ configuration:
 
 before_build:
   - cd %BUILD_DIR%
-  - cmake .. -G"Visual Studio 15 2017"
+  - cmake .. -DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS=/D_SILENCE_TR1_NAMESPACE_DEPRECATION_WARNING -G"Visual Studio 15 2017"
 
 build:
   parallel: true

cmake/in/cereal.in

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+project(cereal-download NONE)
+cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.2)
+
+include(ExternalProject)
+
+ExternalProject_Add(
+    cereal
+    GIT_REPOSITORY https://github.com/USCiLab/cereal.git
+    GIT_TAG v1.2.2
+    DOWNLOAD_DIR ${CEREAL_DEPS_DIR}
+    TMP_DIR ${CEREAL_DEPS_DIR}/tmp
+    STAMP_DIR ${CEREAL_DEPS_DIR}/stamp
+    SOURCE_DIR ${CEREAL_DEPS_DIR}/src
+    BINARY_DIR ${CEREAL_DEPS_DIR}/build
+    CONFIGURE_COMMAND ""
+    BUILD_COMMAND ""
+    INSTALL_COMMAND ""
+    TEST_COMMAND ""
+)

cmake/in/duktape.in

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+project(duktape-download NONE)
+cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.2)
+
+include(ExternalProject)
+
+ExternalProject_Add(
+    duktape
+    GIT_REPOSITORY https://github.com/svaarala/duktape-releases.git
+    GIT_TAG v2.2.0
+    DOWNLOAD_DIR ${DUKTAPE_DEPS_DIR}
+    TMP_DIR ${DUKTAPE_DEPS_DIR}/tmp
+    STAMP_DIR ${DUKTAPE_DEPS_DIR}/stamp
+    SOURCE_DIR ${DUKTAPE_DEPS_DIR}/src
+    BINARY_DIR ${DUKTAPE_DEPS_DIR}/build
+    CONFIGURE_COMMAND ""
+    BUILD_COMMAND ""
+    INSTALL_COMMAND ""
+    TEST_COMMAND ""
+)

docs/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -4,21 +4,18 @@
 
 set(TARGET_DOCS docs)
 
-set(DOXY_IN_FILE doxy.in)
-
-set(DOXY_SOURCE_DIRECTORY ${PROJECT_SRC_DIR})
+set(DOXY_SOURCE_DIRECTORY ${entt_SOURCE_DIR}/src)
 set(DOXY_DOCS_DIRECTORY ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR})
 set(DOXY_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR})
-set(DOXY_CFG_FILE doxy.cfg)
 
-configure_file(${DOXY_IN_FILE} ${DOXY_CFG_FILE} @ONLY)
+configure_file(doxy.in doxy.cfg @ONLY)
 
 add_custom_target(
     ${TARGET_DOCS}
-    COMMAND ${DOXYGEN_EXECUTABLE} ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/${DOXY_CFG_FILE}
+    COMMAND ${DOXYGEN_EXECUTABLE} ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/doxy.cfg
     WORKING_DIRECTORY ${entt_SOURCE_DIR}
     VERBATIM
-    SOURCES ${DOXY_IN_FILE}
+    SOURCES doxy.in
 )
 
 install(

src/entt/core/family.hpp

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 
 #include<type_traits>
 #include<cstddef>
+#include<atomic>
 
 
 namespace entt {
@@ -18,14 +19,11 @@ namespace entt {
  */
 template<typename...>
 class Family {
-    static std::size_t identifier() noexcept {
-        static std::size_t value = 0;
-        return value++;
-    }
+    static std::atomic<std::size_t> identifier;
 
     template<typename...>
     static std::size_t family() noexcept {
-        static const std::size_t value = identifier();
+        static const std::size_t value = identifier.fetch_add(1);
         return value;
     }
 
@@ -38,12 +36,16 @@ public:
      * @return Statically generated unique identifier for the given type.
      */
     template<typename... Type>
-    static family_type type() noexcept {
+    inline static family_type type() noexcept {
         return family<std::decay_t<Type>...>();
     }
 };
 
 
+template<typename... Types>
+std::atomic<std::size_t> Family<Types...>::identifier{};
+
+
 }
 
 

src/entt/core/hashed_string.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+#ifndef ENTT_CORE_HASHED_STRING_HPP
+#define ENTT_CORE_HASHED_STRING_HPP
+
+
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdint>
+
+
+namespace entt {
+
+
+/**
+ * @brief Zero overhead resource identifier.
+ *
+ * A hashed string is a compile-time tool that allows users to use
+ * human-readable identifers in the codebase while using their numeric
+ * counterparts at runtime.<br/>
+ * Because of that, a hashed string can also be used in constant expressions if
+ * required.
+ */
+class HashedString final {
+    struct ConstCharWrapper final {
+        // non-explicit constructor on purpose
+        constexpr ConstCharWrapper(const char *str) noexcept: str{str} {}
+        const char *str;
+    };
+
+    static constexpr std::uint64_t offset = 14695981039346656037ull;
+    static constexpr std::uint64_t prime = 1099511628211ull;
+
+    // Fowler–Noll–Vo hash function v. 1a - the good
+    static constexpr std::uint64_t helper(std::uint64_t partial, const char *str) noexcept {
+        return str[0] == 0 ? partial : helper((partial^str[0])*prime, str+1);
+    }
+
+public:
+    /*! @brief Unsigned integer type. */
+    using hash_type = std::uint64_t;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Constructs a hashed string from an array of const chars.
+     *
+     * Forcing template resolution avoids implicit conversions. An
+     * human-readable identifier can be anything but a plain, old bunch of
+     * characters.<br/>
+     * Example of use:
+     * @code{.cpp}
+     * HashedString sh{"my.png"};
+     * @endcode
+     *
+     * @tparam N Number of characters of the identifier.
+     * @param str Human-readable identifer.
+     */
+    template <std::size_t N>
+    constexpr HashedString(const char (&str)[N]) noexcept
+        : hash{helper(offset, str)}, str{str}
+    {}
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Explicit constructor on purpose to avoid constructing a hashed
+     * string directly from a `const char *`.
+     *
+     * @param wrapper Helps achieving the purpose by relying on overloading.
+     */
+    explicit constexpr HashedString(ConstCharWrapper wrapper) noexcept
+        : hash{helper(offset, wrapper.str)}, str{wrapper.str}
+    {}
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Returns the human-readable representation of a hashed string.
+     * @return The string used to initialize the instance.
+     */
+    constexpr operator const char *() const noexcept { return str; }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Returns the numeric representation of a hashed string.
+     * @return The numeric representation of the instance.
+     */
+    constexpr operator hash_type() const noexcept { return hash; }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Compares two hashed strings.
+     * @param other Hashed string with which to compare.
+     * @return True if the two hashed strings are identical, false otherwise.
+     */
+    constexpr bool operator==(const HashedString &other) const noexcept {
+        return hash == other.hash;
+    }
+
+private:
+    const hash_type hash;
+    const char *str;
+};
+
+
+/**
+ * @brief Compares two hashed strings.
+ * @param lhs A valid hashed string.
+ * @param rhs A valid hashed string.
+ * @return True if the two hashed strings are identical, false otherwise.
+ */
+constexpr bool operator!=(const HashedString &lhs, const HashedString &rhs) noexcept {
+    return !(lhs == rhs);
+}
+
+
+}
+
+
+#endif // ENTT_CORE_HASHED_STRING_HPP

src/entt/entity/actor.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+#ifndef ENTT_ENTITY_ACTOR_HPP
+#define ENTT_ENTITY_ACTOR_HPP
+
+
+#include <utility>
+#include "registry.hpp"
+
+
+namespace entt {
+
+
+/**
+ * @brief Dedicated to those who aren't confident with entity-component systems.
+ *
+ * Tiny wrapper around a registry, for all those users that aren't confident
+ * with entity-component systems and prefer to iterate objects directly.
+ *
+ * @tparam Entity A valid entity type (see entt_traits for more details).
+ * @tparam Delta Type to use to provide elapsed time.
+ */
+template<typename Entity, typename Delta>
+struct Actor {
+    /*! @brief Type of registry used internally. */
+    using registry_type = Registry<Entity>;
+    /*! @brief Underlying entity identifier. */
+    using entity_type = Entity;
+    /*! @brief Type used to provide elapsed time. */
+    using delta_type = Delta;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Constructs an actor by using the given registry.
+     * @param reg An entity-component system properly initialized.
+     */
+    Actor(Registry<Entity> &reg)
+        : reg{reg}, entity{reg.create()}
+    {}
+
+    /*! @brief Default destructor. */
+    virtual ~Actor() {
+        reg.destroy(entity);
+    }
+
+    /*! @brief Default copy constructor. */
+    Actor(const Actor &) = default;
+    /*! @brief Default move constructor. */
+    Actor(Actor &&) = default;
+
+    /*! @brief Default copy assignment operator. @return This actor. */
+    Actor & operator=(const Actor &) = default;
+    /*! @brief Default move assignment operator. @return This actor. */
+    Actor & operator=(Actor &&) = default;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Assigns the given component to an actor.
+     *
+     * A new instance of the given component is created and initialized with the
+     * arguments provided (the component must have a proper constructor or be of
+     * aggregate type). Then the component is assigned to the actor.<br/>
+     * In case the actor already has a component of the given type, it's
+     * replaced with the new one.
+     *
+     * @tparam Component Type of the component to create.
+     * @tparam Args Types of arguments to use to construct the component.
+     * @param args Parameters to use to initialize the component.
+     * @return A reference to the newly created component.
+     */
+    template<typename Component, typename... Args>
+    Component & set(Args &&... args) {
+        return reg.template accommodate<Component>(entity, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Removes the given component from an actor.
+     * @tparam Component Type of the component to remove.
+     */
+    template<typename Component>
+    void unset() {
+        reg.template remove<Component>(entity);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Checks if an actor has the given component.
+     * @tparam Component Type of the component for which to perform the check.
+     * @return True if the actor has the component, false otherwise.
+     */
+    template<typename Component>
+    bool has() const noexcept {
+        return reg.template has<Component>(entity);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Returns a reference to the given component for an actor.
+     * @tparam Component Type of the component to get.
+     * @return A reference to the instance of the component owned by the entity.
+     */
+    template<typename Component>
+    const Component & get() const noexcept {
+        return reg.template get<Component>(entity);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Returns a reference to the given component for an actor.
+     * @tparam Component Type of the component to get.
+     * @return A reference to the instance of the component owned by the entity.
+     */
+    template<typename Component>
+    Component & get() noexcept {
+        return const_cast<Component &>(const_cast<const Actor *>(this)->get<Component>());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Returns a reference to the underlying registry.
+     * @return A reference to the underlying registry
+     */
+    const registry_type & registry() const noexcept {
+        return reg;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Returns a reference to the underlying registry.
+     * @return A reference to the underlying registry
+     */
+    registry_type & registry() noexcept {
+        return const_cast<registry_type &>(const_cast<const Actor *>(this)->registry());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Updates an actor, whatever it means to update it.
+     * @param delta Elapsed time.
+     */
+    virtual void update(delta_type delta) = 0;
+
+private:
+    registry_type &reg;
+    Entity entity;
+};
+
+
+/**
+ * @brief Default actor class.
+ *
+ * The default actor is the best choice for almost all the applications.<br/>
+ * Users should have a really good reason to choose something different.
+ *
+ * @tparam Delta Type to use to provide elapsed time.
+ */
+template<typename Delta>
+using DefaultActor = Actor<DefaultRegistry::entity_type, Delta>;
+
+
+}
+
+
+#endif // ENTT_ENTITY_ACTOR_HPP

src/entt/entity/entt_traits.hpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-#ifndef ENTT_ENTITY_ENTT_HPP
-#define ENTT_ENTITY_ENTT_HPP
+#ifndef ENTT_ENTITY_ENTT_TRAITS_HPP
+#define ENTT_ENTITY_ENTT_TRAITS_HPP
 
 
 #include <cstdint>
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ struct entt_traits;
  * @brief Entity traits for a 16 bits entity identifier.
  *
  * A 16 bits entity identifier guarantees:
+ *
  * * 12 bits for the entity number (up to 4k entities).
  * * 4 bit for the version (resets in [0-15]).
  */
@@ -37,7 +38,7 @@ struct entt_traits<std::uint16_t> {
     /*! @brief Mask to use to get the version out of an identifier. */
     static constexpr auto version_mask = 0xF;
     /*! @brief Extent of the entity number within an identifier. */
-    static constexpr auto version_shift = 12;
+    static constexpr auto entity_shift = 12;
 };
 
 
@@ -45,6 +46,7 @@ struct entt_traits<std::uint16_t> {
  * @brief Entity traits for a 32 bits entity identifier.
  *
  * A 32 bits entity identifier guarantees:
+ *
  * * 24 bits for the entity number (suitable for almost all the games).
  * * 8 bit for the version (resets in [0-255]).
  */
@@ -56,11 +58,11 @@ struct entt_traits<std::uint32_t> {
     using version_type = std::uint16_t;
 
     /*! @brief Mask to use to get the entity number out of an identifier. */
-    static constexpr auto entity_mask = 0xFFFFFF;
+    static constexpr auto entity_mask = 0xFFFFF;
     /*! @brief Mask to use to get the version out of an identifier. */
-    static constexpr auto version_mask = 0xFF;
+    static constexpr auto version_mask = 0xFFF;
     /*! @brief Extent of the entity number within an identifier. */
-    static constexpr auto version_shift = 24;
+    static constexpr auto entity_shift = 20;
 };
 
 
@@ -68,6 +70,7 @@ struct entt_traits<std::uint32_t> {
  * @brief Entity traits for a 64 bits entity identifier.
  *
  * A 64 bits entity identifier guarantees:
+ *
  * * 40 bits for the entity number (an indecently large number).
  * * 24 bit for the version (an indecently large number).
  */
@@ -83,11 +86,11 @@ struct entt_traits<std::uint64_t> {
     /*! @brief Mask to use to get the version out of an identifier. */
     static constexpr auto version_mask = 0xFFFFFF;
     /*! @brief Extent of the entity number within an identifier. */
-    static constexpr auto version_shift = 40;
+    static constexpr auto entity_shift = 40;
 };
 
 
 }
 
 
-#endif // ENTT_ENTITY_ENTT_HPP
+#endif // ENTT_ENTITY_ENTT_TRAITS_HPP

src/entt/entity/snapshot.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,713 @@
+#ifndef ENTT_ENTITY_SNAPSHOT_HPP
+#define ENTT_ENTITY_SNAPSHOT_HPP
+
+
+#include <unordered_map>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <utility>
+#include <cassert>
+#include <iterator>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include "entt_traits.hpp"
+
+
+namespace entt {
+
+
+/**
+ * @brief Forward declaration of the registry class.
+ */
+template<typename>
+class Registry;
+
+
+/**
+ * @brief Utility class to create snapshots from a registry.
+ *
+ * A _snapshot_ can be either a dump of the entire registry or a narrower
+ * selection of components and tags of interest.<br/>
+ * This type can be used in both cases if provided with a correctly configured
+ * output archive.
+ *
+ * @tparam Entity A valid entity type (see entt_traits for more details).
+ */
+template<typename Entity>
+class Snapshot final {
+    /*! @brief A registry is allowed to create snapshots. */
+    friend class Registry<Entity>;
+
+    using follow_fn_type = Entity(*)(const Registry<Entity> &, Entity);
+    using raw_fn_type = const Entity *(*)(const Registry<Entity> &, typename Registry<Entity>::component_type);
+
+    Snapshot(const Registry<Entity> &registry, Entity seed, std::size_t size, follow_fn_type follow, raw_fn_type raw) noexcept
+        : registry{registry},
+          seed{seed},
+          size{size},
+          follow{follow},
+          raw{raw}
+    {}
+
+    Snapshot(const Snapshot &) = default;
+    Snapshot(Snapshot &&) = default;
+
+    Snapshot & operator=(const Snapshot &) = default;
+    Snapshot & operator=(Snapshot &&) = default;
+
+    template<typename Component, typename Archive>
+    void get(Archive &archive, const Registry<Entity> &registry) {
+        const auto component = registry.template component<Component>();
+        const auto sz = registry.template size<Component>();
+        const auto *entities = raw(registry, component);
+
+        archive(static_cast<Entity>(sz));
+
+        for(std::remove_const_t<decltype(sz)> i{}; i < sz; ++i) {
+            const auto entity = entities[i];
+            archive(entity);
+            archive(registry.template get<Component>(entity));
+        };
+    }
+
+    template<typename Tag, typename Archive>
+    void get(Archive &archive) {
+        const bool has = registry.template has<Tag>();
+
+        // numerical length is forced for tags to facilitate loading
+        archive(has ? Entity(1): Entity{});
+
+        if(has) {
+            archive(registry.template attachee<Tag>());
+            archive(registry.template get<Tag>());
+        }
+    }
+
+public:
+    /**
+     * @brief Puts aside all the entities that are still in use.
+     *
+     * Entities are serialized along with their versions. Destroyed entities are
+     * not taken in consideration by this function.
+     *
+     * @tparam Archive Type of output archive.
+     * @param archive A valid reference to an output archive.
+     * @return An object of this type to continue creating the snapshot.
+     */
+    template<typename Archive>
+    Snapshot entities(Archive &archive) && {
+        archive(static_cast<Entity>(registry.size()));
+        registry.each([&archive, this](auto entity) { archive(entity); });
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Puts aside destroyed entities.
+     *
+     * Entities are serialized along with their versions. Entities that are
+     * still in use are not taken in consideration by this function.
+     *
+     * @tparam Archive Type of output archive.
+     * @param archive A valid reference to an output archive.
+     * @return An object of this type to continue creating the snapshot.
+     */
+    template<typename Archive>
+    Snapshot destroyed(Archive &archive) && {
+        archive(static_cast<Entity>(size));
+
+        if(size) {
+            auto curr = seed;
+            archive(curr);
+
+            for(auto i = size - 1; i; --i) {
+                curr = follow(registry, curr);
+                archive(curr);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Puts aside the given components.
+     *
+     * Each component is serialized together with the entity to which it
+     * belongs. Entities are serialized along with their versions.
+     *
+     * @tparam Component Types of components to serialize.
+     * @tparam Archive Type of output archive.
+     * @param archive A valid reference to an output archive.
+     * @return An object of this type to continue creating the snapshot.
+     */
+    template<typename... Component, typename Archive>
+    Snapshot component(Archive &archive) && {
+        using accumulator_type = int[];
+        accumulator_type accumulator = { 0, (get<Component>(archive, registry), 0)... };
+        (void)accumulator;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Puts aside the given tags.
+     *
+     * Each tag is serialized together with the entity to which it belongs.
+     * Entities are serialized along with their versions.
+     *
+     * @tparam Tag Types of tags to serialize.
+     * @tparam Archive Type of output archive.
+     * @param archive A valid reference to an output archive.
+     * @return An object of this type to continue creating the snapshot.
+     */
+    template<typename... Tag, typename Archive>
+    Snapshot tag(Archive &archive) && {
+        using accumulator_type = int[];
+        accumulator_type accumulator = { 0, (get<Tag>(archive), 0)... };
+        (void)accumulator;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+private:
+    const Registry<Entity> &registry;
+    const Entity seed;
+    const std::size_t size;
+    follow_fn_type follow;
+    raw_fn_type raw;
+};
+
+
+/**
+ * @brief Utility class to restore a snapshot as a whole.
+ *
+ * A snapshot loader requires that the destination registry be empty and loads
+ * all the data at once while keeping intact the identifiers that the entities
+ * originally had.<br/>
+ * An example of use is the implementation of a save/restore utility.
+ *
+ * @tparam Entity A valid entity type (see entt_traits for more details).
+ */
+template<typename Entity>
+class SnapshotLoader final {
+    /*! @brief A registry is allowed to create snapshot loaders. */
+    friend class Registry<Entity>;
+
+    using assure_fn_type = void(*)(Registry<Entity> &, Entity, bool);
+
+    SnapshotLoader(Registry<Entity> &registry, assure_fn_type assure_fn) noexcept
+        : registry{registry},
+          assure_fn{assure_fn}
+    {
+        // restore a snapshot as a whole requires a clean registry
+        assert(!registry.capacity());
+    }
+
+    SnapshotLoader(const SnapshotLoader &) = default;
+    SnapshotLoader(SnapshotLoader &&) = default;
+
+    SnapshotLoader & operator=(const SnapshotLoader &) = default;
+    SnapshotLoader & operator=(SnapshotLoader &&) = default;
+
+    template<typename Archive, typename Func>
+    void each(Archive &archive, Func func) {
+        Entity length{};
+        archive(length);
+
+        while(length) {
+            Entity entity{};
+            archive(entity);
+            func(entity);
+            --length;
+        }
+    }
+
+    template<typename Component, typename Archive>
+    void assign(Archive &archive) {
+        each(archive, [&archive, this](auto entity) {
+            static constexpr auto destroyed = false;
+            assure_fn(registry, entity, destroyed);
+            archive(registry.template assign<Component>(entity));
+        });
+    }
+
+    template<typename Tag, typename Archive>
+    void attach(Archive &archive) {
+        each(archive, [&archive, this](auto entity) {
+            static constexpr auto destroyed = false;
+            assure_fn(registry, entity, destroyed);
+            archive(registry.template attach<Tag>(entity));
+        });
+    }
+
+public:
+    /**
+     * @brief Restores entities that were in use during serialization.
+     *
+     * This function restores the entities that were in use during serialization
+     * and gives them the versions they originally had.
+     *
+     * @tparam Archive Type of input archive.
+     * @param archive A valid reference to an input archive.
+     * @return A valid loader to continue restoring data.
+     */
+    template<typename Archive>
+    SnapshotLoader entities(Archive &archive) && {
+        each(archive, [this](auto entity) {
+            static constexpr auto destroyed = false;
+            assure_fn(registry, entity, destroyed);
+        });
+
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Restores entities that were destroyed during serialization.
+     *
+     * This function restores the entities that were destroyed during
+     * serialization and gives them the versions they originally had.
+     *
+     * @tparam Archive Type of input archive.
+     * @param archive A valid reference to an input archive.
+     * @return A valid loader to continue restoring data.
+     */
+    template<typename Archive>
+    SnapshotLoader destroyed(Archive &archive) && {
+        each(archive, [this](auto entity) {
+            static constexpr auto destroyed = true;
+            assure_fn(registry, entity, destroyed);
+        });
+
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Restores components and assigns them to the right entities.
+     *
+     * The template parameter list must be exactly the same used during
+     * serialization. In the event that the entity to which the component is
+     * assigned doesn't exist yet, the loader will take care to create it with
+     * the version it originally had.
+     *
+     * @tparam Component Types of components to restore.
+     * @tparam Archive Type of input archive.
+     * @param archive A valid reference to an input archive.
+     * @return A valid loader to continue restoring data.
+     */
+    template<typename... Component, typename Archive>
+    SnapshotLoader component(Archive &archive) && {
+        using accumulator_type = int[];
+        accumulator_type accumulator = { 0, (assign<Component>(archive), 0)... };
+        (void)accumulator;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Restores tags and assigns them to the right entities.
+     *
+     * The template parameter list must be exactly the same used during
+     * serialization. In the event that the entity to which the tag is assigned
+     * doesn't exist yet, the loader will take care to create it with the
+     * version it originally had.
+     *
+     * @tparam Tag Types of tags to restore.
+     * @tparam Archive Type of input archive.
+     * @param archive A valid reference to an input archive.
+     * @return A valid loader to continue restoring data.
+     */
+    template<typename... Tag, typename Archive>
+    SnapshotLoader tag(Archive &archive) && {
+        using accumulator_type = int[];
+        accumulator_type accumulator = { 0, (attach<Tag>(archive), 0)... };
+        (void)accumulator;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Destroys those entities that have neither components nor tags.
+     *
+     * In case all the entities were serialized but only part of the components
+     * and tags was saved, it could happen that some of the entities have
+     * neither components nor tags once restored.<br/>
+     * This functions helps to identify and destroy those entities.
+     *
+     * @return A valid loader to continue restoring data.
+     */
+    SnapshotLoader orphans() && {
+        registry.orphans([this](auto entity) {
+            registry.destroy(entity);
+        });
+
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+private:
+    Registry<Entity> &registry;
+    assure_fn_type assure_fn;
+};
+
+
+/**
+ * @brief Utility class for _continuous loading_.
+ *
+ * A _continuous loader_ is designed to load data from a source registry to a
+ * (possibly) non-empty destination. The loader can accomodate in a registry
+ * more than one snapshot in a sort of _continuous loading_ that updates the
+ * destination one step at a time.<br/>
+ * Identifiers that entities originally had are not transferred to the target.
+ * Instead, the loader maps remote identifiers to local ones while restoring a
+ * snapshot.<br/>
+ * An example of use is the implementation of a client-server applications with
+ * the requirement of transferring somehow parts of the representation side to
+ * side.
+ *
+ * @tparam Entity A valid entity type (see entt_traits for more details).
+ */
+template<typename Entity>
+class ContinuousLoader final {
+    using traits_type = entt_traits<Entity>;
+
+    Entity destroy(Entity entity) {
+        const auto it = remloc.find(entity);
+
+        if(it == remloc.cend()) {
+            const auto local = registry.create();
+            remloc.emplace(entity, std::make_pair(local, true));
+            registry.destroy(local);
+        }
+
+        return remloc[entity].first;
+    }
+
+    Entity restore(Entity entity) {
+        const auto it = remloc.find(entity);
+
+        if(it == remloc.cend()) {
+            const auto local = registry.create();
+            remloc.emplace(entity, std::make_pair(local, true));
+        } else {
+            remloc[entity].first =
+                    registry.valid(remloc[entity].first)
+                    ? remloc[entity].first
+                    : registry.create();
+
+            // set the dirty flag
+            remloc[entity].second = true;
+        }
+
+        return remloc[entity].first;
+    }
+
+    template<typename Instance, typename Type>
+    std::enable_if_t<std::is_same<Type, Entity>::value>
+    update(Instance &instance, Type Instance::*member) {
+        instance.*member = map(instance.*member);
+    }
+
+    template<typename Instance, typename Type>
+    std::enable_if_t<std::is_same<typename std::iterator_traits<typename Type::iterator>::value_type, Entity>::value>
+    update(Instance &instance, Type Instance::*member) {
+        for(auto &entity: (instance.*member)) {
+            entity = map(entity);
+        }
+    }
+
+    template<typename Archive, typename Func>
+    void each(Archive &archive, Func func) {
+        Entity length{};
+        archive(length);
+
+        while(length) {
+            Entity entity{};
+            archive(entity);
+            func(entity);
+            --length;
+        }
+    }
+
+    template<typename Component>
+    void reset() {
+        for(auto &&ref: remloc) {
+            const auto local = ref.second.first;
+
+            if(registry.valid(local)) {
+                registry.template reset<Component>(local);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    template<typename Component, typename Archive>
+    void assign(Archive &archive) {
+        reset<Component>();
+
+        each(archive, [&archive, this](auto entity) {
+            entity = restore(entity);
+            archive(registry.template accommodate<Component>(entity));
+        });
+    }
+
+    template<typename Component, typename Archive, typename... Type>
+    void assign(Archive &archive, Type Component::*... member) {
+        reset<Component>();
+
+        each(archive, [&archive, member..., this](auto entity) {
+            entity = restore(entity);
+            auto &component = registry.template accommodate<Component>(entity);
+            archive(component);
+
+            using accumulator_type = int[];
+            accumulator_type accumulator = { 0, (update(component, member), 0)... };
+            (void)accumulator;
+        });
+    }
+
+    template<typename Tag, typename Archive>
+    void attach(Archive &archive) {
+        registry.template remove<Tag>();
+
+        each(archive, [&archive, this](auto entity) {
+            entity = restore(entity);
+            archive(registry.template attach<Tag>(entity));
+        });
+    }
+
+    template<typename Tag, typename Archive, typename... Type>
+    void attach(Archive &archive, Type Tag::*... member) {
+        registry.template remove<Tag>();
+
+        each(archive, [&archive, member..., this](auto entity) {
+            entity = restore(entity);
+            auto &tag = registry.template attach<Tag>(entity);
+            archive(tag);
+
+            using accumulator_type = int[];
+            accumulator_type accumulator = { 0, (update(tag, member), 0)... };
+            (void)accumulator;
+        });
+    }
+
+public:
+    /*! @brief Underlying entity identifier. */
+    using entity_type = Entity;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Constructs a loader that is bound to a given registry.
+     * @param registry A valid reference to a registry.
+     */
+    ContinuousLoader(Registry<entity_type> &registry) noexcept
+        : registry{registry}
+    {}
+
+    /*! @brief Default copy constructor. */
+    ContinuousLoader(const ContinuousLoader &) = default;
+    /*! @brief Default move constructor. */
+    ContinuousLoader(ContinuousLoader &&) = default;
+
+    /*! @brief Default copy assignment operator. @return This loader. */
+    ContinuousLoader & operator=(const ContinuousLoader &) = default;
+    /*! @brief Default move assignment operator. @return This loader. */
+    ContinuousLoader & operator=(ContinuousLoader &&) = default;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Restores entities that were in use during serialization.
+     *
+     * This function restores the entities that were in use during serialization
+     * and creates local counterparts for them if required.
+     *
+     * @tparam Archive Type of input archive.
+     * @param archive A valid reference to an input archive.
+     * @return A non-const reference to this loader.
+     */
+    template<typename Archive>
+    ContinuousLoader & entities(Archive &archive) {
+        each(archive, [this](auto entity) { restore(entity); });
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Restores entities that were destroyed during serialization.
+     *
+     * This function restores the entities that were destroyed during
+     * serialization and creates local counterparts for them if required.
+     *
+     * @tparam Archive Type of input archive.
+     * @param archive A valid reference to an input archive.
+     * @return A non-const reference to this loader.
+     */
+    template<typename Archive>
+    ContinuousLoader & destroyed(Archive &archive) {
+        each(archive, [this](auto entity) { destroy(entity); });
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Restores components and assigns them to the right entities.
+     *
+     * The template parameter list must be exactly the same used during
+     * serialization. In the event that the entity to which the component is
+     * assigned doesn't exist yet, the loader will take care to create a local
+     * counterpart for it.
+     *
+     * @tparam Component Types of components to restore.
+     * @tparam Archive Type of input archive.
+     * @param archive A valid reference to an input archive.
+     * @return A non-const reference to this loader.
+     */
+    template<typename... Component, typename Archive>
+    ContinuousLoader & component(Archive &archive) {
+        using accumulator_type = int[];
+        accumulator_type accumulator = { 0, (assign<Component>(archive), 0)... };
+        (void)accumulator;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Restores components and assigns them to the right entities.
+     *
+     * The template parameter list must be exactly the same used during
+     * serialization. In the event that the entity to which the component is
+     * assigned doesn't exist yet, the loader will take care to create a local
+     * counterpart for it.<br/>
+     * Members can be either data members of type entity_type or containers of
+     * entities. In both cases, the loader will visit them and update the
+     * entities by replacing each one with its local counterpart.
+     *
+     * @tparam Component Type of component to restore.
+     * @tparam Archive Type of input archive.
+     * @tparam Type Types of members to update with their local counterparts.
+     * @param archive A valid reference to an input archive.
+     * @param member Members to update with their local counterparts.
+     * @return A non-const reference to this loader.
+     */
+    template<typename Component, typename Archive, typename... Type>
+    ContinuousLoader & component(Archive &archive, Type Component::*... member) {
+        assign(archive, member...);
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Restores tags and assigns them to the right entities.
+     *
+     * The template parameter list must be exactly the same used during
+     * serialization. In the event that the entity to which the tag is assigned
+     * doesn't exist yet, the loader will take care to create a local
+     * counterpart for it.
+     *
+     * @tparam Tag Types of tags to restore.
+     * @tparam Archive Type of input archive.
+     * @param archive A valid reference to an input archive.
+     * @return A non-const reference to this loader.
+     */
+    template<typename... Tag, typename Archive>
+    ContinuousLoader & tag(Archive &archive) {
+        using accumulator_type = int[];
+        accumulator_type accumulator = { 0, (attach<Tag>(archive), 0)... };
+        (void)accumulator;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Restores tags and assigns them to the right entities.
+     *
+     * The template parameter list must be exactly the same used during
+     * serialization. In the event that the entity to which the tag is assigned
+     * doesn't exist yet, the loader will take care to create a local
+     * counterpart for it.<br/>
+     * Members can be either data members of type entity_type or containers of
+     * entities. In both cases, the loader will visit them and update the
+     * entities by replacing each one with its local counterpart.
+     *
+     * @tparam Tag Type of tag to restore.
+     * @tparam Archive Type of input archive.
+     * @tparam Type Types of members to update with their local counterparts.
+     * @param archive A valid reference to an input archive.
+     * @param member Members to update with their local counterparts.
+     * @return A non-const reference to this loader.
+     */
+    template<typename Tag, typename Archive, typename... Type>
+    ContinuousLoader & tag(Archive &archive, Type Tag::*... member) {
+        attach<Tag>(archive, member...);
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Helps to purge entities that no longer have a conterpart.
+     *
+     * Users should invoke this member function after restoring each snapshot,
+     * unless they know exactly what they are doing.
+     *
+     * @return A non-const reference to this loader.
+     */
+    ContinuousLoader & shrink() {
+        auto it = remloc.begin();
+
+        while(it != remloc.cend()) {
+            const auto local = it->second.first;
+            bool &dirty = it->second.second;
+
+            if(dirty) {
+                dirty = false;
+                ++it;
+            } else {
+                if(registry.valid(local)) {
+                    registry.destroy(local);
+                }
+
+                it = remloc.erase(it);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Destroys those entities that have neither components nor tags.
+     *
+     * In case all the entities were serialized but only part of the components
+     * and tags was saved, it could happen that some of the entities have
+     * neither components nor tags once restored.<br/>
+     * This functions helps to identify and destroy those entities.
+     *
+     * @return A non-const reference to this loader.
+     */
+    ContinuousLoader & orphans() {
+        registry.orphans([this](auto entity) {
+            registry.destroy(entity);
+        });
+
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Tests if a loader knows about a given entity.
+     * @param entity An entity identifier.
+     * @return True if `entity` is managed by the loader, false otherwise.
+     */
+    bool has(entity_type entity) {
+        return !(remloc.find(entity) == remloc.cend());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Returns the identifier to which an entity refers.
+     *
+     * @warning
+     * Attempting to use an entity that isn't managed by the loader results in
+     * undefined behavior.<br/>
+     * An assertion will abort the execution at runtime in debug mode if the
+     * loader doesn't knows about the entity.
+     *
+     * @param entity An entity identifier.
+     * @return The identifier to which `entity` refers in the target registry.
+     */
+    entity_type map(entity_type entity) {
+        assert(has(entity));
+        return remloc[entity].first;
+    }
+
+private:
+    std::unordered_map<Entity, std::pair<Entity, bool>> remloc;
+    Registry<Entity> &registry;
+};
+
+
+}
+
+
+#endif // ENTT_ENTITY_SNAPSHOT_HPP

src/entt/entity/sparse_set.hpp

@@ -3,11 +3,14 @@
 
 
 #include <algorithm>
+#include <iterator>
+#include <numeric>
 #include <utility>
 #include <vector>
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <cassert>
-#include "traits.hpp"
+#include <type_traits>
+#include "entt_traits.hpp"
 
 
 namespace entt {
@@ -54,10 +57,14 @@ template<typename Entity>
 class SparseSet<Entity> {
     using traits_type = entt_traits<Entity>;
 
-    struct Iterator {
+    struct Iterator final {
+        using difference_type = std::size_t;
         using value_type = Entity;
+        using pointer = value_type *;
+        using reference = value_type;
+        using iterator_category = std::input_iterator_tag;
 
-        Iterator(const std::vector<Entity> *direct, std::size_t pos)
+        Iterator(const std::vector<value_type> &direct, std::size_t pos)
             : direct{direct}, pos{pos}
         {}
 
@@ -70,23 +77,34 @@ class SparseSet<Entity> {
             return ++(*this), orig;
         }
 
+        Iterator & operator+=(difference_type value) noexcept {
+            pos -= value;
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+        Iterator operator+(difference_type value) noexcept {
+            return Iterator{direct, pos-value};
+        }
+
         bool operator==(const Iterator &other) const noexcept {
-            return other.pos == pos && other.direct == direct;
+            return other.pos == pos;
         }
 
         bool operator!=(const Iterator &other) const noexcept {
             return !(*this == other);
         }
 
-        value_type operator*() const noexcept {
-            return (*direct)[pos-1];
+        reference operator*() const noexcept {
+            return direct[pos-1];
         }
 
     private:
-        const std::vector<Entity> *direct;
+        const std::vector<value_type> &direct;
         std::size_t pos;
     };
 
+    static constexpr Entity in_use = (Entity{1} << traits_type::entity_shift);
+
 public:
     /*! @brief Underlying entity identifier. */
     using entity_type = Entity;
@@ -97,24 +115,50 @@ public:
     /*! @brief Input iterator type. */
     using iterator_type = Iterator;
 
-    /*! @brief Default constructor, explicit on purpose. */
-    explicit SparseSet() noexcept = default;
+    /*! @brief Default constructor. */
+    SparseSet() noexcept = default;
+
+    /*! @brief Default destructor. */
+    virtual ~SparseSet() noexcept = default;
 
     /*! @brief Copying a sparse set isn't allowed. */
     SparseSet(const SparseSet &) = delete;
     /*! @brief Default move constructor. */
     SparseSet(SparseSet &&) = default;
 
-    /*! @brief Default destructor. */
-    virtual ~SparseSet() noexcept = default;
-
     /*! @brief Copying a sparse set isn't allowed. @return This sparse set. */
     SparseSet & operator=(const SparseSet &) = delete;
     /*! @brief Default move assignment operator. @return This sparse set. */
     SparseSet & operator=(SparseSet &&) = default;
 
     /**
-     * @brief Returns the number of elements in the sparse set.
+     * @brief Increases the capacity of a sparse set.
+     *
+     * If the new capacity is greater than the current capacity, new storage is
+     * allocated, otherwise the method does nothing.
+     *
+     * @param cap Desired capacity.
+     */
+    void reserve(size_type cap) {
+        direct.reserve(cap);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Returns the extent of a sparse set.
+     *
+     * The extent of a sparse set is also the size of the internal sparse array.
+     * There is no guarantee that the internal packed array has the same size.
+     * Usually the size of the internal sparse array is equal or greater than
+     * the one of the internal packed array.
+     *
+     * @return Extent of the sparse set.
+     */
+    size_type extent() const noexcept {
+        return reverse.size();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Returns the number of elements in a sparse set.
      *
      * The number of elements is also the size of the internal packed array.
      * There is no guarantee that the internal sparse array has the same size.
@@ -128,8 +172,8 @@ public:
     }
 
     /**
-     * @brief Checks whether the sparse set is empty.
-     * @return True is the sparse set is empty, false otherwise.
+     * @brief Checks whether a sparse set is empty.
+     * @return True if the sparse set is empty, false otherwise.
      */
     bool empty() const noexcept {
         return direct.empty();
@@ -142,7 +186,7 @@ public:
      * always a valid range, even if the container is empty.
      *
      * @note
-     * There are no guarantees on the order, even though `sort` has been
+     * There are no guarantees on the order, even though `respect` has been
      * previously invoked. Internal data structures arrange elements to maximize
      * performance. Accessing them directly gives a performance boost but less
      * guarantees. Use `begin` and `end` if you want to iterate the sparse set
@@ -157,48 +201,73 @@ public:
     /**
      * @brief Returns an iterator to the beginning.
      *
-     * The returned iterator points to the first element of the internal packed
+     * The returned iterator points to the first entity of the internal packed
      * array. If the sparse set is empty, the returned iterator will be equal to
      * `end()`.
      *
      * @note
-     * Input iterators stay true to the order imposed by a call to `sort`.
+     * Input iterators stay true to the order imposed by a call to `respect`.
      *
-     * @return An iterator to the first element of the internal packed array.
+     * @return An iterator to the first entity of the internal packed array.
      */
     iterator_type begin() const noexcept {
-        return Iterator{&direct, direct.size()};
+        return Iterator{direct, direct.size()};
     }
 
     /**
      * @brief Returns an iterator to the end.
      *
-     * The returned iterator points to the element following the last element in
+     * The returned iterator points to the element following the last entity in
      * the internal packed array. Attempting to dereference the returned
      * iterator results in undefined behavior.
      *
      * @note
-     * Input iterators stay true to the order imposed by a call to `sort`.
+     * Input iterators stay true to the order imposed by a call to `respect`.
      *
-     * @return An iterator to the element following the last element of the
+     * @return An iterator to the element following the last entity of the
      * internal packed array.
      */
     iterator_type end() const noexcept {
-        return Iterator{&direct, 0};
+        return Iterator{direct, 0};
     }
 
     /**
-     * @brief Checks if the sparse set contains the given entity.
+     * @brief Checks if a sparse set contains an entity.
      * @param entity A valid entity identifier.
      * @return True if the sparse set contains the entity, false otherwise.
      */
     bool has(entity_type entity) const noexcept {
-        const auto entt = entity & traits_type::entity_mask;
-        return entt < reverse.size() && reverse[entt] < direct.size() && direct[reverse[entt]] == entity;
+        const auto pos = size_type(entity & traits_type::entity_mask);
+        // the in-use control bit permits to avoid accessing the direct vector
+        return (pos < reverse.size()) && (reverse[pos] & in_use);
     }
 
     /**
-     * @brief Returns the position of the entity in the sparse set.
+     * @brief Checks if a sparse set contains an entity (unsafe).
+     *
+     * Alternative version of `has`. It accesses the underlying data structures
+     * without bounds checking and thus it's both unsafe and risky to use.<br/>
+     * You should not invoke directly this function unless you know exactly what
+     * you are doing. Prefer the `has` member function instead.
+     *
+     * @warning
+     * Attempting to use an entity that doesn't belong to the sparse set can
+     * result in undefined behavior.<br/>
+     * An assertion will abort the execution at runtime in debug mode in case of
+     * bounds violation.
+     *
+     * @param entity A valid entity identifier.
+     * @return True if the sparse set contains the entity, false otherwise.
+     */
+    bool fast(entity_type entity) const noexcept {
+        const auto pos = size_type(entity & traits_type::entity_mask);
+        assert(pos < reverse.size());
+        // the in-use control bit permits to avoid accessing the direct vector
+        return (reverse[pos] & in_use);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Returns the position of an entity in a sparse set.
      *
      * @warning
      * Attempting to get the position of an entity that doesn't belong to the
@@ -211,11 +280,13 @@ public:
      */
     pos_type get(entity_type entity) const noexcept {
         assert(has(entity));
-        return reverse[entity & traits_type::entity_mask];
+        const auto entt = entity & traits_type::entity_mask;
+        // we must get rid of the in-use bit for it's not part of the position
+        return reverse[entt] & traits_type::entity_mask;
     }
 
     /**
-     * @brief Assigns an entity to the sparse set.
+     * @brief Assigns an entity to a sparse set.
      *
      * @warning
      * Attempting to assign an entity that already belongs to the sparse set
@@ -224,25 +295,23 @@ public:
      * sparse set already contains the given entity.
      *
      * @param entity A valid entity identifier.
-     * @return The position of the entity in the internal packed array.
      */
-    pos_type construct(entity_type entity) {
+    void construct(entity_type entity) {
         assert(!has(entity));
-        const auto entt = entity & traits_type::entity_mask;
+        const auto pos = size_type(entity & traits_type::entity_mask);
 
-        if(!(entt < reverse.size())) {
-            reverse.resize(entt+1);
+        if(!(pos < reverse.size())) {
+            reverse.resize(pos+1, pos_type{});
         }
 
-        const auto pos = pos_type(direct.size());
-        reverse[entt] = pos;
+        // we exploit the fact that pos_type is equal to entity_type and pos has
+        // traits_type::version_mask bits unused we can use to mark it as in-use
+        reverse[pos] = pos_type(direct.size()) | in_use;
         direct.emplace_back(entity);
-
-        return pos;
     }
 
     /**
-     * @brief Removes the given entity from the sparse set.
+     * @brief Removes an entity from a sparse set.
      *
      * @warning
      * Attempting to remove an entity that doesn't belong to the sparse set
@@ -256,14 +325,17 @@ public:
         assert(has(entity));
         const auto entt = entity & traits_type::entity_mask;
         const auto back = direct.back() & traits_type::entity_mask;
-        const auto pos = reverse[entt];
-        reverse[back] = pos;
+        // we must get rid of the in-use bit for it's not part of the position
+        const auto pos = reverse[entt] & traits_type::entity_mask;
+        reverse[back] = reverse[entt];
+        reverse[entt] = pos;
+        // swapping isn't required here, we are getting rid of the last element
         direct[pos] = direct.back();
         direct.pop_back();
     }
 
     /**
-     * @brief Swaps the position of the entities in the internal packed array.
+     * @brief Swaps the position of two entities in the internal packed array.
      *
      * For what it's worth, this function affects both the internal sparse array
      * and the internal packed array. Users should not care of that anyway.
@@ -274,49 +346,20 @@ public:
      * An assertion will abort the execution at runtime in debug mode if the
      * sparse set doesn't contain the given entities.
      *
-     * @param lhs A valid entity identifier.
-     * @param rhs A valid entity identifier.
+     * @param lhs A valid position within the sparse set.
+     * @param rhs A valid position within the sparse set.
      */
-    virtual void swap(entity_type lhs, entity_type rhs) {
-        assert(has(lhs));
-        assert(has(rhs));
-        const auto le = lhs & traits_type::entity_mask;
-        const auto re = rhs & traits_type::entity_mask;
-        std::swap(direct[reverse[le]], direct[reverse[re]]);
-        std::swap(reverse[le], reverse[re]);
+    void swap(pos_type lhs, pos_type rhs) noexcept {
+        assert(lhs < direct.size());
+        assert(rhs < direct.size());
+        const auto src = direct[lhs] & traits_type::entity_mask;
+        const auto dst = direct[rhs] & traits_type::entity_mask;
+        std::swap(reverse[src], reverse[dst]);
+        std::swap(direct[lhs], direct[rhs]);
     }
 
     /**
-     * @brief Sort entities according to the given comparison function.
-     *
-     * Sort the elements so that iterating the sparse set with a couple of
-     * iterators returns them in the expected order. See `begin` and `end` for
-     * more details.
-     *
-     * @note
-     * Attempting to iterate elements using the raw pointer returned by `data`
-     * gives no guarantees on the order, even though `sort` has been invoked.
-     *
-     * @tparam Compare Type of the comparison function.
-     * @param compare A comparison function whose signature shall be equivalent
-     * to: `bool(Entity, Entity)`.
-     */
-    template<typename Compare>
-    void sort(Compare compare) {
-        std::vector<pos_type> copy{direct.cbegin(), direct.cend()};
-        std::sort(copy.begin(), copy.end(), [compare = std::move(compare)](auto... args) {
-            return !compare(args...);
-        });
-
-        for(pos_type i = 0; i < copy.size(); ++i) {
-            if(direct[i] != copy[i]) {
-                swap(direct[i], copy[i]);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @brief Sort entities according to their order in the given sparse set.
+     * @brief Sort entities according to their order in another sparse set.
      *
      * Entities that are part of both the sparse sets are ordered internally
      * according to the order they have in `other`. All the other entities goes
@@ -325,45 +368,36 @@ public:
      * sets by using one of them as a master and the other one as a slave.
      *
      * Iterating the sparse set with a couple of iterators returns elements in
-     * the expected order after a call to `sort`. See `begin` and `end` for more
-     * details.
+     * the expected order after a call to `respect`. See `begin` and `end` for
+     * more details.
      *
      * @note
      * Attempting to iterate elements using the raw pointer returned by `data`
-     * gives no guarantees on the order, even though `sort` has been invoked.
+     * gives no guarantees on the order, even though `respect` has been invoked.
      *
      * @param other The sparse sets that imposes the order of the entities.
      */
-    void respect(const SparseSet<Entity> &other) {
-        struct Bool { bool value{false}; };
-        std::vector<Bool> check(std::max(other.reverse.size(), reverse.size()));
+    void respect(const SparseSet<Entity> &other) noexcept {
+        auto from = other.begin();
+        auto to = other.end();
 
-        for(auto entity: other.direct) {
-            check[entity & traits_type::entity_mask].value = true;
-        }
+        pos_type pos = direct.size() - 1;
 
-        sort([this, &other, &check](auto lhs, auto rhs) {
-            const auto le = lhs & traits_type::entity_mask;
-            const auto re = rhs & traits_type::entity_mask;
+        while(pos && from != to) {
+            if(has(*from)) {
+                if(*from != direct[pos]) {
+                    swap(pos, get(*from));
+                }
 
-            const bool bLhs = check[le].value;
-            const bool bRhs = check[re].value;
-            bool compare = false;
-
-            if(bLhs && bRhs) {
-                compare = other.get(rhs) < other.get(lhs);
-            } else if(!bLhs && !bRhs) {
-                compare = re < le;
-            } else {
-                compare = bLhs;
+                --pos;
             }
 
-            return compare;
-        });
+            ++from;
+        }
     }
 
     /**
-     * @brief Resets the sparse set.
+     * @brief Resets a sparse set.
      */
     virtual void reset() {
         reverse.clear();
@@ -371,7 +405,7 @@ public:
     }
 
 private:
-    std::vector<entity_type> reverse;
+    std::vector<pos_type> reverse;
     std::vector<entity_type> direct;
 };
 
@@ -402,9 +436,59 @@ template<typename Entity, typename Type>
 class SparseSet<Entity, Type>: public SparseSet<Entity> {
     using underlying_type = SparseSet<Entity>;
 
+    struct Iterator final {
+        using difference_type = std::size_t;
+        using value_type = Type;
+        using pointer = value_type *;
+        using reference = value_type &;
+        using iterator_category = std::input_iterator_tag;
+
+        Iterator(std::vector<value_type> &instances, std::size_t pos)
+            : instances{instances}, pos{pos}
+        {}
+
+        Iterator & operator++() noexcept {
+            return --pos, *this;
+        }
+
+        Iterator operator++(int) noexcept {
+            Iterator orig = *this;
+            return ++(*this), orig;
+        }
+
+        Iterator & operator+=(difference_type value) noexcept {
+            pos -= value;
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+        Iterator operator+(difference_type value) noexcept {
+            return Iterator{instances, pos-value};
+        }
+
+        bool operator==(const Iterator &other) const noexcept {
+            return other.pos == pos;
+        }
+
+        bool operator!=(const Iterator &other) const noexcept {
+            return !(*this == other);
+        }
+
+        reference operator*() noexcept {
+            return instances[pos-1];
+        }
+
+        pointer operator->() noexcept {
+            return &instances.data()[pos-1];
+        }
+
+    private:
+        std::vector<value_type> &instances;
+        std::size_t pos;
+    };
+
 public:
     /*! @brief Type of the objects associated to the entities. */
-    using type = Type;
+    using object_type = Type;
     /*! @brief Underlying entity identifier. */
     using entity_type = typename underlying_type::entity_type;
     /*! @brief Entity dependent position type. */
@@ -412,10 +496,10 @@ public:
     /*! @brief Unsigned integer type. */
     using size_type = typename underlying_type::size_type;
     /*! @brief Input iterator type. */
-    using iterator_type = typename underlying_type::iterator_type;
+    using iterator_type = Iterator;
 
-    /*! @brief Default constructor, explicit on purpose. */
-    explicit SparseSet() noexcept = default;
+    /*! @brief Default constructor. */
+    SparseSet() noexcept = default;
 
     /*! @brief Copying a sparse set isn't allowed. */
     SparseSet(const SparseSet &) = delete;
@@ -427,6 +511,19 @@ public:
     /*! @brief Default move assignment operator. @return This sparse set. */
     SparseSet & operator=(SparseSet &&) = default;
 
+    /**
+     * @brief Increases the capacity of a sparse set.
+     *
+     * If the new capacity is greater than the current capacity, new storage is
+     * allocated, otherwise the method does nothing.
+     *
+     * @param cap Desired capacity.
+     */
+    void reserve(size_type cap) {
+        underlying_type::reserve(cap);
+        instances.reserve(cap);
+    }
+
     /**
      * @brief Direct access to the array of objects.
      *
@@ -434,15 +531,15 @@ public:
      * always a valid range, even if the container is empty.
      *
      * @note
-     * There are no guarantees on the order, even though `sort` has been
-     * previously invoked. Internal data structures arrange elements to maximize
-     * performance. Accessing them directly gives a performance boost but less
-     * guarantees. Use `begin` and `end` if you want to iterate the sparse set
-     * in the expected order.
+     * There are no guarantees on the order, even though either `sort` or
+     * `respect` has been previously invoked. Internal data structures arrange
+     * elements to maximize performance. Accessing them directly gives a
+     * performance boost but less guarantees. Use `begin` and `end` if you want
+     * to iterate the sparse set in the expected order.
      *
      * @return A pointer to the array of objects.
      */
-    const type * raw() const noexcept {
+    const object_type * raw() const noexcept {
         return instances.data();
     }
 
@@ -453,20 +550,54 @@ public:
      * always a valid range, even if the container is empty.
      *
      * @note
-     * There are no guarantees on the order, even though `sort` has been
-     * previously invoked. Internal data structures arrange elements to maximize
-     * performance. Accessing them directly gives a performance boost but less
-     * guarantees. Use `begin` and `end` if you want to iterate the sparse set
-     * in the expected order.
+     * There are no guarantees on the order, even though either `sort` or
+     * `respect` has been previously invoked. Internal data structures arrange
+     * elements to maximize performance. Accessing them directly gives a
+     * performance boost but less guarantees. Use `begin` and `end` if you want
+     * to iterate the sparse set in the expected order.
      *
      * @return A pointer to the array of objects.
      */
-    type * raw() noexcept {
+    object_type * raw() noexcept {
         return instances.data();
     }
 
     /**
-     * @brief Returns the object associated to the given entity.
+     * @brief Returns an iterator to the beginning.
+     *
+     * The returned iterator points to the first instance of the given type. If
+     * the sparse set is empty, the returned iterator will be equal to `end()`.
+     *
+     * @note
+     * Input iterators stay true to the order imposed by a call to either `sort`
+     * or `respect`.
+     *
+     * @return An iterator to the first instance of the given type.
+     */
+    iterator_type begin() noexcept {
+        return Iterator{instances, instances.size()};
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Returns an iterator to the end.
+     *
+     * The returned iterator points to the element following the last instance
+     * of the given type. Attempting to dereference the returned iterator
+     * results in undefined behavior.
+     *
+     * @note
+     * Input iterators stay true to the order imposed by a call to either `sort`
+     * or `respect`.
+     *
+     * @return An iterator to the element following the last instance of the
+     * given type.
+     */
+    iterator_type end() noexcept {
+        return Iterator{instances, 0};
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Returns the object associated to an entity.
      *
      * @warning
      * Attempting to use an entity that doesn't belong to the sparse set results
@@ -477,12 +608,12 @@ public:
      * @param entity A valid entity identifier.
      * @return The object associated to the entity.
      */
-    const type & get(entity_type entity) const noexcept {
+    const object_type & get(entity_type entity) const noexcept {
         return instances[underlying_type::get(entity)];
     }
 
     /**
-     * @brief Returns the object associated to the given entity.
+     * @brief Returns the object associated to an entity.
      *
      * @warning
      * Attempting to use an entity that doesn't belong to the sparse set results
@@ -493,12 +624,18 @@ public:
      * @param entity A valid entity identifier.
      * @return The object associated to the entity.
      */
-    type & get(entity_type entity) noexcept {
-        return const_cast<type &>(const_cast<const SparseSet *>(this)->get(entity));
+    object_type & get(entity_type entity) noexcept {
+        return const_cast<object_type &>(const_cast<const SparseSet *>(this)->get(entity));
     }
 
     /**
-     * @brief Assigns an entity to the sparse set and constructs its object.
+     * @brief Assigns an entity to a sparse set and constructs its object.
+     *
+     * @note
+     * _Sfinae'd_ function.<br/>
+     * This version is used for types that can be constructed in place directly.
+     * It doesn't work well with aggregates because of the placement new usually
+     * performed under the hood during an _emplace back_.
      *
      * @warning
      * Attempting to use an entity that already belongs to the sparse set
@@ -512,14 +649,43 @@ public:
      * @return The object associated to the entity.
      */
     template<typename... Args>
-    type & construct(entity_type entity, Args&&... args) {
+    std::enable_if_t<std::is_constructible<Type, Args...>::value, object_type &>
+    construct(entity_type entity, Args &&... args) {
         underlying_type::construct(entity);
-        instances.push_back({ std::forward<Args>(args)... });
+        instances.emplace_back(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
         return instances.back();
     }
 
     /**
-     * @brief Removes an entity from the sparse set and destroies its object.
+     * @brief Assigns an entity to a sparse set and constructs its object.
+     *
+     * @note
+     * _Sfinae'd_ function.<br/>
+     * Fallback for aggregates and types in general that do not work well with a
+     * placement new as performed usually under the hood during an
+     * _emplace back_.
+     *
+     * @warning
+     * Attempting to use an entity that already belongs to the sparse set
+     * results in undefined behavior.<br/>
+     * An assertion will abort the execution at runtime in debug mode if the
+     * sparse set already contains the given entity.
+     *
+     * @tparam Args Types of arguments to use to construct the object.
+     * @param entity A valid entity identifier.
+     * @param args Parameters to use to construct an object for the entity.
+     * @return The object associated to the entity.
+     */
+    template<typename... Args>
+    std::enable_if_t<!std::is_constructible<Type, Args...>::value, object_type &>
+    construct(entity_type entity, Args &&... args) {
+        underlying_type::construct(entity);
+        instances.emplace_back(Type{std::forward<Args>(args)...});
+        return instances.back();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Removes an entity from a sparse set and destroies its object.
      *
      * @warning
      * Attempting to use an entity that doesn't belong to the sparse set results
@@ -530,34 +696,111 @@ public:
      * @param entity A valid entity identifier.
      */
     void destroy(entity_type entity) override {
-        instances[underlying_type::get(entity)] = std::move(instances.back());
+        // swapping isn't required here, we are getting rid of the last element
+        // however, we must protect ourselves from self assignments (see #37)
+        auto tmp = std::move(instances.back());
+        instances[underlying_type::get(entity)] = std::move(tmp);
         instances.pop_back();
         underlying_type::destroy(entity);
     }
 
     /**
-     * @brief Swaps the two entities and their objects.
+     * @brief Sort components according to the given comparison function.
+     *
+     * Sort the elements so that iterating the sparse set with a couple of
+     * iterators returns them in the expected order. See `begin` and `end` for
+     * more details.
+     *
+     * The comparison function object must return `true` if the first element
+     * is _less_ than the second one, `false` otherwise. The signature of the
+     * comparison function should be equivalent to the following:
+     *
+     * @code{.cpp}
+     * bool(const Type &, const Type &)
+     * @endcode
      *
      * @note
-     * This function doesn't swap objects between entities. It exchanges entity
-     * and object positions in the sparse set. It's used mainly for sorting.
+     * Attempting to iterate elements using a raw pointer returned by a call to
+     * either `data` or `raw` gives no guarantees on the order, even though
+     * `sort` has been invoked.
      *
-     * @warning
-     * Attempting to use entities that don't belong to the sparse set results
-     * in undefined behavior.<br/>
-     * An assertion will abort the execution at runtime in debug mode if the
-     * sparse set doesn't contain the given entities.
-     *
-     * @param lhs A valid entity identifier.
-     * @param rhs A valid entity identifier.
+     * @tparam Compare Type of comparison function object.
+     * @param compare A valid comparison function object.
      */
-    void swap(entity_type lhs, entity_type rhs) override {
-        std::swap(instances[underlying_type::get(lhs)], instances[underlying_type::get(rhs)]);
-        underlying_type::swap(lhs, rhs);
+    template<typename Compare>
+    void sort(Compare compare) {
+        std::vector<pos_type> copy(instances.size());
+        std::iota(copy.begin(), copy.end(), 0);
+
+        std::sort(copy.begin(), copy.end(), [this, compare = std::move(compare)](auto lhs, auto rhs) {
+            return compare(const_cast<const object_type &>(instances[rhs]), const_cast<const object_type &>(instances[lhs]));
+        });
+
+        for(pos_type pos = 0, last = copy.size(); pos < last; ++pos) {
+            auto curr = pos;
+            auto next = copy[curr];
+
+            while(curr != next) {
+                const auto lhs = copy[curr];
+                const auto rhs = copy[next];
+                std::swap(instances[lhs], instances[rhs]);
+                underlying_type::swap(lhs, rhs);
+                copy[curr] = curr;
+                curr = next;
+                next = copy[curr];
+            }
+        }
     }
 
     /**
-     * @brief Resets the sparse set.
+     * @brief Sort components according to the order of the entities in another
+     * sparse set.
+     *
+     * Entities that are part of both the sparse sets are ordered internally
+     * according to the order they have in `other`. All the other entities goes
+     * to the end of the list and there are no guarantess on their order.
+     * Components are sorted according to the entities to which they
+     * belong.<br/>
+     * In other terms, this function can be used to impose the same order on two
+     * sets by using one of them as a master and the other one as a slave.
+     *
+     * Iterating the sparse set with a couple of iterators returns elements in
+     * the expected order after a call to `respect`. See `begin` and `end` for
+     * more details.
+     *
+     * @note
+     * Attempting to iterate elements using a raw pointer returned by a call to
+     * either `data` or `raw` gives no guarantees on the order, even though
+     * `respect` has been invoked.
+     *
+     * @param other The sparse sets that imposes the order of the entities.
+     */
+    void respect(const SparseSet<Entity> &other) noexcept {
+        auto from = other.begin();
+        auto to = other.end();
+
+        pos_type pos = underlying_type::size() - 1;
+        const auto *local = underlying_type::data();
+
+        while(pos && from != to) {
+            const auto curr = *from;
+
+            if(underlying_type::has(curr)) {
+                if(curr != *(local + pos)) {
+                    auto candidate = underlying_type::get(curr);
+                    std::swap(instances[pos], instances[candidate]);
+                    underlying_type::swap(pos, candidate);
+                }
+
+                --pos;
+            }
+
+            ++from;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Resets a sparse set.
      */
     void reset() override {
         underlying_type::reset();
@@ -565,7 +808,7 @@ public:
     }
 
 private:
-    std::vector<type> instances;
+    std::vector<object_type> instances;
 };
 
 

src/entt/entt.hpp

@@ -1,12 +1,21 @@
 #include "core/family.hpp"
+#include "core/hashed_string.hpp"
 #include "core/ident.hpp"
+#include "entity/actor.hpp"
+#include "entity/entt_traits.hpp"
 #include "entity/registry.hpp"
+#include "entity/snapshot.hpp"
 #include "entity/sparse_set.hpp"
-#include "entity/traits.hpp"
 #include "entity/view.hpp"
 #include "locator/locator.hpp"
+#include "process/process.hpp"
+#include "process/scheduler.hpp"
+#include "resource/cache.hpp"
+#include "resource/handle.hpp"
+#include "resource/loader.hpp"
 #include "signal/bus.hpp"
 #include "signal/delegate.hpp"
+#include "signal/dispatcher.hpp"
 #include "signal/emitter.hpp"
 #include "signal/sigh.hpp"
 #include "signal/signal.hpp"

src/entt/locator/locator.hpp

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ namespace entt {
  * @brief Service locator, nothing more.
  *
  * A service locator can be used to do what it promises: locate services.<br/>
- * Usually service locators are tighly bound to the services they expose and
+ * Usually service locators are tightly bound to the services they expose and
  * thus it's hard to define a general purpose class to do that. This template
  * based implementation tries to fill the gap and to get rid of the burden of
  * defining a different specific locator for each application.
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ struct ServiceLocator final {
      * @param args Parameters to use to construct the service.
      */
     template<typename Impl = Service, typename... Args>
-    inline static void set(Args&&... args) {
+    inline static void set(Args &&... args) {
         service = std::make_shared<Impl>(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
     }
 

src/entt/process/process.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,338 @@
+#ifndef ENTT_PROCESS_PROCESS_HPP
+#define ENTT_PROCESS_PROCESS_HPP
+
+
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <functional>
+#include <utility>
+
+
+namespace entt {
+
+
+/**
+ * @brief Base class for processes.
+ *
+ * This class stays true to the CRTP idiom. Derived classes must specify what's
+ * the intended type for elapsed times.<br/>
+ * A process should expose publicly the following member functions whether
+ * required:
+ *
+ * * @code{.cpp}
+ *   void update(Delta, void *);
+ *   @endcode
+ *
+ *   It's invoked once per tick until a process is explicitly aborted or it
+ *   terminates either with or without errors. Even though it's not mandatory to
+ *   declare this member function, as a rule of thumb each process should at
+ *   least define it to work properly. The `void *` parameter is an opaque
+ *   pointer to user data (if any) forwarded directly to the process during an
+ *   update.
+ *
+ * * @code{.cpp}
+ *   void init(void *);
+ *   @endcode
+ *
+ *   It's invoked at the first tick, immediately before an update. The `void *`
+ *   parameter is an opaque pointer to user data (if any) forwarded directly to
+ *   the process during an update.
+ *
+ * * @code{.cpp}
+ *   void succeeded();
+ *   @endcode
+ *
+ *   It's invoked in case of success, immediately after an update and during the
+ *   same tick.
+ *
+ * * @code{.cpp}
+ *   void failed();
+ *   @endcode
+ *
+ *   It's invoked in case of errors, immediately after an update and during the
+ *   same tick.
+ *
+ * * @code{.cpp}
+ *   void aborted();
+ *   @endcode
+ *
+ *   It's invoked only if a process is explicitly aborted. There is no guarantee
+ *   that it executes in the same tick, this depends solely on whether the
+ *   process is aborted immediately or not.
+ *
+ * Derived classes can change the internal state of a process by invoking the
+ * `succeed` and `fail` protected member functions and even pause or unpause the
+ * process itself.
+ *
+ * @sa Scheduler
+ *
+ * @tparam Derived Actual type of process that extends the class template.
+ * @tparam Delta Type to use to provide elapsed time.
+ */
+template<typename Derived, typename Delta>
+class Process {
+    enum class State: unsigned int {
+        UNINITIALIZED = 0,
+        RUNNING,
+        PAUSED,
+        SUCCEEDED,
+        FAILED,
+        ABORTED,
+        FINISHED
+    };
+
+    template<State state>
+    using tag = std::integral_constant<State, state>;
+
+    template<typename Target = Derived>
+    auto tick(int, tag<State::UNINITIALIZED>, void *data)
+    -> decltype(std::declval<Target>().init(data)) {
+        static_cast<Target *>(this)->init(data);
+    }
+
+    template<typename Target = Derived>
+    auto tick(int, tag<State::RUNNING>, Delta delta, void *data)
+    -> decltype(std::declval<Target>().update(delta, data)) {
+        static_cast<Target *>(this)->update(delta, data);
+    }
+
+    template<typename Target = Derived>
+    auto tick(int, tag<State::SUCCEEDED>)
+    -> decltype(std::declval<Target>().succeeded()) {
+        static_cast<Target *>(this)->succeeded();
+    }
+
+    template<typename Target = Derived>
+    auto tick(int, tag<State::FAILED>)
+    -> decltype(std::declval<Target>().failed()) {
+        static_cast<Target *>(this)->failed();
+    }
+
+    template<typename Target = Derived>
+    auto tick(int, tag<State::ABORTED>)
+    -> decltype(std::declval<Target>().aborted()) {
+        static_cast<Target *>(this)->aborted();
+    }
+
+    template<State S, typename... Args>
+    void tick(char, tag<S>, Args &&...) {}
+
+protected:
+    /**
+     * @brief Terminates a process with success if it's still alive.
+     *
+     * The function is idempotent and it does nothing if the process isn't
+     * alive.
+     */
+    void succeed() noexcept {
+        if(alive()) {
+            current = State::SUCCEEDED;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Terminates a process with errors if it's still alive.
+     *
+     * The function is idempotent and it does nothing if the process isn't
+     * alive.
+     */
+    void fail() noexcept {
+        if(alive()) {
+            current = State::FAILED;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Stops a process if it's in a running state.
+     *
+     * The function is idempotent and it does nothing if the process isn't
+     * running.
+     */
+    void pause() noexcept {
+        if(current == State::RUNNING) {
+            current = State::PAUSED;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Restarts a process if it's paused.
+     *
+     * The function is idempotent and it does nothing if the process isn't
+     * paused.
+     */
+    void unpause() noexcept {
+        if(current  == State::PAUSED) {
+            current  = State::RUNNING;
+        }
+    }
+
+public:
+    /*! @brief Type used to provide elapsed time. */
+    using delta_type = Delta;
+
+    /*! @brief Default destructor. */
+    virtual ~Process() noexcept {
+        static_assert(std::is_base_of<Process, Derived>::value, "!");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Aborts a process if it's still alive.
+     *
+     * The function is idempotent and it does nothing if the process isn't
+     * alive.
+     *
+     * @param immediately Requests an immediate operation.
+     */
+    void abort(bool immediately = false) noexcept {
+        if(alive()) {
+            current = State::ABORTED;
+
+            if(immediately) {
+                tick(0);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Returns true if a process is either running or paused.
+     * @return True if the process is still alive, false otherwise.
+     */
+    bool alive() const noexcept {
+        return current == State::RUNNING || current == State::PAUSED;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Returns true if a process is already terminated.
+     * @return True if the process is terminated, false otherwise.
+     */
+    bool dead() const noexcept {
+        return current == State::FINISHED;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Returns true if a process is currently paused.
+     * @return True if the process is paused, false otherwise.
+     */
+    bool paused() const noexcept {
+        return current == State::PAUSED;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Returns true if a process terminated with errors.
+     * @return True if the process terminated with errors, false otherwise.
+     */
+    bool rejected() const noexcept {
+        return stopped;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Updates a process and its internal state if required.
+     * @param delta Elapsed time.
+     * @param data Optional data.
+     */
+    void tick(Delta delta, void *data = nullptr) {
+        switch (current) {
+        case State::UNINITIALIZED:
+            tick(0, tag<State::UNINITIALIZED>{}, data);
+            current = State::RUNNING;
+            // no break on purpose, tasks are executed immediately
+        case State::RUNNING:
+            tick(0, tag<State::RUNNING>{}, delta, data);
+        default:
+            // suppress warnings
+            break;
+        }
+
+        // if it's dead, it must be notified and removed immediately
+        switch(current) {
+        case State::SUCCEEDED:
+            tick(0, tag<State::SUCCEEDED>{});
+            current = State::FINISHED;
+            break;
+        case State::FAILED:
+            tick(0, tag<State::FAILED>{});
+            current = State::FINISHED;
+            stopped = true;
+            break;
+        case State::ABORTED:
+            tick(0, tag<State::ABORTED>{});
+            current = State::FINISHED;
+            stopped = true;
+            break;
+        default:
+            // suppress warnings
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+private:
+    State current{State::UNINITIALIZED};
+    bool stopped{false};
+};
+
+
+/**
+ * @brief Adaptor for lambdas and functors to turn them into processes.
+ *
+ * Lambdas and functors can't be used directly with a scheduler for they are not
+ * properly defined processes with managed life cycles.<br/>
+ * This class helps in filling the gap and turning lambdas and functors into
+ * full featured processes usable by a scheduler.
+ *
+ * The signature of the function call operator should be equivalent to the
+ * following:
+ *
+ * @code{.cpp}
+ * void(Delta delta, void *data, auto succeed, auto fail);
+ * @endcode
+ *
+ * Where:
+ *
+ * * `delta` is the elapsed time.
+ * * `data` is an opaque pointer to user data if any, `nullptr` otherwise.
+ * * `succeed` is a function to call when a process terminates with success.
+ * * `fail` is a function to call when a process terminates with errors.
+ *
+ * The signature of the function call operator of both `succeed` and `fail`
+ * is equivalent to the following:
+ *
+ * @code{.cpp}
+ * void();
+ * @endcode
+ *
+ * Usually users shouldn't worry about creating adaptors. A scheduler will
+ * create them internally each and avery time a lambda or a functor is used as
+ * a process.
+ *
+ * @sa Process
+ * @sa Scheduler
+ *
+ * @tparam Func Actual type of process.
+ * @tparam Delta Type to use to provide elapsed time.
+ */
+template<typename Func, typename Delta>
+struct ProcessAdaptor: Process<ProcessAdaptor<Func, Delta>, Delta>, private Func {
+    /**
+     * @brief Constructs a process adaptor from a lambda or a functor.
+     * @tparam Args Types of arguments to use to initialize the actual process.
+     * @param args Parameters to use to initialize the actual process.
+     */
+    template<typename... Args>
+    ProcessAdaptor(Args &&... args)
+        : Func{std::forward<Args>(args)...}
+    {}
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Updates a process and its internal state if required.
+     * @param delta Elapsed time.
+     * @param data Optional data.
+     */
+    void update(Delta delta, void *data) {
+        Func::operator()(delta, data, [this]() { this->succeed(); }, [this]() { this->fail(); });
+    }
+};
+
+
+}
+
+
+#endif // ENTT_PROCESS_PROCESS_HPP

src/entt/process/scheduler.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,320 @@
+#ifndef ENTT_PROCESS_SCHEDULER_HPP
+#define ENTT_PROCESS_SCHEDULER_HPP
+
+
+#include <vector>
+#include <memory>
+#include <utility>
+#include <iterator>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include "process.hpp"
+
+
+namespace entt {
+
+
+/**
+ * @brief Cooperative scheduler for processes.
+ *
+ * A cooperative scheduler runs processes and helps managing their life cycles.
+ *
+ * Each process is invoked once per tick. If a process terminates, it's
+ * removed automatically from the scheduler and it's never invoked again.<br/>
+ * A process can also have a child. In this case, the process is replaced with
+ * its child when it terminates if it returns with success. In case of errors,
+ * both the process and its child are discarded.
+ *
+ * Example of use (pseudocode):
+ *
+ * @code{.cpp}
+ * scheduler.attach([](auto delta, void *, auto succeed, auto fail) {
+ *     // code
+ * }).then<MyProcess>(arguments...);
+ * @endcode
+ *
+ * In order to invoke all scheduled processes, call the `update` member function
+ * passing it the elapsed time to forward to the tasks.
+ *
+ * @sa Process
+ *
+ * @tparam Delta Type to use to provide elapsed time.
+ */
+template<typename Delta>
+class Scheduler final {
+    template<typename T>
+    struct tag { using type = T; };
+
+    struct ProcessHandler final {
+        using instance_type = std::unique_ptr<void, void(*)(void *)>;
+        using update_type = bool(*)(ProcessHandler &, Delta, void *);
+        using abort_type = void(*)(ProcessHandler &, bool);
+        using next_type = std::unique_ptr<ProcessHandler>;
+
+        instance_type instance;
+        update_type update;
+        abort_type abort;
+        next_type next;
+    };
+
+    template<typename Lambda>
+    struct Then final: Lambda {
+        Then(Lambda &&lambda, ProcessHandler *handler)
+            : Lambda{std::forward<Lambda>(lambda)}, handler{handler}
+        {}
+
+        template<typename Proc, typename... Args>
+        decltype(auto) then(Args &&... args) && {
+            static_assert(std::is_base_of<Process<Proc, Delta>, Proc>::value, "!");
+            handler = Lambda::operator()(handler, tag<Proc>{}, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+            return std::move(*this);
+        }
+
+        template<typename Func>
+        decltype(auto) then(Func &&func) && {
+            using Proc = ProcessAdaptor<std::decay_t<Func>, Delta>;
+            return std::move(*this).template then<Proc>(std::forward<Func>(func));
+        }
+
+    private:
+        ProcessHandler *handler;
+    };
+
+    template<typename Proc>
+    static bool update(ProcessHandler &handler, Delta delta, void *data) {
+        auto *process = static_cast<Proc *>(handler.instance.get());
+        process->tick(delta, data);
+
+        auto dead = process->dead();
+
+        if(dead) {
+            if(handler.next && !process->rejected()) {
+                handler = std::move(*handler.next);
+                dead = handler.update(handler, delta, data);
+            } else {
+                handler.instance.reset();
+            }
+        }
+
+        return dead;
+    }
+
+    template<typename Proc>
+    static void abort(ProcessHandler &handler, bool immediately) {
+        static_cast<Proc *>(handler.instance.get())->abort(immediately);
+    }
+
+    template<typename Proc>
+    static void deleter(void *proc) {
+        delete static_cast<Proc *>(proc);
+    }
+
+    auto then(ProcessHandler *handler) {
+        auto lambda = [](ProcessHandler *handler, auto next, auto... args) {
+            using Proc = typename decltype(next)::type;
+
+            if(handler) {
+                auto proc = typename ProcessHandler::instance_type{new Proc{std::forward<decltype(args)>(args)...}, &Scheduler::deleter<Proc>};
+                handler->next.reset(new ProcessHandler{std::move(proc), &Scheduler::update<Proc>, &Scheduler::abort<Proc>, nullptr});
+                handler = handler->next.get();
+            }
+
+            return handler;
+        };
+
+        return Then<decltype(lambda)>{std::move(lambda), handler};
+    }
+
+public:
+    /*! @brief Unsigned integer type. */
+    using size_type = typename std::vector<ProcessHandler>::size_type;
+
+    /*! @brief Default constructor. */
+    Scheduler() noexcept= default;
+
+    /*! @brief Copying a scheduler isn't allowed. */
+    Scheduler(const Scheduler &) = delete;
+    /*! @brief Default move constructor. */
+    Scheduler(Scheduler &&) = default;
+
+    /*! @brief Copying a scheduler isn't allowed. @return This scheduler. */
+    Scheduler & operator=(const Scheduler &) = delete;
+    /*! @brief Default move assignament operator. @return This scheduler. */
+    Scheduler & operator=(Scheduler &&) = default;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Number of processes currently scheduled.
+     * @return Number of processes currently scheduled.
+     */
+    size_type size() const noexcept {
+        return handlers.size();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Returns true if at least a process is currently scheduled.
+     * @return True if there are scheduled processes, false otherwise.
+     */
+    bool empty() const noexcept {
+        return handlers.empty();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Discards all scheduled processes.
+     *
+     * Processes aren't aborted. They are discarded along with their children
+     * and never executed again.
+     */
+    void clear() {
+        handlers.clear();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Schedules a process for the next tick.
+     *
+     * Returned value is an opaque object that can be used to attach a child to
+     * the given process. The child is automatically scheduled when the process
+     * terminates and only if the process returns with success.
+     *
+     * Example of use (pseudocode):
+     *
+     * @code{.cpp}
+     * // schedules a task in the form of a process class
+     * scheduler.attach<MyProcess>(arguments...)
+     * // appends a child in the form of a lambda function
+     * .then([](auto delta, void *, auto succeed, auto fail) {
+     *     // code
+     * })
+     * // appends a child in the form of another process class
+     * .then<MyOtherProcess>();
+     * @endcode
+     *
+     * @tparam Proc Type of process to schedule.
+     * @tparam Args Types of arguments to use to initialize the process.
+     * @param args Parameters to use to initialize the process.
+     * @return An opaque object to use to concatenate processes.
+     */
+    template<typename Proc, typename... Args>
+    auto attach(Args &&... args) {
+        static_assert(std::is_base_of<Process<Proc, Delta>, Proc>::value, "!");
+
+        auto proc = typename ProcessHandler::instance_type{new Proc{std::forward<Args>(args)...}, &Scheduler::deleter<Proc>};
+        ProcessHandler handler{std::move(proc), &Scheduler::update<Proc>, &Scheduler::abort<Proc>, nullptr};
+        handlers.push_back(std::move(handler));
+
+        return then(&handlers.back());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Schedules a process for the next tick.
+     *
+     * A process can be either a lambda or a functor. The scheduler wraps both
+     * of them in a process adaptor internally.<br/>
+     * The signature of the function call operator should be equivalent to the
+     * following:
+     *
+     * @code{.cpp}
+     * void(Delta delta, auto succeed, auto fail);
+     * @endcode
+     *
+     * Where:
+     *
+     * * `delta` is the elapsed time.
+     * * `succeed` is a function to call when a process terminates with success.
+     * * `fail` is a function to call when a process terminates with errors.
+     *
+     * The signature of the function call operator of both `succeed` and `fail`
+     * is equivalent to the following:
+     *
+     * @code{.cpp}
+     * void();
+     * @endcode
+     *
+     * Returned value is an opaque object that can be used to attach a child to
+     * the given process. The child is automatically scheduled when the process
+     * terminates and only if the process returns with success.
+     *
+     * Example of use (pseudocode):
+     *
+     * @code{.cpp}
+     * // schedules a task in the form of a lambda function
+     * scheduler.attach([](auto delta, void *, auto succeed, auto fail) {
+     *     // code
+     * })
+     * // appends a child in the form of another lambda function
+     * .then([](auto delta, void *, auto succeed, auto fail) {
+     *     // code
+     * })
+     * // appends a child in the form of a process class
+     * .then<MyProcess>(arguments...);
+     * @endcode
+     *
+     * @sa ProcessAdaptor
+     *
+     * @tparam Func Type of process to schedule.
+     * @param func Either a lambda or a functor to use as a process.
+     * @return An opaque object to use to concatenate processes.
+     */
+    template<typename Func>
+    auto attach(Func &&func) {
+        using Proc = ProcessAdaptor<std::decay_t<Func>, Delta>;
+        return attach<Proc>(std::forward<Func>(func));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Updates all scheduled processes.
+     *
+     * All scheduled processes are executed in no specific order.<br/>
+     * If a process terminates with success, it's replaced with its child, if
+     * any. Otherwise, if a process terminates with an error, it's removed along
+     * with its child.
+     *
+     * @param delta Elapsed time.
+     * @param data Optional data.
+     */
+    void update(Delta delta, void *data = nullptr) {
+        bool clean = false;
+
+        for(auto pos = handlers.size(); pos; --pos) {
+            auto &handler = handlers[pos-1];
+            const bool dead = handler.update(handler, delta, data);
+            clean = clean || dead;
+        }
+
+        if(clean) {
+            handlers.erase(std::remove_if(handlers.begin(), handlers.end(), [](auto &handler) {
+                return !handler.instance;
+            }), handlers.end());
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Aborts all scheduled processes.
+     *
+     * Unless an immediate operation is requested, the abort is scheduled for
+     * the next tick. Processes won't be executed anymore in any case.<br/>
+     * Once a process is fully aborted and thus finished, it's discarded along
+     * with its child, if any.
+     *
+     * @param immediately Requests an immediate operation.
+     */
+    void abort(bool immediately = false) {
+        decltype(handlers) exec;
+        exec.swap(handlers);
+
+        std::for_each(exec.begin(), exec.end(), [immediately](auto &handler) {
+            handler.abort(handler, immediately);
+        });
+
+        std::move(handlers.begin(), handlers.end(), std::back_inserter(exec));
+        handlers.swap(exec);
+    }
+
+private:
+    std::vector<ProcessHandler> handlers{};
+};
+
+
+}
+
+
+#endif // ENTT_PROCESS_SCHEDULER_HPP

src/entt/resource/cache.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
+#ifndef ENTT_RESOURCE_CACHE_HPP
+#define ENTT_RESOURCE_CACHE_HPP
+
+
+#include <memory>
+#include <utility>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <unordered_map>
+#include "../core/hashed_string.hpp"
+#include "handle.hpp"
+#include "loader.hpp"
+
+
+namespace entt {
+
+
+/**
+ * @brief Simple cache for resources of a given type.
+ *
+ * Minimal implementation of a cache for resources of a given type. It doesn't
+ * offer much functionalities but it's suitable for small or medium sized
+ * applications and can be freely inherited to add targeted functionalities for
+ * large sized applications.
+ *
+ * @tparam Resource Type of resources managed by a cache.
+ */
+template<typename Resource>
+class ResourceCache {
+    using container_type = std::unordered_map<HashedString::hash_type, std::shared_ptr<Resource>>;
+
+public:
+    /*! @brief Unsigned integer type. */
+    using size_type = typename container_type::size_type;
+    /*! @brief Type of resources managed by a cache. */
+    using resource_type = HashedString;
+
+    /*! @brief Default constructor. */
+    ResourceCache() = default;
+
+    /*! @brief Copying a cache isn't allowed. */
+    ResourceCache(const ResourceCache &) noexcept = delete;
+    /*! @brief Default move constructor. */
+    ResourceCache(ResourceCache &&) noexcept = default;
+
+    /*! @brief Copying a cache isn't allowed. @return This cache. */
+    ResourceCache & operator=(const ResourceCache &) noexcept = delete;
+    /*! @brief Default move assignment operator. @return This cache. */
+    ResourceCache & operator=(ResourceCache &&) noexcept = default;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Number of resources managed by a cache.
+     * @return Number of resources currently stored.
+     */
+    size_type size() const noexcept {
+        return resources.size();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Returns true if a cache contains no resources, false otherwise.
+     * @return True if the cache contains no resources, false otherwise.
+     */
+    bool empty() const noexcept {
+        return resources.empty();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Clears a cache and discards all its resources.
+     *
+     * Handles are not invalidated and the memory used by a resource isn't
+     * freed as long as at least a handle keeps the resource itself alive.
+     */
+    void clear() noexcept {
+        resources.clear();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Loads the resource that corresponds to a given identifier.
+     *
+     * In case an identifier isn't already present in the cache, it loads its
+     * resource and stores it aside for future uses. Arguments are forwarded
+     * directly to the loader in order to construct properly the requested
+     * resource.
+     *
+     * @note
+     * If the identifier is already present in the cache, this function does
+     * nothing and the arguments are simply discarded.
+     *
+     * @tparam Loader Type of loader to use to load the resource if required.
+     * @tparam Args Types of arguments to use to load the resource if required.
+     * @param id Unique resource identifier.
+     * @param args Arguments to use to load the resource if required.
+     * @return True if the resource is ready to use, false otherwise.
+     */
+    template<typename Loader, typename... Args>
+    bool load(resource_type id, Args &&... args) {
+        static_assert(std::is_base_of<ResourceLoader<Loader, Resource>, Loader>::value, "!");
+
+        bool loaded = true;
+
+        if(resources.find(id) == resources.cend()) {
+            std::shared_ptr<Resource> resource = Loader{}.get(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+            loaded = (static_cast<bool>(resource) ? (resources[id] = std::move(resource), loaded) : false);
+        }
+
+        return loaded;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Reloads a resource or loads it for the first time if not present.
+     *
+     * Equivalent to the following snippet (pseudocode):
+     *
+     * @code{.cpp}
+     * cache.discard(id);
+     * cache.load(id, args...);
+     * @endcode
+     *
+     * Arguments are forwarded directly to the loader in order to construct
+     * properly the requested resource.
+     *
+     * @tparam Loader Type of loader to use to load the resource.
+     * @tparam Args Types of arguments to use to load the resource.
+     * @param id Unique resource identifier.
+     * @param args Arguments to use to load the resource.
+     * @return True if the resource is ready to use, false otherwise.
+     */
+    template<typename Loader, typename... Args>
+    bool reload(resource_type id, Args &&... args) {
+        return (discard(id), load<Loader>(id, std::forward<Args>(args)...));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Creates a temporary handle for a resource.
+     *
+     * Arguments are forwarded directly to the loader in order to construct
+     * properly the requested resource. The handle isn't stored aside and the
+     * cache isn't in charge of the lifetime of the resource itself.
+     *
+     * @tparam Loader Type of loader to use to load the resource.
+     * @tparam Args Types of arguments to use to load the resource.
+     * @param args Arguments to use to load the resource.
+     * @return A handle for the given resource.
+     */
+    template<typename Loader, typename... Args>
+    ResourceHandle<Resource> temp(Args &&... args) const {
+        return { Loader{}.get(std::forward<Args>(args)...) };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Creates a handle for a given resource identifier.
+     *
+     * A resource handle can be in a either valid or invalid state. In other
+     * terms, a resource handle is properly initialized with a resource if the
+     * cache contains the resource itself. Otherwise the returned handle is
+     * uninitialized and accessing it results in undefined behavior.
+     *
+     * @sa ResourceHandle
+     *
+     * @param id Unique resource identifier.
+     * @return A handle for the given resource.
+     */
+    ResourceHandle<Resource> handle(resource_type id) const {
+        auto it = resources.find(id);
+        return { it == resources.end() ? nullptr : it->second };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Checks if a cache contains a given identifier.
+     * @param id Unique resource identifier.
+     * @return True if the cache contains the resource, false otherwise.
+     */
+    bool contains(resource_type id) const noexcept {
+        return !(resources.find(id) == resources.cend());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Discards the resource that corresponds to a given identifier.
+     *
+     * Handles are not invalidated and the memory used by the resource isn't
+     * freed as long as at least a handle keeps the resource itself alive.
+     *
+     * @param id Unique resource identifier.
+     */
+    void discard(resource_type id) noexcept {
+        auto it = resources.find(id);
+
+        if(it != resources.end()) {
+            resources.erase(it);
+        }
+    }
+
+private:
+    container_type resources;
+};
+
+
+}
+
+
+#endif // ENTT_RESOURCE_CACHE_HPP

src/entt/resource/handle.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+#ifndef ENTT_RESOURCE_HANDLE_HPP
+#define ENTT_RESOURCE_HANDLE_HPP
+
+
+#include <memory>
+#include <utility>
+#include <cassert>
+
+
+namespace entt {
+
+
+template<typename Resource>
+class ResourceCache;
+
+
+/**
+ * @brief Shared resource handle.
+ *
+ * A shared resource handle is a small class that wraps a resource and keeps it
+ * alive even if it's deleted from the cache. It can be either copied or
+ * moved. A handle shares a reference to the same resource with all the other
+ * handles constructed for the same identifier.<br/>
+ * As a rule of thumb, resources should never be copied nor moved. Handles are
+ * the way to go to keep references to them.
+ *
+ * @tparam Resource Type of resource managed by a handle.
+ */
+template<typename Resource>
+class ResourceHandle final {
+    /*! @brief Resource handles are friends of their caches. */
+    friend class ResourceCache<Resource>;
+
+    ResourceHandle(std::shared_ptr<Resource> res) noexcept
+        : resource{std::move(res)}
+    {}
+
+public:
+    /*! @brief Default copy constructor. */
+    ResourceHandle(const ResourceHandle &) noexcept = default;
+    /*! @brief Default move constructor. */
+    ResourceHandle(ResourceHandle &&) noexcept = default;
+
+    /*! @brief Default copy assignment operator. @return This handle. */
+    ResourceHandle & operator=(const ResourceHandle &) noexcept = default;
+    /*! @brief Default move assignment operator. @return This handle. */
+    ResourceHandle & operator=(ResourceHandle &&) noexcept = default;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Gets a reference to the managed resource.
+     *
+     * @warning
+     * The behavior is undefined if the handle doesn't contain a resource.<br/>
+     * An assertion will abort the execution at runtime in debug mode if the
+     * handle is empty.
+     *
+     * @return A reference to the managed resource.
+     */
+    const Resource & get() const noexcept {
+        assert(static_cast<bool>(resource));
+        return *resource;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Casts a handle and gets a reference to the managed resource.
+     *
+     * @warning
+     * The behavior is undefined if the handle doesn't contain a resource.<br/>
+     * An assertion will abort the execution at runtime in debug mode if the
+     * handle is empty.
+     */
+    inline operator const Resource & () const noexcept { return get(); }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Dereferences a handle to obtain the managed resource.
+     *
+     * @warning
+     * The behavior is undefined if the handle doesn't contain a resource.<br/>
+     * An assertion will abort the execution at runtime in debug mode if the
+     * handle is empty.
+     *
+     * @return A reference to the managed resource.
+     */
+    inline const Resource & operator *() const noexcept { return get(); }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Gets a pointer to the managed resource from a handle .
+     *
+     * @warning
+     * The behavior is undefined if the handle doesn't contain a resource.<br/>
+     * An assertion will abort the execution at runtime in debug mode if the
+     * handle is empty.
+     *
+     * @return A pointer to the managed resource or `nullptr` if the handle
+     * contains no resource at all.
+     */
+    inline const Resource * operator ->() const noexcept {
+        assert(static_cast<bool>(resource));
+        return resource.get();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Returns true if the handle contains a resource, false otherwise.
+     */
+    explicit operator bool() const { return static_cast<bool>(resource); }
+
+private:
+    std::shared_ptr<Resource> resource;
+};
+
+
+}
+
+
+#endif // ENTT_RESOURCE_HANDLE_HPP

src/entt/resource/loader.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+#ifndef ENTT_RESOURCE_LOADER_HPP
+#define ENTT_RESOURCE_LOADER_HPP
+
+
+#include <memory>
+
+
+namespace entt {
+
+
+template<typename Resource>
+class ResourceCache;
+
+
+/**
+ * @brief Base class for resource loaders.
+ *
+ * Resource loaders must inherit from this class and stay true to the CRTP
+ * idiom. Moreover, a resource loader must expose a public, const member
+ * function named `load` that accepts a variable number of arguments and returns
+ * a shared pointer to the resource just created.<br/>
+ * As an example:
+ *
+ * @code{.cpp}
+ * struct MyResource {};
+ *
+ * struct MyLoader: entt::ResourceLoader<MyLoader, MyResource> {
+ *     std::shared_ptr<MyResource> load(int) const {
+ *         // use the integer value somehow
+ *         return std::make_shared<MyResource>();
+ *     }
+ * };
+ * @endcode
+ *
+ * In general, resource loaders should not have a state or retain data of any
+ * type. They should let the cache manage their resources instead.
+ *
+ * @note
+ * Base class and CRTP idiom aren't strictly required with the current
+ * implementation. One could argue that a cache can easily work with loaders of
+ * any type. However, future changes won't be breaking ones by forcing the use
+ * of a base class today and that's why the model is already in its place.
+ *
+ * @tparam Loader Type of the derived class.
+ * @tparam Resource Type of resource for which to use the loader.
+ */
+template<typename Loader, typename Resource>
+class ResourceLoader {
+    /*! @brief Resource loaders are friends of their caches. */
+    friend class ResourceCache<Resource>;
+
+    template<typename... Args>
+    std::shared_ptr<Resource> get(Args &&... args) const {
+        return static_cast<const Loader *>(this)->load(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+    }
+};
+
+
+}
+
+
+#endif // ENTT_RESOURCE_LOADER_HPP

src/entt/signal/bus.hpp

@@ -46,21 +46,6 @@ public:
     /*! @brief Unsigned integer type. */
     using size_type = std::size_t;
 
-    /*! @brief Default constructor, explicit on purpose. */
-    explicit Bus() noexcept = default;
-    /*! @brief Default destructor. */
-    ~Bus() noexcept = default;
-
-    /*! @brief Default copy constructor. */
-    Bus(const Bus &) = default;
-    /*! @brief Default move constructor. */
-    Bus(Bus &&) = default;
-
-    /*! @brief Default copy assignment operator. @return This bus. */
-    Bus & operator=(const Bus &) = default;
-    /*! @brief Default move assignment operator. @return This bus. */
-    Bus & operator=(Bus &&) = default;
-
     /**
      * @brief Unregisters all the member functions of an instance.
      *
@@ -117,7 +102,7 @@ public:
     }
 
     /**
-     * @brief Returns false is at least a listener is connected to the bus.
+     * @brief Returns false if at least a listener is connected to the bus.
      * @return True if the bus has no listeners connected, false otherwise.
      */
     bool empty() const noexcept {
@@ -157,7 +142,7 @@ public:
      * @param args Arguments to use to construct the event.
      */
     template<typename Type, typename... Args>
-    void publish(Args&&... args) {
+    void publish(Args &&... args) {
         Bus<Sig, Type>::publish(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
     }
 };
@@ -203,21 +188,6 @@ public:
     /*! @brief Unsigned integer type. */
     using size_type = typename signal_type::size_type;
 
-    /*! @brief Default constructor, explicit on purpose. */
-    explicit Bus() noexcept = default;
-    /*! @brief Default destructor. */
-    virtual ~Bus() noexcept = default;
-
-    /*! @brief Default copy constructor. */
-    Bus(const Bus &) = default;
-    /*! @brief Default move constructor. */
-    Bus(Bus &&) = default;
-
-    /*! @brief Default copy assignment operator. @return This bus. */
-    Bus & operator=(const Bus &) = default;
-    /*! @brief Default move assignment operator. @return This bus. */
-    Bus & operator=(Bus &&) = default;
-
     /**
      * @brief Unregisters member functions of instances.
      *
@@ -259,7 +229,7 @@ public:
     }
 
     /**
-     * @brief Returns false is at least a listener is connected to the bus.
+     * @brief Returns false if at least a listener is connected to the bus.
      * @return True if the bus has no listeners connected, false otherwise.
      */
     bool empty() const noexcept {
@@ -293,7 +263,7 @@ public:
      * @param args Arguments to use to construct the event.
      */
     template<typename... Args>
-    void publish(Args&&... args) {
+    void publish(Args &&... args) {
         signal.publish({ std::forward<Args>(args)... });
     }
 

src/entt/signal/delegate.hpp

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ class Delegate;
 
 
 /**
- * @brief A delegate class to send around functions and member functions.
+ * @brief Utility class to send around functions and member functions.
  *
  * Unmanaged delegate for function pointers and member functions. Users of this
  * class are in charge of disconnecting instances before deleting them.
@@ -49,8 +49,8 @@ class Delegate<Ret(Args...)> final {
     }
 
 public:
-    /*! @brief Default constructor, explicit on purpose. */
-    explicit Delegate() noexcept
+    /*! @brief Default constructor. */
+    Delegate() noexcept
         : stub{std::make_pair(nullptr, &fallback)}
     {}
 

src/entt/signal/dispatcher.hpp

@@ -40,8 +40,8 @@ class Dispatcher final {
 
     template<typename Event>
     struct SignalWrapper final: BaseSignalWrapper {
-        void publish(std::size_t current) final override {
-            for(auto &&event: events[current]) {
+        void publish(std::size_t current) override {
+            for(const auto &event: events[current]) {
                 signal.publish(event);
             }
 
@@ -59,12 +59,12 @@ class Dispatcher final {
         }
 
         template<typename... Args>
-        inline void trigger(Args&&... args) {
+        inline void trigger(Args &&... args) {
             signal.publish({ std::forward<Args>(args)... });
         }
 
         template<typename... Args>
-        inline void enqueue(std::size_t current, Args&&... args) {
+        inline void enqueue(std::size_t current, Args &&... args) {
             events[current].push_back({ std::forward<Args>(args)... });
         }
 
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ class Dispatcher final {
 
     template<typename Event>
     SignalWrapper<Event> & wrapper() {
-        auto type = event_family::type<Event>();
+        const auto type = event_family::type<Event>();
 
         if(!(type < wrappers.size())) {
             wrappers.resize(type + 1);
@@ -93,24 +93,11 @@ class Dispatcher final {
     }
 
 public:
-    /*! @brief Default constructor, explicit on purpose. */
-    explicit Dispatcher() noexcept
+    /*! @brief Default constructor. */
+    Dispatcher() noexcept
         : wrappers{}, mode{false}
     {}
 
-    /*! @brief Default destructor. */
-    ~Dispatcher() = default;
-
-    /*! @brief Default copy constructor. */
-    Dispatcher(const Dispatcher &) = default;
-    /*! @brief Default move constructor. */
-    Dispatcher(Dispatcher &&) = default;
-
-    /*! @brief Default copy assignment operator. @return This dispatcher. */
-    Dispatcher & operator=(const Dispatcher &) = default;
-    /*! @brief Default move assignment operator. @return This dispatcher. */
-    Dispatcher & operator=(Dispatcher &&) = default;
-
     /**
      * @brief Registers a listener given in the form of a member function.
      *
@@ -140,8 +127,9 @@ public:
      * automatically detected and unregistered if available.
      *
      * @warning
-     * Disonnecting a listener during an update may lead to unexpected behavior.
-     * Unregister listeners before or after invoking the update if possible.
+     * Disconnecting a listener during an update may lead to unexpected
+     * behavior. Unregister listeners before or after invoking the update if
+     * possible.
      *
      * @tparam Event Type of event from which to disconnect the function.
      * @tparam Class Type of class to which the member function belongs.
@@ -164,7 +152,7 @@ public:
      * @param args Arguments to use to construct the event.
      */
     template<typename Event, typename... Args>
-    void trigger(Args&&... args) {
+    void trigger(Args &&... args) {
         wrapper<Event>().trigger(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
     }
 
@@ -179,7 +167,7 @@ public:
      * @param args Arguments to use to construct the event.
      */
     template<typename Event, typename... Args>
-    void enqueue(Args&&... args) {
+    void enqueue(Args &&... args) {
         wrapper<Event>().enqueue(buffer(mode), std::forward<Args>(args)...);
     }
 
@@ -191,10 +179,12 @@ public:
      * to reduce at a minimum the time spent in the bodies of the listeners.
      */
     void update() {
-        auto buf = buffer(mode);
+        const auto buf = buffer(mode);
         mode = !mode;
 
-        for(auto &&wrapper: wrappers) {
+        for(auto pos = wrappers.size(); pos; --pos) {
+            auto &wrapper = wrappers[pos-1];
+
             if(wrapper) {
                 wrapper->publish(buf);
             }

src/entt/signal/emitter.hpp

@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ class Emitter {
         using connection_type = typename container_type::iterator;
 
         bool empty() const noexcept override {
-            auto pred = [](auto &&element){ return element.first; };
+            auto pred = [](auto &&element) { return element.first; };
 
             return std::all_of(onceL.cbegin(), onceL.cend(), pred) &&
                     std::all_of(onL.cbegin(), onL.cend(), pred);
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ class Emitter {
 
         void clear() noexcept override {
             if(publishing) {
-                auto func = [](auto &&element){ element.first = true; };
+                auto func = [](auto &&element) { element.first = true; };
                 std::for_each(onceL.begin(), onceL.end(), func);
                 std::for_each(onL.begin(), onL.end(), func);
             } else {
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ class Emitter {
             conn->first = true;
 
             if(!publishing) {
-                auto pred = [](auto &&element){ return element.first; };
+                auto pred = [](auto &&element) { return element.first; };
                 onceL.remove_if(pred);
                 onL.remove_if(pred);
             }
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ class Emitter {
 
             publishing = false;
 
-            onL.remove_if([](auto &&element){ return element.first; });
+            onL.remove_if([](auto &&element) { return element.first; });
         }
 
     private:
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ class Emitter {
 
     template<typename Event>
     Handler<Event> & handler() noexcept {
-        std::size_t family = type<Event>();
+        const std::size_t family = type<Event>();
 
         if(!(family < handlers.size())) {
             handlers.resize(family+1);
@@ -156,16 +156,8 @@ public:
         /** @brief Event emitters are friend classes of connections. */
         friend class Emitter;
 
-        /*! @brief Default constructor, explicit on purpose. */
-        explicit Connection() = default;
-
-        /*! @brief Default copy constructor. */
-        Connection(const Connection &) = default;
-        /*! @brief Default move constructor. */
-        Connection(Connection &&) = default;
-
-        /*! @brief Default destructor. */
-        ~Connection() = default;
+        /*! @brief Default constructor. */
+        Connection() noexcept = default;
 
         /**
          * @brief Creates a connection that wraps its underlying instance.
@@ -175,6 +167,11 @@ public:
             : Handler<Event>::connection_type{std::move(conn)}
         {}
 
+        /*! @brief Default copy constructor. */
+        Connection(const Connection &) = default;
+        /*! @brief Default move constructor. */
+        Connection(Connection &&) = default;
+
         /**
          * @brief Default copy assignament operator.
          * @return This connection.
@@ -188,19 +185,19 @@ public:
         Connection & operator=(Connection &&) = default;
     };
 
-    /*! @brief Default constructor, explicit on purpose. */
-    explicit Emitter() noexcept = default;
-
-    /*! @brief Copying an emitter isn't allowed. */
-    Emitter(const Emitter &) = delete;
-    /*! @brief Default move constructor. */
-    Emitter(Emitter &&) = default;
+    /*! @brief Default constructor. */
+    Emitter() noexcept = default;
 
     /*! @brief Default destructor. */
     virtual ~Emitter() noexcept {
         static_assert(std::is_base_of<Emitter<Derived>, Derived>::value, "!");
     }
 
+    /*! @brief Copying an emitter isn't allowed. */
+    Emitter(const Emitter &) = delete;
+    /*! @brief Default move constructor. */
+    Emitter(Emitter &&) = default;
+
     /*! @brief Copying an emitter isn't allowed. @return This emitter. */
     Emitter & operator=(const Emitter &) = delete;
     /*! @brief Default move assignament operator. @return This emitter. */
@@ -218,7 +215,7 @@ public:
      * @param args Parameters to use to initialize the event.
      */
     template<typename Event, typename... Args>
-    void publish(Args&&... args) {
+    void publish(Args &&... args) {
         handler<Event>().publish({ std::forward<Args>(args)... }, *static_cast<Derived *>(this));
     }
 
@@ -290,7 +287,7 @@ public:
      * @brief Disconnects all the listeners for the given event type.
      *
      * All the connections previously returned for the given event are
-     * invalidated. Using them results in undefined behaviour.
+     * invalidated. Using them results in undefined behavior.
      *
      * @tparam Event Type of event to reset.
      */
@@ -303,11 +300,11 @@ public:
      * @brief Disconnects all the listeners.
      *
      * All the connections previously returned are invalidated. Using them
-     * results in undefined behaviour.
+     * results in undefined behavior.
      */
     void clear() noexcept {
         std::for_each(handlers.begin(), handlers.end(),
-                      [](auto &&handler){ if(handler) { handler->clear(); } });
+                      [](auto &&handler) { if(handler) { handler->clear(); } });
     }
 
     /**
@@ -317,7 +314,7 @@ public:
      */
     template<typename Event>
     bool empty() const noexcept {
-        std::size_t family = type<Event>();
+        const std::size_t family = type<Event>();
 
         return (!(family < handlers.size()) ||
                 !handlers[family] ||
@@ -330,7 +327,7 @@ public:
      */
     bool empty() const noexcept {
         return std::all_of(handlers.cbegin(), handlers.cend(),
-                           [](auto &&handler){ return !handler || handler->empty(); });
+                           [](auto &&handler) { return !handler || handler->empty(); });
     }
 
 private:

src/entt/signal/sigh.hpp

@@ -24,21 +24,25 @@ struct Invoker<Ret(Args...), Collector> {
 
     virtual ~Invoker() = default;
 
-    template<typename SFINAE = Ret>
-    typename std::enable_if<std::is_void<SFINAE>::value, bool>::type
-    invoke(Collector &, proto_type proto, void *instance, Args... args) {
-        proto(instance, args...);
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    template<typename SFINAE = Ret>
-    typename std::enable_if<!std::is_void<SFINAE>::value, bool>::type
-    invoke(Collector &collector, proto_type proto, void *instance, Args... args) {
+    bool invoke(Collector &collector, proto_type proto, void *instance, Args... args) {
         return collector(proto(instance, args...));
     }
 };
 
 
+template<typename... Args, typename Collector>
+struct Invoker<void(Args...), Collector> {
+    using proto_type = void(*)(void *, Args...);
+    using call_type = std::pair<void *, proto_type>;
+
+    virtual ~Invoker() = default;
+
+    bool invoke(Collector &, proto_type proto, void *instance, Args... args) {
+        return (proto(instance, args...), true);
+    }
+};
+
+
 template<typename Ret>
 struct NullCollector final {
     using result_type = Ret;
@@ -91,14 +95,16 @@ class SigH;
  * of this class are in charge of disconnecting instances before deleting them.
  *
  * This class serves mainly two purposes:
+ *
  * * Creating signals used later to notify a bunch of listeners.
  * * Collecting results from a set of functions like in a voting system.
  *
  * The default collector does nothing. To properly collect data, define and use
  * a class that has a call operator the signature of which is `bool(Param)` and:
+ *
  * * `Param` is a type to which `Ret` can be converted.
  * * The return type is true if the handler must stop collecting data, false
- *   otherwise.
+ * otherwise.
  *
  * @tparam Ret Return type of a function type.
  * @tparam Args Types of arguments of a function type.
@@ -131,51 +137,6 @@ public:
     template<typename Class>
     using instance_type = Class *;
 
-    /*! @brief Default constructor, explicit on purpose. */
-    explicit SigH() noexcept = default;
-
-    /*! @brief Default destructor. */
-    ~SigH() noexcept = default;
-
-    /**
-     * @brief Copy constructor, listeners are also connected to this signal.
-     * @param other A signal to use as source to initialize this instance.
-     */
-    SigH(const SigH &other)
-        : calls{other.calls}
-    {}
-
-    /**
-     * @brief Default move constructor.
-     * @param other A signal to use as source to initialize this instance.
-     */
-    SigH(SigH &&other): SigH{} {
-        swap(*this, other);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @brief Copy assignment operator.
-     *
-     * Listeners are also connected to this signal.
-     *
-     * @param other A signal to use as source to initialize this instance.
-     * @return This signal.
-     */
-    SigH & operator=(const SigH &other) {
-        calls = other.calls;
-        return *this;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @brief Move assignment operator.
-     * @param other A signal to use as source to initialize this instance.
-     * @return This signal.
-     */
-    SigH & operator=(SigH &&other) {
-        swap(*this, other);
-        return *this;
-    }
-
     /**
      * @brief Number of listeners connected to the signal.
      * @return Number of listeners currently connected.
@@ -185,7 +146,7 @@ public:
     }
 
     /**
-     * @brief Returns false is at least a listener is connected to the signal.
+     * @brief Returns false if at least a listener is connected to the signal.
      * @return True if the signal has no listeners connected, false otherwise.
      */
     bool empty() const noexcept {
@@ -272,7 +233,8 @@ public:
      * @param args Arguments to use to invoke listeners.
      */
     void publish(Args... args) {
-        for(auto &&call: calls) {
+        for(auto pos = calls.size(); pos; --pos) {
+            auto &call = calls[pos-1];
             call.second(call.first, args...);
         }
     }
@@ -285,7 +247,9 @@ public:
     collector_type collect(Args... args) {
         collector_type collector;
 
-        for(auto &&call: calls) {
+        for(auto pos = calls.size(); pos; --pos) {
+            auto &call = calls[pos-1];
+
             if(!this->invoke(collector, call.second, call.first, args...)) {
                 break;
             }

src/entt/signal/signal.hpp

@@ -70,51 +70,6 @@ public:
     template<typename Class>
     using instance_type = std::shared_ptr<Class>;
 
-    /*! @brief Default constructor, explicit on purpose. */
-    explicit Signal() noexcept = default;
-
-    /*! @brief Default destructor. */
-    ~Signal() noexcept = default;
-
-    /**
-     * @brief Copy constructor, listeners are also connected to this signal.
-     * @param other A signal to use as source to initialize this instance.
-     */
-    Signal(const Signal &other)
-        : calls{other.calls}
-    {}
-
-    /**
-     * @brief Default move constructor.
-     * @param other A signal to use as source to initialize this instance.
-     */
-    Signal(Signal &&other): Signal{} {
-        swap(*this, other);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @brief Copy assignment operator.
-     *
-     * Listeners are also connected to this signal.
-     *
-     * @param other A signal to use as source to initialize this instance.
-     * @return This signal.
-     */
-    Signal & operator=(const Signal &other) {
-        calls = other.calls;
-        return *this;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @brief Move assignment operator.
-     * @param other A signal to use as source to initialize this instance.
-     * @return This signal.
-     */
-    Signal & operator=(Signal &&other) {
-        swap(*this, other);
-        return *this;
-    }
-
     /**
      * @brief Number of listeners connected to the signal.
      * @return Number of listeners currently connected.
@@ -124,7 +79,7 @@ public:
     }
 
     /**
-     * @brief Returns false is at least a listener is connected to the signal.
+     * @brief Returns false if at least a listener is connected to the signal.
      * @return True if the signal has no listeners connected, false otherwise.
      */
     bool empty() const noexcept {
@@ -212,11 +167,17 @@ public:
      * @param args Arguments to use to invoke listeners.
      */
     void publish(Args... args) {
-        for(auto it = calls.rbegin(), end = calls.rend(); it != end; it++) {
-            if(!(it->second)(it->first, args...)) {
-                calls.erase(std::next(it).base());
+        std::vector<call_type> next;
+
+        for(auto pos = calls.size(); pos; --pos) {
+            auto &call = calls[pos-1];
+
+            if((call.second)(call.first, args...)) {
+                next.push_back(call);
             }
         }
+
+        calls.swap(next);
     }
 
     /**

test/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -2,28 +2,66 @@
 # Tests configuration
 #
 
-include_directories(${PROJECT_SRC_DIR})
-
 add_library(odr OBJECT odr.cpp)
 
 # Test benchmark
 
-if(CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE MATCHES Release)
+if(BUILD_BENCHMARK)
     add_executable(
         benchmark
         $<TARGET_OBJECTS:odr>
-        entt/entity/benchmark.cpp
+        benchmark/benchmark.cpp
     )
     target_link_libraries(benchmark PRIVATE gtest_main Threads::Threads)
     add_test(NAME benchmark COMMAND benchmark)
 endif()
 
+# Test mod
+
+if(BUILD_MOD)
+    set(DUKTAPE_DEPS_DIR ${entt_SOURCE_DIR}/deps/duktape)
+    configure_file(${entt_SOURCE_DIR}/cmake/in/duktape.in ${DUKTAPE_DEPS_DIR}/CMakeLists.txt)
+    execute_process(COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -G "${CMAKE_GENERATOR}" . WORKING_DIRECTORY ${DUKTAPE_DEPS_DIR})
+    execute_process(COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND} --build . WORKING_DIRECTORY ${DUKTAPE_DEPS_DIR})
+    set(DUKTAPE_SRC_DIR ${DUKTAPE_DEPS_DIR}/src/src)
+
+    add_executable(
+        mod
+        $<TARGET_OBJECTS:odr>
+        ${DUKTAPE_SRC_DIR}/duktape.c
+        mod/mod.cpp
+    )
+    target_include_directories(mod PRIVATE ${DUKTAPE_SRC_DIR})
+    target_link_libraries(mod PRIVATE gtest_main Threads::Threads m)
+    add_test(NAME mod COMMAND mod)
+endif()
+
+# Test snapshot
+
+if(BUILD_SNAPSHOT)
+    set(CEREAL_DEPS_DIR ${entt_SOURCE_DIR}/deps/cereal)
+    configure_file(${entt_SOURCE_DIR}/cmake/in/cereal.in ${CEREAL_DEPS_DIR}/CMakeLists.txt)
+    execute_process(COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -G "${CMAKE_GENERATOR}" . WORKING_DIRECTORY ${CEREAL_DEPS_DIR})
+    execute_process(COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND} --build . WORKING_DIRECTORY ${CEREAL_DEPS_DIR})
+    set(CEREAL_SRC_DIR ${CEREAL_DEPS_DIR}/src/include)
+
+    add_executable(
+        snapshot
+        $<TARGET_OBJECTS:odr>
+        snapshot/snapshot.cpp
+    )
+    target_include_directories(snapshot PRIVATE ${CEREAL_SRC_DIR})
+    target_link_libraries(snapshot PRIVATE gtest_main Threads::Threads)
+    add_test(NAME snapshot COMMAND snapshot)
+endif()
+
 # Test core
 
 add_executable(
     core
     $<TARGET_OBJECTS:odr>
     entt/core/family.cpp
+    entt/core/hashed_string.cpp
     entt/core/ident.cpp
 )
 target_link_libraries(core PRIVATE gtest_main Threads::Threads)
@@ -34,7 +72,9 @@ add_test(NAME core COMMAND core)
 add_executable(
     entity
     $<TARGET_OBJECTS:odr>
+    entt/entity/actor.cpp
     entt/entity/registry.cpp
+    entt/entity/snapshot.cpp
     entt/entity/sparse_set.cpp
     entt/entity/view.cpp
 )
@@ -51,7 +91,28 @@ add_executable(
 target_link_libraries(locator PRIVATE gtest_main Threads::Threads)
 add_test(NAME locator COMMAND locator)
 
-# Test locator
+# Test process
+
+add_executable(
+    process
+    $<TARGET_OBJECTS:odr>
+    entt/process/process.cpp
+    entt/process/scheduler.cpp
+)
+target_link_libraries(process PRIVATE gtest_main Threads::Threads)
+add_test(NAME process COMMAND process)
+
+# Test resource
+
+add_executable(
+    resource
+    $<TARGET_OBJECTS:odr>
+    entt/resource/resource.cpp
+)
+target_link_libraries(resource PRIVATE gtest_main Threads::Threads)
+add_test(NAME resource COMMAND resource)
+
+# Test signal
 
 add_executable(
     signal

test/benchmark/benchmark.cpp

@@ -1,22 +1,22 @@
-#include <gtest/gtest.h>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdint>
 #include <chrono>
-#include <vector>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
 #include <entt/entity/registry.hpp>
 
 struct Position {
-    uint64_t x;
-    uint64_t y;
+    std::uint64_t x;
+    std::uint64_t y;
 };
 
 struct Velocity {
-    uint64_t x;
-    uint64_t y;
+    std::uint64_t x;
+    std::uint64_t y;
 };
 
 template<std::size_t>
-struct Comp {};
+struct Comp { int x; };
 
 struct Timer final {
     Timer(): start{std::chrono::system_clock::now()} {}
@@ -30,40 +30,39 @@ private:
     std::chrono::time_point<std::chrono::system_clock> start;
 };
 
-TEST(DefaultRegistry, Construct) {
+TEST(Benchmark, Construct) {
     entt::DefaultRegistry registry;
 
-    std::cout << "Constructing 10000000 entities" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "Constructing 1000000 entities" << std::endl;
 
     Timer timer;
 
-    for(uint64_t i = 0; i < 10000000L; i++) {
+    for(std::uint64_t i = 0; i < 1000000L; i++) {
         registry.create();
     }
 
     timer.elapsed();
 }
 
-TEST(DefaultRegistry, Destroy) {
+TEST(Benchmark, Destroy) {
     entt::DefaultRegistry registry;
-    std::vector<entt::DefaultRegistry::entity_type> entities{};
 
-    std::cout << "Destroying 10000000 entities" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "Destroying 1000000 entities" << std::endl;
 
-    for(uint64_t i = 0; i < 10000000L; i++) {
-        entities.push_back(registry.create());
+    for(std::uint64_t i = 0; i < 1000000L; i++) {
+        registry.create();
     }
 
     Timer timer;
 
-    for(auto entity: entities) {
+    registry.each([&registry](auto entity) {
         registry.destroy(entity);
-    }
+    });
 
     timer.elapsed();
 }
 
-TEST(DefaultRegistry, IterateCreateDeleteSingleComponent) {
+TEST(Benchmark, IterateCreateDeleteSingleComponent) {
     entt::DefaultRegistry registry;
 
     std::cout << "Looping 10000 times creating and deleting a random number of entities" << std::endl;
@@ -78,21 +77,24 @@ TEST(DefaultRegistry, IterateCreateDeleteSingleComponent) {
         }
 
         for(auto entity: view) {
+            const auto &position = view.get(entity);
+            (void)position;
+
             if(rand() % 2 == 0) {
                 registry.destroy(entity);
             }
-        }
+        };
     }
 
     timer.elapsed();
 }
 
-TEST(DefaultRegistry, IterateSingleComponent10M) {
+TEST(Benchmark, IterateSingleComponent1M) {
     entt::DefaultRegistry registry;
 
-    std::cout << "Iterating over 10000000 entities, one component" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "Iterating over 1000000 entities, one component" << std::endl;
 
-    for(uint64_t i = 0; i < 10000000L; i++) {
+    for(std::uint64_t i = 0; i < 1000000L; i++) {
         registry.create<Position>();
     }
 
@@ -101,12 +103,28 @@ TEST(DefaultRegistry, IterateSingleComponent10M) {
     timer.elapsed();
 }
 
-TEST(DefaultRegistry, IterateTwoComponents10M) {
+TEST(Benchmark, IterateSingleComponentRaw1M) {
     entt::DefaultRegistry registry;
 
-    std::cout << "Iterating over 10000000 entities, two components" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "Iterating over 1000000 entities, one component, raw view" << std::endl;
 
-    for(uint64_t i = 0; i < 10000000L; i++) {
+    for(std::uint64_t i = 0; i < 1000000L; i++) {
+        registry.create<Position>();
+    }
+
+    Timer timer;
+    for(auto &&component: registry.raw<Position>()) {
+        (void)component;
+    }
+    timer.elapsed();
+}
+
+TEST(Benchmark, IterateTwoComponents1M) {
+    entt::DefaultRegistry registry;
+
+    std::cout << "Iterating over 1000000 entities, two components" << std::endl;
+
+    for(std::uint64_t i = 0; i < 1000000L; i++) {
         registry.create<Position, Velocity>();
     }
 
@@ -115,12 +133,12 @@ TEST(DefaultRegistry, IterateTwoComponents10M) {
     timer.elapsed();
 }
 
-TEST(DefaultRegistry, IterateTwoComponents10MHalf) {
+TEST(Benchmark, IterateTwoComponents1MHalf) {
     entt::DefaultRegistry registry;
 
-    std::cout << "Iterating over 10000000 entities, two components, half of the entities have all the components" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "Iterating over 1000000 entities, two components, half of the entities have all the components" << std::endl;
 
-    for(uint64_t i = 0; i < 10000000L; i++) {
+    for(std::uint64_t i = 0; i < 1000000L; i++) {
         auto entity = registry.create<Velocity>();
         if(i % 2) { registry.assign<Position>(entity); }
     }
@@ -130,12 +148,12 @@ TEST(DefaultRegistry, IterateTwoComponents10MHalf) {
     timer.elapsed();
 }
 
-TEST(DefaultRegistry, IterateTwoComponents10MOne) {
+TEST(Benchmark, IterateTwoComponents1MOne) {
     entt::DefaultRegistry registry;
 
-    std::cout << "Iterating over 10000000 entities, two components, only one entity has all the components" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "Iterating over 1000000 entities, two components, only one entity has all the components" << std::endl;
 
-    for(uint64_t i = 0; i < 10000000L; i++) {
+    for(std::uint64_t i = 0; i < 1000000L; i++) {
         auto entity = registry.create<Velocity>();
         if(i == 5000000L) { registry.assign<Position>(entity); }
     }
@@ -145,13 +163,13 @@ TEST(DefaultRegistry, IterateTwoComponents10MOne) {
     timer.elapsed();
 }
 
-TEST(DefaultRegistry, IterateTwoComponentsPersistent10M) {
+TEST(Benchmark, IterateTwoComponentsPersistent1M) {
     entt::DefaultRegistry registry;
     registry.prepare<Position, Velocity>();
 
-    std::cout << "Iterating over 10000000 entities, two components, persistent view" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "Iterating over 1000000 entities, two components, persistent view" << std::endl;
 
-    for(uint64_t i = 0; i < 10000000L; i++) {
+    for(std::uint64_t i = 0; i < 1000000L; i++) {
         registry.create<Position, Velocity>();
     }
 
@@ -160,44 +178,12 @@ TEST(DefaultRegistry, IterateTwoComponentsPersistent10M) {
     timer.elapsed();
 }
 
-TEST(DefaultRegistry, IterateTwoComponentsPersistent10MHalf) {
-    entt::DefaultRegistry registry;
-    registry.prepare<Position, Velocity>();
-
-    std::cout << "Iterating over 10000000 entities, two components, persistent view, half of the entities have all the components" << std::endl;
-
-    for(uint64_t i = 0; i < 10000000L; i++) {
-        auto entity = registry.create<Velocity>();
-        if(i % 2) { registry.assign<Position>(entity); }
-    }
-
-    Timer timer;
-    registry.persistent<Position, Velocity>().each([](auto, auto &...) {});
-    timer.elapsed();
-}
-
-TEST(DefaultRegistry, IterateTwoComponentsPersistent10MOne) {
-    entt::DefaultRegistry registry;
-    registry.prepare<Position, Velocity>();
-
-    std::cout << "Iterating over 10000000 entities, two components, persistent view, only one entity has all the components" << std::endl;
-
-    for(uint64_t i = 0; i < 10000000L; i++) {
-        auto entity = registry.create<Velocity>();
-        if(i == 5000000L) { registry.assign<Position>(entity); }
-    }
-
-    Timer timer;
-    registry.persistent<Position, Velocity>().each([](auto, auto &...) {});
-    timer.elapsed();
-}
-
-TEST(DefaultRegistry, IterateFiveComponents10M) {
+TEST(Benchmark, IterateFiveComponents1M) {
     entt::DefaultRegistry registry;
 
-    std::cout << "Iterating over 10000000 entities, five components" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "Iterating over 1000000 entities, five components" << std::endl;
 
-    for(uint64_t i = 0; i < 10000000L; i++) {
+    for(std::uint64_t i = 0; i < 1000000L; i++) {
         registry.create<Position, Velocity, Comp<1>, Comp<2>, Comp<3>>();
     }
 
@@ -206,57 +192,43 @@ TEST(DefaultRegistry, IterateFiveComponents10M) {
     timer.elapsed();
 }
 
-TEST(DefaultRegistry, IterateTenComponents10M) {
+TEST(Benchmark, IterateFiveComponents1MHalf) {
     entt::DefaultRegistry registry;
 
-    std::cout << "Iterating over 10000000 entities, ten components" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "Iterating over 1000000 entities, five components, half of the entities have all the components" << std::endl;
 
-    for(uint64_t i = 0; i < 10000000L; i++) {
-        registry.create<Position, Velocity, Comp<1>, Comp<2>, Comp<3>, Comp<4>, Comp<5>, Comp<6>, Comp<7>, Comp<8>>();
-    }
-
-    Timer timer;
-    registry.view<Position, Velocity, Comp<1>, Comp<2>, Comp<3>, Comp<4>, Comp<5>, Comp<6>, Comp<7>, Comp<8>>().each([](auto, auto &...) {});
-    timer.elapsed();
-}
-
-TEST(DefaultRegistry, IterateTenComponents10MHalf) {
-    entt::DefaultRegistry registry;
-
-    std::cout << "Iterating over 10000000 entities, ten components, half of the entities have all the components" << std::endl;
-
-    for(uint64_t i = 0; i < 10000000L; i++) {
-        auto entity = registry.create<Velocity, Comp<1>, Comp<2>, Comp<3>, Comp<4>, Comp<5>, Comp<6>, Comp<7>, Comp<8>>();
+    for(std::uint64_t i = 0; i < 1000000L; i++) {
+        auto entity = registry.create<Velocity, Comp<1>, Comp<2>, Comp<3>>();
         if(i % 2) { registry.assign<Position>(entity); }
     }
 
     Timer timer;
-    registry.view<Position, Velocity, Comp<1>, Comp<2>, Comp<3>, Comp<4>, Comp<5>, Comp<6>, Comp<7>, Comp<8>>().each([](auto, auto &...) {});
+    registry.view<Position, Velocity, Comp<1>, Comp<2>, Comp<3>>().each([](auto, auto &...) {});
     timer.elapsed();
 }
 
-TEST(DefaultRegistry, IterateTenComponents10MOne) {
+TEST(Benchmark, IterateFiveComponents1MOne) {
     entt::DefaultRegistry registry;
 
-    std::cout << "Iterating over 10000000 entities, ten components, only one entity has all the components" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "Iterating over 1000000 entities, five components, only one entity has all the components" << std::endl;
 
-    for(uint64_t i = 0; i < 10000000L; i++) {
-        auto entity = registry.create<Velocity, Comp<1>, Comp<2>, Comp<3>, Comp<4>, Comp<5>, Comp<6>, Comp<7>, Comp<8>>();
+    for(std::uint64_t i = 0; i < 1000000L; i++) {
+        auto entity = registry.create<Velocity, Comp<1>, Comp<2>, Comp<3>>();
         if(i == 5000000L) { registry.assign<Position>(entity); }
     }
 
     Timer timer;
-    registry.view<Position, Velocity, Comp<1>, Comp<2>, Comp<3>, Comp<4>, Comp<5>, Comp<6>, Comp<7>, Comp<8>>().each([](auto, auto &...) {});
+    registry.view<Position, Velocity, Comp<1>, Comp<2>, Comp<3>>().each([](auto, auto &...) {});
     timer.elapsed();
 }
 
-TEST(DefaultRegistry, IterateFiveComponentsPersistent10M) {
+TEST(Benchmark, IterateFiveComponentsPersistent1M) {
     entt::DefaultRegistry registry;
     registry.prepare<Position, Velocity, Comp<1>, Comp<2>, Comp<3>>();
 
-    std::cout << "Iterating over 10000000 entities, five components, persistent view" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "Iterating over 1000000 entities, five components, persistent view" << std::endl;
 
-    for(uint64_t i = 0; i < 10000000L; i++) {
+    for(std::uint64_t i = 0; i < 1000000L; i++) {
         registry.create<Position, Velocity, Comp<1>, Comp<2>, Comp<3>>();
     }
 
@@ -265,13 +237,57 @@ TEST(DefaultRegistry, IterateFiveComponentsPersistent10M) {
     timer.elapsed();
 }
 
-TEST(DefaultRegistry, IterateTenComponentsPersistent10M) {
+TEST(Benchmark, IterateTenComponents1M) {
+    entt::DefaultRegistry registry;
+
+    std::cout << "Iterating over 1000000 entities, ten components" << std::endl;
+
+    for(std::uint64_t i = 0; i < 1000000L; i++) {
+        registry.create<Position, Velocity, Comp<1>, Comp<2>, Comp<3>, Comp<4>, Comp<5>, Comp<6>, Comp<7>, Comp<8>>();
+    }
+
+    Timer timer;
+    registry.view<Position, Velocity, Comp<1>, Comp<2>, Comp<3>, Comp<4>, Comp<5>, Comp<6>, Comp<7>, Comp<8>>().each([](auto, auto &...) {});
+    timer.elapsed();
+}
+
+TEST(Benchmark, IterateTenComponents1MHalf) {
+    entt::DefaultRegistry registry;
+
+    std::cout << "Iterating over 1000000 entities, ten components, half of the entities have all the components" << std::endl;
+
+    for(std::uint64_t i = 0; i < 1000000L; i++) {
+        auto entity = registry.create<Velocity, Comp<1>, Comp<2>, Comp<3>, Comp<4>, Comp<5>, Comp<6>, Comp<7>, Comp<8>>();
+        if(i % 2) { registry.assign<Position>(entity); }
+    }
+
+    Timer timer;
+    registry.view<Position, Velocity, Comp<1>, Comp<2>, Comp<3>, Comp<4>, Comp<5>, Comp<6>, Comp<7>, Comp<8>>().each([](auto, auto &...) {});
+    timer.elapsed();
+}
+
+TEST(Benchmark, IterateTenComponents1MOne) {
+    entt::DefaultRegistry registry;
+
+    std::cout << "Iterating over 1000000 entities, ten components, only one entity has all the components" << std::endl;
+
+    for(std::uint64_t i = 0; i < 1000000L; i++) {
+        auto entity = registry.create<Velocity, Comp<1>, Comp<2>, Comp<3>, Comp<4>, Comp<5>, Comp<6>, Comp<7>, Comp<8>>();
+        if(i == 5000000L) { registry.assign<Position>(entity); }
+    }
+
+    Timer timer;
+    registry.view<Position, Velocity, Comp<1>, Comp<2>, Comp<3>, Comp<4>, Comp<5>, Comp<6>, Comp<7>, Comp<8>>().each([](auto, auto &...) {});
+    timer.elapsed();
+}
+
+TEST(Benchmark, IterateTenComponentsPersistent1M) {
     entt::DefaultRegistry registry;
     registry.prepare<Position, Velocity, Comp<1>, Comp<2>, Comp<3>, Comp<4>, Comp<5>, Comp<6>, Comp<7>, Comp<8>>();
 
-    std::cout << "Iterating over 10000000 entities, ten components, persistent view" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "Iterating over 1000000 entities, ten components, persistent view" << std::endl;
 
-    for(uint64_t i = 0; i < 10000000L; i++) {
+    for(std::uint64_t i = 0; i < 1000000L; i++) {
         registry.create<Position, Velocity, Comp<1>, Comp<2>, Comp<3>, Comp<4>, Comp<5>, Comp<6>, Comp<7>, Comp<8>>();
     }
 
@@ -280,47 +296,13 @@ TEST(DefaultRegistry, IterateTenComponentsPersistent10M) {
     timer.elapsed();
 }
 
-TEST(DefaultRegistry, IterateTenComponentsPersistent10MHalf) {
+TEST(Benchmark, SortSingle) {
     entt::DefaultRegistry registry;
-    registry.prepare<Position, Velocity, Comp<1>, Comp<2>, Comp<3>, Comp<4>, Comp<5>, Comp<6>, Comp<7>, Comp<8>>();
-
-    std::cout << "Iterating over 10000000 entities, ten components, persistent view, half of the entities have all the components" << std::endl;
-
-    for(uint64_t i = 0; i < 10000000L; i++) {
-        auto entity = registry.create<Velocity, Comp<1>, Comp<2>, Comp<3>, Comp<4>, Comp<5>, Comp<6>, Comp<7>, Comp<8>>();
-        if(i % 2) { registry.assign<Position>(entity); }
-    }
-
-    Timer timer;
-    registry.persistent<Position, Velocity, Comp<1>, Comp<2>, Comp<3>, Comp<4>, Comp<5>, Comp<6>, Comp<7>, Comp<8>>().each([](auto, auto &...) {});
-    timer.elapsed();
-}
-
-TEST(DefaultRegistry, IterateTenComponentsPersistent10MOne) {
-    entt::DefaultRegistry registry;
-    registry.prepare<Position, Velocity, Comp<1>, Comp<2>, Comp<3>, Comp<4>, Comp<5>, Comp<6>, Comp<7>, Comp<8>>();
-
-    std::cout << "Iterating over 10000000 entities, ten components, persistent view, only one entity has all the components" << std::endl;
-
-    for(uint64_t i = 0; i < 10000000L; i++) {
-        auto entity = registry.create<Velocity, Comp<1>, Comp<2>, Comp<3>, Comp<4>, Comp<5>, Comp<6>, Comp<7>, Comp<8>>();
-        if(i == 5000000L) { registry.assign<Position>(entity); }
-    }
-
-    Timer timer;
-    registry.persistent<Position, Velocity, Comp<1>, Comp<2>, Comp<3>, Comp<4>, Comp<5>, Comp<6>, Comp<7>, Comp<8>>().each([](auto, auto &...) {});
-    timer.elapsed();
-}
-
-TEST(DefaultRegistry, SortSingle) {
-    entt::DefaultRegistry registry;
-    std::vector<entt::DefaultRegistry::entity_type> entities{};
 
     std::cout << "Sort 150000 entities, one component" << std::endl;
 
-    for(uint64_t i = 0; i < 150000L; i++) {
-        auto entity = registry.create<Position>({ i, i });
-        entities.push_back(entity);
+    for(std::uint64_t i = 0; i < 150000L; i++) {
+        registry.create<Position>({ i, i });
     }
 
     Timer timer;
@@ -332,15 +314,13 @@ TEST(DefaultRegistry, SortSingle) {
     timer.elapsed();
 }
 
-TEST(DefaultRegistry, SortMulti) {
+TEST(Benchmark, SortMulti) {
     entt::DefaultRegistry registry;
-    std::vector<entt::DefaultRegistry::entity_type> entities{};
 
     std::cout << "Sort 150000 entities, two components" << std::endl;
 
-    for(uint64_t i = 0; i < 150000L; i++) {
-        auto entity = registry.create<Position, Velocity>({ i, i }, { i, i });
-        entities.push_back(entity);
+    for(std::uint64_t i = 0; i < 150000L; i++) {
+        registry.create<Position, Velocity>({ i, i }, { i, i });
     }
 
     registry.sort<Position>([](const auto &lhs, const auto &rhs) {

test/entt/core/hashed_string.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <entt/core/hashed_string.hpp>
+
+constexpr bool ptr(const char *str) {
+    using hash_type = entt::HashedString::hash_type;
+
+    return (static_cast<hash_type>(entt::HashedString{str}) == entt::HashedString{str}
+            && static_cast<const char *>(entt::HashedString{str}) == str
+            && entt::HashedString{str} == entt::HashedString{str}
+            && !(entt::HashedString{str} != entt::HashedString{str}));
+}
+
+template<std::size_t N>
+constexpr bool ref(const char (&str)[N]) {
+    using hash_type = entt::HashedString::hash_type;
+
+    return (static_cast<hash_type>(entt::HashedString{str}) == entt::HashedString{str}
+            && static_cast<const char *>(entt::HashedString{str}) == str
+            && entt::HashedString{str} == entt::HashedString{str}
+            && !(entt::HashedString{str} != entt::HashedString{str}));
+}
+
+TEST(HashedString, Constexprness) {
+    // how would you test a constexpr otherwise?
+    static_assert(ptr("foo"), "!");
+    static_assert(ref("bar"), "!");
+    ASSERT_TRUE(true);
+}
+
+TEST(HashedString, Functionalities) {
+    using hash_type = entt::HashedString::hash_type;
+
+    const char *bar = "bar";
+
+    auto fooHs = entt::HashedString{"foo"};
+    auto barHs = entt::HashedString{bar};
+
+    ASSERT_NE(static_cast<hash_type>(fooHs), static_cast<hash_type>(barHs));
+    ASSERT_EQ(static_cast<const char *>(fooHs), "foo");
+    ASSERT_EQ(static_cast<const char *>(barHs), bar);
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(fooHs == fooHs);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(fooHs != barHs);
+
+    entt::HashedString hs{"foobar"};
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(static_cast<hash_type>(hs), 0x85944171f73967e8);
+}

test/entt/entity/actor.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+#include <functional>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <entt/entity/actor.hpp>
+#include <entt/entity/registry.hpp>
+
+struct TestActor: entt::DefaultActor<unsigned int> {
+    using entt::DefaultActor<unsigned int>::DefaultActor;
+    void update(unsigned int) {}
+};
+
+struct Position final {};
+struct Velocity final {};
+
+TEST(Actor, Functionalities) {
+    entt::DefaultRegistry registry;
+    TestActor *actor = new TestActor{registry};
+    const auto &cactor = *actor;
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(&registry, &actor->registry());
+    ASSERT_EQ(&registry, &cactor.registry());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(registry.empty<Position>());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(registry.empty<Velocity>());
+    ASSERT_FALSE(registry.empty());
+    ASSERT_FALSE(actor->has<Position>());
+    ASSERT_FALSE(actor->has<Velocity>());
+
+    const auto &position = actor->set<Position>();
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(&position, &actor->get<Position>());
+    ASSERT_EQ(&position, &cactor.get<Position>());
+    ASSERT_FALSE(registry.empty<Position>());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(registry.empty<Velocity>());
+    ASSERT_FALSE(registry.empty());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(actor->has<Position>());
+    ASSERT_FALSE(actor->has<Velocity>());
+
+    actor->unset<Position>();
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(registry.empty<Position>());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(registry.empty<Velocity>());
+    ASSERT_FALSE(registry.empty());
+    ASSERT_FALSE(actor->has<Position>());
+    ASSERT_FALSE(actor->has<Velocity>());
+
+    actor->set<Position>();
+    actor->set<Velocity>();
+
+    ASSERT_FALSE(registry.empty());
+    ASSERT_FALSE(registry.empty<Position>());
+    ASSERT_FALSE(registry.empty<Velocity>());
+
+    delete actor;
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(registry.empty());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(registry.empty<Position>());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(registry.empty<Velocity>());
+}

test/entt/entity/registry.cpp

@@ -1,11 +1,18 @@
+#include <unordered_map>
+#include <unordered_set>
 #include <functional>
+#include <type_traits>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <entt/entity/entt_traits.hpp>
 #include <entt/entity/registry.hpp>
 
 TEST(DefaultRegistry, Functionalities) {
     entt::DefaultRegistry registry;
 
     ASSERT_EQ(registry.size(), entt::DefaultRegistry::size_type{0});
+    ASSERT_NO_THROW(registry.reserve(42));
+    ASSERT_NO_THROW(registry.reserve<int>(8));
+    ASSERT_NO_THROW(registry.reserve<char>(8));
     ASSERT_TRUE(registry.empty());
 
     ASSERT_EQ(registry.capacity(), entt::DefaultRegistry::size_type{0});
@@ -14,8 +21,11 @@ TEST(DefaultRegistry, Functionalities) {
     ASSERT_TRUE(registry.empty<int>());
     ASSERT_TRUE(registry.empty<char>());
 
-    auto e1 = registry.create();
-    auto e2 = registry.create<int, char>();
+    auto e0 = registry.create();
+    auto e1 = registry.create<int, char>();
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(registry.has<>(e0));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(registry.has<>(e1));
 
     ASSERT_EQ(registry.capacity(), entt::DefaultRegistry::size_type{2});
     ASSERT_EQ(registry.size<int>(), entt::DefaultRegistry::size_type{1});
@@ -23,63 +33,70 @@ TEST(DefaultRegistry, Functionalities) {
     ASSERT_FALSE(registry.empty<int>());
     ASSERT_FALSE(registry.empty<char>());
 
-    ASSERT_NE(e1, e2);
-
-    ASSERT_FALSE(registry.has<int>(e1));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(registry.has<int>(e2));
-    ASSERT_FALSE(registry.has<char>(e1));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(registry.has<char>(e2));
-    ASSERT_FALSE((registry.has<int, char>(e1)));
-    ASSERT_TRUE((registry.has<int, char>(e2)));
-
-    ASSERT_EQ(registry.assign<int>(e1, 42), 42);
-    ASSERT_EQ(registry.assign<char>(e1, 'c'), 'c');
-    ASSERT_NO_THROW(registry.remove<int>(e2));
-    ASSERT_NO_THROW(registry.remove<char>(e2));
+    ASSERT_NE(e0, e1);
 
+    ASSERT_FALSE(registry.has<int>(e0));
     ASSERT_TRUE(registry.has<int>(e1));
-    ASSERT_FALSE(registry.has<int>(e2));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(registry.has<char>(e0));
     ASSERT_TRUE(registry.has<char>(e1));
-    ASSERT_FALSE(registry.has<char>(e2));
+    ASSERT_FALSE((registry.has<int, char>(e0)));
     ASSERT_TRUE((registry.has<int, char>(e1)));
-    ASSERT_FALSE((registry.has<int, char>(e2)));
 
-    auto e3 = registry.create();
+    ASSERT_EQ(registry.assign<int>(e0, 42), 42);
+    ASSERT_EQ(registry.assign<char>(e0, 'c'), 'c');
+    ASSERT_NO_THROW(registry.remove<int>(e1));
+    ASSERT_NO_THROW(registry.remove<char>(e1));
 
-    registry.accomodate<int>(e3, registry.get<int>(e1));
-    registry.accomodate<char>(e3, registry.get<char>(e1));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(registry.has<int>(e0));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(registry.has<int>(e1));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(registry.has<char>(e0));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(registry.has<char>(e1));
+    ASSERT_TRUE((registry.has<int, char>(e0)));
+    ASSERT_FALSE((registry.has<int, char>(e1)));
 
-    ASSERT_TRUE(registry.has<int>(e3));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(registry.has<char>(e3));
-    ASSERT_EQ(registry.get<int>(e1), 42);
-    ASSERT_EQ(registry.get<char>(e1), 'c');
-    ASSERT_EQ(registry.get<int>(e1), registry.get<int>(e3));
-    ASSERT_EQ(registry.get<char>(e1), registry.get<char>(e3));
-    ASSERT_NE(&registry.get<int>(e1), &registry.get<int>(e3));
-    ASSERT_NE(&registry.get<char>(e1), &registry.get<char>(e3));
+    auto e2 = registry.create();
 
-    ASSERT_NO_THROW(registry.replace<int>(e1, 0));
-    ASSERT_EQ(registry.get<int>(e1), 0);
+    registry.accommodate<int>(e2, registry.get<int>(e0));
+    registry.accommodate<char>(e2, registry.get<char>(e0));
 
-    ASSERT_NO_THROW(registry.accomodate<int>(e1, 1));
-    ASSERT_NO_THROW(registry.accomodate<int>(e2, 1));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(registry.has<int>(e2));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(registry.has<char>(e2));
+    ASSERT_EQ(registry.get<int>(e0), 42);
+    ASSERT_EQ(registry.get<char>(e0), 'c');
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(std::get<0>(registry.get<int, char>(e0)), 42);
+    ASSERT_EQ(std::get<1>(static_cast<const entt::DefaultRegistry &>(registry).get<int, char>(e0)), 'c');
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(registry.get<int>(e0), registry.get<int>(e2));
+    ASSERT_EQ(registry.get<char>(e0), registry.get<char>(e2));
+    ASSERT_NE(&registry.get<int>(e0), &registry.get<int>(e2));
+    ASSERT_NE(&registry.get<char>(e0), &registry.get<char>(e2));
+
+    ASSERT_NO_THROW(registry.replace<int>(e0, 0));
+    ASSERT_EQ(registry.get<int>(e0), 0);
+
+    ASSERT_NO_THROW(registry.accommodate<int>(e0, 1));
+    ASSERT_NO_THROW(registry.accommodate<int>(e1, 1));
+    ASSERT_EQ(static_cast<const entt::DefaultRegistry &>(registry).get<int>(e0), 1);
     ASSERT_EQ(static_cast<const entt::DefaultRegistry &>(registry).get<int>(e1), 1);
-    ASSERT_EQ(static_cast<const entt::DefaultRegistry &>(registry).get<int>(e2), 1);
 
     ASSERT_EQ(registry.size(), entt::DefaultRegistry::size_type{3});
     ASSERT_FALSE(registry.empty());
 
-    ASSERT_EQ(registry.version(e3), entt::DefaultRegistry::version_type{0});
-    ASSERT_EQ(registry.current(e3), entt::DefaultRegistry::version_type{0});
+    ASSERT_EQ(registry.version(e2), entt::DefaultRegistry::version_type{0});
+    ASSERT_EQ(registry.current(e2), entt::DefaultRegistry::version_type{0});
     ASSERT_EQ(registry.capacity(), entt::DefaultRegistry::size_type{3});
-    ASSERT_NO_THROW(registry.destroy(e3));
+    ASSERT_NO_THROW(registry.destroy(e2));
     ASSERT_EQ(registry.capacity(), entt::DefaultRegistry::size_type{3});
-    ASSERT_EQ(registry.version(e3), entt::DefaultRegistry::version_type{0});
-    ASSERT_EQ(registry.current(e3), entt::DefaultRegistry::version_type{1});
+    ASSERT_EQ(registry.version(e2), entt::DefaultRegistry::version_type{0});
+    ASSERT_EQ(registry.current(e2), entt::DefaultRegistry::version_type{1});
 
+    ASSERT_TRUE(registry.valid(e0));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(registry.fast(e0));
     ASSERT_TRUE(registry.valid(e1));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(registry.valid(e2));
-    ASSERT_FALSE(registry.valid(e3));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(registry.fast(e1));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(registry.valid(e2));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(registry.fast(e2));
 
     ASSERT_EQ(registry.size(), entt::DefaultRegistry::size_type{2});
     ASSERT_FALSE(registry.empty());
@@ -110,30 +127,283 @@ TEST(DefaultRegistry, Functionalities) {
     ASSERT_TRUE(registry.empty<int>());
     ASSERT_TRUE(registry.empty<char>());
 
-    e1 = registry.create<int>();
-    e2 = registry.create();
+    e0 = registry.create<int>();
+    e1 = registry.create();
 
+    ASSERT_NO_THROW(registry.reset<int>(e0));
     ASSERT_NO_THROW(registry.reset<int>(e1));
-    ASSERT_NO_THROW(registry.reset<int>(e2));
 
     ASSERT_EQ(registry.size<int>(), entt::DefaultRegistry::size_type{0});
     ASSERT_EQ(registry.size<char>(), entt::DefaultRegistry::size_type{0});
     ASSERT_TRUE(registry.empty<int>());
 }
 
-TEST(DefaultRegistry, CreateDestroyEntities) {
+TEST(DefaultRegistry, CreateDestroyCornerCase) {
     entt::DefaultRegistry registry;
 
-    auto pre = registry.create<double>();
-    registry.destroy(pre);
-    auto post = registry.create<double>();
+    auto e0 = registry.create();
+    auto e1 = registry.create();
+
+    registry.destroy(e0);
+    registry.destroy(e1);
+
+    registry.each([](auto) { FAIL(); });
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(registry.current(e0), entt::DefaultRegistry::version_type{1});
+    ASSERT_EQ(registry.current(e1), entt::DefaultRegistry::version_type{1});
+}
+
+TEST(DefaultRegistry, VersionOverflow) {
+    entt::DefaultRegistry registry;
+
+    auto entity = registry.create();
+    registry.destroy(entity);
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(registry.version(entity), entt::DefaultRegistry::version_type{});
+
+    for(auto i = entt::entt_traits<entt::DefaultRegistry::entity_type>::version_mask; i; --i) {
+        ASSERT_NE(registry.current(entity), registry.version(entity));
+        registry.destroy(registry.create());
+    }
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(registry.current(entity), registry.version(entity));
+}
+
+TEST(DefaultRegistry, Each) {
+    entt::DefaultRegistry registry;
+    entt::DefaultRegistry::size_type tot;
+    entt::DefaultRegistry::size_type match;
+
+    registry.create();
+    registry.create<int>();
+    registry.create();
+    registry.create<int>();
+    registry.create();
+
+    tot = 0u;
+    match = 0u;
+
+    registry.each([&](auto entity) {
+        if(registry.has<int>(entity)) { ++match; }
+        registry.create();
+        ++tot;
+    });
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(tot, 5u);
+    ASSERT_EQ(match, 2u);
+
+    tot = 0u;
+    match = 0u;
+
+    registry.each([&](auto entity) {
+        if(registry.has<int>(entity)) {
+            registry.destroy(entity);
+            ++match;
+        }
+
+        ++tot;
+    });
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(tot, 10u);
+    ASSERT_EQ(match, 2u);
+
+    tot = 0u;
+    match = 0u;
+
+    registry.each([&](auto entity) {
+        if(registry.has<int>(entity)) { ++match; }
+        registry.destroy(entity);
+        ++tot;
+    });
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(tot, 8u);
+    ASSERT_EQ(match, 0u);
+
+    registry.each([&](auto) { FAIL(); });
+}
+
+TEST(DefaultRegistry, Orphans) {
+    entt::DefaultRegistry registry;
+    entt::DefaultRegistry::size_type tot{};
+
+    registry.create<int>();
+    registry.create();
+    registry.create<int>();
+    registry.create();
+    registry.attach<double>(registry.create());
+
+    registry.orphans([&](auto) { ++tot; });
+    ASSERT_EQ(tot, 2u);
+    tot = 0u;
+
+    registry.each([&](auto entity) { registry.reset<int>(entity); });
+    registry.orphans([&](auto) { ++tot; });
+    ASSERT_EQ(tot, 4u);
+    registry.reset();
+    tot = 0u;
+
+    registry.orphans([&](auto) { ++tot; });
+    ASSERT_EQ(tot, 0u);
+}
+
+TEST(DefaultRegistry, Types) {
+    entt::DefaultRegistry registry;
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(registry.tag<int>(), registry.tag<int>());
+    ASSERT_EQ(registry.component<int>(), registry.component<int>());
+
+    ASSERT_NE(registry.tag<int>(), registry.tag<double>());
+    ASSERT_NE(registry.component<int>(), registry.component<double>());
+}
+
+TEST(DefaultRegistry, CreateDestroyEntities) {
+    entt::DefaultRegistry registry;
+    entt::DefaultRegistry::entity_type pre{}, post{};
+
+    for(int i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
+        registry.create<double>();
+    }
+
+    registry.reset();
+
+    for(int i = 0; i < 7; ++i) {
+        auto entity = registry.create<int>();
+        if(i == 3) { pre = entity; }
+    }
+
+    registry.reset();
+
+    for(int i = 0; i < 5; ++i) {
+        auto entity = registry.create();
+        if(i == 3) { post = entity; }
+    }
 
     ASSERT_FALSE(registry.valid(pre));
     ASSERT_TRUE(registry.valid(post));
     ASSERT_NE(registry.version(pre), registry.version(post));
+    ASSERT_EQ(registry.version(pre) + 1, registry.version(post));
     ASSERT_EQ(registry.current(pre), registry.current(post));
 }
 
+TEST(DefaultRegistry, AttachSetRemoveTags) {
+    entt::DefaultRegistry registry;
+    const auto &cregistry = registry;
+
+    ASSERT_FALSE(registry.has<int>());
+
+    auto entity = registry.create();
+    registry.attach<int>(entity, 42);
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(registry.has<int>());
+    ASSERT_EQ(registry.get<int>(), 42);
+    ASSERT_EQ(cregistry.get<int>(), 42);
+    ASSERT_EQ(registry.attachee<int>(), entity);
+
+    registry.set<int>(3);
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(registry.has<int>());
+    ASSERT_EQ(registry.get<int>(), 3);
+    ASSERT_EQ(cregistry.get<int>(), 3);
+    ASSERT_EQ(registry.attachee<int>(), entity);
+
+    auto other = registry.create();
+    registry.move<int>(other);
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(registry.has<int>());
+    ASSERT_EQ(registry.get<int>(), 3);
+    ASSERT_EQ(cregistry.get<int>(), 3);
+    ASSERT_EQ(registry.attachee<int>(), other);
+
+    registry.remove<int>();
+
+    ASSERT_FALSE(registry.has<int>());
+
+    registry.attach<int>(entity, 42);
+    registry.destroy(entity);
+
+    ASSERT_FALSE(registry.has<int>());
+}
+
+TEST(DefaultRegistry, StandardViews) {
+    entt::DefaultRegistry registry;
+    auto mview = registry.view<int, char>();
+    auto iview = registry.view<int>();
+    auto cview = registry.view<char>();
+
+    registry.create(0, 'c');
+    registry.create(0);
+    registry.create(0, 'c');
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(iview.size(), decltype(iview)::size_type{3});
+    ASSERT_EQ(cview.size(), decltype(cview)::size_type{2});
+
+    decltype(mview)::size_type cnt{0};
+    mview.each([&cnt](auto...) { ++cnt; });
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(cnt, decltype(mview)::size_type{2});
+}
+
+TEST(DefaultRegistry, PersistentViews) {
+    entt::DefaultRegistry registry;
+    auto view = registry.persistent<int, char>();
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE((registry.contains<int, char>()));
+    ASSERT_FALSE((registry.contains<int, double>()));
+
+    registry.prepare<int, double>();
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE((registry.contains<int, double>()));
+
+    registry.discard<int, double>();
+
+    ASSERT_FALSE((registry.contains<int, double>()));
+
+    registry.create(0, 'c');
+    registry.create(0);
+    registry.create(0, 'c');
+
+    decltype(view)::size_type cnt{0};
+    view.each([&cnt](auto...) { ++cnt; });
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(cnt, decltype(view)::size_type{2});
+}
+
+TEST(DefaultRegistry, CleanStandardViewsAfterReset) {
+    entt::DefaultRegistry registry;
+    auto view = registry.view<int>();
+    registry.create(0);
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(view.size(), entt::DefaultRegistry::size_type{1});
+
+    registry.reset();
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(view.size(), entt::DefaultRegistry::size_type{0});
+}
+
+TEST(DefaultRegistry, CleanPersistentViewsAfterReset) {
+    entt::DefaultRegistry registry;
+    auto view = registry.persistent<int, char>();
+    registry.create(0, 'c');
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(view.size(), entt::DefaultRegistry::size_type{1});
+
+    registry.reset();
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(view.size(), entt::DefaultRegistry::size_type{0});
+}
+
+TEST(DefaultRegistry, CleanTagsAfterReset) {
+    entt::DefaultRegistry registry;
+    auto entity = registry.create();
+    registry.attach<int>(entity);
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(registry.has<int>());
+
+    registry.reset();
+
+    ASSERT_FALSE(registry.has<int>());
+}
+
 TEST(DefaultRegistry, SortSingle) {
     entt::DefaultRegistry registry;
 
@@ -183,3 +453,58 @@ TEST(DefaultRegistry, SortMulti) {
         ASSERT_EQ(registry.get<int>(entity), ival++);
     }
 }
+
+TEST(DefaultRegistry, ComponentsWithTypesFromStandardTemplateLibrary) {
+    // see #37 - the test shouldn't crash, that's all
+    entt::DefaultRegistry registry;
+    auto entity = registry.create();
+    registry.assign<std::unordered_set<int>>(entity).insert(42);
+    registry.destroy(entity);
+}
+
+TEST(DefaultRegistry, ConstructWithComponents) {
+    // it should compile, that's all
+    entt::DefaultRegistry registry;
+    const auto value = 0;
+    registry.create(value);
+}
+
+TEST(DefaultRegistry, MergeTwoRegistries) {
+    using entity_type = entt::DefaultRegistry::entity_type;
+
+    entt::DefaultRegistry src;
+    entt::DefaultRegistry dst;
+
+    std::unordered_map<entity_type, entity_type> ref;
+
+    auto merge = [&ref](const auto &view, auto &dst) {
+        view.each([&](auto entity, const auto &component) {
+            if(ref.find(entity) == ref.cend()) {
+                ref.emplace(entity, dst.create(component));
+            } else {
+                using component_type = std::decay_t<decltype(component)>;
+                dst.template assign<component_type>(ref[entity], component);
+            }
+        });
+    };
+
+    src.create<int, float, double>();
+    src.create<char, float, int>();
+
+    dst.create<int, char, double>();
+    dst.create<float, int>();
+
+    auto eq = [](auto begin, auto end) { ASSERT_EQ(begin, end); };
+    auto ne = [](auto begin, auto end) { ASSERT_NE(begin, end); };
+
+    eq(dst.view<int, float, double>().begin(), dst.view<int, float, double>().end());
+    eq(dst.view<char, float, int>().begin(), dst.view<char, float, int>().end());
+
+    merge(src.view<int>(), dst);
+    merge(src.view<char>(), dst);
+    merge(src.view<double>(), dst);
+    merge(src.view<float>(), dst);
+
+    ne(dst.view<int, float, double>().begin(), dst.view<int, float, double>().end());
+    ne(dst.view<char, float, int>().begin(), dst.view<char, float, int>().end());
+}

test/entt/entity/snapshot.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,489 @@
+#include <tuple>
+#include <queue>
+#include <vector>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <entt/entity/registry.hpp>
+
+template<typename Storage>
+struct OutputArchive {
+    OutputArchive(Storage &storage)
+        : storage{storage}
+    {}
+
+    template<typename Value>
+    void operator()(const Value &value) {
+        std::get<std::queue<Value>>(storage).push(value);
+    }
+
+private:
+    Storage &storage;
+};
+
+template<typename Storage>
+struct InputArchive {
+    InputArchive(Storage &storage)
+        : storage{storage}
+    {}
+
+    template<typename Value>
+    void operator()(Value &value) {
+        auto &queue = std::get<std::queue<Value>>(storage);
+        value = queue.front();
+        queue.pop();
+    }
+
+private:
+    Storage &storage;
+};
+
+struct AComponent {};
+
+struct AnotherComponent {
+    int key;
+    int value;
+};
+
+struct Foo {
+    entt::DefaultRegistry::entity_type bar;
+    std::vector<entt::DefaultRegistry::entity_type> quux;
+};
+
+TEST(Snapshot, Dump) {
+    entt::DefaultRegistry registry;
+
+    auto e0 = registry.create();
+    registry.assign<int>(e0, 42);
+    registry.assign<char>(e0, 'c');
+    registry.assign<double>(e0, .1);
+
+    auto e1 = registry.create();
+
+    auto e2 = registry.create();
+    registry.assign<int>(e2, 3);
+
+    auto e3 = registry.create();
+    registry.assign<char>(e3, '0');
+    registry.attach<float>(e3, .3f);
+
+    auto e4 = registry.create();
+    registry.attach<AComponent>(e4);
+
+    registry.destroy(e1);
+    auto v1 = registry.current(e1);
+
+    using storage_type = std::tuple<
+        std::queue<entt::DefaultRegistry::entity_type>,
+        std::queue<int>,
+        std::queue<char>,
+        std::queue<double>,
+        std::queue<float>,
+        std::queue<bool>,
+        std::queue<AComponent>,
+        std::queue<AnotherComponent>,
+        std::queue<Foo>
+    >;
+
+    storage_type storage;
+    OutputArchive<storage_type> output{storage};
+    InputArchive<storage_type> input{storage};
+
+    registry.snapshot()
+            .entities(output)
+            .destroyed(output)
+            .component<int, char, AnotherComponent, double>(output)
+            .tag<float, bool, AComponent>(output);
+
+    registry.reset();
+
+    ASSERT_FALSE(registry.valid(e0));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(registry.valid(e1));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(registry.valid(e2));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(registry.valid(e3));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(registry.valid(e4));
+
+    registry.restore()
+            .entities(input)
+            .destroyed(input)
+            .component<int, char, AnotherComponent, double>(input)
+            .tag<float, bool, AComponent>(input)
+            .orphans();
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(registry.valid(e0));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(registry.valid(e1));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(registry.valid(e2));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(registry.valid(e3));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(registry.valid(e4));
+
+    ASSERT_FALSE(registry.orphan(e0));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(registry.orphan(e2));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(registry.orphan(e3));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(registry.orphan(e4));
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(registry.get<int>(e0), 42);
+    ASSERT_EQ(registry.get<char>(e0), 'c');
+    ASSERT_EQ(registry.get<double>(e0), .1);
+    ASSERT_EQ(registry.current(e1), v1);
+    ASSERT_EQ(registry.get<int>(e2), 3);
+    ASSERT_EQ(registry.get<char>(e3), '0');
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(registry.has<float>());
+    ASSERT_EQ(registry.attachee<float>(), e3);
+    ASSERT_EQ(registry.get<float>(), .3f);
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(registry.has<AComponent>());
+    ASSERT_EQ(registry.attachee<AComponent>(), e4);
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(registry.empty<AnotherComponent>());
+    ASSERT_FALSE(registry.has<long int>());
+}
+
+TEST(Snapshot, Partial) {
+    entt::DefaultRegistry registry;
+
+    auto e0 = registry.create();
+    registry.assign<int>(e0, 42);
+    registry.assign<char>(e0, 'c');
+    registry.assign<double>(e0, .1);
+
+    auto e1 = registry.create();
+
+    auto e2 = registry.create();
+    registry.assign<int>(e2, 3);
+
+    auto e3 = registry.create();
+    registry.assign<char>(e3, '0');
+    registry.attach<float>(e3, .3f);
+
+    auto e4 = registry.create();
+    registry.attach<AComponent>(e4);
+
+    registry.destroy(e1);
+    auto v1 = registry.current(e1);
+
+    using storage_type = std::tuple<
+        std::queue<entt::DefaultRegistry::entity_type>,
+        std::queue<int>,
+        std::queue<char>,
+        std::queue<double>,
+        std::queue<float>,
+        std::queue<bool>,
+        std::queue<AComponent>,
+        std::queue<Foo>
+    >;
+
+    storage_type storage;
+    OutputArchive<storage_type> output{storage};
+    InputArchive<storage_type> input{storage};
+
+    registry.snapshot()
+            .entities(output)
+            .destroyed(output)
+            .component<char, int>(output)
+            .tag<bool, float>(output);
+
+    registry.reset();
+
+    ASSERT_FALSE(registry.valid(e0));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(registry.valid(e1));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(registry.valid(e2));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(registry.valid(e3));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(registry.valid(e4));
+
+    registry.restore()
+            .entities(input)
+            .destroyed(input)
+            .component<char, int>(input)
+            .tag<bool, float>(input);
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(registry.valid(e0));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(registry.valid(e1));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(registry.valid(e2));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(registry.valid(e3));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(registry.valid(e4));
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(registry.get<int>(e0), 42);
+    ASSERT_EQ(registry.get<char>(e0), 'c');
+    ASSERT_FALSE(registry.has<double>(e0));
+    ASSERT_EQ(registry.current(e1), v1);
+    ASSERT_EQ(registry.get<int>(e2), 3);
+    ASSERT_EQ(registry.get<char>(e3), '0');
+    ASSERT_TRUE(registry.orphan(e4));
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(registry.has<float>());
+    ASSERT_EQ(registry.attachee<float>(), e3);
+    ASSERT_EQ(registry.get<float>(), .3f);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(registry.has<long int>());
+
+    registry.snapshot()
+            .tag<float>(output)
+            .destroyed(output)
+            .entities(output);
+
+    registry.reset();
+
+    ASSERT_FALSE(registry.valid(e0));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(registry.valid(e1));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(registry.valid(e2));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(registry.valid(e3));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(registry.valid(e4));
+
+    registry.restore()
+            .tag<float>(input)
+            .destroyed(input)
+            .entities(input)
+            .orphans();
+
+    ASSERT_FALSE(registry.valid(e0));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(registry.valid(e1));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(registry.valid(e2));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(registry.valid(e3));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(registry.valid(e4));
+}
+
+TEST(Snapshot, Continuous) {
+    using entity_type = entt::DefaultRegistry::entity_type;
+
+    entt::DefaultRegistry src;
+    entt::DefaultRegistry dst;
+
+    entt::ContinuousLoader<entity_type> loader{dst};
+
+    std::vector<entity_type> entities;
+    entity_type entity;
+
+    using storage_type = std::tuple<
+        std::queue<entity_type>,
+        std::queue<AComponent>,
+        std::queue<AnotherComponent>,
+        std::queue<Foo>,
+        std::queue<double>
+    >;
+
+    storage_type storage;
+    OutputArchive<storage_type> output{storage};
+    InputArchive<storage_type> input{storage};
+
+    for(int i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
+        src.create();
+    }
+
+    src.each([&src](auto entity) {
+        src.destroy(entity);
+    });
+
+    for(int i = 0; i < 5; ++i) {
+        entity = src.create();
+        entities.push_back(entity);
+
+        src.assign<AComponent>(entity);
+        src.assign<AnotherComponent>(entity, i, i);
+
+        if(i % 2) {
+            src.assign<Foo>(entity, entity);
+        } else if(i == 2) {
+            src.attach<double>(entity, .3);
+        }
+    }
+
+    src.view<Foo>().each([&entities](auto, auto &foo) {
+        foo.quux.insert(foo.quux.begin(), entities.begin(), entities.end());
+    });
+
+    entity = dst.create();
+    dst.assign<AComponent>(entity);
+    dst.assign<AnotherComponent>(entity, -1, -1);
+
+    src.snapshot()
+            .entities(output)
+            .destroyed(output)
+            .component<AComponent, AnotherComponent, Foo>(output)
+            .tag<double>(output);
+
+    loader.entities(input)
+            .destroyed(input)
+            .component<AComponent, AnotherComponent>(input)
+            .component<Foo>(input, &Foo::bar, &Foo::quux)
+            .tag<double>(input)
+            .orphans();
+
+    decltype(dst.size()) aComponentCnt{};
+    decltype(dst.size()) anotherComponentCnt{};
+    decltype(dst.size()) fooCnt{};
+
+    dst.each([&dst, &aComponentCnt](auto entity) {
+        ASSERT_TRUE(dst.has<AComponent>(entity));
+        ++aComponentCnt;
+    });
+
+    dst.view<AnotherComponent>().each([&anotherComponentCnt](auto, const auto &component) {
+        ASSERT_EQ(component.value, component.key < 0 ? -1 : component.key);
+        ++anotherComponentCnt;
+    });
+
+    dst.view<Foo>().each([&dst, &fooCnt](auto entity, const auto &component) {
+        ASSERT_EQ(entity, component.bar);
+
+        for(auto entity: component.quux) {
+            ASSERT_TRUE(dst.valid(entity));
+        }
+
+        ++fooCnt;
+    });
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(dst.has<double>());
+    ASSERT_EQ(dst.get<double>(), .3);
+
+    src.view<AnotherComponent>().each([](auto, auto &component) {
+        component.value = 2 * component.key;
+    });
+
+    auto size = dst.size();
+
+    src.snapshot()
+            .entities(output)
+            .destroyed(output)
+            .component<AComponent, AnotherComponent, Foo>(output)
+            .tag<double>(output);
+
+    loader.entities(input)
+            .destroyed(input)
+            .component<AComponent, AnotherComponent>(input)
+            .component<Foo>(input, &Foo::bar, &Foo::quux)
+            .tag<double>(input)
+            .orphans();
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(size, dst.size());
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(dst.size<AComponent>(), aComponentCnt);
+    ASSERT_EQ(dst.size<AnotherComponent>(), anotherComponentCnt);
+    ASSERT_EQ(dst.size<Foo>(), fooCnt);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(dst.has<double>());
+
+    dst.view<AnotherComponent>().each([](auto, auto &component) {
+        ASSERT_EQ(component.value, component.key < 0 ? -1 : (2 * component.key));
+    });
+
+    entity = src.create();
+
+    src.view<Foo>().each([entity](auto, auto &component) {
+        component.bar = entity;
+    });
+
+    src.snapshot()
+            .entities(output)
+            .destroyed(output)
+            .component<AComponent, AnotherComponent, Foo>(output)
+            .tag<double>(output);
+
+    loader.entities(input)
+            .destroyed(input)
+            .component<AComponent, AnotherComponent>(input)
+            .component<Foo>(input, &Foo::bar, &Foo::quux)
+            .tag<double>(input)
+            .orphans();
+
+    dst.view<Foo>().each([&loader, entity](auto, auto &component) {
+        ASSERT_EQ(component.bar, loader.map(entity));
+    });
+
+    entities.clear();
+    for(auto entity: src.view<AComponent>()) {
+        entities.push_back(entity);
+    }
+
+    src.destroy(entity);
+    loader.shrink();
+
+    src.snapshot()
+            .entities(output)
+            .destroyed(output)
+            .component<AComponent, AnotherComponent, Foo>(output)
+            .tag<double>(output);
+
+    loader.entities(input)
+            .destroyed(input)
+            .component<AComponent, AnotherComponent>(input)
+            .component<Foo>(input, &Foo::bar, &Foo::quux)
+            .tag<double>(input)
+            .orphans()
+            .shrink();
+
+    dst.view<Foo>().each([&dst, &loader, entity](auto, auto &component) {
+        ASSERT_FALSE(dst.valid(component.bar));
+    });
+
+    ASSERT_FALSE(loader.has(entity));
+
+    entity = src.create();
+
+    src.view<Foo>().each([entity](auto, auto &component) {
+        component.bar = entity;
+    });
+
+    dst.reset<AComponent>();
+    aComponentCnt = src.size<AComponent>();
+
+    src.snapshot()
+            .entities(output)
+            .destroyed(output)
+            .component<AComponent, AnotherComponent, Foo>(output)
+            .tag<double>(output);
+
+    loader.entities(input)
+            .destroyed(input)
+            .component<AComponent, AnotherComponent>(input)
+            .component<Foo>(input, &Foo::bar, &Foo::quux)
+            .tag<double>(input)
+            .orphans();
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(dst.size<AComponent>(), aComponentCnt);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(dst.has<double>());
+
+    src.reset<AComponent>();
+    src.remove<double>();
+    aComponentCnt = {};
+
+    src.snapshot()
+            .entities(output)
+            .destroyed(output)
+            .component<AComponent, AnotherComponent, Foo>(output)
+            .tag<double>(output);
+
+    loader.entities(input)
+            .destroyed(input)
+            .component<AComponent, AnotherComponent>(input)
+            .component<Foo>(input, &Foo::bar, &Foo::quux)
+            .tag<double>(input)
+            .orphans();
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(dst.size<AComponent>(), aComponentCnt);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(dst.has<double>());
+}
+
+TEST(Snapshot, ContinuousMoreOnShrink) {
+    using entity_type = entt::DefaultRegistry::entity_type;
+
+    entt::DefaultRegistry src;
+    entt::DefaultRegistry dst;
+
+    entt::ContinuousLoader<entity_type> loader{dst};
+
+    using storage_type = std::tuple<
+        std::queue<entity_type>,
+        std::queue<AComponent>
+    >;
+
+    storage_type storage;
+    OutputArchive<storage_type> output{storage};
+    InputArchive<storage_type> input{storage};
+
+    auto entity = src.create();
+    src.snapshot().entities(output);
+    loader.entities(input).shrink();
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(dst.valid(entity));
+
+    loader.shrink();
+
+    ASSERT_FALSE(dst.valid(entity));
+}

test/entt/entity/sparse_set.cpp

@@ -1,22 +1,27 @@
+#include <unordered_set>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 #include <entt/entity/sparse_set.hpp>
 
 TEST(SparseSetNoType, Functionalities) {
     entt::SparseSet<unsigned int> set;
 
+    ASSERT_NO_THROW(set.reserve(42));
     ASSERT_TRUE(set.empty());
     ASSERT_EQ(set.size(), 0u);
     ASSERT_EQ(set.begin(), set.end());
     ASSERT_FALSE(set.has(0));
     ASSERT_FALSE(set.has(42));
 
-    ASSERT_EQ(set.construct(42), 0u);
+    set.construct(42);
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(set.get(42), 0u);
 
     ASSERT_FALSE(set.empty());
     ASSERT_EQ(set.size(), 1u);
     ASSERT_NE(set.begin(), set.end());
     ASSERT_FALSE(set.has(0));
     ASSERT_TRUE(set.has(42));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(set.fast(42));
     ASSERT_EQ(set.get(42), 0u);
 
     set.destroy(42);
@@ -27,7 +32,9 @@ TEST(SparseSetNoType, Functionalities) {
     ASSERT_FALSE(set.has(0));
     ASSERT_FALSE(set.has(42));
 
-    ASSERT_EQ(set.construct(42), 0u);
+    set.construct(42);
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(set.get(42), 0u);
 
     set.reset();
 
@@ -45,39 +52,216 @@ TEST(SparseSetNoType, Functionalities) {
 TEST(SparseSetNoType, DataBeginEnd) {
     entt::SparseSet<unsigned int> set;
 
-    ASSERT_EQ(set.construct(3), 0u);
-    ASSERT_EQ(set.construct(12), 1u);
-    ASSERT_EQ(set.construct(42), 2u);
+    set.construct(3);
+    set.construct(12);
+    set.construct(42);
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(set.get(3), 0u);
+    ASSERT_EQ(set.get(12), 1u);
+    ASSERT_EQ(set.get(42), 2u);
 
     ASSERT_EQ(*(set.data() + 0u), 3u);
     ASSERT_EQ(*(set.data() + 1u), 12u);
     ASSERT_EQ(*(set.data() + 2u), 42u);
 
+    auto it = set.begin();
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(*it, 42u);
+    ASSERT_EQ(*(it+1), 12u);
+    ASSERT_EQ(*(it+2), 3u);
+    ASSERT_EQ(it += 3, set.end());
+
     auto begin = set.begin();
     auto end = set.end();
 
     ASSERT_EQ(*(begin++), 42u);
     ASSERT_EQ(*(begin++), 12u);
     ASSERT_EQ(*(begin++), 3u);
+
     ASSERT_EQ(begin, end);
 }
 
+TEST(SparseSetNoType, RespectDisjoint) {
+    entt::SparseSet<unsigned int> lhs;
+    entt::SparseSet<unsigned int> rhs;
+    const auto &clhs = lhs;
+
+    lhs.construct(3);
+    lhs.construct(12);
+    lhs.construct(42);
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(lhs.get(3), 0u);
+    ASSERT_EQ(lhs.get(12), 1u);
+    ASSERT_EQ(lhs.get(42), 2u);
+
+    lhs.respect(rhs);
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(clhs.get(3), 0u);
+    ASSERT_EQ(clhs.get(12), 1u);
+    ASSERT_EQ(clhs.get(42), 2u);
+}
+
+TEST(SparseSetNoType, RespectOverlap) {
+    entt::SparseSet<unsigned int> lhs;
+    entt::SparseSet<unsigned int> rhs;
+    const auto &clhs = lhs;
+
+    lhs.construct(3);
+    lhs.construct(12);
+    lhs.construct(42);
+
+    rhs.construct(12);
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(lhs.get(3), 0u);
+    ASSERT_EQ(lhs.get(12), 1u);
+    ASSERT_EQ(lhs.get(42), 2u);
+
+    lhs.respect(rhs);
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(clhs.get(3), 0u);
+    ASSERT_EQ(clhs.get(12), 2u);
+    ASSERT_EQ(clhs.get(42), 1u);
+}
+
+TEST(SparseSetNoType, RespectOrdered) {
+    entt::SparseSet<unsigned int> lhs;
+    entt::SparseSet<unsigned int> rhs;
+
+    lhs.construct(1);
+    lhs.construct(2);
+    lhs.construct(3);
+    lhs.construct(4);
+    lhs.construct(5);
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(lhs.get(1), 0u);
+    ASSERT_EQ(lhs.get(2), 1u);
+    ASSERT_EQ(lhs.get(3), 2u);
+    ASSERT_EQ(lhs.get(4), 3u);
+    ASSERT_EQ(lhs.get(5), 4u);
+
+    rhs.construct(6);
+    rhs.construct(1);
+    rhs.construct(2);
+    rhs.construct(3);
+    rhs.construct(4);
+    rhs.construct(5);
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(rhs.get(6), 0u);
+    ASSERT_EQ(rhs.get(1), 1u);
+    ASSERT_EQ(rhs.get(2), 2u);
+    ASSERT_EQ(rhs.get(3), 3u);
+    ASSERT_EQ(rhs.get(4), 4u);
+    ASSERT_EQ(rhs.get(5), 5u);
+
+    rhs.respect(lhs);
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(rhs.get(6), 0u);
+    ASSERT_EQ(rhs.get(1), 1u);
+    ASSERT_EQ(rhs.get(2), 2u);
+    ASSERT_EQ(rhs.get(3), 3u);
+    ASSERT_EQ(rhs.get(4), 4u);
+    ASSERT_EQ(rhs.get(5), 5u);
+}
+
+TEST(SparseSetNoType, RespectReverse) {
+    entt::SparseSet<unsigned int> lhs;
+    entt::SparseSet<unsigned int> rhs;
+
+    lhs.construct(1);
+    lhs.construct(2);
+    lhs.construct(3);
+    lhs.construct(4);
+    lhs.construct(5);
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(lhs.get(1), 0u);
+    ASSERT_EQ(lhs.get(2), 1u);
+    ASSERT_EQ(lhs.get(3), 2u);
+    ASSERT_EQ(lhs.get(4), 3u);
+    ASSERT_EQ(lhs.get(5), 4u);
+
+    rhs.construct(5);
+    rhs.construct(4);
+    rhs.construct(3);
+    rhs.construct(2);
+    rhs.construct(1);
+    rhs.construct(6);
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(rhs.get(5), 0u);
+    ASSERT_EQ(rhs.get(4), 1u);
+    ASSERT_EQ(rhs.get(3), 2u);
+    ASSERT_EQ(rhs.get(2), 3u);
+    ASSERT_EQ(rhs.get(1), 4u);
+    ASSERT_EQ(rhs.get(6), 5u);
+
+    rhs.respect(lhs);
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(rhs.get(6), 0u);
+    ASSERT_EQ(rhs.get(1), 1u);
+    ASSERT_EQ(rhs.get(2), 2u);
+    ASSERT_EQ(rhs.get(3), 3u);
+    ASSERT_EQ(rhs.get(4), 4u);
+    ASSERT_EQ(rhs.get(5), 5u);
+}
+
+TEST(SparseSetNoType, RespectUnordered) {
+    entt::SparseSet<unsigned int> lhs;
+    entt::SparseSet<unsigned int> rhs;
+
+    lhs.construct(1);
+    lhs.construct(2);
+    lhs.construct(3);
+    lhs.construct(4);
+    lhs.construct(5);
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(lhs.get(1), 0u);
+    ASSERT_EQ(lhs.get(2), 1u);
+    ASSERT_EQ(lhs.get(3), 2u);
+    ASSERT_EQ(lhs.get(4), 3u);
+    ASSERT_EQ(lhs.get(5), 4u);
+
+    rhs.construct(3);
+    rhs.construct(2);
+    rhs.construct(6);
+    rhs.construct(1);
+    rhs.construct(4);
+    rhs.construct(5);
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(rhs.get(3), 0u);
+    ASSERT_EQ(rhs.get(2), 1u);
+    ASSERT_EQ(rhs.get(6), 2u);
+    ASSERT_EQ(rhs.get(1), 3u);
+    ASSERT_EQ(rhs.get(4), 4u);
+    ASSERT_EQ(rhs.get(5), 5u);
+
+    rhs.respect(lhs);
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(rhs.get(6), 0u);
+    ASSERT_EQ(rhs.get(1), 1u);
+    ASSERT_EQ(rhs.get(2), 2u);
+    ASSERT_EQ(rhs.get(3), 3u);
+    ASSERT_EQ(rhs.get(4), 4u);
+    ASSERT_EQ(rhs.get(5), 5u);
+}
+
 TEST(SparseSetWithType, Functionalities) {
     entt::SparseSet<unsigned int, int> set;
 
+    ASSERT_NO_THROW(set.reserve(42));
     ASSERT_TRUE(set.empty());
     ASSERT_EQ(set.size(), 0u);
     ASSERT_EQ(set.begin(), set.end());
     ASSERT_FALSE(set.has(0));
     ASSERT_FALSE(set.has(42));
 
-    ASSERT_EQ(set.construct(42, 3), 3);
+    set.construct(42, 3);
 
+    ASSERT_EQ(set.get(42), 3);
     ASSERT_FALSE(set.empty());
     ASSERT_EQ(set.size(), 1u);
     ASSERT_NE(set.begin(), set.end());
     ASSERT_FALSE(set.has(0));
     ASSERT_TRUE(set.has(42));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(set.fast(42));
     ASSERT_EQ(set.get(42), 3);
 
     set.destroy(42);
@@ -88,7 +272,9 @@ TEST(SparseSetWithType, Functionalities) {
     ASSERT_FALSE(set.has(0));
     ASSERT_FALSE(set.has(42));
 
-    ASSERT_EQ(set.construct(42, 12), 12);
+    set.construct(42, 12);
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(set.get(42), 12);
 
     set.reset();
 
@@ -103,12 +289,29 @@ TEST(SparseSetWithType, Functionalities) {
     other = std::move(set);
 }
 
+TEST(SparseSetWithType, AggregatesMustWork) {
+    struct AggregateType { int value; };
+    // the goal of this test is to enforce the requirements for aggregate types
+    entt::SparseSet<unsigned int, AggregateType>{}.construct(0, 42);
+}
+
+TEST(SparseSetWithType, TypesFromStandardTemplateLibraryMustWork) {
+    // see #37 - this test shouldn't crash, that's all
+    entt::SparseSet<unsigned int, std::unordered_set<int>> set;
+    set.construct(0).insert(42);
+    set.destroy(0);
+}
+
 TEST(SparseSetWithType, RawBeginEnd) {
     entt::SparseSet<unsigned int, int> set;
 
-    ASSERT_EQ(set.construct(3, 3), 3);
-    ASSERT_EQ(set.construct(12, 6), 6);
-    ASSERT_EQ(set.construct(42, 9), 9);
+    set.construct(3, 3);
+    set.construct(12, 6);
+    set.construct(42, 9);
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(set.get(3), 3);
+    ASSERT_EQ(set.get(12), 6);
+    ASSERT_EQ(set.get(42), 9);
 
     ASSERT_EQ(*(set.raw() + 0u), 3);
     ASSERT_EQ(*(set.raw() + 1u), 6);
@@ -117,23 +320,29 @@ TEST(SparseSetWithType, RawBeginEnd) {
     auto begin = set.begin();
     auto end = set.end();
 
-    ASSERT_EQ(set.get(*(begin++)), 9);
-    ASSERT_EQ(set.get(*(begin++)), 6);
-    ASSERT_EQ(set.get(*(begin++)), 3);
+    ASSERT_EQ(*(begin++), 9);
+    ASSERT_EQ(*(begin++), 6);
+    ASSERT_EQ(*(begin++), 3);
     ASSERT_EQ(begin, end);
 }
 
 TEST(SparseSetWithType, SortOrdered) {
     entt::SparseSet<unsigned int, int> set;
 
-    ASSERT_EQ(set.construct(12, 12), 12);
-    ASSERT_EQ(set.construct(42, 9), 9);
-    ASSERT_EQ(set.construct(7, 6), 6);
-    ASSERT_EQ(set.construct(3, 3), 3);
-    ASSERT_EQ(set.construct(9, 1), 1);
+    set.construct(12, 12);
+    set.construct(42, 9);
+    set.construct(7, 6);
+    set.construct(3, 3);
+    set.construct(9, 1);
 
-    set.sort([&set](auto lhs, auto rhs) {
-        return set.get(lhs) < set.get(rhs);
+    ASSERT_EQ(set.get(12), 12);
+    ASSERT_EQ(set.get(42), 9);
+    ASSERT_EQ(set.get(7), 6);
+    ASSERT_EQ(set.get(3), 3);
+    ASSERT_EQ(set.get(9), 1);
+
+    set.sort([](auto lhs, auto rhs) {
+        return lhs < rhs;
     });
 
     ASSERT_EQ(*(set.raw() + 0u), 12);
@@ -145,25 +354,31 @@ TEST(SparseSetWithType, SortOrdered) {
     auto begin = set.begin();
     auto end = set.end();
 
-    ASSERT_EQ(set.get(*(begin++)), 1);
-    ASSERT_EQ(set.get(*(begin++)), 3);
-    ASSERT_EQ(set.get(*(begin++)), 6);
-    ASSERT_EQ(set.get(*(begin++)), 9);
-    ASSERT_EQ(set.get(*(begin++)), 12);
+    ASSERT_EQ(*(begin++), 1);
+    ASSERT_EQ(*(begin++), 3);
+    ASSERT_EQ(*(begin++), 6);
+    ASSERT_EQ(*(begin++), 9);
+    ASSERT_EQ(*(begin++), 12);
     ASSERT_EQ(begin, end);
 }
 
 TEST(SparseSetWithType, SortReverse) {
     entt::SparseSet<unsigned int, int> set;
 
-    ASSERT_EQ(set.construct(12, 1), 1);
-    ASSERT_EQ(set.construct(42, 3), 3);
-    ASSERT_EQ(set.construct(7, 6), 6);
-    ASSERT_EQ(set.construct(3, 9), 9);
-    ASSERT_EQ(set.construct(9, 12), 12);
+    set.construct(12, 1);
+    set.construct(42, 3);
+    set.construct(7, 6);
+    set.construct(3, 9);
+    set.construct(9, 12);
 
-    set.sort([&set](auto lhs, auto rhs) {
-        return set.get(lhs) < set.get(rhs);
+    ASSERT_EQ(set.get(12), 1);
+    ASSERT_EQ(set.get(42), 3);
+    ASSERT_EQ(set.get(7), 6);
+    ASSERT_EQ(set.get(3), 9);
+    ASSERT_EQ(set.get(9), 12);
+
+    set.sort([](auto lhs, auto rhs) {
+        return lhs < rhs;
     });
 
     ASSERT_EQ(*(set.raw() + 0u), 12);
@@ -175,25 +390,31 @@ TEST(SparseSetWithType, SortReverse) {
     auto begin = set.begin();
     auto end = set.end();
 
-    ASSERT_EQ(set.get(*(begin++)), 1);
-    ASSERT_EQ(set.get(*(begin++)), 3);
-    ASSERT_EQ(set.get(*(begin++)), 6);
-    ASSERT_EQ(set.get(*(begin++)), 9);
-    ASSERT_EQ(set.get(*(begin++)), 12);
+    ASSERT_EQ(*(begin++), 1);
+    ASSERT_EQ(*(begin++), 3);
+    ASSERT_EQ(*(begin++), 6);
+    ASSERT_EQ(*(begin++), 9);
+    ASSERT_EQ(*(begin++), 12);
     ASSERT_EQ(begin, end);
 }
 
 TEST(SparseSetWithType, SortUnordered) {
     entt::SparseSet<unsigned int, int> set;
 
-    ASSERT_EQ(set.construct(12, 6), 6);
-    ASSERT_EQ(set.construct(42, 3), 3);
-    ASSERT_EQ(set.construct(7, 1), 1);
-    ASSERT_EQ(set.construct(3, 9), 9);
-    ASSERT_EQ(set.construct(9, 12), 12);
+    set.construct(12, 6);
+    set.construct(42, 3);
+    set.construct(7, 1);
+    set.construct(3, 9);
+    set.construct(9, 12);
 
-    set.sort([&set](auto lhs, auto rhs) {
-        return set.get(lhs) < set.get(rhs);
+    ASSERT_EQ(set.get(12), 6);
+    ASSERT_EQ(set.get(42), 3);
+    ASSERT_EQ(set.get(7), 1);
+    ASSERT_EQ(set.get(3), 9);
+    ASSERT_EQ(set.get(9), 12);
+
+    set.sort([](auto lhs, auto rhs) {
+        return lhs < rhs;
     });
 
     ASSERT_EQ(*(set.raw() + 0u), 12);
@@ -205,11 +426,11 @@ TEST(SparseSetWithType, SortUnordered) {
     auto begin = set.begin();
     auto end = set.end();
 
-    ASSERT_EQ(set.get(*(begin++)), 1);
-    ASSERT_EQ(set.get(*(begin++)), 3);
-    ASSERT_EQ(set.get(*(begin++)), 6);
-    ASSERT_EQ(set.get(*(begin++)), 9);
-    ASSERT_EQ(set.get(*(begin++)), 12);
+    ASSERT_EQ(*(begin++), 1);
+    ASSERT_EQ(*(begin++), 3);
+    ASSERT_EQ(*(begin++), 6);
+    ASSERT_EQ(*(begin++), 9);
+    ASSERT_EQ(*(begin++), 12);
     ASSERT_EQ(begin, end);
 }
 
@@ -218,9 +439,13 @@ TEST(SparseSetWithType, RespectDisjoint) {
     entt::SparseSet<unsigned int, int> rhs;
     const auto &clhs = lhs;
 
-    ASSERT_EQ(lhs.construct(3, 3), 3);
-    ASSERT_EQ(lhs.construct(12, 6), 6);
-    ASSERT_EQ(lhs.construct(42, 9), 9);
+    lhs.construct(3, 3);
+    lhs.construct(12, 6);
+    lhs.construct(42, 9);
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(clhs.get(3), 3);
+    ASSERT_EQ(clhs.get(12), 6);
+    ASSERT_EQ(clhs.get(42), 9);
 
     lhs.respect(rhs);
 
@@ -228,12 +453,12 @@ TEST(SparseSetWithType, RespectDisjoint) {
     ASSERT_EQ(*(clhs.raw() + 1u), 6);
     ASSERT_EQ(*(clhs.raw() + 2u), 9);
 
-    auto begin = clhs.begin();
-    auto end = clhs.end();
+    auto begin = lhs.begin();
+    auto end = lhs.end();
 
-    ASSERT_EQ(clhs.get(*(begin++)), 9);
-    ASSERT_EQ(clhs.get(*(begin++)), 6);
-    ASSERT_EQ(clhs.get(*(begin++)), 3);
+    ASSERT_EQ(*(begin++), 9);
+    ASSERT_EQ(*(begin++), 6);
+    ASSERT_EQ(*(begin++), 3);
     ASSERT_EQ(begin, end);
 }
 
@@ -242,10 +467,15 @@ TEST(SparseSetWithType, RespectOverlap) {
     entt::SparseSet<unsigned int, int> rhs;
     const auto &clhs = lhs;
 
-    ASSERT_EQ(lhs.construct(3, 3), 3);
-    ASSERT_EQ(lhs.construct(12, 6), 6);
-    ASSERT_EQ(lhs.construct(42, 9), 9);
-    ASSERT_EQ(rhs.construct(12, 6), 6);
+    lhs.construct(3, 3);
+    lhs.construct(12, 6);
+    lhs.construct(42, 9);
+    rhs.construct(12, 6);
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(clhs.get(3), 3);
+    ASSERT_EQ(clhs.get(12), 6);
+    ASSERT_EQ(clhs.get(42), 9);
+    ASSERT_EQ(rhs.get(12), 6);
 
     lhs.respect(rhs);
 
@@ -253,12 +483,12 @@ TEST(SparseSetWithType, RespectOverlap) {
     ASSERT_EQ(*(clhs.raw() + 1u), 9);
     ASSERT_EQ(*(clhs.raw() + 2u), 6);
 
-    auto begin = clhs.begin();
-    auto end = clhs.end();
+    auto begin = lhs.begin();
+    auto end = lhs.end();
 
-    ASSERT_EQ(clhs.get(*(begin++)), 6);
-    ASSERT_EQ(clhs.get(*(begin++)), 9);
-    ASSERT_EQ(clhs.get(*(begin++)), 3);
+    ASSERT_EQ(*(begin++), 6);
+    ASSERT_EQ(*(begin++), 9);
+    ASSERT_EQ(*(begin++), 3);
     ASSERT_EQ(begin, end);
 }
 
@@ -266,18 +496,31 @@ TEST(SparseSetWithType, RespectOrdered) {
     entt::SparseSet<unsigned int, int> lhs;
     entt::SparseSet<unsigned int, int> rhs;
 
-    ASSERT_EQ(lhs.construct(1, 0), 0);
-    ASSERT_EQ(lhs.construct(2, 0), 0);
-    ASSERT_EQ(lhs.construct(3, 0), 0);
-    ASSERT_EQ(lhs.construct(4, 0), 0);
-    ASSERT_EQ(lhs.construct(5, 0), 0);
+    lhs.construct(1, 0);
+    lhs.construct(2, 0);
+    lhs.construct(3, 0);
+    lhs.construct(4, 0);
+    lhs.construct(5, 0);
 
-    ASSERT_EQ(rhs.construct(6, 0), 0);
-    ASSERT_EQ(rhs.construct(1, 0), 0);
-    ASSERT_EQ(rhs.construct(2, 0), 0);
-    ASSERT_EQ(rhs.construct(3, 0), 0);
-    ASSERT_EQ(rhs.construct(4, 0), 0);
-    ASSERT_EQ(rhs.construct(5, 0), 0);
+    ASSERT_EQ(lhs.get(1), 0);
+    ASSERT_EQ(lhs.get(2), 0);
+    ASSERT_EQ(lhs.get(3), 0);
+    ASSERT_EQ(lhs.get(4), 0);
+    ASSERT_EQ(lhs.get(5), 0);
+
+    rhs.construct(6, 0);
+    rhs.construct(1, 0);
+    rhs.construct(2, 0);
+    rhs.construct(3, 0);
+    rhs.construct(4, 0);
+    rhs.construct(5, 0);
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(rhs.get(6), 0);
+    ASSERT_EQ(rhs.get(1), 0);
+    ASSERT_EQ(rhs.get(2), 0);
+    ASSERT_EQ(rhs.get(3), 0);
+    ASSERT_EQ(rhs.get(4), 0);
+    ASSERT_EQ(rhs.get(5), 0);
 
     rhs.respect(lhs);
 
@@ -299,18 +542,31 @@ TEST(SparseSetWithType, RespectReverse) {
     entt::SparseSet<unsigned int, int> lhs;
     entt::SparseSet<unsigned int, int> rhs;
 
-    ASSERT_EQ(lhs.construct(1, 0), 0);
-    ASSERT_EQ(lhs.construct(2, 0), 0);
-    ASSERT_EQ(lhs.construct(3, 0), 0);
-    ASSERT_EQ(lhs.construct(4, 0), 0);
-    ASSERT_EQ(lhs.construct(5, 0), 0);
+    lhs.construct(1, 0);
+    lhs.construct(2, 0);
+    lhs.construct(3, 0);
+    lhs.construct(4, 0);
+    lhs.construct(5, 0);
 
-    ASSERT_EQ(rhs.construct(5, 0), 0);
-    ASSERT_EQ(rhs.construct(4, 0), 0);
-    ASSERT_EQ(rhs.construct(3, 0), 0);
-    ASSERT_EQ(rhs.construct(2, 0), 0);
-    ASSERT_EQ(rhs.construct(1, 0), 0);
-    ASSERT_EQ(rhs.construct(6, 0), 0);
+    ASSERT_EQ(lhs.get(1), 0);
+    ASSERT_EQ(lhs.get(2), 0);
+    ASSERT_EQ(lhs.get(3), 0);
+    ASSERT_EQ(lhs.get(4), 0);
+    ASSERT_EQ(lhs.get(5), 0);
+
+    rhs.construct(5, 0);
+    rhs.construct(4, 0);
+    rhs.construct(3, 0);
+    rhs.construct(2, 0);
+    rhs.construct(1, 0);
+    rhs.construct(6, 0);
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(rhs.get(5), 0);
+    ASSERT_EQ(rhs.get(4), 0);
+    ASSERT_EQ(rhs.get(3), 0);
+    ASSERT_EQ(rhs.get(2), 0);
+    ASSERT_EQ(rhs.get(1), 0);
+    ASSERT_EQ(rhs.get(6), 0);
 
     rhs.respect(lhs);
 
@@ -332,18 +588,31 @@ TEST(SparseSetWithType, RespectUnordered) {
     entt::SparseSet<unsigned int, int> lhs;
     entt::SparseSet<unsigned int, int> rhs;
 
-    ASSERT_EQ(lhs.construct(1, 0), 0);
-    ASSERT_EQ(lhs.construct(2, 0), 0);
-    ASSERT_EQ(lhs.construct(3, 0), 0);
-    ASSERT_EQ(lhs.construct(4, 0), 0);
-    ASSERT_EQ(lhs.construct(5, 0), 0);
+    lhs.construct(1, 0);
+    lhs.construct(2, 0);
+    lhs.construct(3, 0);
+    lhs.construct(4, 0);
+    lhs.construct(5, 0);
 
-    ASSERT_EQ(rhs.construct(3, 0), 0);
-    ASSERT_EQ(rhs.construct(2, 0), 0);
-    ASSERT_EQ(rhs.construct(6, 0), 0);
-    ASSERT_EQ(rhs.construct(1, 0), 0);
-    ASSERT_EQ(rhs.construct(4, 0), 0);
-    ASSERT_EQ(rhs.construct(5, 0), 0);
+    ASSERT_EQ(lhs.get(1), 0);
+    ASSERT_EQ(lhs.get(2), 0);
+    ASSERT_EQ(lhs.get(3), 0);
+    ASSERT_EQ(lhs.get(4), 0);
+    ASSERT_EQ(lhs.get(5), 0);
+
+    rhs.construct(3, 0);
+    rhs.construct(2, 0);
+    rhs.construct(6, 0);
+    rhs.construct(1, 0);
+    rhs.construct(4, 0);
+    rhs.construct(5, 0);
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(rhs.get(3), 0);
+    ASSERT_EQ(rhs.get(2), 0);
+    ASSERT_EQ(rhs.get(6), 0);
+    ASSERT_EQ(rhs.get(1), 0);
+    ASSERT_EQ(rhs.get(4), 0);
+    ASSERT_EQ(rhs.get(5), 0);
 
     rhs.respect(lhs);
 
@@ -360,3 +629,33 @@ TEST(SparseSetWithType, RespectUnordered) {
     ASSERT_EQ(*(rhs.data() + 4u), 4u);
     ASSERT_EQ(*(rhs.data() + 5u), 5u);
 }
+
+TEST(SparseSetWithType, ReferencesGuaranteed) {
+    struct Type { int value; };
+
+    entt::SparseSet<unsigned int, Type> set;
+
+    set.construct(0, 0);
+    set.construct(1, 1);
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(set.get(0).value, 0);
+    ASSERT_EQ(set.get(1).value, 1);
+
+    for(auto &&type: set) {
+        if(type.value) {
+            type.value = 42;
+        }
+    }
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(set.get(0).value, 0);
+    ASSERT_EQ(set.get(1).value, 42);
+
+    auto begin = set.begin();
+
+    while(begin != set.end()) {
+        (begin++)->value = 3;
+    }
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(set.get(0).value, 3);
+    ASSERT_EQ(set.get(1).value, 3);
+}

test/entt/entity/view.cpp

@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 TEST(View, SingleComponent) {
     entt::DefaultRegistry registry;
 
-    auto e1 = registry.create();
-    auto e2 = registry.create<int, char>();
+    auto e0 = registry.create();
+    auto e1 = registry.create<int, char>();
 
     ASSERT_NO_THROW(registry.view<char>().begin()++);
     ASSERT_NO_THROW(++registry.view<char>().begin());
@@ -16,30 +16,44 @@ TEST(View, SingleComponent) {
     ASSERT_NE(view.begin(), view.end());
     ASSERT_EQ(view.size(), typename decltype(view)::size_type{1});
 
-    registry.assign<char>(e1);
+    registry.assign<char>(e0);
 
     ASSERT_EQ(view.size(), typename decltype(view)::size_type{2});
 
-    view.get(e1) = '1';
-    view.get(e2) = '2';
+    view.get(e0) = '1';
+    view.get(e1) = '2';
 
     for(auto entity: view) {
         const auto &cview = static_cast<const decltype(view) &>(view);
         ASSERT_TRUE(cview.get(entity) == '1' || cview.get(entity) == '2');
     }
 
-    ASSERT_EQ(*(view.data() + 0), e2);
-    ASSERT_EQ(*(view.data() + 1), e1);
+    ASSERT_EQ(*(view.data() + 0), e1);
+    ASSERT_EQ(*(view.data() + 1), e0);
 
     ASSERT_EQ(*(view.raw() + 0), '2');
     ASSERT_EQ(*(static_cast<const decltype(view) &>(view).raw() + 1), '1');
 
+    registry.remove<char>(e0);
     registry.remove<char>(e1);
-    registry.remove<char>(e2);
 
     ASSERT_EQ(view.begin(), view.end());
 }
 
+TEST(View, SingleComponentContains) {
+    entt::DefaultRegistry registry;
+
+    auto e0 = registry.create<int>();
+    auto e1 = registry.create<int>();
+
+    registry.destroy(e0);
+
+    auto view = registry.view<int>();
+
+    ASSERT_FALSE(view.contains(e0));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(view.contains(e1));
+}
+
 TEST(View, SingleComponentEmpty) {
     entt::DefaultRegistry registry;
 
@@ -78,8 +92,14 @@ TEST(View, SingleComponentEach) {
 TEST(View, MultipleComponent) {
     entt::DefaultRegistry registry;
 
-    auto e1 = registry.create<char>();
-    auto e2 = registry.create<int, char>();
+    auto e0 = registry.create<char>();
+    auto e1 = registry.create<int, char>();
+
+    auto it = registry.view<char>().begin();
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(*it, e1);
+    ASSERT_EQ(*(it+1), e0);
+    ASSERT_EQ(it += 2, registry.view<char>().end());
 
     ASSERT_NO_THROW((registry.view<int, char>().begin()++));
     ASSERT_NO_THROW((++registry.view<int, char>().begin()));
@@ -87,22 +107,41 @@ TEST(View, MultipleComponent) {
     auto view = registry.view<int, char>();
 
     ASSERT_NE(view.begin(), view.end());
+    ASSERT_EQ(view.begin()+1, view.end());
+    ASSERT_EQ(view.size(), decltype(view.size()){1});
 
-    view.get<char>(e1) = '1';
-    view.get<char>(e2) = '2';
+    registry.get<char>(e0) = '1';
+    registry.get<char>(e1) = '2';
+    registry.get<int>(e1) = 42;
 
     for(auto entity: view) {
         const auto &cview = static_cast<const decltype(view) &>(view);
-        ASSERT_TRUE(cview.get<char>(entity) == '2');
+        ASSERT_EQ(std::get<0>(cview.get<int, char>(entity)), 42);
+        ASSERT_EQ(std::get<1>(view.get<int, char>(entity)), '2');
+        ASSERT_EQ(cview.get<char>(entity), '2');
     }
 
+    registry.remove<char>(e0);
     registry.remove<char>(e1);
-    registry.remove<char>(e2);
     view.reset();
 
     ASSERT_EQ(view.begin(), view.end());
 }
 
+TEST(View, MultipleComponentContains) {
+    entt::DefaultRegistry registry;
+
+    auto e0 = registry.create<int, char>();
+    auto e1 = registry.create<int, char>();
+
+    registry.destroy(e0);
+
+    auto view = registry.view<int, char>();
+
+    ASSERT_FALSE(view.contains(e0));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(view.contains(e1));
+}
+
 TEST(View, MultipleComponentEmpty) {
     entt::DefaultRegistry registry;
 
@@ -140,8 +179,8 @@ TEST(PersistentView, Prepare) {
     entt::DefaultRegistry registry;
     registry.prepare<int, char>();
 
-    auto e1 = registry.create<char>();
-    auto e2 = registry.create<int, char>();
+    auto e0 = registry.create<char>();
+    auto e1 = registry.create<int, char>();
 
     ASSERT_NO_THROW((registry.persistent<int, char>().begin()++));
     ASSERT_NO_THROW((++registry.persistent<int, char>().begin()));
@@ -151,26 +190,29 @@ TEST(PersistentView, Prepare) {
     ASSERT_NE(view.begin(), view.end());
     ASSERT_EQ(view.size(), typename decltype(view)::size_type{1});
 
-    registry.assign<int>(e1);
+    registry.assign<int>(e0);
 
     ASSERT_EQ(view.size(), typename decltype(view)::size_type{2});
 
-    registry.remove<int>(e1);
+    registry.remove<int>(e0);
 
     ASSERT_EQ(view.size(), typename decltype(view)::size_type{1});
 
-    view.get<char>(e1) = '1';
-    view.get<char>(e2) = '2';
+    registry.get<char>(e0) = '1';
+    registry.get<char>(e1) = '2';
+    registry.get<int>(e1) = 42;
 
     for(auto entity: view) {
         const auto &cview = static_cast<const decltype(view) &>(view);
-        ASSERT_TRUE(cview.get<char>(entity) == '2');
+        ASSERT_EQ(std::get<0>(cview.get<int, char>(entity)), 42);
+        ASSERT_EQ(std::get<1>(view.get<int, char>(entity)), '2');
+        ASSERT_EQ(cview.get<char>(entity), '2');
     }
 
-    ASSERT_EQ(*(view.data() + 0), e2);
+    ASSERT_EQ(*(view.data() + 0), e1);
 
+    registry.remove<char>(e0);
     registry.remove<char>(e1);
-    registry.remove<char>(e2);
 
     ASSERT_EQ(view.begin(), view.end());
 }
@@ -178,8 +220,8 @@ TEST(PersistentView, Prepare) {
 TEST(PersistentView, NoPrepare) {
     entt::DefaultRegistry registry;
 
-    auto e1 = registry.create<char>();
-    auto e2 = registry.create<int, char>();
+    auto e0 = registry.create<char>();
+    auto e1 = registry.create<int, char>();
 
     ASSERT_NO_THROW((registry.persistent<int, char>().begin()++));
     ASSERT_NO_THROW((++registry.persistent<int, char>().begin()));
@@ -189,30 +231,47 @@ TEST(PersistentView, NoPrepare) {
     ASSERT_NE(view.begin(), view.end());
     ASSERT_EQ(view.size(), typename decltype(view)::size_type{1});
 
-    registry.assign<int>(e1);
+    registry.assign<int>(e0);
 
     ASSERT_EQ(view.size(), typename decltype(view)::size_type{2});
 
-    registry.remove<int>(e1);
+    registry.remove<int>(e0);
 
     ASSERT_EQ(view.size(), typename decltype(view)::size_type{1});
 
-    view.get<char>(e1) = '1';
-    view.get<char>(e2) = '2';
+    registry.get<char>(e0) = '1';
+    registry.get<char>(e1) = '2';
+    registry.get<int>(e1) = 42;
 
     for(auto entity: view) {
         const auto &cview = static_cast<const decltype(view) &>(view);
-        ASSERT_TRUE(cview.get<char>(entity) == '2');
+        ASSERT_EQ(std::get<0>(cview.get<int, char>(entity)), 42);
+        ASSERT_EQ(std::get<1>(view.get<int, char>(entity)), '2');
+        ASSERT_EQ(cview.get<char>(entity), '2');
     }
 
-    ASSERT_EQ(*(view.data() + 0), e2);
+    ASSERT_EQ(*(view.data() + 0), e1);
 
+    registry.remove<char>(e0);
     registry.remove<char>(e1);
-    registry.remove<char>(e2);
 
     ASSERT_EQ(view.begin(), view.end());
 }
 
+TEST(PersistentView, Contains) {
+    entt::DefaultRegistry registry;
+
+    auto e0 = registry.create<int, char>();
+    auto e1 = registry.create<int, char>();
+
+    registry.destroy(e0);
+
+    auto view = registry.persistent<int, char>();
+
+    ASSERT_FALSE(view.contains(e0));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(view.contains(e1));
+}
+
 TEST(PersistentView, Empty) {
     entt::DefaultRegistry registry;
 
@@ -254,20 +313,20 @@ TEST(PersistentView, Sort) {
     entt::DefaultRegistry registry;
     registry.prepare<int, unsigned int>();
 
+    auto e0 = registry.create();
     auto e1 = registry.create();
     auto e2 = registry.create();
-    auto e3 = registry.create();
 
     auto uval = 0u;
     auto ival = 0;
 
+    registry.assign<unsigned int>(e0, uval++);
     registry.assign<unsigned int>(e1, uval++);
     registry.assign<unsigned int>(e2, uval++);
-    registry.assign<unsigned int>(e3, uval++);
 
+    registry.assign<int>(e0, ival++);
     registry.assign<int>(e1, ival++);
     registry.assign<int>(e2, ival++);
-    registry.assign<int>(e3, ival++);
 
     auto view = registry.persistent<int, unsigned int>();
 
@@ -284,3 +343,65 @@ TEST(PersistentView, Sort) {
         ASSERT_EQ(view.get<int>(entity), ival++);
     }
 }
+
+TEST(RawView, Functionalities) {
+    entt::DefaultRegistry registry;
+
+    auto e0 = registry.create();
+    auto e1 = registry.create<int, char>();
+
+    ASSERT_NO_THROW(registry.raw<char>().begin()++);
+    ASSERT_NO_THROW(++registry.raw<char>().begin());
+
+    auto view = registry.raw<char>();
+
+    ASSERT_NE(view.begin(), view.end());
+    ASSERT_EQ(view.size(), typename decltype(view)::size_type{1});
+
+    registry.assign<char>(e0);
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(view.size(), typename decltype(view)::size_type{2});
+
+    registry.get<char>(e0) = '1';
+    registry.get<char>(e1) = '2';
+
+    for(auto &&component: view) {
+        ASSERT_TRUE(component == '1' || component == '2');
+    }
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(*(view.data() + 0), e1);
+    ASSERT_EQ(*(view.data() + 1), e0);
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(*(view.raw() + 0), '2');
+    ASSERT_EQ(*(static_cast<const decltype(view) &>(view).raw() + 1), '1');
+
+    for(auto &&component: view) {
+        // verifies that iterators return references to components
+        component = '0';
+    }
+
+    for(auto &&component: view) {
+        ASSERT_TRUE(component == '0');
+    }
+
+    registry.remove<char>(e0);
+    registry.remove<char>(e1);
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(view.begin(), view.end());
+}
+
+TEST(RawView, Empty) {
+    entt::DefaultRegistry registry;
+
+    registry.create<char, double>();
+    registry.create<char>();
+
+    auto view = registry.raw<int>();
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(view.size(), entt::DefaultRegistry::size_type{0});
+
+    for(auto &&component: view) {
+        (void)component;
+        FAIL();
+    }
+}

test/entt/process/process.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,206 @@
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <entt/process/process.hpp>
+
+struct FakeProcess: entt::Process<FakeProcess, int> {
+    using process_type = entt::Process<FakeProcess, int>;
+
+    void succeed() noexcept { process_type::succeed(); }
+    void fail() noexcept { process_type::fail(); }
+    void pause() noexcept { process_type::pause(); }
+    void unpause() noexcept { process_type::unpause(); }
+
+    void init(void *) { initInvoked = true; }
+    void succeeded() { succeededInvoked = true; }
+    void failed() { failedInvoked = true; }
+    void aborted() { abortedInvoked = true; }
+
+    void update(delta_type, void *data) {
+        if(data) {
+            (*static_cast<int *>(data))++;
+        }
+
+        updateInvoked = true;
+    }
+
+    bool initInvoked{false};
+    bool updateInvoked{false};
+    bool succeededInvoked{false};
+    bool failedInvoked{false};
+    bool abortedInvoked{false};
+};
+
+TEST(Process, Basics) {
+    FakeProcess process;
+
+    ASSERT_FALSE(process.alive());
+    ASSERT_FALSE(process.dead());
+    ASSERT_FALSE(process.paused());
+
+    process.succeed();
+    process.fail();
+    process.abort();
+    process.pause();
+    process.unpause();
+
+    ASSERT_FALSE(process.alive());
+    ASSERT_FALSE(process.dead());
+    ASSERT_FALSE(process.paused());
+
+    process.tick(0);
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(process.alive());
+    ASSERT_FALSE(process.dead());
+    ASSERT_FALSE(process.paused());
+
+    process.pause();
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(process.alive());
+    ASSERT_FALSE(process.dead());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(process.paused());
+
+    process.unpause();
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(process.alive());
+    ASSERT_FALSE(process.dead());
+    ASSERT_FALSE(process.paused());
+}
+
+TEST(Process, Succeeded) {
+    FakeProcess process;
+
+    process.tick(0);
+    process.succeed();
+    process.tick(0);
+
+    ASSERT_FALSE(process.alive());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(process.dead());
+    ASSERT_FALSE(process.paused());
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(process.initInvoked);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(process.updateInvoked);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(process.succeededInvoked);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(process.failedInvoked);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(process.abortedInvoked);
+}
+
+TEST(Process, Fail) {
+    FakeProcess process;
+
+    process.tick(0);
+    process.fail();
+    process.tick(0);
+
+    ASSERT_FALSE(process.alive());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(process.dead());
+    ASSERT_FALSE(process.paused());
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(process.initInvoked);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(process.updateInvoked);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(process.succeededInvoked);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(process.failedInvoked);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(process.abortedInvoked);
+}
+
+TEST(Process, Data) {
+    FakeProcess process;
+    int value = 0;
+
+    process.tick(0, &value);
+    process.succeed();
+    process.tick(0, &value);
+
+    ASSERT_FALSE(process.alive());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(process.dead());
+    ASSERT_FALSE(process.paused());
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(value, 1);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(process.initInvoked);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(process.updateInvoked);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(process.succeededInvoked);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(process.failedInvoked);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(process.abortedInvoked);
+}
+
+TEST(Process, AbortNextTick) {
+    FakeProcess process;
+
+    process.tick(0);
+    process.abort();
+    process.tick(0);
+
+    ASSERT_FALSE(process.alive());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(process.dead());
+    ASSERT_FALSE(process.paused());
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(process.initInvoked);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(process.updateInvoked);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(process.succeededInvoked);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(process.failedInvoked);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(process.abortedInvoked);
+}
+
+TEST(Process, AbortImmediately) {
+    FakeProcess process;
+
+    process.tick(0);
+    process.abort(true);
+
+    ASSERT_FALSE(process.alive());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(process.dead());
+    ASSERT_FALSE(process.paused());
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(process.initInvoked);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(process.updateInvoked);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(process.succeededInvoked);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(process.failedInvoked);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(process.abortedInvoked);
+}
+
+TEST(ProcessAdaptor, Resolved) {
+    bool updated = false;
+    auto lambda = [&updated](std::uint64_t, void *, auto resolve, auto) {
+        ASSERT_FALSE(updated);
+        updated = true;
+        resolve();
+    };
+
+    auto process = entt::ProcessAdaptor<decltype(lambda), std::uint64_t>{lambda};
+
+    process.tick(0);
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(process.dead());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(updated);
+}
+
+TEST(ProcessAdaptor, Rejected) {
+    bool updated = false;
+    auto lambda = [&updated](std::uint64_t, void *, auto, auto rejected) {
+        ASSERT_FALSE(updated);
+        updated = true;
+        rejected();
+    };
+
+    auto process = entt::ProcessAdaptor<decltype(lambda), std::uint64_t>{lambda};
+
+    process.tick(0);
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(process.rejected());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(updated);
+}
+
+TEST(ProcessAdaptor, Data) {
+    int value = 0;
+
+    auto lambda = [](std::uint64_t, void *data, auto resolve, auto) {
+        *static_cast<int *>(data) = 42;
+        resolve();
+    };
+
+    auto process = entt::ProcessAdaptor<decltype(lambda), std::uint64_t>{lambda};
+
+    process.tick(0, &value);
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(process.dead());
+    ASSERT_EQ(value, 42);
+}

test/entt/process/scheduler.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+#include <functional>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <entt/process/scheduler.hpp>
+#include <entt/process/process.hpp>
+
+struct FooProcess: entt::Process<FooProcess, int> {
+    FooProcess(std::function<void()> onUpdate, std::function<void()> onAborted)
+        : onUpdate{onUpdate}, onAborted{onAborted}
+    {}
+
+    void update(delta_type, void *) { onUpdate(); }
+    void aborted() { onAborted(); }
+
+    std::function<void()> onUpdate;
+    std::function<void()> onAborted;
+};
+
+struct SucceededProcess: entt::Process<SucceededProcess, int> {
+    void update(delta_type, void *) {
+        ASSERT_FALSE(updated);
+        updated = true;
+        ++invoked;
+        succeed();
+    }
+
+    static unsigned int invoked;
+    bool updated = false;
+};
+
+unsigned int SucceededProcess::invoked = 0;
+
+struct FailedProcess: entt::Process<FailedProcess, int> {
+    void update(delta_type, void *) {
+        ASSERT_FALSE(updated);
+        updated = true;
+        fail();
+    }
+
+    bool updated = false;
+};
+
+TEST(Scheduler, Functionalities) {
+    entt::Scheduler<int> scheduler{};
+
+    bool updated = false;
+    bool aborted = false;
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(scheduler.size(), entt::Scheduler<int>::size_type{});
+    ASSERT_TRUE(scheduler.empty());
+
+    scheduler.attach<FooProcess>(
+                [&updated](){ updated = true; },
+                [&aborted](){ aborted = true; }
+    );
+
+    ASSERT_NE(scheduler.size(), entt::Scheduler<int>::size_type{});
+    ASSERT_FALSE(scheduler.empty());
+
+    scheduler.update(0);
+    scheduler.abort(true);
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(updated);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(aborted);
+
+    ASSERT_NE(scheduler.size(), entt::Scheduler<int>::size_type{});
+    ASSERT_FALSE(scheduler.empty());
+
+    scheduler.clear();
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(scheduler.size(), entt::Scheduler<int>::size_type{});
+    ASSERT_TRUE(scheduler.empty());
+}
+
+TEST(Scheduler, Then) {
+    entt::Scheduler<int> scheduler;
+
+    scheduler.attach<SucceededProcess>()
+            .then<SucceededProcess>()
+            .then<FailedProcess>()
+            .then<SucceededProcess>();
+
+    for(auto i = 0; i < 8; ++i) {
+        scheduler.update(0);
+    }
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(SucceededProcess::invoked, 2u);
+}
+
+TEST(Scheduler, Functor) {
+    entt::Scheduler<int> scheduler;
+
+    bool firstFunctor = false;
+    bool secondFunctor = false;
+
+    scheduler.attach([&firstFunctor](auto, void *, auto resolve, auto){
+        ASSERT_FALSE(firstFunctor);
+        firstFunctor = true;
+        resolve();
+    }).then([&secondFunctor](auto, void *, auto, auto reject){
+        ASSERT_FALSE(secondFunctor);
+        secondFunctor = true;
+        reject();
+    }).then([](auto...){
+        FAIL();
+    });
+
+    for(auto i = 0; i < 8; ++i) {
+        scheduler.update(0);
+    }
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(firstFunctor);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(secondFunctor);
+}

test/entt/resource/resource.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <entt/resource/cache.hpp>
+
+struct Resource { const int value; };
+
+struct Loader: entt::ResourceLoader<Loader, Resource> {
+    std::shared_ptr<Resource> load(int value) const {
+        return std::shared_ptr<Resource>(new Resource{ value });
+    }
+};
+
+struct BrokenLoader: entt::ResourceLoader<BrokenLoader, Resource> {
+    std::shared_ptr<Resource> load(int) const {
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+};
+
+TEST(ResourceCache, Functionalities) {
+    entt::ResourceCache<Resource> cache;
+
+    constexpr auto hs1 = entt::HashedString{"res1"};
+    constexpr auto hs2 = entt::HashedString{"res2"};
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(cache.size(), entt::ResourceCache<Resource>::size_type{});
+    ASSERT_TRUE(cache.empty());
+    ASSERT_FALSE(cache.contains(hs1));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(cache.contains(hs2));
+
+    ASSERT_FALSE(cache.load<BrokenLoader>(hs1, 42));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(cache.reload<BrokenLoader>(hs1, 42));
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(cache.size(), entt::ResourceCache<Resource>::size_type{});
+    ASSERT_TRUE(cache.empty());
+    ASSERT_FALSE(cache.contains(hs1));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(cache.contains(hs2));
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(cache.load<Loader>(hs1, 42));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(cache.reload<Loader>(hs1, 42));
+
+    ASSERT_NE(cache.size(), entt::ResourceCache<Resource>::size_type{});
+    ASSERT_FALSE(cache.empty());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(cache.contains(hs1));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(cache.contains(hs2));
+    ASSERT_EQ((*cache.handle(hs1)).value, 42);
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(cache.load<Loader>(hs2, 42));
+
+    ASSERT_NE(cache.size(), entt::ResourceCache<Resource>::size_type{});
+    ASSERT_FALSE(cache.empty());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(cache.contains(hs1));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(cache.contains(hs2));
+    ASSERT_EQ((*cache.handle(hs1)).value, 42);
+    ASSERT_EQ(cache.handle(hs2)->value, 42);
+
+    ASSERT_NO_THROW(cache.discard(hs1));
+
+    ASSERT_FALSE(cache.contains(hs1));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(cache.contains(hs2));
+    ASSERT_EQ(cache.handle(hs2)->value, 42);
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(cache.load<Loader>(hs1, 42));
+    ASSERT_NO_THROW(cache.clear());
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(cache.size(), entt::ResourceCache<Resource>::size_type{});
+    ASSERT_TRUE(cache.empty());
+    ASSERT_FALSE(cache.contains(hs1));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(cache.contains(hs2));
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(cache.load<Loader>(hs1, 42));
+
+    ASSERT_NE(cache.size(), entt::ResourceCache<Resource>::size_type{});
+    ASSERT_FALSE(cache.empty());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(cache.handle(hs1));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(cache.handle(hs2));
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(cache.handle(hs1));
+    ASSERT_EQ(&cache.handle(hs1).get(), &static_cast<const Resource &>(cache.handle(hs1)));
+    ASSERT_NO_THROW(cache.clear());
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(cache.size(), entt::ResourceCache<Resource>::size_type{});
+    ASSERT_TRUE(cache.empty());
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(cache.temp<Loader>(42));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(cache.empty());
+}

test/entt/signal/sigh.cpp

@@ -86,6 +86,21 @@ TEST(SigH, Clear) {
     ASSERT_TRUE(sigh.empty());
 }
 
+TEST(SigH, Swap) {
+    entt::SigH<void(int &)> sigh1;
+    entt::SigH<void(int &)> sigh2;
+
+    sigh1.connect<&S::f>();
+
+    ASSERT_FALSE(sigh1.empty());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(sigh2.empty());
+
+    std::swap(sigh1, sigh2);
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(sigh1.empty());
+    ASSERT_FALSE(sigh2.empty());
+}
+
 TEST(SigH, Functions) {
     entt::SigH<void(int &)> sigh;
     int v = 0;

test/entt/signal/signal.cpp

@@ -91,6 +91,21 @@ TEST(Signal, Clear) {
     ASSERT_TRUE(signal.empty());
 }
 
+TEST(Signal, Swap) {
+    entt::Signal<void(const int &)> sig1;
+    entt::Signal<void(const int &)> sig2;
+
+    sig1.connect<&S::f>();
+
+    ASSERT_FALSE(sig1.empty());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(sig2.empty());
+
+    std::swap(sig1, sig2);
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(sig1.empty());
+    ASSERT_FALSE(sig2.empty());
+}
+
 TEST(Signal, Functions) {
     entt::Signal<void(const int &)> signal;
     auto val = S::i + 1;

test/mod/mod.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,426 @@
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <cassert>
+#include <map>
+#include <string>
+#include <duktape.h>
+#include <entt/entity/registry.hpp>
+
+template<typename Type>
+struct tag { using type = Type; };
+
+struct Position {
+    double x;
+    double y;
+};
+
+struct Renderable {};
+
+struct DuktapeRuntime {
+    std::map<duk_uint_t, std::string> components;
+};
+
+template<typename Comp>
+duk_ret_t set(duk_context *ctx, entt::DefaultRegistry &registry) {
+    const auto entity = duk_require_uint(ctx, 0);
+    registry.accommodate<Comp>(entity);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+template<>
+duk_ret_t set<Position>(duk_context *ctx, entt::DefaultRegistry &registry) {
+    const auto entity = duk_require_uint(ctx, 0);
+    const auto x = duk_require_number(ctx, 2);
+    const auto y = duk_require_number(ctx, 3);
+    registry.accommodate<Position>(entity, x, y);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+template<>
+duk_ret_t set<DuktapeRuntime>(duk_context *ctx, entt::DefaultRegistry &registry) {
+    const auto entity = duk_require_uint(ctx, 0);
+    const auto type = duk_require_uint(ctx, 1);
+
+    duk_dup(ctx, 2);
+
+    if(!registry.has<DuktapeRuntime>(entity)) {
+        registry.assign<DuktapeRuntime>(entity).components[type] = duk_json_encode(ctx, -1);
+    } else {
+        registry.get<DuktapeRuntime>(entity).components[type] = duk_json_encode(ctx, -1);
+    }
+
+    duk_pop(ctx);
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+template<typename Comp>
+duk_ret_t unset(duk_context *ctx, entt::DefaultRegistry &registry) {
+    const auto entity = duk_require_uint(ctx, 0);
+    registry.remove<Comp>(entity);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+template<>
+duk_ret_t unset<DuktapeRuntime>(duk_context *ctx, entt::DefaultRegistry &registry) {
+    const auto entity = duk_require_uint(ctx, 0);
+    const auto type = duk_require_uint(ctx, 1);
+
+    auto &components = registry.get<DuktapeRuntime>(entity).components;
+    assert(components.find(type) != components.cend());
+    components.erase(type);
+
+    if(components.empty()) {
+        registry.remove<DuktapeRuntime>(entity);
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+template<typename Comp>
+duk_ret_t has(duk_context *ctx, entt::DefaultRegistry &registry) {
+    const auto entity = duk_require_uint(ctx, 0);
+    duk_push_boolean(ctx, registry.has<Comp>(entity));
+    return 1;
+}
+
+template<>
+duk_ret_t has<DuktapeRuntime>(duk_context *ctx, entt::DefaultRegistry &registry) {
+    const auto entity = duk_require_uint(ctx, 0);
+    duk_push_boolean(ctx, registry.has<DuktapeRuntime>(entity));
+
+    if(registry.has<DuktapeRuntime>(entity)) {
+        const auto type = duk_require_uint(ctx, 1);
+        const auto &components = registry.get<DuktapeRuntime>(entity).components;
+        duk_push_boolean(ctx, components.find(type) != components.cend());
+    } else {
+        duk_push_false(ctx);
+    }
+
+    return 1;
+}
+
+template<typename Comp>
+duk_ret_t get(duk_context *ctx, entt::DefaultRegistry &registry) {
+    assert(registry.has<Comp>(duk_require_uint(ctx, 0)));
+    duk_push_object(ctx);
+    return 1;
+}
+
+template<>
+duk_ret_t get<Position>(duk_context *ctx, entt::DefaultRegistry &registry) {
+    const auto entity = duk_require_uint(ctx, 0);
+    const auto &position = registry.get<Position>(entity);
+
+    const auto idx = duk_push_object(ctx);
+
+    duk_push_string(ctx, "x");
+    duk_push_number(ctx, position.x);
+    duk_def_prop(ctx, idx, DUK_DEFPROP_HAVE_VALUE);
+
+    duk_push_string(ctx, "y");
+    duk_push_number(ctx, position.y);
+    duk_def_prop(ctx, idx, DUK_DEFPROP_HAVE_VALUE);
+
+    return 1;
+}
+
+template<>
+duk_ret_t get<DuktapeRuntime>(duk_context *ctx, entt::DefaultRegistry &registry) {
+    const auto entity = duk_require_uint(ctx, 0);
+    const auto type = duk_require_uint(ctx, 1);
+
+    auto &runtime = registry.get<DuktapeRuntime>(entity);
+    assert(runtime.components.find(type) != runtime.components.cend());
+
+    duk_push_string(ctx, runtime.components[type].c_str());
+    duk_json_decode(ctx, -1);
+
+
+    return 1;
+}
+
+class DuktapeRegistry {
+    // I'm pretty sure I won't have more than 99 components in the example
+    static constexpr entt::DefaultRegistry::component_type udef = 100;
+
+    struct Func {
+        using func_type = duk_ret_t(*)(duk_context *, entt::DefaultRegistry &);
+        using test_type = bool(entt::DefaultRegistry:: *)(entt::DefaultRegistry::entity_type) const;
+
+        func_type set;
+        func_type unset;
+        func_type has;
+        func_type get;
+        test_type test;
+    };
+
+    template<typename... Comp>
+    void reg() {
+        using accumulator_type = int[];
+        accumulator_type acc = { (func[registry.component<Comp>()] = {
+                                     &::set<Comp>,
+                                     &::unset<Comp>,
+                                     &::has<Comp>,
+                                     &::get<Comp>,
+                                     &entt::DefaultRegistry::has<Comp>
+                                 }, 0)... };
+        (void)acc;
+    }
+
+    static DuktapeRegistry & instance(duk_context *ctx) {
+        duk_push_this(ctx);
+
+        duk_push_string(ctx, DUK_HIDDEN_SYMBOL("dreg"));
+        duk_get_prop(ctx, -2);
+        auto &dreg = *static_cast<DuktapeRegistry *>(duk_require_pointer(ctx, -1));
+        duk_pop_2(ctx);
+
+        return dreg;
+    }
+
+    template<Func::func_type Func::*Op>
+    static duk_ret_t invoke(duk_context *ctx) {
+        auto &dreg = instance(ctx);
+        auto &func = dreg.func;
+        auto &registry = dreg.registry;
+        auto type = duk_require_uint(ctx, 1);
+
+        if(type >= udef) {
+            type = registry.component<DuktapeRuntime>();
+        }
+
+        assert(func.find(type) != func.cend());
+
+        return (func[type].*Op)(ctx, registry);
+    }
+
+public:
+    DuktapeRegistry(entt::DefaultRegistry &registry)
+        : registry{registry}
+    {
+        reg<Position, Renderable, DuktapeRuntime>();
+    }
+
+    static duk_ret_t identifier(duk_context *ctx) {
+        static auto next = udef;
+        duk_push_uint(ctx, next++);
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    static duk_ret_t create(duk_context *ctx) {
+        auto &dreg = instance(ctx);
+        duk_push_uint(ctx, dreg.registry.create());
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    static duk_ret_t set(duk_context *ctx) {
+        return invoke<&Func::set>(ctx);
+    }
+
+    static duk_ret_t unset(duk_context *ctx) {
+        return invoke<&Func::unset>(ctx);
+    }
+
+    static duk_ret_t has(duk_context *ctx) {
+        return invoke<&Func::has>(ctx);
+    }
+
+    static duk_ret_t get(duk_context *ctx) {
+        return invoke<&Func::get>(ctx);
+    }
+
+    static duk_ret_t entities(duk_context *ctx) {
+        const duk_idx_t nargs = duk_get_top(ctx);
+        auto &dreg = instance(ctx);
+        duk_uarridx_t pos = 0;
+
+        duk_push_array(ctx);
+
+        dreg.registry.each([ctx, nargs, &pos, &dreg](auto entity) {
+            auto &registry = dreg.registry;
+            auto &func = dreg.func;
+            bool match = true;
+
+            for (duk_idx_t arg = 0; match && arg < nargs; arg++) {
+                auto type = duk_require_uint(ctx, arg);
+
+                if(type < udef) {
+                    assert(func.find(type) != func.cend());
+                    match = (registry.*func[type].test)(entity);
+                } else {
+                    const auto ctype = registry.component<DuktapeRuntime>();
+                    assert(func.find(ctype) != func.cend());
+                    match = (registry.*func[ctype].test)(entity);
+
+                    if(match) {
+                        auto &components = registry.get<DuktapeRuntime>(entity).components;
+                        match = (components.find(type) != components.cend());
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            if(match) {
+                duk_push_uint(ctx, entity);
+                duk_put_prop_index(ctx, -2, pos++);
+            }
+        });
+
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+private:
+    std::map<duk_uint_t, Func> func;
+    entt::DefaultRegistry &registry;
+};
+
+const duk_function_list_entry js_DuktapeRegistry_methods[] = {
+    { "identifier", &DuktapeRegistry::identifier, 0 },
+    { "create", &DuktapeRegistry::create, 0 },
+    { "set", &DuktapeRegistry::set, DUK_VARARGS },
+    { "unset", &DuktapeRegistry::unset, 2 },
+    { "has", &DuktapeRegistry::has, 2 },
+    { "get", &DuktapeRegistry::get, 2 },
+    { "entities", &DuktapeRegistry::entities, DUK_VARARGS },
+    { nullptr, nullptr, 0 }
+};
+
+void exportTypes(duk_context *ctx, entt::DefaultRegistry &registry) {
+    auto exportType = [](auto *ctx, auto &registry, auto idx, auto type, const auto *name) {
+        duk_push_string(ctx, name);
+        duk_push_uint(ctx, registry.template component<typename decltype(type)::type>());
+        duk_def_prop(ctx, idx, DUK_DEFPROP_HAVE_VALUE | DUK_DEFPROP_CLEAR_WRITABLE);
+    };
+
+    auto idx = duk_push_object(ctx);
+
+    exportType(ctx, registry, idx, tag<Position>{}, "POSITION");
+    exportType(ctx, registry, idx, tag<Renderable>{}, "RENDERABLE");
+
+    duk_put_global_string(ctx, "Types");
+}
+
+void exportDuktapeRegistry(duk_context *ctx, DuktapeRegistry &dreg) {
+    auto idx = duk_push_object(ctx);
+
+    duk_push_string(ctx, DUK_HIDDEN_SYMBOL("dreg"));
+    duk_push_pointer(ctx, &dreg);
+    duk_put_prop(ctx, idx);
+
+    duk_put_function_list(ctx, idx, js_DuktapeRegistry_methods);
+    duk_put_global_string(ctx, "Registry");
+}
+
+TEST(Mod, Duktape) {
+    entt::DefaultRegistry registry;
+    DuktapeRegistry dreg{registry};
+    duk_context *ctx = duk_create_heap_default();
+
+    if(!ctx) {
+        FAIL();
+    }
+
+    exportTypes(ctx, registry);
+    exportDuktapeRegistry(ctx, dreg);
+
+    const char *s0 = ""
+            "Types[\"PLAYING_CHARACTER\"] = Registry.identifier();"
+            "Types[\"VELOCITY\"] = Registry.identifier();"
+            "";
+
+    if(duk_peval_string(ctx, s0)) {
+        FAIL();
+    }
+
+    registry.create(Position{ 0., 0. }, Renderable{});
+    registry.create(Position{ 0., 0. });
+
+    const char *s1 = ""
+            "Registry.entities(Types.POSITION, Types.RENDERABLE).forEach(function(entity) {"
+                "Registry.set(entity, Types.POSITION, 100., 100.);"
+            "});"
+            "var entity = Registry.create();"
+            "Registry.set(entity, Types.POSITION, 100., 100.);"
+            "Registry.set(entity, Types.RENDERABLE);"
+            "";
+
+    if(duk_peval_string(ctx, s1)) {
+        FAIL();
+    }
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(registry.view<DuktapeRuntime>().size(), 0u);
+    ASSERT_EQ(registry.view<Position>().size(), 3u);
+    ASSERT_EQ(registry.view<Renderable>().size(), 2u);
+
+    registry.view<Position>().each([&registry](auto entity, const auto &position) {
+        ASSERT_FALSE(registry.has<DuktapeRuntime>(entity));
+
+        if(registry.has<Renderable>(entity)) {
+            ASSERT_EQ(position.x, 100.);
+            ASSERT_EQ(position.y, 100.);
+        } else {
+            ASSERT_EQ(position.x, 0.);
+            ASSERT_EQ(position.y, 0.);
+        }
+    });
+
+    const char *s2 = ""
+            "Registry.entities(Types.POSITION).forEach(function(entity) {"
+                "if(!Registry.has(entity, Types.RENDERABLE)) {"
+                    "Registry.set(entity, Types.VELOCITY, { \"dx\": -100., \"dy\": -100. });"
+                    "Registry.set(entity, Types.PLAYING_CHARACTER, {});"
+                "}"
+            "});"
+            "";
+
+    if(duk_peval_string(ctx, s2)) {
+        FAIL();
+    }
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(registry.view<DuktapeRuntime>().size(), 1u);
+    ASSERT_EQ(registry.view<Position>().size(), 3u);
+    ASSERT_EQ(registry.view<Renderable>().size(), 2u);
+
+    registry.view<DuktapeRuntime>().each([](auto, const DuktapeRuntime &runtime) {
+        ASSERT_EQ(runtime.components.size(), 2u);
+    });
+
+    const char *s3 = ""
+            "Registry.entities(Types.POSITION, Types.RENDERABLE, Types.VELOCITY, Types.PLAYING_CHARACTER).forEach(function(entity) {"
+                "var velocity = Registry.get(entity, Types.VELOCITY);"
+                "Registry.set(entity, Types.POSITION, velocity.dx, velocity.dy)"
+            "});"
+            "";
+
+    if(duk_peval_string(ctx, s3)) {
+        FAIL();
+    }
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(registry.view<DuktapeRuntime>().size(), 1u);
+    ASSERT_EQ(registry.view<Position>().size(), 3u);
+    ASSERT_EQ(registry.view<Renderable>().size(), 2u);
+
+    registry.view<Position, Renderable, DuktapeRuntime>().each([](auto, const Position &position, const auto &...) {
+        ASSERT_EQ(position.x, -100.);
+        ASSERT_EQ(position.y, -100.);
+    });
+
+    const char *s4 = ""
+            "Registry.entities(Types.VELOCITY, Types.PLAYING_CHARACTER).forEach(function(entity) {"
+                "Registry.unset(entity, Types.VELOCITY);"
+                "Registry.unset(entity, Types.PLAYING_CHARACTER);"
+            "});"
+            "Registry.entities(Types.POSITION).forEach(function(entity) {"
+                "Registry.unset(entity, Types.POSITION);"
+            "});"
+            "";
+
+    if(duk_peval_string(ctx, s4)) {
+        FAIL();
+    }
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(registry.view<DuktapeRuntime>().size(), 0u);
+    ASSERT_EQ(registry.view<Position>().size(), 0u);
+    ASSERT_EQ(registry.view<Renderable>().size(), 2u);
+
+    duk_destroy_heap(ctx);
+}

test/snapshot/snapshot.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <sstream>
+#include <vector>
+#include <cereal/archives/json.hpp>
+#include <entt/entity/registry.hpp>
+
+struct Position {
+    float x;
+    float y;
+};
+
+struct Timer {
+    int duration;
+    int elapsed{0};
+};
+
+struct Relationship {
+    entt::DefaultRegistry::entity_type parent;
+};
+
+template<class Archive>
+void serialize(Archive &archive, Position &position) {
+  archive(position.x, position.y);
+}
+
+template<class Archive>
+void serialize(Archive &archive, Timer &timer) {
+  archive(timer.duration);
+}
+
+template<class Archive>
+void serialize(Archive &archive, Relationship &relationship) {
+  archive(relationship.parent);
+}
+
+TEST(Snapshot, Full) {
+    std::stringstream storage;
+
+    entt::DefaultRegistry source;
+    entt::DefaultRegistry destination;
+
+    auto e0 = source.create();
+    source.assign<Position>(e0, 16.f, 16.f);
+
+    source.destroy(source.create());
+
+    auto e1 = source.create();
+    source.assign<Position>(e1, .8f, .0f);
+    source.assign<Relationship>(e1, e0);
+
+    auto e2 = source.create();
+
+    auto e3 = source.create();
+    source.assign<Timer>(e3, 1000, 100);
+
+    source.destroy(e2);
+    auto v2 = source.current(e2);
+
+    {
+        // output finishes flushing its contents when it goes out of scope
+        cereal::JSONOutputArchive output{storage};
+        source.snapshot().entities(output).destroyed(output)
+                .component<Position, Timer, Relationship>(output);
+    }
+
+    cereal::JSONInputArchive input{storage};
+    destination.restore().entities(input).destroyed(input)
+            .component<Position, Timer, Relationship>(input);
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(destination.valid(e0));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(destination.has<Position>(e0));
+    ASSERT_EQ(destination.get<Position>(e0).x, 16.f);
+    ASSERT_EQ(destination.get<Position>(e0).y, 16.f);
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(destination.valid(e1));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(destination.has<Position>(e1));
+    ASSERT_EQ(destination.get<Position>(e1).x, .8f);
+    ASSERT_EQ(destination.get<Position>(e1).y, .0f);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(destination.has<Relationship>(e1));
+    ASSERT_EQ(destination.get<Relationship>(e1).parent, e0);
+
+    ASSERT_FALSE(destination.valid(e2));
+    ASSERT_EQ(destination.current(e2), v2);
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(destination.valid(e3));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(destination.has<Timer>(e3));
+    ASSERT_EQ(destination.get<Timer>(e3).duration, 1000);
+    ASSERT_EQ(destination.get<Timer>(e3).elapsed, 0);
+}
+
+TEST(Snapshot, Continuous) {
+    std::stringstream storage;
+
+    entt::DefaultRegistry source;
+    entt::DefaultRegistry destination;
+
+    std::vector<entt::DefaultRegistry::entity_type> entities;
+    for(auto i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
+        entities.push_back(source.create());
+    }
+
+    for(auto entity: entities) {
+        source.destroy(entity);
+    }
+
+    auto e0 = source.create();
+    source.assign<Position>(e0, 0.f, 0.f);
+    source.assign<Relationship>(e0, e0);
+
+    auto e1 = source.create();
+    source.assign<Position>(e1, 1.f, 1.f);
+    source.assign<Relationship>(e1, e0);
+
+    auto e2 = source.create();
+    source.assign<Position>(e2, .2f, .2f);
+    source.assign<Relationship>(e2, e0);
+
+    auto e3 = source.create();
+    source.assign<Timer>(e3, 1000, 1000);
+    source.assign<Relationship>(e3, e2);
+
+    {
+        // output finishes flushing its contents when it goes out of scope
+        cereal::JSONOutputArchive output{storage};
+        source.snapshot().entities(output).component<Position, Relationship, Timer>(output);
+    }
+
+    cereal::JSONInputArchive input{storage};
+    entt::ContinuousLoader<entt::DefaultRegistry::entity_type> loader{destination};
+    loader.entities(input)
+            .component<Position>(input)
+            .component<Relationship>(input, &Relationship::parent)
+            .component<Timer>(input);
+
+    ASSERT_FALSE(destination.valid(e0));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(loader.has(e0));
+
+    auto l0 = loader.map(e0);
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(destination.valid(l0));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(destination.has<Position>(l0));
+    ASSERT_EQ(destination.get<Position>(l0).x, 0.f);
+    ASSERT_EQ(destination.get<Position>(l0).y, 0.f);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(destination.has<Relationship>(l0));
+    ASSERT_EQ(destination.get<Relationship>(l0).parent, l0);
+
+    ASSERT_FALSE(destination.valid(e1));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(loader.has(e1));
+
+    auto l1 = loader.map(e1);
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(destination.valid(l1));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(destination.has<Position>(l1));
+    ASSERT_EQ(destination.get<Position>(l1).x, 1.f);
+    ASSERT_EQ(destination.get<Position>(l1).y, 1.f);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(destination.has<Relationship>(l1));
+    ASSERT_EQ(destination.get<Relationship>(l1).parent, l0);
+
+    ASSERT_FALSE(destination.valid(e2));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(loader.has(e2));
+
+    auto l2 = loader.map(e2);
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(destination.valid(l2));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(destination.has<Position>(l2));
+    ASSERT_EQ(destination.get<Position>(l2).x, .2f);
+    ASSERT_EQ(destination.get<Position>(l2).y, .2f);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(destination.has<Relationship>(l2));
+    ASSERT_EQ(destination.get<Relationship>(l2).parent, l0);
+
+    ASSERT_FALSE(destination.valid(e3));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(loader.has(e3));
+
+    auto l3 = loader.map(e3);
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(destination.valid(l3));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(destination.has<Timer>(l3));
+    ASSERT_EQ(destination.get<Timer>(l3).duration, 1000);
+    ASSERT_EQ(destination.get<Timer>(l3).elapsed, 0);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(destination.has<Relationship>(l3));
+    ASSERT_EQ(destination.get<Relationship>(l3).parent, l2);
+}