backend-test: centralize read pixel logic

2024-05-16 15:08:56 -07:00
2840 changed files with 24674 additions and 50080 deletions
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: macos-14

    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3.3.0
      - uses: actions/setup-java@v3
        with:
          distribution: 'temurin'
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: macos-14

    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3.3.0
      - name: Run build script
        run: |
          cd build/ios && printf "y" | ./build.sh continuous
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04

    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3.3.0
      - name: Run build script
        run: |
          cd build/linux && printf "y" | ./build.sh continuous
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: macos-14

    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3.3.0
      - name: Run build script
        run: |
          cd build/mac && printf "y" | ./build.sh continuous
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ jobs:
    name: npm-deploy
    runs-on: macos-14
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3.3.0
        with:
          ref: ${{ github.event.inputs.release_tag }}
      # Setup .npmrc file to publish to npm
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ jobs:
        os: [macos-14, ubuntu-22.04]

    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3.3.0
      - name: Run build script
        run: |
          WORKFLOW_OS=`echo \`uname\` | sed "s/Darwin/mac/" | tr [:upper:] [:lower:]`
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: windows-2019

    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3.3.0
      - name: Run build script
        run: |
          build\windows\build-github.bat presubmit
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: macos-14

    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3.3.0
      - uses: actions/setup-java@v3
        with:
          distribution: 'temurin'
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: macos-14

    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3.3.0
      - name: Run build script
        run: |
          cd build/ios && printf "y" | ./build.sh presubmit
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: macos-14

    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3.3.0
      - name: Run build script
        run: |
          cd build/web && printf "y" | ./build.sh presubmit
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ jobs:
          TAG=${REF##*/}
          echo "ref=${REF}" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
          echo "tag=${TAG}" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3.3.0
        with:
          ref: ${{ steps.git_ref.outputs.ref }}
      - name: Run build script
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ jobs:
          TAG=${REF##*/}
          echo "ref=${REF}" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
          echo "tag=${TAG}" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3.3.0
        with:
          ref: ${{ steps.git_ref.outputs.ref }}
      - name: Run build script
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ jobs:
          TAG=${REF##*/}
          echo "ref=${REF}" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
          echo "tag=${TAG}" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3.3.0
        with:
          ref: ${{ steps.git_ref.outputs.ref }}
      - uses: actions/setup-java@v3
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ jobs:
          TAG=${REF##*/}
          echo "ref=${REF}" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
          echo "tag=${TAG}" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3.3.0
        with:
          ref: ${{ steps.git_ref.outputs.ref }}
      - name: Run build script
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ jobs:
          echo "ref=${REF}" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
          echo "tag=${TAG}" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
        shell: bash
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3.3.0
        with:
          ref: ${{ steps.git_ref.outputs.ref }}
      - name: Run build script
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: macos-14

    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3.3.0
      - name: Run build script
        run: |
          cd build/web && printf "y" | ./build.sh continuous
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: windows-2019

    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3.3.0
      - name: Run build script
        run: |
          build\windows\build-github.bat continuous
@@ -437,11 +437,10 @@ Finally simply open `docs/html/index.html` in your web browser.

 ## Software Rasterization

-We have tested swiftshader and Mesa for software rasterization on the Vulkan/GL backends.
-
-To use this for Vulkan, please first make sure that the [Vulkan SDK](https://www.lunarg.com/vulkan-sdk/) is
-installed on your machine. If you are doing a manual installation of the SDK on Linux, you will have
-to source `setup-env.sh` in the SDK's root folder to make sure the Vulkan loader is the first lib loaded.
+We have tested swiftshader for running software rasterization on the Vulkan backend. To use this,
+please first make sure that the [Vulkan SDK](https://www.lunarg.com/vulkan-sdk/) is installed on
+your machine. If you are doing a manual installation of the SDK on Linux, you will have to source
+`setup-env.sh` in the SDK's root folder to make sure the Vulkan loader is the first lib loaded.

 ### Swiftshader (Vulkan) [tested on macOS and Linux]

@@ -458,39 +457,5 @@ and then set `VK_ICD_FILENAMES` to the ICD json produced in the build. For examp
 export VK_ICD_FILENAMES=/Users/user/swiftshader/build/Darwin/vk_swiftshader_icd.json
 ```

-Build and run Filament as usual and specify the Vulkan backend when creating the Engine.
+Build Filament as normal and use the vulkan backend.

-### Mesa's LLVMPipe (GL) and Lavapipe (Vulkan) [tested on Linux]
-
-We will only cover steps that build Mesa from source. The official documentation of Mesa mentioned
-that in general precompiled libraries [are **not** made available](https://docs.mesa3d.org/precompiled.html).
-
-Download the repo and make sure you have the build depedencies. For example (assuming an Ubuntu/Debian distro),
-```shell
-git clone https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa.git
-sudo apt-get build-dep mesa
-```
-
-To build both the GL and Vulkan rasterizers,
-
-```shell
-cd mesa
-mkdir -p out
-meson setup builddir/ -Dprefix=$(pwd)/out -Dglx=xlib -Dgallium-drivers=swrast -Dvulkan-drivers=swrast
-meson install -C builddir/
-```
-
-For GL, we need to ensure that we load the GL lib from the mesa output directory.  For example, to run
-the debug `gltf_viewer`, we would execute
-```shell
-LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/Users/user/mesa/out/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu \
-    ./out/cmake-debug/samples/gltf_viewer -a opengl
-```
-
-For Vulkan, we need to set the path to the ICD json, which tells the loader where to find the driver
-library. To run `gltf_viewer`, we would execute
-```shell
-VK_ICD_FILENAMES=/Users/user/mesa/out/share/vulkan/icd.d/lvp_icd.x86_64.json \
-    ./out/cmake-debug/samples/gltf_viewer -a vulkan
-
-```
@@ -524,15 +524,13 @@ else()
 endif()

 # This only affects the prebuilt shader files in gltfio and samples, not filament library.
-# The value can be either "instanced", "multiview", or "none"
-set(FILAMENT_SAMPLES_STEREO_TYPE "none" CACHE STRING
+# The value can be either "instanced" or "multiview".
+set(FILAMENT_SAMPLES_STEREO_TYPE "instanced" CACHE STRING
    "Stereoscopic type that shader files in gltfio and samples are built for."
 )
 string(TOLOWER "${FILAMENT_SAMPLES_STEREO_TYPE}" FILAMENT_SAMPLES_STEREO_TYPE)
-if (NOT FILAMENT_SAMPLES_STEREO_TYPE STREQUAL "instanced"
-    AND NOT FILAMENT_SAMPLES_STEREO_TYPE STREQUAL "multiview"
-    AND NOT FILAMENT_SAMPLES_STEREO_TYPE STREQUAL "none")
-    message(FATAL_ERROR "Invalid stereo type: \"${FILAMENT_SAMPLES_STEREO_TYPE}\" choose either \"instanced\",  \"multiview\", or \"none\" ")
+if (NOT FILAMENT_SAMPLES_STEREO_TYPE STREQUAL "instanced" AND NOT FILAMENT_SAMPLES_STEREO_TYPE STREQUAL "multiview")
+    message(FATAL_ERROR "Invalid stereo type: \"${FILAMENT_SAMPLES_STEREO_TYPE}\" choose either \"instanced\" or \"multiview\" ")
 endif ()

 # Compiling samples for multiview implies enabling multiview feature as well.
@@ -735,6 +733,7 @@ add_subdirectory(${FILAMENT}/filament)
 add_subdirectory(${FILAMENT}/shaders)
 add_subdirectory(${EXTERNAL}/basisu/tnt)
 add_subdirectory(${EXTERNAL}/civetweb/tnt)
+add_subdirectory(${EXTERNAL}/hat-trie/tnt)
 add_subdirectory(${EXTERNAL}/imgui/tnt)
 add_subdirectory(${EXTERNAL}/robin-map/tnt)
 add_subdirectory(${EXTERNAL}/smol-v/tnt)
@@ -746,7 +745,6 @@ add_subdirectory(${EXTERNAL}/draco/tnt)
 add_subdirectory(${EXTERNAL}/jsmn/tnt)
 add_subdirectory(${EXTERNAL}/stb/tnt)
 add_subdirectory(${EXTERNAL}/getopt)
-add_subdirectory(${EXTERNAL}/unordered_dense)

 # Note that this has to be placed after mikktspace in order for combine_static_libs to work.
 add_subdirectory(${LIBRARIES}/geometry)
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ repositories {
 }

 dependencies {
-    implementation 'com.google.android.filament:filament-android:1.53.2'
+    implementation 'com.google.android.filament:filament-android:1.51.8'
 }
 ```

@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ Here are all the libraries available in the group `com.google.android.filament`:
 iOS projects can use CocoaPods to install the latest release:

 ```shell
-pod 'Filament', '~> 1.53.2'
+pod 'Filament', '~> 1.51.8'
 ```

 ### Snapshots
@@ -176,7 +176,6 @@ steps:
  - [x] KHR_materials_unlit
  - [x] KHR_materials_variants
  - [x] KHR_materials_volume
-  - [x] KHR_materials_specular
  - [x] KHR_mesh_quantization
  - [x] KHR_texture_basisu
  - [x] KHR_texture_transform
@@ -7,30 +7,6 @@ A new header is inserted each time a *tag* is created.
 Instead, if you are authoring a PR for the main branch, add your release note to
 [NEW_RELEASE_NOTES.md](./NEW_RELEASE_NOTES.md).

-## v1.53.3
-
- Add drag and drop support for IBL files for desktop gltf_viewer.
-
-## v1.53.2
-
-
-## v1.53.1
-
-
-## v1.53.0
-
- engine: fix skinning normals with large transforms (b/342459864) [⚠️ **New Material Version**]
-
-## v1.52.3
-
-
-## v1.52.2
-
-
-## v1.52.1
-
- Add instructions for using Mesa for software rasterization
-
 ## v1.51.9


@@ -83,12 +83,12 @@ buildscript {
        'minSdk': 21,
        'targetSdk': 34,
        'compileSdk': 34,
-        'kotlin': '2.0.0',
-        'kotlin_coroutines': '1.9.0-RC',
+        'kotlin': '1.9.21',
+        'kotlin_coroutines': '1.7.3',
        'buildTools': '34.0.0',
-        'ndk': '27.0.11718014',
-        'androidx_core': '1.13.1',
-        'androidx_annotations': '1.8.0'
+        'ndk': '26.1.10909125',
+        'androidx_core': '1.12.0',
+        'androidx_annotations': '1.7.0'
    ]

    ext.deps = [
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ buildscript {
    ]

    dependencies {
-        classpath 'com.android.tools.build:gradle:8.4.1'
+        classpath 'com.android.tools.build:gradle:8.2.0'
        classpath "org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-gradle-plugin:${versions.kotlin}"
    }

@@ -128,6 +128,7 @@ target_include_directories(filament-jni PRIVATE
        ..
        ${FILAMENT_DIR}/include
        ../../filament/backend/include
+        ../../third_party/robin-map
        ../../libs/utils/include)

 # Force a relink when the version script is changed:
@@ -420,13 +420,6 @@ Java_com_google_android_filament_Engine_nSetPaused(JNIEnv*, jclass,
    engine->setPaused(paused);
 }

-extern "C" JNIEXPORT void JNICALL
-Java_com_google_android_filament_Engine_nUnprotected(JNIEnv*, jclass,
-        jlong nativeEngine, jboolean paused) {
-    Engine* engine = (Engine*) nativeEngine;
-    engine->unprotected();
-}
-
 // Managers...

 extern "C" JNIEXPORT jlong JNICALL
@@ -571,9 +564,3 @@ Java_com_google_android_filament_Engine_nBuilderBuild(JNIEnv*, jclass, jlong nat
    Engine::Builder* builder = (Engine::Builder*) nativeBuilder;
    return (jlong) builder->build();
 }
-
-extern "C"
-JNIEXPORT jlong JNICALL
-Java_com_google_android_filament_Engine_getSteadyClockTimeNano(JNIEnv *env, jclass clazz) {
-    return (jlong)Engine::getSteadyClockTimeNano();
-}
@@ -25,17 +25,12 @@ using namespace filament;

 extern "C" JNIEXPORT jlong JNICALL
 Java_com_google_android_filament_Material_nBuilderBuild(JNIEnv *env, jclass,
-        jlong nativeEngine, jobject buffer_, jint size, jint shBandCount) {
+        jlong nativeEngine, jobject buffer_, jint size) {
    Engine* engine = (Engine*) nativeEngine;
    AutoBuffer buffer(env, buffer_, size);
-    auto builder = Material::Builder();
-    if (shBandCount) {
-        builder.sphericalHarmonicsBandCount(shBandCount);
-    }
-    Material* material = builder
+    Material* material = Material::Builder()
            .package(buffer.getData(), buffer.getSize())
            .build(*engine);
-
    return (jlong) material;
 }

@@ -245,18 +245,12 @@ Java_com_google_android_filament_RenderableManager_nBuilderMorphing(JNIEnv*, jcl
 }

 extern "C" JNIEXPORT void JNICALL
-Java_com_google_android_filament_RenderableManager_nBuilderMorphingStandard(JNIEnv*, jclass,
-        jlong nativeBuilder, jlong nativeMorphTargetBuffer) {
+Java_com_google_android_filament_RenderableManager_nBuilderSetMorphTargetBufferAt(JNIEnv*, jclass,
+        jlong nativeBuilder, int level, int primitiveIndex, jlong nativeMorphTargetBuffer,
+        int offset, int count) {
    RenderableManager::Builder *builder = (RenderableManager::Builder *) nativeBuilder;
    MorphTargetBuffer *morphTargetBuffer = (MorphTargetBuffer *) nativeMorphTargetBuffer;
-    builder->morphing(morphTargetBuffer);
-}
-
-extern "C" JNIEXPORT void JNICALL
-Java_com_google_android_filament_RenderableManager_nBuilderSetMorphTargetBufferOffsetAt(JNIEnv*, jclass,
-        jlong nativeBuilder, int level, int primitiveIndex, int offset) {
-    RenderableManager::Builder *builder = (RenderableManager::Builder *) nativeBuilder;
-    builder->morphing(level, primitiveIndex, offset);
+    builder->morphing(level, primitiveIndex, morphTargetBuffer, offset, count);
 }

 extern "C" JNIEXPORT void JNICALL
@@ -328,12 +322,13 @@ Java_com_google_android_filament_RenderableManager_nSetMorphWeights(JNIEnv* env,
 }

 extern "C" JNIEXPORT void JNICALL
-Java_com_google_android_filament_RenderableManager_nSetMorphTargetBufferOffsetAt(JNIEnv*,
+Java_com_google_android_filament_RenderableManager_nSetMorphTargetBufferAt(JNIEnv*,
        jclass, jlong nativeRenderableManager, jint i, int level, jint primitiveIndex,
-        jlong, jint offset) {
+        jlong nativeMorphTargetBuffer, jint offset, jint count) {
    RenderableManager *rm = (RenderableManager *) nativeRenderableManager;
-    rm->setMorphTargetBufferOffsetAt((RenderableManager::Instance) i, (uint8_t) level,
-            (size_t) primitiveIndex, (size_t) offset);
+    MorphTargetBuffer *morphTargetBuffer = (MorphTargetBuffer *) nativeMorphTargetBuffer;
+    rm->setMorphTargetBufferAt((RenderableManager::Instance) i, (uint8_t) level,
+            (size_t) primitiveIndex, morphTargetBuffer, (size_t) offset, (size_t) count);
 }

 extern "C" JNIEXPORT jint JNICALL
@@ -187,10 +187,3 @@ Java_com_google_android_filament_Renderer_nSetPresentationTime(JNIEnv *, jclass
    Renderer *renderer = (Renderer *) nativeRenderer;
    renderer->setPresentationTime(monotonicClockNanos);
 }
-
-extern "C" JNIEXPORT void JNICALL
-Java_com_google_android_filament_Renderer_nSetVsyncTime(JNIEnv *, jclass,
-    jlong nativeRenderer, jlong steadyClockTimeNano) {
-    Renderer *renderer = (Renderer *) nativeRenderer;
-    renderer->setVsyncTime(steadyClockTimeNano);
-}
@@ -159,12 +159,9 @@ public class Engine {
    };

    /**
-     * The type of technique for stereoscopic rendering. (Note that the materials used will need to be
-     * compatible with the chosen technique.)
+     * The type of technique for stereoscopic rendering
     */
    public enum StereoscopicType {
-        /** No stereoscopic rendering. */
-        NONE,
        /** Stereoscopic rendering is performed using instanced rendering technique. */
        INSTANCED,
        /** Stereoscopic rendering is performed using the multiview feature from the graphics backend. */
@@ -408,7 +405,7 @@ public class Engine {
         *
         * @see View#setStereoscopicOptions
         */
-        public StereoscopicType stereoscopicType = StereoscopicType.NONE;
+        public StereoscopicType stereoscopicType = StereoscopicType.INSTANCED;

        /**
         * The number of eyes to render when stereoscopic rendering is enabled. Supported values are
@@ -1289,24 +1286,6 @@ public class Engine {
        nSetPaused(getNativeObject(), paused);
    }

-    /**
-     * Switch the command queue to unprotected mode. Protected mode can be activated via
-     * Renderer::beginFrame() using a protected SwapChain.
-     * @see Renderer
-     * @see SwapChain
-     */
-    public void unprotected() {
-        nUnprotected(getNativeObject());
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Get the current time. This is a convenience function that simply returns the
-     * time in nanosecond since epoch of std::chrono::steady_clock.
-     * @return current time in nanosecond since epoch of std::chrono::steady_clock.
-     * @see Renderer#beginFrame
-     */
-    public static native long getSteadyClockTimeNano();
-
    @UsedByReflection("TextureHelper.java")
    public long getNativeObject() {
        if (mNativeObject == 0) {
@@ -1384,7 +1363,6 @@ public class Engine {
    private static native void nFlush(long nativeEngine);
    private static native boolean nIsPaused(long nativeEngine);
    private static native void nSetPaused(long nativeEngine, boolean paused);
-    private static native void nUnprotected(long nativeEngine);
    private static native long nGetTransformManager(long nativeEngine);
    private static native long nGetLightManager(long nativeEngine);
    private static native long nGetRenderableManager(long nativeEngine);
@@ -346,7 +346,6 @@ public class Material {
    public static class Builder {
        private Buffer mBuffer;
        private int mSize;
-        private int mShBandCount = 0;

        /**
         * Specifies the material data. The material data is a binary blob produced by
@@ -362,22 +361,6 @@ public class Material {
            return this;
        }

-        /**
-         * Sets the quality of the indirect lights computations. This is only taken into account
-         * if this material is lit and in the surface domain. This setting will affect the
-         * IndirectLight computation if one is specified on the Scene and Spherical Harmonics
-         * are used for the irradiance.
-         *
-         * @param shBandCount Number of spherical harmonic bands. Must be 1, 2 or 3 (default).
-         * @return Reference to this Builder for chaining calls.
-         * @see IndirectLight
-         */
-        @NonNull
-        public Builder sphericalHarmonicsBandCount(@IntRange(from = 0) int shBandCount) {
-            mShBandCount = shBandCount;
-            return this;
-        }
-
        /**
         * Creates and returns the Material object.
         *
@@ -389,8 +372,7 @@ public class Material {
         */
        @NonNull
        public Material build(@NonNull Engine engine) {
-            long nativeMaterial = nBuilderBuild(engine.getNativeObject(),
-                mBuffer, mSize, mShBandCount);
+            long nativeMaterial = nBuilderBuild(engine.getNativeObject(), mBuffer, mSize);
            if (nativeMaterial == 0) throw new IllegalStateException("Couldn't create Material");
            return new Material(nativeMaterial);
        }
@@ -1041,7 +1023,7 @@ public class Material {
        mNativeObject = 0;
    }

-    private static native long nBuilderBuild(long nativeEngine, @NonNull Buffer buffer, int size, int shBandCount);
+    private static native long nBuilderBuild(long nativeEngine, @NonNull Buffer buffer, int size);
    private static native long nCreateInstance(long nativeMaterial);
    private static native long nCreateInstanceWithName(long nativeMaterial, @NonNull String name);
    private static native long nGetDefaultInstance(long nativeMaterial);
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ public class MorphTargetBuffer {
         *
         * @exception IllegalStateException if the MorphTargetBuffer could not be created
         *
-         * @see #setMorphTargetBufferOffsetAt
+         * @see #setMorphTargetBufferAt
         */
        @NonNull
        public MorphTargetBuffer build(@NonNull Engine engine) {
@@ -524,7 +524,14 @@ public class RenderableManager {
        }

        /**
-         * Controls if the renderable has legacy vertex morphing targets, zero by default.
+         * Controls if the renderable has vertex morphing targets, zero by default. This is
+         * required to enable GPU morphing.
+         *
+         * <p>Filament supports two morphing modes: standard (default) and legacy.</p>
+         *
+         * <p>For standard morphing, A {@link MorphTargetBuffer} must be created and provided via
+         * {@link RenderableManager#setMorphTargetBufferAt}. Standard morphing supports up to
+         * <code>CONFIG_MAX_MORPH_TARGET_COUNT</code> morph targets.</p>
         *
         * For legacy morphing, the attached {@link VertexBuffer} must provide data in the
         * appropriate {@link VertexBuffer.VertexAttribute} slots (<code>MORPH_POSITION_0</code> etc).
@@ -542,22 +549,6 @@ public class RenderableManager {
            return this;
        }

-        /**
-         * Controls if the renderable has vertex morphing targets, zero by default.
-         *
-         * <p>For standard morphing, A {@link MorphTargetBuffer} must be provided.
-         * Standard morphing supports up to
-         * <code>CONFIG_MAX_MORPH_TARGET_COUNT</code> morph targets.</p>
-         *
-         * <p>See also {@link RenderableManager#setMorphWeights}, which can be called on a per-frame basis
-         * to advance the animation.</p>
-         */
-        @NonNull
-        public Builder morphing(@NonNull MorphTargetBuffer morphTargetBuffer) {
-            nBuilderMorphingStandard(mNativeBuilder, morphTargetBuffer.getNativeObject());
-            return this;
-        }
-
        /**
         * Specifies the morph target buffer for a primitive.
         *
@@ -569,13 +560,31 @@ public class RenderableManager {
         *
         * @param level the level of detail (lod), only 0 can be specified
         * @param primitiveIndex zero-based index of the primitive, must be less than the count passed to Builder constructor
+         * @param morphTargetBuffer specifies the morph target buffer
         * @param offset specifies where in the morph target buffer to start reading (expressed as a number of vertices)
+         * @param count number of vertices in the morph target buffer to read, must equal the geometry's count (for triangles, this should be a multiple of 3)
         */
        @NonNull
        public Builder morphing(@IntRange(from = 0) int level,
                                @IntRange(from = 0) int primitiveIndex,
-                                @IntRange(from = 0) int offset) {
-            nBuilderSetMorphTargetBufferOffsetAt(mNativeBuilder, level, primitiveIndex, offset);
+                                @NonNull MorphTargetBuffer morphTargetBuffer,
+                                @IntRange(from = 0) int offset,
+                                @IntRange(from = 0) int count) {
+            nBuilderSetMorphTargetBufferAt(mNativeBuilder, level, primitiveIndex,
+                    morphTargetBuffer.getNativeObject(), offset, count);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Utility method to specify morph target buffer for a primitive.
+         * For details, see the {@link RenderableManager.Builder#morphing}.
+         */
+        @NonNull
+        public Builder morphing(@IntRange(from = 0) int level,
+                                @IntRange(from = 0) int primitiveIndex,
+                                @NonNull MorphTargetBuffer morphTargetBuffer) {
+            nBuilderSetMorphTargetBufferAt(mNativeBuilder, level, primitiveIndex,
+                    morphTargetBuffer.getNativeObject(), 0, morphTargetBuffer.getVertexCount());
            return this;
        }

@@ -678,11 +687,26 @@ public class RenderableManager {
     *
     * @see Builder#morphing
     */
-    public void setMorphTargetBufferOffsetAt(@EntityInstance int i,
+    public void setMorphTargetBufferAt(@EntityInstance int i,
                                       @IntRange(from = 0) int level,
                                       @IntRange(from = 0) int primitiveIndex,
-                                       @IntRange(from = 0) int offset) {
-        nSetMorphTargetBufferOffsetAt(mNativeObject, i, level, primitiveIndex, 0, offset);
+                                       @NonNull MorphTargetBuffer morphTargetBuffer,
+                                       @IntRange(from = 0) int offset,
+                                       @IntRange(from = 0) int count) {
+        nSetMorphTargetBufferAt(mNativeObject, i, level, primitiveIndex,
+                morphTargetBuffer.getNativeObject(), offset, count);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Utility method to change morph target buffer for the given primitive.
+     * For details, see the {@link RenderableManager#setMorphTargetBufferAt}.
+     */
+    public void setMorphTargetBufferAt(@EntityInstance int i,
+                                       @IntRange(from = 0) int level,
+                                       @IntRange(from = 0) int primitiveIndex,
+                                       @NonNull MorphTargetBuffer morphTargetBuffer) {
+        nSetMorphTargetBufferAt(mNativeObject, i, level, primitiveIndex,
+                morphTargetBuffer.getNativeObject(), 0, morphTargetBuffer.getVertexCount());
    }

    /**
@@ -982,8 +1006,7 @@ public class RenderableManager {
    private static native int nBuilderSkinningBones(long nativeBuilder, int boneCount, Buffer bones, int remaining);
    private static native void nBuilderSkinningBuffer(long nativeBuilder, long nativeSkinningBuffer, int boneCount, int offset);
    private static native void nBuilderMorphing(long nativeBuilder, int targetCount);
-    private static native void nBuilderMorphingStandard(long nativeBuilder, long nativeMorphTargetBuffer);
-    private static native void nBuilderSetMorphTargetBufferOffsetAt(long nativeBuilder, int level, int primitiveIndex, int offset);
+    private static native void nBuilderSetMorphTargetBufferAt(long nativeBuilder, int level, int primitiveIndex, long nativeMorphTargetBuffer, int offset, int count);
    private static native void nBuilderEnableSkinningBuffers(long nativeBuilder, boolean enabled);
    private static native void nBuilderFog(long nativeBuilder, boolean enabled);
    private static native void nBuilderLightChannel(long nativeRenderableManager, int channel, boolean enable);
@@ -993,7 +1016,7 @@ public class RenderableManager {
    private static native int nSetBonesAsMatrices(long nativeObject, int i, Buffer matrices, int remaining, int boneCount, int offset);
    private static native int nSetBonesAsQuaternions(long nativeObject, int i, Buffer quaternions, int remaining, int boneCount, int offset);
    private static native void nSetMorphWeights(long nativeObject, int instance, float[] weights, int offset);
-    private static native void nSetMorphTargetBufferOffsetAt(long nativeObject, int i, int level, int primitiveIndex, long nativeMorphTargetBuffer, int offset);
+    private static native void nSetMorphTargetBufferAt(long nativeObject, int i, int level, int primitiveIndex, long nativeMorphTargetBuffer, int offset, int count);
    private static native int nGetMorphTargetCount(long nativeObject, int i);
    private static native void nSetAxisAlignedBoundingBox(long nativeRenderableManager, int i, float cx, float cy, float cz, float ex, float ey, float ez);
    private static native void nSetLayerMask(long nativeRenderableManager, int i, int select, int value);
@@ -284,19 +284,6 @@ public class Renderer {
        nSetPresentationTime(getNativeObject(), monotonicClockNanos);
    }

-    /**
-     * The use of this method is optional. It sets the VSYNC time expressed as the duration in
-     * nanosecond since epoch of std::chrono::steady_clock.
-     * If called, passing 0 to frameTimeNanos in Renderer.BeginFrame will use this
-     * time instead.
-     * @param steadyClockTimeNano duration in nanosecond since epoch of std::chrono::steady_clock
-     * @see Engine#getSteadyClockTimeNano
-     * @see Renderer#beginFrame
-     */
-    public void setVsyncTime(long steadyClockTimeNano) {
-        nSetVsyncTime(getNativeObject(), steadyClockTimeNano);
-    }
-
    /**
     * Sets up a frame for this <code>Renderer</code>.
     * <p><code>beginFrame</code> manages frame pacing, and returns whether or not a frame should be
@@ -715,7 +702,6 @@ public class Renderer {
    }

    private static native void nSetPresentationTime(long nativeObject, long monotonicClockNanos);
-    private static native void nSetVsyncTime(long nativeObject, long steadyClockTimeNano);
    private static native boolean nBeginFrame(long nativeRenderer, long nativeSwapChain, long frameTimeNanos);
    private static native void nEndFrame(long nativeRenderer);
    private static native void nRender(long nativeRenderer, long nativeView);
@@ -125,11 +125,6 @@ extern "C" JNIEXPORT void Java_com_google_android_filament_utils_Manipulator_nBu
    builder->groundPlane(a, b, c, d);
 }

-extern "C" JNIEXPORT void Java_com_google_android_filament_utils_Manipulator_nBuilderPanning(JNIEnv*, jclass, jlong nativeBuilder, jboolean enabled) {
-    Builder* builder = (Builder*) nativeBuilder;
-    builder->panning(enabled);
-}
-
 extern "C" JNIEXPORT long Java_com_google_android_filament_utils_Manipulator_nBuilderBuild(JNIEnv*, jclass, jlong nativeBuilder, jint mode) {
    Builder* builder = (Builder*) nativeBuilder;
    return (jlong) builder->build((Mode) mode);
@@ -274,17 +274,6 @@ public class Manipulator {
            return this;
        }

-        /**
-         * Sets whether panning is enabled in the manipulator.
-         *
-         * @return this <code>Builder</code> object for chaining calls
-         */
-        @NonNull
-        public Builder panning(Boolean enabled) {
-            nBuilderPanning(mNativeBuilder, enabled);
-            return this;
-        }
-
        /**
         * Creates and returns the <code>Manipulator</code> object.
         *
@@ -494,7 +483,6 @@ public class Manipulator {
    private static native void nBuilderFlightPanSpeed(long nativeBuilder, float x, float y);
    private static native void nBuilderFlightMoveDamping(long nativeBuilder, float damping);
    private static native void nBuilderGroundPlane(long nativeBuilder, float a, float b, float c, float d);
-    private static native void nBuilderPanning(long nativeBuilder, Boolean enabled);
    private static native long nBuilderBuild(long nativeBuilder, int mode);

    private static native void nDestroyManipulator(long nativeManip);
@@ -120,6 +120,7 @@ set(GLTFIO_INCLUDE_DIRS
        ../../third_party/cgltf
        ../../third_party/meshoptimizer/src
        ../../third_party/robin-map
+        ../../third_party/hat-trie
        ../../third_party/stb
        ../../libs/utils/include
        ../../libs/ktxreader/include
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 GROUP=com.google.android.filament
-VERSION_NAME=1.53.2
+VERSION_NAME=1.51.8

 POM_DESCRIPTION=Real-time physically based rendering engine for Android.

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #Wed Nov 17 10:40:18 PST 2021
 distributionBase=GRADLE_USER_HOME
 distributionPath=wrapper/dists
-distributionUrl=https\://services.gradle.org/distributions/gradle-8.6-bin.zip
+distributionUrl=https\://services.gradle.org/distributions/gradle-8.2-bin.zip
 zipStoreBase=GRADLE_USER_HOME
 zipStorePath=wrapper/dists
@@ -64,9 +64,6 @@ function print_help {
    echo "        enabling debug paths in the backend from the build script. For example, make a"
    echo "        systrace-enabled build without directly changing #defines. Remember to add -f when"
    echo "        changing this option."
-    echo "    -S type"
-    echo "        Enable stereoscopic rendering where type is one of [instanced|multiview]. This is only"
-    echo "        meant for building the samples."
    echo ""
    echo "Build types:"
    echo "    release"
@@ -178,8 +175,6 @@ ASAN_UBSAN_OPTION=""

 BACKEND_DEBUG_FLAG_OPTION=""

-STEREOSCOPIC_OPTION=""
-
 IOS_BUILD_SIMULATOR=false
 BUILD_UNIVERSAL_LIBRARIES=false

@@ -239,7 +234,6 @@ function build_desktop_target {
            ${MATOPT_OPTION} \
            ${ASAN_UBSAN_OPTION} \
            ${BACKEND_DEBUG_FLAG_OPTION} \
-            ${STEREOSCOPIC_OPTION} \
            ${architectures} \
            ../..
        ln -sf "out/cmake-${lc_target}/compile_commands.json" \
@@ -374,7 +368,6 @@ function build_android_target {
            ${MATOPT_OPTION} \
            ${VULKAN_ANDROID_OPTION} \
            ${BACKEND_DEBUG_FLAG_OPTION} \
-            ${STEREOSCOPIC_OPTION} \
            ../..
        ln -sf "out/cmake-android-${lc_target}-${arch}/compile_commands.json" \
           ../../compile_commands.json
@@ -609,7 +602,7 @@ function build_ios_target {
            -DCMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE=../../third_party/clang/iOS.cmake \
            ${MATDBG_OPTION} \
            ${MATOPT_OPTION} \
-            ${STEREOSCOPIC_OPTION} \
+            ${BACKEND_DEBUG_FLAG_OPTION} \
            ../..
        ln -sf "out/cmake-ios-${lc_target}-${arch}/compile_commands.json" \
           ../../compile_commands.json
@@ -796,7 +789,7 @@ function check_debug_release_build {

 pushd "$(dirname "$0")" > /dev/null

-while getopts ":hacCfgijmp:q:uvslwedk:bx:S:" opt; do
+while getopts ":hacCfgijmp:q:uvslwedk:bx:" opt; do
    case ${opt} in
        h)
            print_help
@@ -936,20 +929,6 @@ while getopts ":hacCfgijmp:q:uvslwedk:bx:S:" opt; do
            ;;
        x)  BACKEND_DEBUG_FLAG_OPTION="-DFILAMENT_BACKEND_DEBUG_FLAG=${OPTARG}"
            ;;
-        S)  case $(echo "${OPTARG}" | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]') in
-                instanced)
-                    STEREOSCOPIC_OPTION="-DFILAMENT_SAMPLES_STEREO_TYPE=instanced"
-                    ;;
-                multiview)
-                    STEREOSCOPIC_OPTION="-DFILAMENT_SAMPLES_STEREO_TYPE=multiview"
-                    ;;
-                *)
-                    echo "Unknown stereoscopic type ${OPTARG}"
-                    echo "Type must be one of [instanced|multiview]"
-                    echo ""
-                    exit 1
-            esac
-            ;;
        \?)
            echo "Invalid option: -${OPTARG}" >&2
            echo ""
@@ -57,8 +57,7 @@ FILAMENT_NDK_VERSION=${FILAMENT_NDK_VERSION:-$(cat `dirname $0`/ndk.version)}

 # Install the required NDK version specifically (if not present)
 if [[ ! -d "${ANDROID_HOME}/ndk/$FILAMENT_NDK_VERSION" ]]; then
-    yes | ${ANDROID_HOME}/cmdline-tools/latest/bin/sdkmanager --licenses
-    ${ANDROID_HOME}/cmdline-tools/latest/bin/sdkmanager "ndk;$FILAMENT_NDK_VERSION"
+    ${ANDROID_HOME}/cmdline-tools/latest/bin/sdkmanager "ndk;$FILAMENT_NDK_VERSION" > /dev/null
 fi

 # Only build 1 64 bit target during presubmit to cut down build times during presubmit
@@ -1 +1 @@
-27.0.11718014
+26.1.10909125
@@ -313,7 +313,6 @@ endif()

 target_link_libraries(${TARGET} PUBLIC math)
 target_link_libraries(${TARGET} PUBLIC utils)
-target_link_libraries(${TARGET} PRIVATE unordered_dense)

 # Android, iOS, and WebGL do not use bluegl.
 if(FILAMENT_SUPPORTS_OPENGL AND NOT IOS AND NOT ANDROID AND NOT WEBGL)
@@ -420,7 +419,6 @@ if (APPLE OR LINUX)
        test/test_BufferUpdates.cpp
        test/test_Callbacks.cpp
        test/test_MRT.cpp
-        test/test_PushConstants.cpp
        test/test_LoadImage.cpp
        test/test_StencilBuffer.cpp
        test/test_Scissor.cpp
@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@
 #include <utils/BitmaskEnum.h>
 #include <utils/unwindows.h> // Because we define ERROR in the FenceStatus enum.

-#include <backend/Platform.h>
 #include <backend/PresentCallable.h>

 #include <utils/Invocable.h>
@@ -118,7 +117,7 @@ static_assert(MAX_VERTEX_BUFFER_COUNT <= MAX_VERTEX_ATTRIBUTE_COUNT,
        "The number of buffer objects that can be attached to a VertexBuffer must be "
        "less than or equal to the maximum number of vertex attributes.");

-static constexpr size_t CONFIG_UNIFORM_BINDING_COUNT = 9;   // This is guaranteed by OpenGL ES.
+static constexpr size_t CONFIG_UNIFORM_BINDING_COUNT = 10;  // This is guaranteed by OpenGL ES.
 static constexpr size_t CONFIG_SAMPLER_BINDING_COUNT = 4;   // This is guaranteed by OpenGL ES.

 /**
@@ -1251,7 +1250,13 @@ enum class Workaround : uint16_t {
    POWER_VR_SHADER_WORKAROUNDS,
 };

-using StereoscopicType = backend::Platform::StereoscopicType;
+//! The type of technique for stereoscopic rendering
+enum class StereoscopicType : uint8_t {
+    // Stereoscopic rendering is performed using instanced rendering technique.
+    INSTANCED,
+    // Stereoscopic rendering is performed using the multiview feature from the graphics backend.
+    MULTIVIEW,
+};

 } // namespace filament::backend

@@ -41,26 +41,6 @@ public:
    struct Fence {};
    struct Stream {};

-    /**
-     * The type of technique for stereoscopic rendering. (Note that the materials used will need to
-     * be compatible with the chosen technique.)
-     */
-    enum class StereoscopicType : uint8_t {
-        /**
-         * No stereoscopic rendering
-         */
-        NONE,
-        /**
-         * Stereoscopic rendering is performed using instanced rendering technique.
-         */
-        INSTANCED,
-        /**
-         * Stereoscopic rendering is performed using the multiview feature from the graphics
-         * backend.
-         */
-        MULTIVIEW,
-    };
-
    struct DriverConfig {
        /**
         * Size of handle arena in bytes. Setting to 0 indicates default value is to be used.
@@ -75,8 +55,6 @@ public:
         */
        size_t textureUseAfterFreePoolSize = 0;

-        size_t metalUploadBufferSizeBytes = 512 * 1024;
-
        /**
         * Set to `true` to forcibly disable parallel shader compilation in the backend.
         * Currently only honored by the GL and Metal backends.
@@ -93,11 +71,6 @@ public:
         * GLES 3.x backends.
         */
        bool forceGLES2Context = false;
-
-        /**
-         * Sets the technique for stereoscopic rendering.
-         */
-        StereoscopicType stereoscopicType = StereoscopicType::NONE;
    };

    Platform() noexcept;
@@ -90,13 +90,8 @@ protected:
    AcquiredImage transformAcquiredImage(AcquiredImage source) noexcept override;

 private:
-    struct InitializeJvmForPerformanceManagerIfNeeded {
-        InitializeJvmForPerformanceManagerIfNeeded();
-    };
-
    int mOSVersion;
    ExternalStreamManagerAndroid& mExternalStreamManager;
-    InitializeJvmForPerformanceManagerIfNeeded const mInitializeJvmForPerformanceManagerIfNeeded;
    utils::PerformanceHintManager mPerformanceHintManager;
    utils::PerformanceHintManager::Session mPerformanceHintSession;

@@ -90,20 +90,6 @@ public:
        VkExtent2D extent = {0, 0};
    };

-    struct ImageSyncData {
-        static constexpr uint32_t INVALID_IMAGE_INDEX = UINT32_MAX;
-
-        // The index of the next image as returned by vkAcquireNextImage or equivalent.
-        uint32_t imageIndex = INVALID_IMAGE_INDEX;
-
-        // Semaphore to be signaled once the image is available.
-        VkSemaphore imageReadySemaphore = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
-
-        // A function called right before vkQueueSubmit. After this call, the image must be 
-        // available. This pointer can be null if imageReadySemaphore is not VK_NULL_HANDLE.
-        std::function<void(SwapChainPtr handle)> explicitImageReadyWait = nullptr;
-    };
-
    VulkanPlatform();

    ~VulkanPlatform() override;
@@ -141,12 +127,6 @@ public:
         * before recreating the swapchain. Default is true.
         */
        bool flushAndWaitOnWindowResize = true;
-
-        /**
-         * Whether the swapchain image should be transitioned to a layout suitable for
-         * presentation. Default is true.
-         */
-        bool transitionSwapChainImageLayoutForPresent = true;
    };

    /**
@@ -175,10 +155,13 @@ public:
     * corresponding VkImage will be used as the output color attachment. The client should signal
     * the `clientSignal` semaphore when the image is ready to be used by the backend.
     * @param handle         The handle returned by createSwapChain()
-     * @param outImageSyncData The synchronization data used for image readiness
+     * @param clientSignal   The semaphore that the client will signal to indicate that the backend
+     *                       may render into the image.
+     * @param index          Pointer to memory that will be filled with the index that corresponding
+     *                       to an image in the `SwapChainBundle.colors` array.
     * @return               Result of acquire
     */
-    virtual VkResult acquire(SwapChainPtr handle, ImageSyncData* outImageSyncData);
+    virtual VkResult acquire(SwapChainPtr handle, VkSemaphore clientSignal, uint32_t* index);

    /**
     * Present the image corresponding to `index` to the display. The client should wait on
@@ -300,7 +300,7 @@ DECL_DRIVER_API_SYNCHRONOUS_0(bool, isFrameTimeSupported)
 DECL_DRIVER_API_SYNCHRONOUS_0(bool, isAutoDepthResolveSupported)
 DECL_DRIVER_API_SYNCHRONOUS_0(bool, isSRGBSwapChainSupported)
 DECL_DRIVER_API_SYNCHRONOUS_0(bool, isProtectedContentSupported)
-DECL_DRIVER_API_SYNCHRONOUS_0(bool, isStereoSupported)
+DECL_DRIVER_API_SYNCHRONOUS_N(bool, isStereoSupported, backend::StereoscopicType, stereoscopicType)
 DECL_DRIVER_API_SYNCHRONOUS_0(bool, isParallelShaderCompileSupported)
 DECL_DRIVER_API_SYNCHRONOUS_0(bool, isDepthStencilResolveSupported)
 DECL_DRIVER_API_SYNCHRONOUS_N(bool, isDepthStencilBlitSupported, backend::TextureFormat, format)
@@ -173,26 +173,14 @@ public:
                uint8_t const age = (tag & HANDLE_AGE_MASK) >> HANDLE_AGE_SHIFT;
                auto const pNode = static_cast<typename Allocator::Node*>(p);
                uint8_t const expectedAge = pNode[-1].age;
-                FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(expectedAge == age) <<
-                        "use-after-free of Handle with id=" << handle.getId();
+                ASSERT_POSTCONDITION(expectedAge == age,
+                        "use-after-free of Handle with id=%d", handle.getId());
            }
        }

        return static_cast<Dp>(p);
    }

-    template<typename B>
-    bool is_valid(Handle<B>& handle) {
-        if (handle && isPoolHandle(handle.getId())) {
-            auto [p, tag] = handleToPointer(handle.getId());
-            uint8_t const age = (tag & HANDLE_AGE_MASK) >> HANDLE_AGE_SHIFT;
-            auto const pNode = static_cast<typename Allocator::Node*>(p);
-            uint8_t const expectedAge = pNode[-1].age;
-            return expectedAge == age;
-        }
-        return true;
-    }
-
    template<typename Dp, typename B>
    inline typename std::enable_if_t<
            std::is_pointer_v<Dp> &&
@@ -252,8 +240,8 @@ private:
            Node* const pNode = static_cast<Node*>(p);
            uint8_t& expectedAge = pNode[-1].age;
            if (UTILS_UNLIKELY(!mUseAfterFreeCheckDisabled)) {
-                FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(expectedAge == age) <<
-                        "double-free of Handle of size " << size << " at " << p;
+                ASSERT_POSTCONDITION(expectedAge == age,
+                        "double-free of Handle of size %d at %p", size, p);
            }
            expectedAge = (expectedAge + 1) & 0xF; // fixme

@@ -27,8 +27,8 @@ PresentCallable::PresentCallable(PresentFn fn, void* user) noexcept
 }

 void PresentCallable::operator()(bool presentFrame) noexcept {
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(mPresentFn) << "This PresentCallable was already called. "
-                                               "PresentCallables should be called exactly once.";
+    ASSERT_PRECONDITION(mPresentFn, "This PresentCallable was already called. " \
+            "PresentCallables should be called exactly once.");
    mPresentFn(presentFrame, mUser);
    // Set mPresentFn to nullptr to denote that the callable has been called.
    mPresentFn = nullptr;
@@ -32,11 +32,10 @@
 #    define HAS_MMAP 0
 #endif

-#include <stddef.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <string.h>
+#include <stdio.h>

 using namespace utils;

@@ -82,9 +81,6 @@ void* CircularBuffer::alloc(size_t size) noexcept {
            // map the circular buffer once...
            vaddr = mmap(reserve_vaddr, size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE, fd, 0);
            if (vaddr != MAP_FAILED) {
-                // populate the address space with pages (because this is a circular buffer,
-                // all the pages will be allocated eventually, might as well do it now)
-                memset(vaddr, 0, size);
                // and map the circular buffer again, behind the previous copy...
                vaddr_shadow = mmap((char*)vaddr + size, size,
                        PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE, fd, 0);
@@ -105,7 +101,7 @@ void* CircularBuffer::alloc(size_t size) noexcept {
    if (UTILS_UNLIKELY(mAshmemFd < 0)) {
        // ashmem failed
        if (vaddr_guard != MAP_FAILED) {
-            munmap(vaddr_guard, BLOCK_SIZE);
+            munmap(vaddr_guard, size);
        }

        if (vaddr_shadow != MAP_FAILED) {
@@ -123,11 +119,12 @@ void* CircularBuffer::alloc(size_t size) noexcept {
        data = mmap(nullptr, size * 2 + BLOCK_SIZE,
                PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0);

-        FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(data != MAP_FAILED) <<
-                "couldn't allocate " << (size * 2 / 1024) <<
-                " KiB of virtual address space for the command buffer";
+        ASSERT_POSTCONDITION(data,
+                "couldn't allocate %u KiB of virtual address space for the command buffer",
+                (size * 2 / 1024));

-        slog.w << "Using 'soft' CircularBuffer (" << (size * 2 / 1024) << " KiB)" << io::endl;
+        slog.d << "WARNING: Using soft CircularBuffer (" << (size * 2 / 1024) << " KiB)"
+               << io::endl;

        // guard page at the end
        void* guard = (void*)(uintptr_t(data) + size * 2);
@@ -74,6 +74,8 @@ void CommandBufferQueue::setPaused(bool paused) {

 bool CommandBufferQueue::isExitRequested() const {
    std::lock_guard<utils::Mutex> const lock(mLock);
+    ASSERT_PRECONDITION( mExitRequested == 0 || mExitRequested == EXIT_REQUESTED,
+            "mExitRequested is corrupted (value = 0x%08x)!", mExitRequested);
    return (bool)mExitRequested;
 }

@@ -106,11 +108,11 @@ void CommandBufferQueue::flush() noexcept {
    mCondition.notify_one();

    // circular buffer is too small, we corrupted the stream
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(used <= mFreeSpace) <<
+    ASSERT_POSTCONDITION(used <= mFreeSpace,
            "Backend CommandStream overflow. Commands are corrupted and unrecoverable.\n"
            "Please increase minCommandBufferSizeMB inside the Config passed to Engine::create.\n"
-            "Space used at this time: " << used <<
-            " bytes, overflow: " << used - mFreeSpace << " bytes";
+            "Space used at this time: %u bytes, overflow: %u bytes",
+            (unsigned)used, unsigned(used - mFreeSpace));

    // wait until there is enough space in the buffer
    mFreeSpace -= used;
@@ -129,11 +131,9 @@ void CommandBufferQueue::flush() noexcept {
 #endif

        SYSTRACE_NAME("waiting: CircularBuffer::flush()");
-
-        FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(!mPaused) <<
+        ASSERT_POSTCONDITION(!mPaused,
                "CommandStream is full, but since the rendering thread is paused, "
-                "the buffer cannot flush and we will deadlock. Instead, abort.";
-
+                "the buffer cannot flush and we will deadlock. Instead, abort.");
        mCondition.wait(lock, [this, requiredSize]() -> bool {
            // TODO: on macOS, we need to call pumpEvents from time to time
            return mFreeSpace >= requiredSize;
@@ -149,6 +149,10 @@ std::vector<CommandBufferQueue::Range> CommandBufferQueue::waitForCommands() con
    while ((mCommandBuffersToExecute.empty() || mPaused) && !mExitRequested) {
        mCondition.wait(lock);
    }
+
+    ASSERT_PRECONDITION( mExitRequested == 0 || mExitRequested == EXIT_REQUESTED,
+            "mExitRequested is corrupted (value = 0x%08x)!", mExitRequested);
+
    return std::move(mCommandBuffersToExecute);
 }

@@ -113,9 +113,9 @@ HandleBase::HandleId HandleAllocator<P0, P1, P2>::allocateHandleSlow(size_t size

    HandleBase::HandleId id = (++mId) | HANDLE_HEAP_FLAG;

-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(mId < HANDLE_HEAP_FLAG) <<
+    ASSERT_POSTCONDITION(mId < HANDLE_HEAP_FLAG,
            "No more Handle ids available! This can happen if HandleAllocator arena has been full"
-            " for a while. Please increase FILAMENT_OPENGL_HANDLE_ARENA_SIZE_IN_MB";
+            " for a while. Please increase FILAMENT_OPENGL_HANDLE_ARENA_SIZE_IN_MB");

    mOverflowMap.emplace(id, p);
    lock.unlock();
@@ -16,23 +16,13 @@

 #include "private/backend/VirtualMachineEnv.h"

-#include <utils/compiler.h>
 #include <utils/debug.h>

-#include <jni.h>
-
 namespace filament {

 JavaVM* VirtualMachineEnv::sVirtualMachine = nullptr;

-/*
- * This is typically called by filament_jni.so when it is loaded. If filament_jni.so is not used,
- * then this must be called manually -- however, this is a problem because VirtualMachineEnv.h
- * is currently private and part of backend.
- * For now, we authorize this usage, but we will need to fix it; by making a proper public
- * API for this.
- */
-UTILS_PUBLIC
+// This is called when the library is loaded. We need this to get a reference to the global VM
 UTILS_NOINLINE
 jint VirtualMachineEnv::JNI_OnLoad(JavaVM* vm) noexcept {
    JNIEnv* env = nullptr;
@@ -109,8 +109,9 @@ inline bool MTLSizeEqual(T a, T b) noexcept {
 MetalBlitter::MetalBlitter(MetalContext& context) noexcept : mContext(context) { }

 void MetalBlitter::blit(id<MTLCommandBuffer> cmdBuffer, const BlitArgs& args, const char* label) {
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(args.source.region.size.depth == args.destination.region.size.depth)
-            << "Blitting requires the source and destination regions to have the same depth.";
+
+    ASSERT_PRECONDITION(args.source.region.size.depth == args.destination.region.size.depth,
+            "Blitting requires the source and destination regions to have the same depth.");

    // Determine if the blit for color or depth are eligible to use a MTLBlitCommandEncoder.
    // blitFastPath returns true upon success.
@@ -326,8 +327,7 @@ id<MTLFunction> MetalBlitter::compileFragmentFunction(BlitFunctionKey key) const
            utils::slog.e << description << utils::io::endl;
        }
    }
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(library && function)
-            << "Unable to compile fragment shader for MetalBlitter.";
+    ASSERT_POSTCONDITION(library && function, "Unable to compile fragment shader for MetalBlitter.");

    return function;
 }
@@ -352,8 +352,7 @@ id<MTLFunction> MetalBlitter::getBlitVertexFunction() {
            utils::slog.e << description << utils::io::endl;
        }
    }
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(library && function)
-            << "Unable to compile vertex shader for MetalBlitter.";
+    ASSERT_POSTCONDITION(library && function, "Unable to compile vertex shader for MetalBlitter.");

    mVertexFunction = function;

@@ -65,9 +65,12 @@ private:
    const char* mName;
 };

-class TrackedMetalBuffer {
-public:
+#ifndef FILAMENT_METAL_BUFFER_TRACKING
+#define FILAMENT_METAL_BUFFER_TRACKING 0
+#endif

+class MetalBufferTracking {
+public:
    static constexpr size_t EXCESS_BUFFER_COUNT = 30000;

    enum class Type {
@@ -91,66 +94,57 @@ public:
        }
    }

-    TrackedMetalBuffer() noexcept : mBuffer(nil) {}
-    TrackedMetalBuffer(nullptr_t) noexcept : mBuffer(nil) {}
-    TrackedMetalBuffer(id<MTLBuffer> buffer, Type type) : mBuffer(buffer), mType(type) {
+#if FILAMENT_METAL_BUFFER_TRACKING
+    static void initialize() {
+        static dispatch_once_t onceToken;
+        dispatch_once(&onceToken, ^{
+            for (size_t i = 0; i < TypeCount; i++) {
+                aliveBuffers[i] = [NSHashTable weakObjectsHashTable];
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    static void setPlatform(MetalPlatform* p) { platform = p; }
+
+    static void track(id<MTLBuffer> buffer, Type type) {
        assert_invariant(type != Type::NONE);
-        if (buffer) {
-            aliveBuffers[toIndex(type)]++;
-            mType = type;
-            if (getAliveBuffers() >= EXCESS_BUFFER_COUNT) {
-                if (platform && platform->hasDebugUpdateStatFunc()) {
-                    platform->debugUpdateStat("filament.metal.excess_buffers_allocated",
-                            TrackedMetalBuffer::getAliveBuffers());
-                }
+        if (UTILS_UNLIKELY(getAliveBuffers() >= EXCESS_BUFFER_COUNT)) {
+            if (platform && platform->hasDebugUpdateStatFunc()) {
+                platform->debugUpdateStat("filament.metal.excess_buffers_allocated",
+                        MetalBufferTracking::getAliveBuffers());
            }
        }
+        [aliveBuffers[toIndex(type)] addObject:buffer];
    }

-    ~TrackedMetalBuffer() {
-        if (mBuffer) {
-            assert_invariant(mType != Type::NONE);
-            aliveBuffers[toIndex(mType)]--;
-        }
-    }
-
-    TrackedMetalBuffer(TrackedMetalBuffer&&) = delete;
-    TrackedMetalBuffer(TrackedMetalBuffer const&) = delete;
-    TrackedMetalBuffer& operator=(TrackedMetalBuffer const&) = delete;
-
-    TrackedMetalBuffer& operator=(TrackedMetalBuffer&& rhs) noexcept {
-        swap(rhs);
-        return *this;
-    }
-
-    id<MTLBuffer> get() const noexcept { return mBuffer; }
-    operator bool() const noexcept { return bool(mBuffer); }
-
    static uint64_t getAliveBuffers() {
        uint64_t sum = 0;
-        for (const auto& v : aliveBuffers) {
-            sum += v;
+        for (size_t i = 1; i < TypeCount; i++) {
+            sum += getAliveBuffers(static_cast<Type>(i));
        }
        return sum;
    }

    static uint64_t getAliveBuffers(Type type) {
        assert_invariant(type != Type::NONE);
-        return aliveBuffers[toIndex(type)];
+        NSHashTable* hashTable = aliveBuffers[toIndex(type)];
+        // Caution! We can't simply use hashTable.count here, which is inaccurate.
+        // See http://cocoamine.net/blog/2013/12/13/nsmaptable-and-zeroing-weak-references/
+        return hashTable.objectEnumerator.allObjects.count;
    }
-    static void setPlatform(MetalPlatform* p) { platform = p; }
+#else
+    static void initialize() {}
+    static void setPlatform(MetalPlatform* p) {}
+    static id<MTLBuffer> track(id<MTLBuffer> buffer, Type type) { return buffer; }
+    static uint64_t getAliveBuffers() { return 0; }
+    static uint64_t getAliveBuffers(Type type) { return 0; }
+#endif

 private:
-    void swap(TrackedMetalBuffer& other) noexcept {
-        std::swap(mBuffer, other.mBuffer);
-        std::swap(mType, other.mType);
-    }
-
-    id<MTLBuffer> mBuffer;
-    Type mType = Type::NONE;
-
+#if FILAMENT_METAL_BUFFER_TRACKING
+    static std::array<NSHashTable<id<MTLBuffer>>*, TypeCount> aliveBuffers;
    static MetalPlatform* platform;
-    static std::array<uint64_t, TypeCount> aliveBuffers;
+#endif
 };

 class MetalBuffer {
@@ -204,16 +198,7 @@ public:

 private:

-    enum class UploadStrategy {
-        POOL,
-        BUMP_ALLOCATOR,
-    };
-
-    void uploadWithPoolBuffer(void* src, size_t size, size_t byteOffset) const;
-    void uploadWithBumpAllocator(void* src, size_t size, size_t byteOffset) const;
-
-    UploadStrategy mUploadStrategy;
-    TrackedMetalBuffer mBuffer;
+    id<MTLBuffer> mBuffer;
    size_t mBufferSize = 0;
    void* mCpuBuffer = nullptr;
    MetalContext& mContext;
@@ -262,9 +247,11 @@ public:
          mBufferOptions(options),
          mSlotSizeBytes(computeSlotSize(layout)),
          mSlotCount(slotCount) {
-        ScopedAllocationTimer timer("ring");
-        mBuffer = { [device newBufferWithLength:mSlotSizeBytes * mSlotCount options:mBufferOptions],
-            TrackedMetalBuffer::Type::RING };
+        {
+            ScopedAllocationTimer timer("ring");
+            mBuffer = [device newBufferWithLength:mSlotSizeBytes * mSlotCount options:mBufferOptions];
+        }
+        MetalBufferTracking::track(mBuffer, MetalBufferTracking::Type::RING);
        assert_invariant(mBuffer);
    }

@@ -284,11 +271,11 @@ public:
            // finishes executing.
            {
                ScopedAllocationTimer timer("ring");
-                mAuxBuffer = { [mDevice newBufferWithLength:mSlotSizeBytes options:mBufferOptions],
-                    TrackedMetalBuffer::Type::RING };
+                mAuxBuffer = [mDevice newBufferWithLength:mSlotSizeBytes options:mBufferOptions];
            }
+            MetalBufferTracking::track(mAuxBuffer, MetalBufferTracking::Type::RING);
            assert_invariant(mAuxBuffer);
-            return { mAuxBuffer.get(), 0 };
+            return { mAuxBuffer, 0 };
        }
        mCurrentSlot = (mCurrentSlot + 1) % mSlotCount;
        mOccupiedSlots->fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_relaxed);
@@ -317,9 +304,9 @@ public:
     */
    std::pair<id<MTLBuffer>, NSUInteger> getCurrentAllocation() const {
        if (UTILS_UNLIKELY(mAuxBuffer)) {
-            return { mAuxBuffer.get(), 0 };
+            return { mAuxBuffer, 0 };
        }
-        return { mBuffer.get(), mCurrentSlot * mSlotSizeBytes };
+        return { mBuffer, mCurrentSlot * mSlotSizeBytes };
    }

    bool canAccomodateLayout(MTLSizeAndAlign layout) const {
@@ -328,8 +315,8 @@ public:

 private:
    id<MTLDevice> mDevice;
-    TrackedMetalBuffer mBuffer;
-    TrackedMetalBuffer mAuxBuffer;
+    id<MTLBuffer> mBuffer;
+    id<MTLBuffer> mAuxBuffer;

    MTLResourceOptions mBufferOptions;

@@ -22,21 +22,16 @@
 namespace filament {
 namespace backend {

-std::array<uint64_t, TrackedMetalBuffer::TypeCount> TrackedMetalBuffer::aliveBuffers = { 0 };
-MetalPlatform* TrackedMetalBuffer::platform = nullptr;
 MetalPlatform* ScopedAllocationTimer::platform = nullptr;

-MetalBuffer::MetalBuffer(MetalContext& context, BufferObjectBinding bindingType, BufferUsage usage,
-        size_t size, bool forceGpuBuffer)
-    : mBufferSize(size), mContext(context) {
-    const MetalBumpAllocator& allocator = *mContext.bumpAllocator;
-    // VERTEX is also used for index buffers
-    if (allocator.getCapacity() > 0 && bindingType == BufferObjectBinding::VERTEX) {
-        mUploadStrategy = UploadStrategy::BUMP_ALLOCATOR;
-    } else {
-        mUploadStrategy = UploadStrategy::POOL;
-    }
+#if FILAMENT_METAL_BUFFER_TRACKING
+std::array<NSHashTable<id<MTLBuffer>>*, MetalBufferTracking::TypeCount>
+        MetalBufferTracking::aliveBuffers;
+MetalPlatform* MetalBufferTracking::platform = nullptr;
+#endif

+MetalBuffer::MetalBuffer(MetalContext& context, BufferObjectBinding bindingType, BufferUsage usage,
+        size_t size, bool forceGpuBuffer) : mBufferSize(size), mContext(context) {
    // If the buffer is less than 4K in size and is updated frequently, we don't use an explicit
    // buffer. Instead, we use immediate command encoder methods like setVertexBytes:length:atIndex:.
    // This won't work for SSBOs, since they are read/write.
@@ -50,11 +45,10 @@ MetalBuffer::MetalBuffer(MetalContext& context, BufferObjectBinding bindingType,
    // Otherwise, we allocate a private GPU buffer.
    {
        ScopedAllocationTimer timer("generic");
-        mBuffer = { [context.device newBufferWithLength:size options:MTLResourceStorageModePrivate],
-            TrackedMetalBuffer::Type::GENERIC };
+        mBuffer = [context.device newBufferWithLength:size options:MTLResourceStorageModePrivate];
    }
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(mBuffer)
-            << "Could not allocate Metal buffer of size " << size << ".";
+    MetalBufferTracking::track(mBuffer, MetalBufferTracking::Type::GENERIC);
+    ASSERT_POSTCONDITION(mBuffer, "Could not allocate Metal buffer of size %zu.", size);
 }

 MetalBuffer::~MetalBuffer() {
@@ -67,26 +61,37 @@ void MetalBuffer::copyIntoBuffer(void* src, size_t size, size_t byteOffset) {
    if (size <= 0) {
        return;
    }
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(size + byteOffset <= mBufferSize)
-            << "Attempting to copy " << size << " bytes into a buffer of size " << mBufferSize
-            << " at offset " << byteOffset;
-    // The copy blit requires that byteOffset be a multiple of 4.
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(!(byteOffset & 0x3)) << "byteOffset must be a multiple of 4";
+    ASSERT_PRECONDITION(size + byteOffset <= mBufferSize,
+            "Attempting to copy %zu bytes into a buffer of size %zu at offset %zu",
+            size, mBufferSize, byteOffset);

-    // If we have a cpu buffer, we can directly copy into it.
+    // Either copy into the Metal buffer or into our cpu buffer.
    if (mCpuBuffer) {
        memcpy(static_cast<uint8_t*>(mCpuBuffer) + byteOffset, src, size);
        return;
    }

-    switch (mUploadStrategy) {
-        case UploadStrategy::BUMP_ALLOCATOR:
-            uploadWithBumpAllocator(src, size, byteOffset);
-            break;
-        case UploadStrategy::POOL:
-            uploadWithPoolBuffer(src, size, byteOffset);
-            break;
-    }
+    // Acquire a staging buffer to hold the contents of this update.
+    MetalBufferPool* bufferPool = mContext.bufferPool;
+    const MetalBufferPoolEntry* const staging = bufferPool->acquireBuffer(size);
+    memcpy(staging->buffer.contents, src, size);
+
+    // The blit below requires that byteOffset be a multiple of 4.
+    ASSERT_PRECONDITION(!(byteOffset & 0x3u), "byteOffset must be a multiple of 4");
+
+    // Encode a blit from the staging buffer into the private GPU buffer.
+    id<MTLCommandBuffer> cmdBuffer = getPendingCommandBuffer(&mContext);
+    id<MTLBlitCommandEncoder> blitEncoder = [cmdBuffer blitCommandEncoder];
+    blitEncoder.label = @"Buffer upload blit";
+    [blitEncoder copyFromBuffer:staging->buffer
+                   sourceOffset:0
+                       toBuffer:mBuffer
+              destinationOffset:byteOffset
+                           size:size];
+    [blitEncoder endEncoding];
+    [cmdBuffer addCompletedHandler:^(id<MTLCommandBuffer> cb) {
+        bufferPool->releaseBuffer(staging);
+    }];
 }

 void MetalBuffer::copyIntoBufferUnsynchronized(void* src, size_t size, size_t byteOffset) {
@@ -101,7 +106,7 @@ id<MTLBuffer> MetalBuffer::getGpuBufferForDraw(id<MTLCommandBuffer> cmdBuffer) n
        return nil;
    }
    assert_invariant(mBuffer);
-    return mBuffer.get();
+    return mBuffer;
 }

 void MetalBuffer::bindBuffers(id<MTLCommandBuffer> cmdBuffer, id<MTLCommandEncoder> encoder,
@@ -197,42 +202,5 @@ void MetalBuffer::bindBuffers(id<MTLCommandBuffer> cmdBuffer, id<MTLCommandEncod
    }
 }

-void MetalBuffer::uploadWithPoolBuffer(void* src, size_t size, size_t byteOffset) const {
-    MetalBufferPool* bufferPool = mContext.bufferPool;
-    const MetalBufferPoolEntry* const staging = bufferPool->acquireBuffer(size);
-    memcpy(staging->buffer.get().contents, src, size);
-
-    // Encode a blit from the staging buffer into the private GPU buffer.
-    id<MTLCommandBuffer> cmdBuffer = getPendingCommandBuffer(&mContext);
-    id<MTLBlitCommandEncoder> blitEncoder = [cmdBuffer blitCommandEncoder];
-    blitEncoder.label = @"Buffer upload blit - pool buffer";
-    [blitEncoder copyFromBuffer:staging->buffer.get()
-                   sourceOffset:0
-                       toBuffer:mBuffer.get()
-              destinationOffset:byteOffset
-                           size:size];
-    [blitEncoder endEncoding];
-    [cmdBuffer addCompletedHandler:^(id<MTLCommandBuffer> cb) {
-        bufferPool->releaseBuffer(staging);
-    }];
-}
-
-void MetalBuffer::uploadWithBumpAllocator(void* src, size_t size, size_t byteOffset) const {
-    MetalBumpAllocator& allocator = *mContext.bumpAllocator;
-    auto [buffer, offset] = allocator.allocateStagingArea(size);
-    memcpy(static_cast<char*>(buffer.contents) + offset, src, size);
-
-    // Encode a blit from the staging buffer into the private GPU buffer.
-    id<MTLCommandBuffer> cmdBuffer = getPendingCommandBuffer(&mContext);
-    id<MTLBlitCommandEncoder> blitEncoder = [cmdBuffer blitCommandEncoder];
-    blitEncoder.label = @"Buffer upload blit - bump allocator";
-    [blitEncoder copyFromBuffer:buffer
-                   sourceOffset:offset
-                       toBuffer:mBuffer.get()
-              destinationOffset:byteOffset
-                           size:size];
-    [blitEncoder endEncoding];
-}
-
 } // namespace backend
 } // namespace filament
@@ -32,34 +32,12 @@ struct MetalContext;

 // Immutable POD representing a shared CPU-GPU buffer.
 struct MetalBufferPoolEntry {
-    TrackedMetalBuffer buffer;
+    id<MTLBuffer> buffer;
    size_t capacity;
    mutable uint64_t lastAccessed;
    mutable uint32_t referenceCount;
 };

-class MetalBumpAllocator {
-public:
-    MetalBumpAllocator(id<MTLDevice> device, size_t capacity);
-
-    /**
-     * Allocates a staging area of the given size. Returns a pair of the buffer and the offset
-     * within the buffer. The buffer is guaranteed to be at least the given size, but may be larger.
-     * Clients must not write to the buffer beyond the returned offset + size.
-     * Clients are responsible for holding a reference to the returned buffer.
-     * Allocations are guaranteed to be aligned to 4 bytes.
-     */
-    std::pair<id<MTLBuffer>, size_t> allocateStagingArea(size_t size);
-
-    size_t getCapacity() const noexcept { return mCapacity; }
-
-private:
-    id<MTLDevice> mDevice;
-    TrackedMetalBuffer mCurrentUploadBuffer = nil;
-    size_t mHead = 0;
-    size_t mCapacity;
-};
-
 // Manages a pool of Metal buffers, periodically releasing ones that have been unused for awhile.
 class MetalBufferPool {
 public:
@@ -48,10 +48,10 @@ MetalBufferPoolEntry const* MetalBufferPool::acquireBuffer(size_t numBytes) {
        buffer = [mContext.device newBufferWithLength:numBytes
                                              options:MTLResourceStorageModeShared];
    }
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(buffer)
-            << "Could not allocate Metal staging buffer of size " << numBytes << ".";
+    MetalBufferTracking::track(buffer, MetalBufferTracking::Type::STAGING);
+    ASSERT_POSTCONDITION(buffer, "Could not allocate Metal staging buffer of size %zu.", numBytes);
    MetalBufferPoolEntry* stage = new MetalBufferPoolEntry {
-        .buffer = { buffer, TrackedMetalBuffer::Type::STAGING },
+        .buffer = buffer,
        .capacity = numBytes,
        .lastAccessed = mCurrentFrame,
        .referenceCount = 1
@@ -116,39 +116,5 @@ void MetalBufferPool::reset() noexcept {
    mFreeStages.clear();
 }

-MetalBumpAllocator::MetalBumpAllocator(id<MTLDevice> device, size_t capacity)
-    : mDevice(device), mCapacity(capacity) {
-    if (mCapacity > 0) {
-        mCurrentUploadBuffer = { [device newBufferWithLength:capacity options:MTLStorageModeShared],
-            TrackedMetalBuffer::Type::STAGING };
-    }
-}
-
-std::pair<id<MTLBuffer>, size_t> MetalBumpAllocator::allocateStagingArea(size_t size) {
-    if (size == 0) {
-        return { nil, 0 };
-    }
-    if (size > mCapacity) {
-        return { [mDevice newBufferWithLength:size options:MTLStorageModeShared], 0 };
-    }
-    assert_invariant(mCurrentUploadBuffer);
-
-    // Align the head to a 4-byte boundary.
-    mHead = (mHead + 3) & ~3;
-
-    if (UTILS_LIKELY(mHead + size <= mCapacity)) {
-        const size_t oldHead = mHead;
-        mHead += size;
-        return { mCurrentUploadBuffer.get(), oldHead };
-    }
-
-    // We're finished with the current allocation.
-    mCurrentUploadBuffer = { [mDevice newBufferWithLength:mCapacity options:MTLStorageModeShared],
-        TrackedMetalBuffer::Type::STAGING };
-    mHead = size;
-
-    return { mCurrentUploadBuffer.get(), 0 };
-}
-
 } // namespace backend
 } // namespace filament
@@ -44,7 +44,6 @@ namespace backend {
 class MetalDriver;
 class MetalBlitter;
 class MetalBufferPool;
-class MetalBumpAllocator;
 class MetalRenderTarget;
 class MetalSamplerGroup;
 class MetalSwapChain;
@@ -56,18 +55,6 @@ struct MetalVertexBuffer;

 constexpr static uint8_t MAX_SAMPLE_COUNT = 8;  // Metal devices support at most 8 MSAA samples

-class MetalPushConstantBuffer {
-public:
-    void setPushConstant(PushConstantVariant value, uint8_t index);
-    bool isDirty() const { return mDirty; }
-    void setBytes(id<MTLCommandEncoder> encoder, ShaderStage stage);
-    void clear();
-
-private:
-    std::vector<PushConstantVariant> mPushConstants;
-    bool mDirty = false;
-};
-
 struct MetalContext {
    explicit MetalContext(size_t metalFreedTextureListSize)
        : texturesToDestroy(metalFreedTextureListSize) {}
@@ -122,8 +109,6 @@ struct MetalContext {

    PolygonOffset currentPolygonOffset = {0.0f, 0.0f};

-    std::array<MetalPushConstantBuffer, Program::SHADER_TYPE_COUNT> currentPushConstants;
-
    MetalSamplerGroup* samplerBindings[Program::SAMPLER_BINDING_COUNT] = {};

    // Keeps track of sampler groups we've finalized for the current render pass.
@@ -142,7 +127,6 @@ struct MetalContext {
    utils::FixedCircularBuffer<Handle<HwTexture>> texturesToDestroy;

    MetalBufferPool* bufferPool;
-    MetalBumpAllocator* bumpAllocator;

    MetalSwapChain* currentDrawSwapChain = nil;
    MetalSwapChain* currentReadSwapChain = nil;
@@ -113,8 +113,7 @@ id<MTLCommandBuffer> getPendingCommandBuffer(MetalContext* context) {
            }
        }
    }];
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(context->pendingCommandBuffer)
-            << "Could not obtain command buffer.";
+    ASSERT_POSTCONDITION(context->pendingCommandBuffer, "Could not obtain command buffer.");
    return context->pendingCommandBuffer;
 }

@@ -154,68 +153,5 @@ bool isInRenderPass(MetalContext* context) {
    return context->currentRenderPassEncoder != nil;
 }

-void MetalPushConstantBuffer::setPushConstant(PushConstantVariant value, uint8_t index) {
-    if (mPushConstants.size() <= index) {
-        mPushConstants.resize(index + 1);
-        mDirty = true;
-    }
-    if (UTILS_LIKELY(mPushConstants[index] != value)) {
-        mDirty = true;
-        mPushConstants[index] = value;
-    }
-}
-
-void MetalPushConstantBuffer::setBytes(id<MTLCommandEncoder> encoder, ShaderStage stage) {
-    constexpr size_t PUSH_CONSTANT_SIZE_BYTES = 4;
-    constexpr size_t PUSH_CONSTANT_BUFFER_INDEX = 26;
-
-    static char buffer[MAX_PUSH_CONSTANT_COUNT * PUSH_CONSTANT_SIZE_BYTES];
-    assert_invariant(mPushConstants.size() <= MAX_PUSH_CONSTANT_COUNT);
-
-    size_t bufferSize = PUSH_CONSTANT_SIZE_BYTES * mPushConstants.size();
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < mPushConstants.size(); i++) {
-        const auto& constant = mPushConstants[i];
-        std::visit(
-                [i](auto arg) {
-                    if constexpr (std::is_same_v<decltype(arg), bool>) {
-                        // bool push constants are converted to uints in MSL.
-                        // We must ensure we write all the bytes for boolean values to work
-                        // correctly.
-                        uint32_t boolAsUint = arg ? 0x00000001 : 0x00000000;
-                        *(reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(buffer + PUSH_CONSTANT_SIZE_BYTES * i)) =
-                                boolAsUint;
-                    } else {
-                        *(decltype(arg)*)(buffer + PUSH_CONSTANT_SIZE_BYTES * i) = arg;
-                    }
-                },
-                constant);
-    }
-
-    switch (stage) {
-        case ShaderStage::VERTEX:
-            [(id<MTLRenderCommandEncoder>)encoder setVertexBytes:buffer
-                                                          length:bufferSize
-                                                         atIndex:PUSH_CONSTANT_BUFFER_INDEX];
-            break;
-        case ShaderStage::FRAGMENT:
-            [(id<MTLRenderCommandEncoder>)encoder setFragmentBytes:buffer
-                                                            length:bufferSize
-                                                           atIndex:PUSH_CONSTANT_BUFFER_INDEX];
-            break;
-        case ShaderStage::COMPUTE:
-            [(id<MTLComputeCommandEncoder>)encoder setBytes:buffer
-                                                     length:bufferSize
-                                                    atIndex:PUSH_CONSTANT_BUFFER_INDEX];
-            break;
-    }
-
-    mDirty = false;
-}
-
-void MetalPushConstantBuffer::clear() {
-    mPushConstants.clear();
-    mDirty = false;
-}
-
 } // namespace backend
 } // namespace filament
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@
 #ifndef TNT_FILAMENT_DRIVER_METALDRIVER_H
 #define TNT_FILAMENT_DRIVER_METALDRIVER_H

-#include <backend/DriverEnums.h>
 #include "private/backend/Driver.h"
 #include "DriverBase.h"

@@ -141,7 +140,6 @@ private:
    void enumerateBoundBuffers(BufferObjectBinding bindingType,
            const std::function<void(const BufferState&, MetalBuffer*, uint32_t)>& f);

-    backend::StereoscopicType const mStereoscopicType;
 };

 } // namespace backend
@@ -102,12 +102,12 @@ MetalDriver::MetalDriver(MetalPlatform* platform, const Platform::DriverConfig&
          mContext(new MetalContext(driverConfig.textureUseAfterFreePoolSize)),
          mHandleAllocator("Handles",
                  driverConfig.handleArenaSize,
-                  driverConfig.disableHandleUseAfterFreeCheck),
-          mStereoscopicType(driverConfig.stereoscopicType) {
+                  driverConfig.disableHandleUseAfterFreeCheck) {
    mContext->driver = this;

-    TrackedMetalBuffer::setPlatform(platform);
    ScopedAllocationTimer::setPlatform(platform);
+    MetalBufferTracking::initialize();
+    MetalBufferTracking::setPlatform(platform);

    mContext->device = mPlatform.createDevice();
    assert_invariant(mContext->device);
@@ -171,8 +171,6 @@ MetalDriver::MetalDriver(MetalPlatform* platform, const Platform::DriverConfig&
    mContext->samplerStateCache.setDevice(mContext->device);
    mContext->argumentEncoderCache.setDevice(mContext->device);
    mContext->bufferPool = new MetalBufferPool(*mContext);
-    mContext->bumpAllocator =
-            new MetalBumpAllocator(mContext->device, driverConfig.metalUploadBufferSizeBytes);
    mContext->blitter = new MetalBlitter(*mContext);

    if (@available(iOS 12, *)) {
@@ -183,8 +181,7 @@ MetalDriver::MetalDriver(MetalPlatform* platform, const Platform::DriverConfig&

    CVReturn success = CVMetalTextureCacheCreate(kCFAllocatorDefault, nullptr, mContext->device,
            nullptr, &mContext->textureCache);
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(success == kCVReturnSuccess)
-            << "Could not create Metal texture cache.";
+    ASSERT_POSTCONDITION(success == kCVReturnSuccess, "Could not create Metal texture cache.");

    if (@available(iOS 12, *)) {
        dispatch_queue_t queue = dispatch_get_global_queue(QOS_CLASS_DEFAULT, 0);
@@ -205,13 +202,12 @@ MetalDriver::MetalDriver(MetalPlatform* platform, const Platform::DriverConfig&
 }

 MetalDriver::~MetalDriver() noexcept {
-    TrackedMetalBuffer::setPlatform(nullptr);
+    MetalBufferTracking::setPlatform(nullptr);
    ScopedAllocationTimer::setPlatform(nullptr);
    mContext->device = nil;
    mContext->emptyTexture = nil;
    CFRelease(mContext->textureCache);
    delete mContext->bufferPool;
-    delete mContext->bumpAllocator;
    delete mContext->blitter;
    delete mContext->timerQueryImpl;
    delete mContext->shaderCompiler;
@@ -228,13 +224,16 @@ void MetalDriver::beginFrame(int64_t monotonic_clock_ns,
    os_signpost_interval_begin(mContext->log, mContext->signpostId, "Frame encoding", "%{public}d", frameId);
 #endif
    if (mPlatform.hasDebugUpdateStatFunc()) {
-        mPlatform.debugUpdateStat("filament.metal.alive_buffers", TrackedMetalBuffer::getAliveBuffers());
-        mPlatform.debugUpdateStat("filament.metal.alive_buffers.generic",
-                TrackedMetalBuffer::getAliveBuffers(TrackedMetalBuffer::Type::GENERIC));
-        mPlatform.debugUpdateStat("filament.metal.alive_buffers.ring",
-                TrackedMetalBuffer::getAliveBuffers(TrackedMetalBuffer::Type::RING));
-        mPlatform.debugUpdateStat("filament.metal.alive_buffers.staging",
-                TrackedMetalBuffer::getAliveBuffers(TrackedMetalBuffer::Type::STAGING));
+#if FILAMENT_METAL_BUFFER_TRACKING
+        const uint64_t generic = MetalBufferTracking::getAliveBuffers(MetalBufferTracking::Type::GENERIC);
+        const uint64_t ring = MetalBufferTracking::getAliveBuffers(MetalBufferTracking::Type::RING);
+        const uint64_t staging = MetalBufferTracking::getAliveBuffers(MetalBufferTracking::Type::STAGING);
+        const uint64_t total = generic + ring + staging;
+        mPlatform.debugUpdateStat("filament.metal.alive_buffers", total);
+        mPlatform.debugUpdateStat("filament.metal.alive_buffers.generic", generic);
+        mPlatform.debugUpdateStat("filament.metal.alive_buffers.ring", ring);
+        mPlatform.debugUpdateStat("filament.metal.alive_buffers.staging", staging);
+#endif
    }
 }

@@ -293,14 +292,14 @@ void MetalDriver::endFrame(uint32_t frameId) {
 }

 void MetalDriver::flush(int) {
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(!isInRenderPass(mContext))
-            << "flush must be called outside of a render pass.";
+    ASSERT_PRECONDITION(!isInRenderPass(mContext),
+                        "flush must be called outside of a render pass.");
    submitPendingCommands(mContext);
 }

 void MetalDriver::finish(int) {
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(!isInRenderPass(mContext))
-            << "finish must be called outside of a render pass.";
+    ASSERT_PRECONDITION(!isInRenderPass(mContext),
+            "finish must be called outside of a render pass.");
    // Wait for all frames to finish by submitting and waiting on a dummy command buffer.
    submitPendingCommands(mContext);
    id<MTLCommandBuffer> oneOffBuffer = [mContext->commandQueue commandBuffer];
@@ -361,19 +360,19 @@ void MetalDriver::importTextureR(Handle<HwTexture> th, intptr_t i,
        TextureFormat format, uint8_t samples, uint32_t width, uint32_t height,
        uint32_t depth, TextureUsage usage) {
    id<MTLTexture> metalTexture = (id<MTLTexture>) CFBridgingRelease((void*) i);
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(metalTexture.width == width)
-            << "Imported id<MTLTexture> width (" << metalTexture.width
-            << ") != Filament texture width (" << width << ")";
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(metalTexture.height == height)
-            << "Imported id<MTLTexture> height (" << metalTexture.height
-            << ") != Filament texture height (" << height << ")";
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(metalTexture.mipmapLevelCount == levels)
-            << "Imported id<MTLTexture> levels (" << metalTexture.mipmapLevelCount
-            << ") != Filament texture levels (" << levels << ")";
+    ASSERT_PRECONDITION(metalTexture.width == width,
+            "Imported id<MTLTexture> width (%d) != Filament texture width (%d)",
+            metalTexture.width, width);
+    ASSERT_PRECONDITION(metalTexture.height == height,
+            "Imported id<MTLTexture> height (%d) != Filament texture height (%d)",
+            metalTexture.height, height);
+    ASSERT_PRECONDITION(metalTexture.mipmapLevelCount == levels,
+            "Imported id<MTLTexture> levels (%d) != Filament texture levels (%d)",
+            metalTexture.mipmapLevelCount, levels);
    MTLTextureType filamentMetalType = getMetalType(target);
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(metalTexture.textureType == filamentMetalType)
-            << "Imported id<MTLTexture> type (" << metalTexture.textureType
-            << ") != Filament texture type (" << filamentMetalType << ")";
+    ASSERT_PRECONDITION(metalTexture.textureType == filamentMetalType,
+            "Imported id<MTLTexture> type (%d) != Filament texture type (%d)",
+            metalTexture.textureType, filamentMetalType);
    mContext->textures.insert(construct_handle<MetalTexture>(th, *mContext,
        target, levels, format, samples, width, height, depth, usage, metalTexture));
 }
@@ -402,8 +401,8 @@ void MetalDriver::createRenderTargetR(Handle<HwRenderTarget> rth,
        TargetBufferFlags targetBufferFlags, uint32_t width, uint32_t height,
        uint8_t samples, uint8_t layerCount, MRT color,
        TargetBufferInfo depth, TargetBufferInfo stencil) {
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(!isInRenderPass(mContext))
-            << "createRenderTarget must be called outside of a render pass.";
+    ASSERT_PRECONDITION(!isInRenderPass(mContext),
+            "createRenderTarget must be called outside of a render pass.");
    // Clamp sample count to what the device supports.
    auto& sc = mContext->sampleCountLookup;
    samples = sc[std::min(MAX_SAMPLE_COUNT, samples)];
@@ -414,33 +413,33 @@ void MetalDriver::createRenderTargetR(Handle<HwRenderTarget> rth,
            continue;
        }
        const auto& buffer = color[i];
-        FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(buffer.handle)
-                << "The COLOR" << i << " flag was specified, but invalid color handle provided.";
+        ASSERT_PRECONDITION(buffer.handle,
+                "The COLOR%u flag was specified, but invalid color handle provided.", i);
        auto colorTexture = handle_cast<MetalTexture>(buffer.handle);
-        FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(colorTexture->getMtlTextureForWrite())
-                << "Color texture passed to render target has no texture allocation";
+        ASSERT_PRECONDITION(colorTexture->getMtlTextureForWrite(),
+                "Color texture passed to render target has no texture allocation");
        colorTexture->extendLodRangeTo(buffer.level);
        colorAttachments[i] = { colorTexture, color[i].level, color[i].layer };
    }

    MetalRenderTarget::Attachment depthAttachment = {};
    if (any(targetBufferFlags & TargetBufferFlags::DEPTH)) {
-        FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(depth.handle)
-                << "The DEPTH flag was specified, but invalid depth handle provided.";
+        ASSERT_PRECONDITION(depth.handle,
+                "The DEPTH flag was specified, but invalid depth handle provided.");
        auto depthTexture = handle_cast<MetalTexture>(depth.handle);
-        FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(depthTexture->getMtlTextureForWrite())
-                << "Depth texture passed to render target has no texture allocation.";
+        ASSERT_PRECONDITION(depthTexture->getMtlTextureForWrite(),
+                "Depth texture passed to render target has no texture allocation.");
        depthTexture->extendLodRangeTo(depth.level);
        depthAttachment = { depthTexture, depth.level, depth.layer };
    }

    MetalRenderTarget::Attachment stencilAttachment = {};
    if (any(targetBufferFlags & TargetBufferFlags::STENCIL)) {
-        FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(stencil.handle)
-                << "The STENCIL flag was specified, but invalid stencil handle provided.";
+        ASSERT_PRECONDITION(stencil.handle,
+                "The STENCIL flag was specified, but invalid stencil handle provided.");
        auto stencilTexture = handle_cast<MetalTexture>(stencil.handle);
-        FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(stencilTexture->getMtlTextureForWrite())
-                << "Stencil texture passed to render target has no texture allocation.";
+        ASSERT_PRECONDITION(stencilTexture->getMtlTextureForWrite(),
+                "Stencil texture passed to render target has no texture allocation.");
        stencilTexture->extendLodRangeTo(stencil.level);
        stencilAttachment = { stencilTexture, stencil.level, stencil.layer };
    }
@@ -804,15 +803,13 @@ bool MetalDriver::isProtectedContentSupported() {
    return false;
 }

-bool MetalDriver::isStereoSupported() {
-    switch (mStereoscopicType) {
-        case backend::StereoscopicType::INSTANCED:
-            return true;
-        case backend::StereoscopicType::MULTIVIEW:
-            // TODO: implement multiview feature in Metal.
-            return false;
-        case backend::StereoscopicType::NONE:
-            return false;
+bool MetalDriver::isStereoSupported(backend::StereoscopicType stereoscopicType) {
+    switch (stereoscopicType) {
+    case backend::StereoscopicType::INSTANCED:
+        return true;
+    case backend::StereoscopicType::MULTIVIEW:
+        // TODO: implement multiview feature in Metal.
+        return false;
    }
 }

@@ -885,8 +882,8 @@ void MetalDriver::updateIndexBuffer(Handle<HwIndexBuffer> ibh, BufferDescriptor&

 void MetalDriver::updateBufferObject(Handle<HwBufferObject> boh, BufferDescriptor&& data,
        uint32_t byteOffset) {
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(!isInRenderPass(mContext))
-            << "updateBufferObject must be called outside of a render pass.";
+    ASSERT_PRECONDITION(!isInRenderPass(mContext),
+            "updateBufferObject must be called outside of a render pass.");
    auto* bo = handle_cast<MetalBufferObject>(boh);
    bo->updateBuffer(data.buffer, data.size, byteOffset);
    scheduleDestroy(std::move(data));
@@ -925,8 +922,8 @@ void MetalDriver::update3DImage(Handle<HwTexture> th, uint32_t level,
        uint32_t xoffset, uint32_t yoffset, uint32_t zoffset,
        uint32_t width, uint32_t height, uint32_t depth,
        PixelBufferDescriptor&& data) {
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(!isInRenderPass(mContext))
-            << "update3DImage must be called outside of a render pass.";
+    ASSERT_PRECONDITION(!isInRenderPass(mContext),
+            "update3DImage must be called outside of a render pass.");
    auto tex = handle_cast<MetalTexture>(th);
    tex->loadImage(level, MTLRegionMake3D(xoffset, yoffset, zoffset, width, height, depth), data);
    scheduleDestroy(std::move(data));
@@ -942,15 +939,15 @@ void MetalDriver::setupExternalImage(void* image) {
 }

 void MetalDriver::setExternalImage(Handle<HwTexture> th, void* image) {
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(!isInRenderPass(mContext))
-            << "setExternalImage must be called outside of a render pass.";
+    ASSERT_PRECONDITION(!isInRenderPass(mContext),
+            "setExternalImage must be called outside of a render pass.");
    auto texture = handle_cast<MetalTexture>(th);
    texture->externalImage.set((CVPixelBufferRef) image);
 }

 void MetalDriver::setExternalImagePlane(Handle<HwTexture> th, void* image, uint32_t plane) {
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(!isInRenderPass(mContext))
-            << "setExternalImagePlane must be called outside of a render pass.";
+    ASSERT_PRECONDITION(!isInRenderPass(mContext),
+            "setExternalImagePlane must be called outside of a render pass.");
    auto texture = handle_cast<MetalTexture>(th);
    texture->externalImage.set((CVPixelBufferRef) image, plane);
 }
@@ -965,15 +962,15 @@ TimerQueryResult MetalDriver::getTimerQueryValue(Handle<HwTimerQuery> tqh, uint6
 }

 void MetalDriver::generateMipmaps(Handle<HwTexture> th) {
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(!isInRenderPass(mContext))
-            << "generateMipmaps must be called outside of a render pass.";
+    ASSERT_PRECONDITION(!isInRenderPass(mContext),
+                        "generateMipmaps must be called outside of a render pass.");
    auto tex = handle_cast<MetalTexture>(th);
    tex->generateMipmaps();
 }

 void MetalDriver::updateSamplerGroup(Handle<HwSamplerGroup> sbh, BufferDescriptor&& data) {
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(!isInRenderPass(mContext))
-            << "updateSamplerGroup must be called outside of a render pass.";
+    ASSERT_PRECONDITION(!isInRenderPass(mContext),
+            "updateSamplerGroup must be called outside of a render pass.");

    auto sb = handle_cast<MetalSamplerGroup>(sbh);
    assert_invariant(sb->size == data.size / sizeof(SamplerDescriptor));
@@ -1112,10 +1109,6 @@ void MetalDriver::beginRenderPass(Handle<HwRenderTarget> rth,
    mContext->currentPolygonOffset = {0.0f, 0.0f};

    mContext->finalizedSamplerGroups.clear();
-
-    for (auto& pc : mContext->currentPushConstants) {
-        pc.clear();
-    }
 }

 void MetalDriver::nextSubpass(int dummy) {}
@@ -1264,14 +1257,7 @@ void MetalDriver::bindSamplers(uint32_t index, Handle<HwSamplerGroup> sbh) {
 }

 void MetalDriver::setPushConstant(backend::ShaderStage stage, uint8_t index,
-        backend::PushConstantVariant value) {
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(isInRenderPass(mContext))
-            << "setPushConstant must be called inside a render pass.";
-    assert_invariant(static_cast<size_t>(stage) < mContext->currentPushConstants.size());
-    MetalPushConstantBuffer& pushConstants =
-            mContext->currentPushConstants[static_cast<size_t>(stage)];
-    pushConstants.setPushConstant(value, index);
-}
+        backend::PushConstantVariant value) {}

 void MetalDriver::insertEventMarker(const char* string, uint32_t len) {

@@ -1323,8 +1309,8 @@ void MetalDriver::stopCapture(int) {

 void MetalDriver::readPixels(Handle<HwRenderTarget> src, uint32_t x, uint32_t y, uint32_t width,
        uint32_t height, PixelBufferDescriptor&& data) {
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(!isInRenderPass(mContext))
-            << "readPixels must be called outside of a render pass.";
+    ASSERT_PRECONDITION(!isInRenderPass(mContext),
+                        "readPixels must be called outside of a render pass.");

    auto srcTarget = handle_cast<MetalRenderTarget>(src);
    // We always readPixels from the COLOR0 attachment.
@@ -1338,19 +1324,17 @@ void MetalDriver::readPixels(Handle<HwRenderTarget> src, uint32_t x, uint32_t y,
    width = std::min(static_cast<uint32_t>(srcTextureSize.width), width);

    const MTLPixelFormat format = getMetalFormat(data.format, data.type);
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(format != MTLPixelFormatInvalid)
-            << "The chosen combination of PixelDataFormat (" << (int)data.format
-            << ") and PixelDataType (" << (int)data.type
-            << ") is not supported for "
-               "readPixels.";
+    ASSERT_PRECONDITION(format != MTLPixelFormatInvalid,
+            "The chosen combination of PixelDataFormat (%d) and PixelDataType (%d) is not supported for "
+            "readPixels.", (int) data.format, (int) data.type);

    const bool formatConversionNecessary = srcTexture.pixelFormat != format;

    // TODO: MetalBlitter does not currently support format conversions to integer types.
    // The format and type must match the source pixel format exactly.
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(!formatConversionNecessary || !isMetalFormatInteger(format))
-            << "readPixels does not support integer format conversions from MTLPixelFormat ("
-            << (int)srcTexture.pixelFormat << ") to (" << (int)format << ").";
+    ASSERT_PRECONDITION(!formatConversionNecessary || !isMetalFormatInteger(format),
+            "readPixels does not support integer format conversions from MTLPixelFormat (%d) to (%d).",
+            (int) srcTexture.pixelFormat, (int) format);

    MTLTextureDescriptor* textureDescriptor =
            [MTLTextureDescriptor texture2DDescriptorWithPixelFormat:format
@@ -1416,31 +1400,31 @@ void MetalDriver::resolve(
    assert_invariant(srcTexture);
    assert_invariant(dstTexture);

-    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(mContext->currentRenderPassEncoder == nil)
-            << "resolve() cannot be invoked inside a render pass.";
+    ASSERT_PRECONDITION(mContext->currentRenderPassEncoder == nil,
+            "resolve() cannot be invoked inside a render pass.");

-    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(
-            dstTexture->width == srcTexture->width && dstTexture->height == srcTexture->height)
-            << "invalid resolve: src and dst sizes don't match";
+    ASSERT_PRECONDITION(
+            dstTexture->width == srcTexture->width && dstTexture->height == srcTexture->height,
+            "invalid resolve: src and dst sizes don't match");

-    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(srcTexture->samples > 1 && dstTexture->samples == 1)
-            << "invalid resolve: src.samples=" << +srcTexture->samples
-            << ", dst.samples=" << +dstTexture->samples;
+    ASSERT_PRECONDITION(srcTexture->samples > 1 && dstTexture->samples == 1,
+            "invalid resolve: src.samples=%u, dst.samples=%u",
+            +srcTexture->samples, +dstTexture->samples);

-    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(srcTexture->format == dstTexture->format)
-            << "src and dst texture format don't match";
+    ASSERT_PRECONDITION(srcTexture->format == dstTexture->format,
+            "src and dst texture format don't match");

-    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(!isDepthFormat(srcTexture->format))
-            << "can't resolve depth formats";
+    ASSERT_PRECONDITION(!isDepthFormat(srcTexture->format),
+            "can't resolve depth formats");

-    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(!isStencilFormat(srcTexture->format))
-            << "can't resolve stencil formats";
+    ASSERT_PRECONDITION(!isStencilFormat(srcTexture->format),
+            "can't resolve stencil formats");

-    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(any(dstTexture->usage & TextureUsage::BLIT_DST))
-            << "texture doesn't have BLIT_DST";
+    ASSERT_PRECONDITION(any(dstTexture->usage & TextureUsage::BLIT_DST),
+            "texture doesn't have BLIT_DST");

-    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(any(srcTexture->usage & TextureUsage::BLIT_SRC))
-            << "texture doesn't have BLIT_SRC";
+    ASSERT_PRECONDITION(any(srcTexture->usage & TextureUsage::BLIT_SRC),
+            "texture doesn't have BLIT_SRC");

    // FIXME: on metal the blit() call below always take the slow path (using a shader)

@@ -1465,22 +1449,21 @@ void MetalDriver::blit(
    assert_invariant(srcTexture);
    assert_invariant(dstTexture);

-    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(mContext->currentRenderPassEncoder == nil)
-            << "blit() cannot be invoked inside a render pass.";
+    ASSERT_PRECONDITION(mContext->currentRenderPassEncoder == nil,
+            "blit() cannot be invoked inside a render pass.");

-    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(any(dstTexture->usage & TextureUsage::BLIT_DST))
-            << "texture doesn't have BLIT_DST";
+    ASSERT_PRECONDITION(any(dstTexture->usage & TextureUsage::BLIT_DST),
+            "texture doesn't have BLIT_DST");

-    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(any(srcTexture->usage & TextureUsage::BLIT_SRC))
-            << "texture doesn't have BLIT_SRC";
+    ASSERT_PRECONDITION(any(srcTexture->usage & TextureUsage::BLIT_SRC),
+            "texture doesn't have BLIT_SRC");

-    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(srcTexture->format == dstTexture->format)
-            << "src and dst texture format don't match";
+    ASSERT_PRECONDITION(srcTexture->format == dstTexture->format,
+            "src and dst texture format don't match");

-    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(
-            isBlitableTextureType(srcTexture->getMtlTextureForRead().textureType) &&
-            isBlitableTextureType(dstTexture->getMtlTextureForWrite().textureType))
-            << "Metal does not support blitting to/from non-2D textures.";
+    ASSERT_PRECONDITION(isBlitableTextureType(srcTexture->getMtlTextureForRead().textureType) &&
+                        isBlitableTextureType(dstTexture->getMtlTextureForWrite().textureType),
+            "Metal does not support blitting to/from non-2D textures.");

    MetalBlitter::BlitArgs args{};
    args.filter = SamplerMagFilter::NEAREST;
@@ -1518,18 +1501,18 @@ void MetalDriver::blitDEPRECATED(TargetBufferFlags buffers,
    // It is called between beginFrame and endFrame, but should never be called in the middle of
    // a render pass.

-    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(mContext->currentRenderPassEncoder == nil)
-            << "blitDEPRECATED() cannot be invoked inside a render pass.";
+    ASSERT_PRECONDITION(mContext->currentRenderPassEncoder == nil,
+            "blitDEPRECATED() cannot be invoked inside a render pass.");

    auto srcTarget = handle_cast<MetalRenderTarget>(src);
    auto dstTarget = handle_cast<MetalRenderTarget>(dst);

-    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(buffers == TargetBufferFlags::COLOR0)
-            << "blitDEPRECATED only supports COLOR0";
+    ASSERT_PRECONDITION(buffers == TargetBufferFlags::COLOR0,
+            "blitDEPRECATED only supports COLOR0");

-    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(
-            srcRect.left >= 0 && srcRect.bottom >= 0 && dstRect.left >= 0 && dstRect.bottom >= 0)
-            << "Source and destination rects must be positive.";
+    ASSERT_PRECONDITION(srcRect.left >= 0 && srcRect.bottom >= 0 &&
+                        dstRect.left >= 0 && dstRect.bottom >= 0,
+            "Source and destination rects must be positive.");

    auto isBlitableTextureType = [](MTLTextureType t) {
        return t == MTLTextureType2D || t == MTLTextureType2DMultisample ||
@@ -1541,10 +1524,9 @@ void MetalDriver::blitDEPRECATED(TargetBufferFlags buffers,
    MetalRenderTarget::Attachment const dstColorAttachment = dstTarget->getDrawColorAttachment(0);

    if (srcColorAttachment && dstColorAttachment) {
-        FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(
-                isBlitableTextureType(srcColorAttachment.getTexture().textureType) &&
-                isBlitableTextureType(dstColorAttachment.getTexture().textureType))
-                << "Metal does not support blitting to/from non-2D textures.";
+        ASSERT_PRECONDITION(isBlitableTextureType(srcColorAttachment.getTexture().textureType) &&
+                            isBlitableTextureType(dstColorAttachment.getTexture().textureType),
+                           "Metal does not support blitting to/from non-2D textures.");

        MetalBlitter::BlitArgs args{};
        args.filter = filter;
@@ -1656,8 +1638,8 @@ void MetalDriver::finalizeSamplerGroup(MetalSamplerGroup* samplerGroup) {
 }

 void MetalDriver::bindPipeline(PipelineState const& ps) {
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(mContext->currentRenderPassEncoder != nullptr)
-            << "bindPipeline() without a valid command encoder.";
+    ASSERT_PRECONDITION(mContext->currentRenderPassEncoder != nullptr,
+            "bindPipeline() without a valid command encoder.");

    MetalVertexBufferInfo const* const vbi =
            handle_cast<MetalVertexBufferInfo>(ps.vertexBufferInfo);
@@ -1829,8 +1811,8 @@ void MetalDriver::bindPipeline(PipelineState const& ps) {
 }

 void MetalDriver::bindRenderPrimitive(Handle<HwRenderPrimitive> rph) {
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(mContext->currentRenderPassEncoder != nullptr)
-            << "bindRenderPrimitive() without a valid command encoder.";
+    ASSERT_PRECONDITION(mContext->currentRenderPassEncoder != nullptr,
+            "bindRenderPrimitive() without a valid command encoder.");

    // Bind the user vertex buffers.
    MetalBuffer* vertexBuffers[MAX_VERTEX_BUFFER_COUNT] = {};
@@ -1866,8 +1848,8 @@ void MetalDriver::bindRenderPrimitive(Handle<HwRenderPrimitive> rph) {
 }

 void MetalDriver::draw2(uint32_t indexOffset, uint32_t indexCount, uint32_t instanceCount) {
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(mContext->currentRenderPassEncoder != nullptr)
-            << "draw() without a valid command encoder.";
+    ASSERT_PRECONDITION(mContext->currentRenderPassEncoder != nullptr,
+            "draw() without a valid command encoder.");

    // Bind uniform buffers.
    MetalBuffer* uniformsToBind[Program::UNIFORM_BINDING_COUNT] = { nil };
@@ -1883,14 +1865,6 @@ void MetalDriver::draw2(uint32_t indexOffset, uint32_t indexCount, uint32_t inst
            UNIFORM_BUFFER_BINDING_START, MetalBuffer::Stage::VERTEX | MetalBuffer::Stage::FRAGMENT,
            uniformsToBind, offsets, Program::UNIFORM_BINDING_COUNT);

-    // Update push constants.
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < Program::SHADER_TYPE_COUNT; i++) {
-        auto& pushConstants = mContext->currentPushConstants[i];
-        if (UTILS_UNLIKELY(pushConstants.isDirty())) {
-            pushConstants.setBytes(mContext->currentRenderPassEncoder, static_cast<ShaderStage>(i));
-        }
-    }
-
    auto primitive = handle_cast<MetalRenderPrimitive>(mContext->currentRenderPrimitive);

    MetalIndexBuffer* indexBuffer = primitive->indexBuffer;
@@ -1916,8 +1890,8 @@ void MetalDriver::draw(PipelineState ps, Handle<HwRenderPrimitive> rph,
 }

 void MetalDriver::dispatchCompute(Handle<HwProgram> program, math::uint3 workGroupCount) {
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(!isInRenderPass(mContext))
-            << "dispatchCompute must be called outside of a render pass.";
+    ASSERT_PRECONDITION(!isInRenderPass(mContext),
+            "dispatchCompute must be called outside of a render pass.");

    auto mtlProgram = handle_cast<MetalProgram>(program);

@@ -2017,15 +1991,15 @@ void MetalDriver::scissor(Viewport scissorBox) {
 }

 void MetalDriver::beginTimerQuery(Handle<HwTimerQuery> tqh) {
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(!isInRenderPass(mContext))
-            << "beginTimerQuery must be called outside of a render pass.";
+    ASSERT_PRECONDITION(!isInRenderPass(mContext),
+            "beginTimerQuery must be called outside of a render pass.");
    auto* tq = handle_cast<MetalTimerQuery>(tqh);
    mContext->timerQueryImpl->beginTimeElapsedQuery(tq);
 }

 void MetalDriver::endTimerQuery(Handle<HwTimerQuery> tqh) {
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(!isInRenderPass(mContext))
-            << "endTimerQuery must be called outside of a render pass.";
+    ASSERT_PRECONDITION(!isInRenderPass(mContext),
+            "endTimerQuery must be called outside of a render pass.");
    auto* tq = handle_cast<MetalTimerQuery>(tqh);
    mContext->timerQueryImpl->endTimeElapsedQuery(tq);
 }
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ constexpr inline MTLIndexType getIndexType(size_t elementSize) noexcept {
    } else if (elementSize == 4) {
        return MTLIndexTypeUInt32;
    }
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(false) << "Index element size not supported.";
+    ASSERT_POSTCONDITION(false, "Index element size not supported.");
 }

 constexpr inline MTLVertexFormat getMetalFormat(ElementType type, bool normalized) noexcept {
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ constexpr inline MTLVertexFormat getMetalFormat(ElementType type, bool normalize
            case ElementType::SHORT4: return MTLVertexFormatShort4Normalized;
            case ElementType::USHORT4: return MTLVertexFormatUShort4Normalized;
            default:
-                FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(false) << "Normalized format does not exist.";
+                ASSERT_POSTCONDITION(false, "Normalized format does not exist.");
                return MTLVertexFormatInvalid;
        }
    }
@@ -326,8 +326,7 @@ constexpr inline MTLCullMode getMetalCullMode(CullingMode cullMode) noexcept {
        case CullingMode::FRONT: return MTLCullModeFront;
        case CullingMode::BACK: return MTLCullModeBack;
        case CullingMode::FRONT_AND_BACK:
-            FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(false)
-                    << "FRONT_AND_BACK culling is not supported in Metal.";
+            ASSERT_POSTCONDITION(false, "FRONT_AND_BACK culling is not supported in Metal.");
    }
 }

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
        auto description = [error.localizedDescription cStringUsingEncoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding]; \
        utils::slog.e << description << utils::io::endl;                                           \
    }                                                                                              \
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(error == nil) << message;
+    ASSERT_POSTCONDITION(error == nil, message);

 namespace filament {
 namespace backend {
@@ -86,14 +86,14 @@ void MetalExternalImage::set(CVPixelBufferRef image) noexcept {
    }

    OSType formatType = CVPixelBufferGetPixelFormatType(image);
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(formatType == kCVPixelFormatType_32BGRA ||
-            formatType == kCVPixelFormatType_420YpCbCr8BiPlanarFullRange)
-            << "Metal external images must be in either 32BGRA or 420f format.";
+    ASSERT_POSTCONDITION(formatType == kCVPixelFormatType_32BGRA ||
+                         formatType == kCVPixelFormatType_420YpCbCr8BiPlanarFullRange,
+            "Metal external images must be in either 32BGRA or 420f format.");

    size_t planeCount = CVPixelBufferGetPlaneCount(image);
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(planeCount == 0 || planeCount == 2)
-            << "The Metal backend does not support images with plane counts of " << planeCount
-            << ".";
+    ASSERT_POSTCONDITION(planeCount == 0 || planeCount == 2,
+            "The Metal backend does not support images with plane counts of %d.", planeCount);
+

    if (planeCount == 0) {
        mImage = image;
@@ -138,8 +138,8 @@ void MetalExternalImage::set(CVPixelBufferRef image, size_t plane) noexcept {
    }

    const OSType formatType = CVPixelBufferGetPixelFormatType(image);
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(formatType == kCVPixelFormatType_420YpCbCr8BiPlanarFullRange)
-            << "Metal planar external images must be in the 420f format.";
+    ASSERT_POSTCONDITION(formatType == kCVPixelFormatType_420YpCbCr8BiPlanarFullRange,
+            "Metal planar external images must be in the 420f format.");

    mImage = image;

@@ -191,8 +191,8 @@ CVMetalTextureRef MetalExternalImage::createTextureFromImage(CVPixelBufferRef im
    CVMetalTextureRef texture;
    CVReturn result = CVMetalTextureCacheCreateTextureFromImage(kCFAllocatorDefault,
            mContext.textureCache, image, nullptr, format, width, height, plane, &texture);
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(result == kCVReturnSuccess)
-            << "Could not create a CVMetalTexture from CVPixelBuffer.";
+    ASSERT_POSTCONDITION(result == kCVReturnSuccess,
+            "Could not create a CVMetalTexture from CVPixelBuffer.");

    return texture;
 }
@@ -203,8 +203,8 @@ void MetalExternalImage::shutdown(MetalContext& context) noexcept {

 void MetalExternalImage::assertWritableImage(CVPixelBufferRef image) {
    OSType formatType = CVPixelBufferGetPixelFormatType(image);
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(formatType == kCVPixelFormatType_32BGRA)
-            << "Metal SwapChain images must be in the 32BGRA format.";
+    ASSERT_PRECONDITION(formatType == kCVPixelFormatType_32BGRA,
+            "Metal SwapChain images must be in the 32BGRA format.");
 }

 void MetalExternalImage::unset() {
@@ -109,7 +109,6 @@ private:
    NSUInteger headlessWidth = 0;
    NSUInteger headlessHeight = 0;
    CAMetalLayer* layer = nullptr;
-    std::shared_ptr<std::mutex> layerDrawableMutex;
    MetalExternalImage externalImage;
    SwapChainType type;

@@ -73,7 +73,6 @@ MetalSwapChain::MetalSwapChain(MetalContext& context, CAMetalLayer* nativeWindow
    : context(context),
      depthStencilFormat(decideDepthStencilFormat(flags)),
      layer(nativeWindow),
-      layerDrawableMutex(std::make_shared<std::mutex>()),
      externalImage(context),
      type(SwapChainType::CAMETALLAYER) {

@@ -175,24 +174,14 @@ id<MTLTexture> MetalSwapChain::acquireDrawable() {
    }

    assert_invariant(isCaMetalLayer());
+    drawable = [layer nextDrawable];

-    // CAMetalLayer's drawable pool is not thread safe. Use a mutex when
-    // calling -nextDrawable, or when releasing the last known reference
-    // to any CAMetalDrawable returned from a previous -nextDrawable.
-    {
-        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(*layerDrawableMutex);
-        drawable = [layer nextDrawable];
-    }
-
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(drawable != nil) << "Could not obtain drawable.";
+    ASSERT_POSTCONDITION(drawable != nil, "Could not obtain drawable.");
    return drawable.texture;
 }

 void MetalSwapChain::releaseDrawable() {
-    if (drawable) {
-        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(*layerDrawableMutex);
-        drawable = nil;
-    }
+    drawable = nil;
 }

 id<MTLTexture> MetalSwapChain::acquireDepthTexture() {
@@ -267,11 +256,9 @@ public:
    PresentDrawableData(const PresentDrawableData&) = delete;
    PresentDrawableData& operator=(const PresentDrawableData&) = delete;

-    static PresentDrawableData* create(id<CAMetalDrawable> drawable,
-            std::shared_ptr<std::mutex> drawableMutex, MetalDriver* driver) {
-        assert_invariant(drawableMutex);
+    static PresentDrawableData* create(id<CAMetalDrawable> drawable, MetalDriver* driver) {
        assert_invariant(driver);
-        return new PresentDrawableData(drawable, drawableMutex, driver);
+        return new PresentDrawableData(drawable, driver);
    }

    static void maybePresentAndDestroyAsync(PresentDrawableData* that, bool shouldPresent) {
@@ -290,22 +277,16 @@ public:
    }

 private:
-    PresentDrawableData(id<CAMetalDrawable> drawable, std::shared_ptr<std::mutex> drawableMutex,
-            MetalDriver* driver)
-        : mDrawable(drawable), mDrawableMutex(drawableMutex), mDriver(driver) {}
+    PresentDrawableData(id<CAMetalDrawable> drawable, MetalDriver* driver)
+        : mDrawable(drawable), mDriver(driver) {}

    static void cleanupAndDestroy(PresentDrawableData *that) {
-        if (that->mDrawable) {
-            std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(*(that->mDrawableMutex));
-            that->mDrawable = nil;
-        }
-        that->mDrawableMutex.reset();
+        that->mDrawable = nil;
        that->mDriver = nullptr;
        delete that;
    }

    id<CAMetalDrawable> mDrawable;
-    std::shared_ptr<std::mutex> mDrawableMutex;
    MetalDriver* mDriver = nullptr;
 };

@@ -323,8 +304,8 @@ void MetalSwapChain::scheduleFrameScheduledCallback() {

    struct Callback {
        Callback(std::shared_ptr<FrameScheduledCallback> callback, id<CAMetalDrawable> drawable,
-                 std::shared_ptr<std::mutex> drawableMutex, MetalDriver* driver)
-            : f(callback), data(PresentDrawableData::create(drawable, drawableMutex, driver)) {}
+                MetalDriver* driver)
+            : f(callback), data(PresentDrawableData::create(drawable, driver)) {}
        std::shared_ptr<FrameScheduledCallback> f;
        // PresentDrawableData* is destroyed by maybePresentAndDestroyAsync() later.
        std::unique_ptr<PresentDrawableData> data;
@@ -339,8 +320,8 @@ void MetalSwapChain::scheduleFrameScheduledCallback() {

    // This callback pointer will be captured by the block. Even if the scheduled handler is never
    // called, the unique_ptr will still ensure we don't leak memory.
-    __block auto callback = std::make_unique<Callback>(
-        frameScheduled.callback, drawable, layerDrawableMutex, context.driver);
+    __block auto callback =
+            std::make_unique<Callback>(frameScheduled.callback, drawable, context.driver);

    backend::CallbackHandler* handler = frameScheduled.handler;
    MetalDriver* driver = context.driver;
@@ -512,16 +493,15 @@ MetalTexture::MetalTexture(MetalContext& context, SamplerType target, uint8_t le
        externalImage(context, r, g, b, a) {

    devicePixelFormat = decidePixelFormat(&context, format);
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(devicePixelFormat != MTLPixelFormatInvalid)
-            << "Texture format not supported.";
+    ASSERT_POSTCONDITION(devicePixelFormat != MTLPixelFormatInvalid, "Texture format not supported.");

    const BOOL mipmapped = levels > 1;
    const BOOL multisampled = samples > 1;

 #if defined(IOS)
    const BOOL textureArray = target == SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D_ARRAY;
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(!textureArray || !multisampled)
-            << "iOS does not support multisampled texture arrays.";
+    ASSERT_PRECONDITION(!textureArray || !multisampled,
+            "iOS does not support multisampled texture arrays.");
 #endif

    const auto get2DTextureType = [](SamplerType target, bool isMultisampled) {
@@ -556,12 +536,12 @@ MetalTexture::MetalTexture(MetalContext& context, SamplerType target, uint8_t le
            descriptor.usage = getMetalTextureUsage(usage);
            descriptor.storageMode = MTLStorageModePrivate;
            texture = [context.device newTextureWithDescriptor:descriptor];
+            ASSERT_POSTCONDITION(texture != nil, "Could not create Metal texture. Out of memory?");
            break;
        case SamplerType::SAMPLER_CUBEMAP:
        case SamplerType::SAMPLER_CUBEMAP_ARRAY:
-            FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(!multisampled)
-                    << "Multisampled cubemap faces not supported.";
-            FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(width == height) << "Cubemap faces must be square.";
+            ASSERT_POSTCONDITION(!multisampled, "Multisampled cubemap faces not supported.");
+            ASSERT_POSTCONDITION(width == height, "Cubemap faces must be square.");
            descriptor = [MTLTextureDescriptor textureCubeDescriptorWithPixelFormat:devicePixelFormat
                                                                               size:width
                                                                          mipmapped:mipmapped];
@@ -570,6 +550,7 @@ MetalTexture::MetalTexture(MetalContext& context, SamplerType target, uint8_t le
            descriptor.usage = getMetalTextureUsage(usage);
            descriptor.storageMode = MTLStorageModePrivate;
            texture = [context.device newTextureWithDescriptor:descriptor];
+            ASSERT_POSTCONDITION(texture != nil, "Could not create Metal texture. Out of memory?");
            break;
        case SamplerType::SAMPLER_3D:
            descriptor = [MTLTextureDescriptor new];
@@ -582,6 +563,7 @@ MetalTexture::MetalTexture(MetalContext& context, SamplerType target, uint8_t le
            descriptor.usage = getMetalTextureUsage(usage);
            descriptor.storageMode = MTLStorageModePrivate;
            texture = [context.device newTextureWithDescriptor:descriptor];
+            ASSERT_POSTCONDITION(texture != nil, "Could not create Metal texture. Out of memory?");
            break;
        case SamplerType::SAMPLER_EXTERNAL:
            // If we're using external textures (CVPixelBufferRefs), we don't need to make any
@@ -590,12 +572,6 @@ MetalTexture::MetalTexture(MetalContext& context, SamplerType target, uint8_t le
            break;
    }

-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(target == SamplerType::SAMPLER_EXTERNAL || texture != nil)
-            << "Could not create Metal texture (SamplerType = " << int(target)
-            << ", levels = " << int(levels) << ", MTLPixelFormat = " << int(devicePixelFormat)
-            << ", width = " << width << ", height = " << height << ", depth = " << depth
-            << "). Out of memory?";
-
    // If swizzling is set, set up a swizzled texture view that we'll use when sampling this texture.
    const bool isDefaultSwizzle =
            r == TextureSwizzle::CHANNEL_0 &&
@@ -789,9 +765,9 @@ void MetalTexture::loadSlice(uint32_t level, MTLRegion region, uint32_t byteOffs
        PixelBufferDescriptor const& data) noexcept {
    const PixelBufferShape shape = PixelBufferShape::compute(data, format, region.size, byteOffset);

-    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(data.size >= shape.totalBytes)
-            << "Expected buffer size of at least " << shape.totalBytes
-            << " but received PixelBufferDescriptor with size " << data.size << ".";
+    ASSERT_PRECONDITION(data.size >= shape.totalBytes,
+            "Expected buffer size of at least %d but "
+            "received PixelBufferDescriptor with size %d.", shape.totalBytes, data.size);

    // Earlier versions of iOS don't have the maxBufferLength query, but 256 MB is a safe bet.
    NSUInteger deviceMaxBufferLength = 256 * 1024 * 1024;   // 256 MB
@@ -824,13 +800,13 @@ void MetalTexture::loadWithCopyBuffer(uint32_t level, uint32_t slice, MTLRegion
        PixelBufferDescriptor const& data, const PixelBufferShape& shape) {
    const size_t stagingBufferSize = shape.totalBytes;
    auto entry = context.bufferPool->acquireBuffer(stagingBufferSize);
-    memcpy(entry->buffer.get().contents,
+    memcpy(entry->buffer.contents,
            static_cast<uint8_t*>(data.buffer) + shape.sourceOffset,
            stagingBufferSize);
    id<MTLCommandBuffer> blitCommandBuffer = getPendingCommandBuffer(&context);
    id<MTLBlitCommandEncoder> blitCommandEncoder = [blitCommandBuffer blitCommandEncoder];
    blitCommandEncoder.label = @"Texture upload buffer blit";
-    [blitCommandEncoder copyFromBuffer:entry->buffer.get()
+    [blitCommandEncoder copyFromBuffer:entry->buffer
                          sourceOffset:0
                     sourceBytesPerRow:shape.bytesPerRow
                   sourceBytesPerImage:shape.bytesPerSlice
@@ -1012,9 +988,9 @@ MetalRenderTarget::MetalRenderTarget(MetalContext* context, uint32_t width, uint
        }
        color[i] = colorAttachments[i];

-        FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(color[i].getSampleCount() <= samples)
-                << "MetalRenderTarget was initialized with a MSAA COLOR" << i
-                << " texture, but sample count is " << samples << ".";
+        ASSERT_PRECONDITION(color[i].getSampleCount() <= samples,
+                "MetalRenderTarget was initialized with a MSAA COLOR%d texture, but sample count is %d.",
+                i, samples);

        auto t = color[i].metalTexture;
        const auto twidth = std::max(1u, t->width >> color[i].level);
@@ -1037,10 +1013,9 @@ MetalRenderTarget::MetalRenderTarget(MetalContext* context, uint32_t width, uint
    if (depthAttachment) {
        depth = depthAttachment;

-        FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(depth.getSampleCount() <= samples)
-                << "MetalRenderTarget was initialized with a MSAA DEPTH texture, but sample count "
-                   "is "
-                << samples << ".";
+        ASSERT_PRECONDITION(depth.getSampleCount() <= samples,
+                "MetalRenderTarget was initialized with a MSAA DEPTH texture, but sample count is %d.",
+                samples);

        auto t = depth.metalTexture;
        const auto twidth = std::max(1u, t->width >> depth.level);
@@ -1063,10 +1038,9 @@ MetalRenderTarget::MetalRenderTarget(MetalContext* context, uint32_t width, uint
    if (stencilAttachment) {
        stencil = stencilAttachment;

-        FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(stencil.getSampleCount() <= samples)
-                << "MetalRenderTarget was initialized with a MSAA STENCIL texture, but sample "
-                   "count is "
-                << samples << ".";
+        ASSERT_PRECONDITION(stencil.getSampleCount() <= samples,
+                "MetalRenderTarget was initialized with a MSAA STENCIL texture, but sample count is %d.",
+                samples);

        auto t = stencil.metalTexture;
        const auto twidth = std::max(1u, t->width >> stencil.level);
@@ -43,8 +43,7 @@ inline bool operator==(const SamplerParams& lhs, const SamplerParams& rhs) {
 //   ------------------------------------------------------
 //   0           Zero buffer (placeholder vertex buffer)  1
 //   1-16        Filament vertex buffers                 16   limited by MAX_VERTEX_BUFFER_COUNT
-//   17-25       Uniform buffers                          9   Program::UNIFORM_BINDING_COUNT
-//   26          Push constants                           1
+//   17-26       Uniform buffers                         10   Program::UNIFORM_BINDING_COUNT
 //   27-30       Sampler groups (argument buffers)        4   Program::SAMPLER_BINDING_COUNT
 //
 //   Total                                               31
@@ -54,8 +53,7 @@ inline bool operator==(const SamplerParams& lhs, const SamplerParams& rhs) {
 //   Bindings    Buffer name                          Count
 //   ------------------------------------------------------
 //   0-3         SSBO buffers                             4   MAX_SSBO_COUNT
-//   17-25       Uniform buffers                          9   Program::UNIFORM_BINDING_COUNT
-//   26          Push constants                           1
+//   17-26       Uniform buffers                         10   Program::UNIFORM_BINDING_COUNT
 //   27-30       Sampler groups (argument buffers)        4   Program::SAMPLER_BINDING_COUNT
 //
 //   Total                                               18
@@ -90,17 +90,11 @@ id<MTLRenderPipelineState> PipelineStateCreator::operator()(id<MTLDevice> device
    NSError* error = nullptr;
    id<MTLRenderPipelineState> pipeline = [device newRenderPipelineStateWithDescriptor:descriptor
                                                                                 error:&error];
-    if (UTILS_UNLIKELY(pipeline == nil)) {
-        NSString *errorMessage =
-            [NSString stringWithFormat:@"Could not create Metal pipeline state: %@",
-                error ? error.localizedDescription : @"unknown error"];
-        auto description = [errorMessage cStringUsingEncoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding];
+    if (error) {
+        auto description = [error.localizedDescription cStringUsingEncoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding];
        utils::slog.e << description << utils::io::endl;
-        [[NSException exceptionWithName:@"MetalRenderPipelineFailure"
-                                 reason:errorMessage
-                               userInfo:nil] raise];
    }
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(error == nil) << "Could not create Metal pipeline state.";
+    ASSERT_POSTCONDITION(error == nil, "Could not create Metal pipeline state.");

    return pipeline;
 }
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ bool NoopDriver::isProtectedContentSupported() {
    return false;
 }

-bool NoopDriver::isStereoSupported() {
+bool NoopDriver::isStereoSupported(backend::StereoscopicType) {
    return false;
 }

@@ -66,8 +66,7 @@ bool OpenGLContext::queryOpenGLVersion(GLint* major, GLint* minor) noexcept {
 OpenGLContext::OpenGLContext(OpenGLPlatform& platform,
        Platform::DriverConfig const& driverConfig) noexcept
        : mPlatform(platform),
-          mSamplerMap(32),
-          mDriverConfig(driverConfig) {
+          mSamplerMap(32) {

    state.vao.p = &mDefaultVAO;

@@ -367,8 +366,7 @@ void OpenGLContext::setDefaultState() noexcept {
    }
 #endif

-    if (ext.EXT_clip_cull_distance
-            && mDriverConfig.stereoscopicType == StereoscopicType::INSTANCED) {
+    if (ext.EXT_clip_cull_distance) {
        glEnable(GL_CLIP_DISTANCE0);
        glEnable(GL_CLIP_DISTANCE1);
    }
@@ -511,8 +511,6 @@ private:
    mutable tsl::robin_map<SamplerParams, GLuint,
            SamplerParams::Hasher, SamplerParams::EqualTo> mSamplerMap;

-    Platform::DriverConfig const mDriverConfig;
-
    void bindFramebufferResolved(GLenum target, GLuint buffer) noexcept;

    const std::array<std::tuple<bool const&, char const*, char const*>, sizeof(bugs)> mBugDatabase{{
@@ -304,13 +304,6 @@ void OpenGLDriver::bindSampler(GLuint unit, GLuint sampler) noexcept {
 void OpenGLDriver::setPushConstant(backend::ShaderStage stage, uint8_t index,
        backend::PushConstantVariant value) {
    assert_invariant(stage == ShaderStage::VERTEX || stage == ShaderStage::FRAGMENT);
-
-#if FILAMENT_ENABLE_MATDBG
-    if (UTILS_UNLIKELY(!mValidProgram)) {
-        return;
-    }
-#endif
-
    utils::Slice<std::pair<GLint, ConstantType>> constants;
    if (stage == ShaderStage::VERTEX) {
        constants = mCurrentPushConstants->vertexConstants;
@@ -347,11 +340,15 @@ void OpenGLDriver::bindTexture(GLuint unit, GLTexture const* t) noexcept {
 }

 bool OpenGLDriver::useProgram(OpenGLProgram* p) noexcept {
-    // set-up textures and samplers in the proper TMUs (as specified in setSamplers)
-    bool const success = p->use(this, mContext);
-    assert_invariant(success == p->isValid());
+    if (UTILS_UNLIKELY(!p->isValid())) {
+        // If the program is not valid, we can't call use().
+        return false;
+    }

-    if (UTILS_UNLIKELY(mContext.isES2() && success)) {
+    // set-up textures and samplers in the proper TMUs (as specified in setSamplers)
+    p->use(this, mContext);
+
+    if (UTILS_UNLIKELY(mContext.isES2())) {
        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < Program::UNIFORM_BINDING_COUNT; i++) {
            auto [id, buffer, age] = mContext.getEs2UniformBinding(i);
            if (buffer) {
@@ -362,8 +359,7 @@ bool OpenGLDriver::useProgram(OpenGLProgram* p) noexcept {
        // when mPlatform.isSRGBSwapChainSupported() is false (no need to check though).
        p->setRec709ColorSpace(mRec709OutputColorspace);
    }
-
-    return success;
+    return true;
 }


@@ -1498,8 +1494,9 @@ void OpenGLDriver::createSwapChainR(Handle<HwSwapChain> sch, void* nativeWindow,

 #if !defined(__EMSCRIPTEN__)
    // note: in practice this should never happen on Android
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(sc->swapChain) << "createSwapChain(" << nativeWindow << ", "
-                                                << flags << ") failed. See logs for details.";
+    ASSERT_POSTCONDITION(sc->swapChain,
+            "createSwapChain(%p, 0x%lx) failed. See logs for details.",
+            nativeWindow, flags);
 #endif

    // See if we need the emulated rec709 output conversion
@@ -1518,9 +1515,9 @@ void OpenGLDriver::createSwapChainHeadlessR(Handle<HwSwapChain> sch,

 #if !defined(__EMSCRIPTEN__)
    // note: in practice this should never happen on Android
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(sc->swapChain)
-            << "createSwapChainHeadless(" << width << ", " << height << ", " << flags
-            << ") failed. See logs for details.";
+    ASSERT_POSTCONDITION(sc->swapChain,
+            "createSwapChainHeadless(%u, %u, 0x%lx) failed. See logs for details.",
+            width, height, flags);
 #endif

    // See if we need the emulated rec709 output conversion
@@ -2053,19 +2050,19 @@ bool OpenGLDriver::isProtectedContentSupported() {
    return mPlatform.isProtectedContextSupported();
 }

-bool OpenGLDriver::isStereoSupported() {
+bool OpenGLDriver::isStereoSupported(backend::StereoscopicType stereoscopicType) {
    // Instanced-stereo requires instancing and EXT_clip_cull_distance.
    // Multiview-stereo requires ES 3.0 and OVR_multiview2.
    if (UTILS_UNLIKELY(mContext.isES2())) {
        return false;
    }
-    switch (mDriverConfig.stereoscopicType) {
-        case backend::StereoscopicType::INSTANCED:
-            return mContext.ext.EXT_clip_cull_distance;
-        case backend::StereoscopicType::MULTIVIEW:
-            return mContext.ext.OVR_multiview2;
-        case backend::StereoscopicType::NONE:
-            return false;
+    switch (stereoscopicType) {
+    case backend::StereoscopicType::INSTANCED:
+        return mContext.ext.EXT_clip_cull_distance;
+    case backend::StereoscopicType::MULTIVIEW:
+        return mContext.ext.OVR_multiview2;
+    default:
+        return false;
    }
 }

@@ -2336,9 +2333,9 @@ void OpenGLDriver::updateSamplerGroup(Handle<HwSamplerGroup> sbh,
    auto const* const pSamplers = (SamplerDescriptor const*)data.buffer;
    for (size_t i = 0, c = sb->textureUnitEntries.size(); i < c; i++) {
        GLuint samplerId = 0u;
-        Handle<HwTexture> th = pSamplers[i].t;
-        if (UTILS_LIKELY(th)) {
-            GLTexture const* const t = handle_cast<const GLTexture*>(th);
+        const GLTexture* t = nullptr;
+        if (UTILS_LIKELY(pSamplers[i].t)) {
+            t = handle_cast<const GLTexture*>(pSamplers[i].t);
            assert_invariant(t);

            SamplerParams params = pSamplers[i].s;
@@ -2394,7 +2391,7 @@ void OpenGLDriver::updateSamplerGroup(Handle<HwSamplerGroup> sbh,
            // which is not an error.
        }

-        sb->textureUnitEntries[i] = { th, samplerId };
+        sb->textureUnitEntries[i] = { t, samplerId };
    }
    scheduleDestroy(std::move(data));
 }
@@ -3609,11 +3606,13 @@ void OpenGLDriver::resolve(
    assert_invariant(s);
    assert_invariant(d);

-    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(d->width == s->width && d->height == s->height)
-            << "invalid resolve: src and dst sizes don't match";
+    ASSERT_PRECONDITION(
+            d->width == s->width && d->height == s->height,
+            "invalid resolve: src and dst sizes don't match");

-    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(s->samples > 1 && d->samples == 1)
-            << "invalid resolve: src.samples=" << +s->samples << ", dst.samples=" << +d->samples;
+    ASSERT_PRECONDITION(s->samples > 1 && d->samples == 1,
+            "invalid resolve: src.samples=%u, dst.samples=%u",
+            +s->samples, +d->samples);

    blit(   dst, dstLevel, dstLayer, {},
            src, srcLevel, srcLayer, {},
@@ -3769,12 +3768,12 @@ void OpenGLDriver::blitDEPRECATED(TargetBufferFlags buffers,
    UTILS_UNUSED_IN_RELEASE auto& gl = mContext;
    assert_invariant(!gl.isES2());

-    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(buffers == TargetBufferFlags::COLOR0)
-            << "blitDEPRECATED only supports COLOR0";
+    ASSERT_PRECONDITION(buffers == TargetBufferFlags::COLOR0,
+            "blitDEPRECATED only supports COLOR0");

-    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(
-            srcRect.left >= 0 && srcRect.bottom >= 0 && dstRect.left >= 0 && dstRect.bottom >= 0)
-            << "Source and destination rects must be positive.";
+    ASSERT_PRECONDITION(srcRect.left >= 0 && srcRect.bottom >= 0 &&
+                        dstRect.left >= 0 && dstRect.bottom >= 0,
+            "Source and destination rects must be positive.");

 #ifndef FILAMENT_SILENCE_NOT_SUPPORTED_BY_ES2

@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ public:
    struct GLSamplerGroup : public HwSamplerGroup {
        using HwSamplerGroup::HwSamplerGroup;
        struct Entry {
-            Handle<HwTexture> th;
+            GLTexture const* texture = nullptr;
            GLuint sampler = 0u;
        };
        utils::FixedCapacityVector<Entry> textureUnitEntries;
@@ -256,11 +256,6 @@ private:
        return mHandleAllocator.handle_cast<Dp, B>(handle);
    }

-    template<typename B>
-    bool is_valid(Handle<B>& handle) {
-        return mHandleAllocator.is_valid(handle);
-    }
-
    template<typename Dp, typename B>
    inline typename std::enable_if_t<
            std::is_pointer_v<Dp> &&
@@ -20,24 +20,21 @@
 #include "OpenGLDriver.h"
 #include "ShaderCompilerService.h"

-#include <backend/DriverEnums.h>
 #include <backend/Program.h>
-#include <backend/Handle.h>

-#include <utils/compiler.h>
+#include <private/backend/BackendUtils.h>
+
 #include <utils/debug.h>
-#include <utils/FixedCapacityVector.h>
+#include <utils/compiler.h>
 #include <utils/Log.h>
 #include <utils/Systrace.h>

-#include <algorithm>
 #include <array>
 #include <string_view>
 #include <utility>
 #include <new>

 #include <stddef.h>
-#include <stdint.h>

 namespace filament::backend {

@@ -244,9 +241,8 @@ void OpenGLProgram::updateSamplers(OpenGLDriver* const gld) const noexcept {
        assert_invariant(sb);
        if (!sb) continue; // should never happen, this would be a user error.
        for (uint8_t j = 0, m = sb->textureUnitEntries.size(); j < m; ++j, ++tmu) { // "<=" on purpose here
-            Handle<HwTexture> th = sb->textureUnitEntries[j].th;
-            if (th) { // program may not use all samplers of sampler group
-                GLTexture const* const t = gld->handle_cast<GLTexture const*>(th);
+            const GLTexture* const t = sb->textureUnitEntries[j].texture;
+            if (t) { // program may not use all samplers of sampler group
                gld->bindTexture(tmu, t);
 #ifndef FILAMENT_SILENCE_NOT_SUPPORTED_BY_ES2
                if (UTILS_LIKELY(!es2)) {
@@ -53,19 +53,9 @@ public:

    bool isValid() const noexcept { return mToken || gl.program != 0; }

-    bool use(OpenGLDriver* const gld, OpenGLContext& context) noexcept {
-        // both non-null is impossible by construction
-        assert_invariant(!mToken || !gl.program);
-
-        if (UTILS_UNLIKELY(mToken && !gl.program)) {
-            // first time a program is used
-            initialize(*gld);
-        }
-
+    void use(OpenGLDriver* const gld, OpenGLContext& context) noexcept {
        if (UTILS_UNLIKELY(!gl.program)) {
-            // compilation failed (token should be null)
-            assert_invariant(!mToken);
-            return false;
+            initialize(*gld);
        }

        context.useProgram(gl.program);
@@ -84,7 +74,6 @@ public:

            updateSamplers(gld);
        }
-        return true;
    }

    // For ES2 only
@@ -359,7 +359,7 @@ ShaderCompilerService::program_token_t ShaderCompilerService::createProgram(
 GLuint ShaderCompilerService::getProgram(ShaderCompilerService::program_token_t& token) {
    GLuint const program = initialize(token);
    assert_invariant(token == nullptr);
-#if !FILAMENT_ENABLE_MATDBG
+#ifndef FILAMENT_ENABLE_MATDBG
    assert_invariant(program);
 #endif
    return program;
@@ -572,23 +572,16 @@ void ShaderCompilerService::compileShaders(OpenGLContext& context,

            // split shader source, so we can insert the specialization constants and the packing
            // functions
-            auto [version, prolog, body] = splitShaderSource({ shader_src, shader_len });
+            auto const [prolog, body] = splitShaderSource({ shader_src, shader_len });

-            // enable ESSL 3.10 if available
-            if (context.isAtLeastGLES<3, 1>()) {
-                version = "#version 310 es\n";
-            }
-
-            const std::array<const char*, 5> sources = {
-                    version.data(),
+            const std::array<const char*, 4> sources = {
                    prolog.data(),
                    specializationConstantString.c_str(),
                    packingFunctions.data(),
                    body.data()
            };

-            const std::array<GLint, 5> lengths = {
-                    (GLint)version.length(),
+            const std::array<GLint, 4> lengths = {
                    (GLint)prolog.length(),
                    (GLint)specializationConstantString.length(),
                    (GLint)packingFunctions.length(),
@@ -668,7 +661,6 @@ void ShaderCompilerService::process_OVR_multiview2(OpenGLContext& context,

 // Tragically, OpenGL 4.1 doesn't support unpackHalf2x16 (appeared in 4.2) and
 // macOS doesn't support GL_ARB_shading_language_packing
-// Also GLES3.0 didn't have the full set of packing/unpacking functions
 std::string_view ShaderCompilerService::process_ARB_shading_language_packing(OpenGLContext& context) noexcept {
    using namespace std::literals;
 #ifdef BACKEND_OPENGL_VERSION_GL
@@ -708,102 +700,31 @@ highp uint packHalf2x16(vec2 v) {
    highp uint y = fp32tou16(v.y);
    return (y << 16u) | x;
 }
-highp uint packUnorm4x8(mediump vec4 v) {
-    v = round(clamp(v, 0.0, 1.0) * 255.0);
-    highp uint a = uint(v.x);
-    highp uint b = uint(v.y) <<  8;
-    highp uint c = uint(v.z) << 16;
-    highp uint d = uint(v.w) << 24;
-    return (a|b|c|d);
-}
-highp uint packSnorm4x8(mediump vec4 v) {
-    v = round(clamp(v, -1.0, 1.0) * 127.0);
-    highp uint a = uint((int(v.x) & 0xff));
-    highp uint b = uint((int(v.y) & 0xff)) <<  8;
-    highp uint c = uint((int(v.z) & 0xff)) << 16;
-    highp uint d = uint((int(v.w) & 0xff)) << 24;
-    return (a|b|c|d);
-}
-mediump vec4 unpackUnorm4x8(highp uint v) {
-    return vec4(float((v & 0x000000ffu)      ),
-                float((v & 0x0000ff00u) >>  8),
-                float((v & 0x00ff0000u) >> 16),
-                float((v & 0xff000000u) >> 24)) / 255.0;
-}
-mediump vec4 unpackSnorm4x8(highp uint v) {
-    int a = int(((v       ) & 0xffu) << 24u) >> 24 ;
-    int b = int(((v >>  8u) & 0xffu) << 24u) >> 24 ;
-    int c = int(((v >> 16u) & 0xffu) << 24u) >> 24 ;
-    int d = int(((v >> 24u) & 0xffu) << 24u) >> 24 ;
-    return clamp(vec4(float(a), float(b), float(c), float(d)) / 127.0, -1.0, 1.0);
-}
 )"sv;
    }
 #endif // BACKEND_OPENGL_VERSION_GL
-
-#ifdef BACKEND_OPENGL_VERSION_GLES
-    if (!context.isES2() && !context.isAtLeastGLES<3, 1>()) {
-        return R"(
-
-highp uint packUnorm4x8(mediump vec4 v) {
-    v = round(clamp(v, 0.0, 1.0) * 255.0);
-    highp uint a = uint(v.x);
-    highp uint b = uint(v.y) <<  8;
-    highp uint c = uint(v.z) << 16;
-    highp uint d = uint(v.w) << 24;
-    return (a|b|c|d);
-}
-highp uint packSnorm4x8(mediump vec4 v) {
-    v = round(clamp(v, -1.0, 1.0) * 127.0);
-    highp uint a = uint((int(v.x) & 0xff));
-    highp uint b = uint((int(v.y) & 0xff)) <<  8;
-    highp uint c = uint((int(v.z) & 0xff)) << 16;
-    highp uint d = uint((int(v.w) & 0xff)) << 24;
-    return (a|b|c|d);
-}
-mediump vec4 unpackUnorm4x8(highp uint v) {
-    return vec4(float((v & 0x000000ffu)      ),
-                float((v & 0x0000ff00u) >>  8),
-                float((v & 0x00ff0000u) >> 16),
-                float((v & 0xff000000u) >> 24)) / 255.0;
-}
-mediump vec4 unpackSnorm4x8(highp uint v) {
-    int a = int(((v       ) & 0xffu) << 24u) >> 24 ;
-    int b = int(((v >>  8u) & 0xffu) << 24u) >> 24 ;
-    int c = int(((v >> 16u) & 0xffu) << 24u) >> 24 ;
-    int d = int(((v >> 24u) & 0xffu) << 24u) >> 24 ;
-    return clamp(vec4(float(a), float(b), float(c), float(d)) / 127.0, -1.0, 1.0);
-}
-)"sv;
-    }
-#endif // BACKEND_OPENGL_VERSION_GLES
    return ""sv;
 }

-// split shader source code in three:
-// - the version line
-// - extensions
-// - everything else
-std::array<std::string_view, 3> ShaderCompilerService::splitShaderSource(std::string_view source) noexcept {
-    auto version_start = source.find("#version");
-    assert_invariant(version_start != std::string_view::npos);
+// split shader source code in two, the first section goes from the start to the line after the
+// last #extension, and the 2nd part goes from there to the end.
+std::array<std::string_view, 2> ShaderCompilerService::splitShaderSource(std::string_view source) noexcept {
+    auto start = source.find("#version");
+    assert_invariant(start != std::string_view::npos);

-    auto version_eol = source.find('\n', version_start) + 1;
-    assert_invariant(version_eol != std::string_view::npos);
-
-    auto prolog_start = version_eol;
-    auto prolog_eol = source.rfind("\n#extension"); // last #extension line
-    if (prolog_eol == std::string_view::npos) {
-        prolog_eol = prolog_start;
+    auto pos = source.rfind("\n#extension");
+    if (pos == std::string_view::npos) {
+        pos = start;
    } else {
-        prolog_eol = source.find('\n', prolog_eol + 1) + 1;
+        ++pos;
    }
-    auto body_start = prolog_eol;

-    std::string_view const version = source.substr(version_start, version_eol - version_start);
-    std::string_view const prolog = source.substr(prolog_start, prolog_eol - prolog_start);
-    std::string_view const body = source.substr(body_start, source.length() - body_start);
-    return { version, prolog, body };
+    auto eol = source.find('\n', pos) + 1;
+    assert_invariant(eol != std::string_view::npos);
+
+    std::string_view const version = source.substr(start, eol - start);
+    std::string_view const body = source.substr(version.length(), source.length() - version.length());
+    return { version, body };
 }

 /*
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ private:

    static std::string_view process_ARB_shading_language_packing(OpenGLContext& context) noexcept;

-    static std::array<std::string_view, 3> splitShaderSource(std::string_view source) noexcept;
+    static std::array<std::string_view, 2> splitShaderSource(std::string_view source) noexcept;

    static GLuint linkProgram(OpenGLContext& context,
            std::array<GLuint, Program::SHADER_TYPE_COUNT> shaders,
@@ -111,8 +111,8 @@ bool CocoaExternalImage::set(CVPixelBufferRef image) noexcept {
    }

    OSType formatType = CVPixelBufferGetPixelFormatType(image);
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(formatType == kCVPixelFormatType_32BGRA)
-            << "macOS external images must be 32BGRA format.";
+    ASSERT_POSTCONDITION(formatType == kCVPixelFormatType_32BGRA,
+            "macOS external images must be 32BGRA format.");

    // The pixel buffer must be locked whenever we do rendering with it. We'll unlock it before
    // releasing.
@@ -135,14 +135,13 @@ bool CocoaTouchExternalImage::set(CVPixelBufferRef image) noexcept {
    }

    OSType formatType = CVPixelBufferGetPixelFormatType(image);
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(formatType == kCVPixelFormatType_32BGRA ||
-            formatType == kCVPixelFormatType_420YpCbCr8BiPlanarFullRange)
-            << "iOS external images must be in either 32BGRA or 420f format.";
+    ASSERT_POSTCONDITION(formatType == kCVPixelFormatType_32BGRA ||
+                         formatType == kCVPixelFormatType_420YpCbCr8BiPlanarFullRange,
+            "iOS external images must be in either 32BGRA or 420f format.");

    size_t planeCount = CVPixelBufferGetPlaneCount(image);
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(planeCount == 0 || planeCount == 2)
-            << "The OpenGL backend does not support images with plane counts of " << planeCount
-            << ".";
+    ASSERT_POSTCONDITION(planeCount == 0 || planeCount == 2,
+            "The OpenGL backend does not support images with plane counts of %d.", planeCount);

    // The pixel buffer must be locked whenever we do rendering with it. We'll unlock it before
    // releasing.
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ Driver* PlatformCocoaGL::createDriver(void* sharedContext, const Platform::Drive
    pImpl->mGLContext = nsOpenGLContext;

    int result = bluegl::bind();
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(!result) << "Unable to load OpenGL entry points.";
+    ASSERT_POSTCONDITION(!result, "Unable to load OpenGL entry points.");

    UTILS_UNUSED_IN_RELEASE CVReturn success = CVOpenGLTextureCacheCreate(kCFAllocatorDefault, nullptr,
            [pImpl->mGLContext CGLContextObj], [pImpl->mGLContext.pixelFormat CGLPixelFormatObj], nullptr,
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ Driver* PlatformCocoaTouchGL::createDriver(void* const sharedGLContext, const Pl
    EAGLSharegroup* sharegroup = (__bridge EAGLSharegroup*) sharedGLContext;

    EAGLContext *context = [[EAGLContext alloc] initWithAPI:kEAGLRenderingAPIOpenGLES3 sharegroup:sharegroup];
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(context) << "Unable to create OpenGL ES context.";
+    ASSERT_POSTCONDITION(context, "Unable to create OpenGL ES context.");

    [EAGLContext setCurrentContext:context];

@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ void PlatformCocoaTouchGL::createContext(bool shared) {
    EAGLContext* const context = [[EAGLContext alloc]
                                  initWithAPI:kEAGLRenderingAPIOpenGLES3
                                   sharegroup:sharegroup];
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(context) << "Unable to create extra OpenGL ES context.";
+    ASSERT_POSTCONDITION(context, "Unable to create extra OpenGL ES context.");
    [EAGLContext setCurrentContext:context];
    pImpl->mAdditionalContexts.push_back(context);
 }
@@ -180,8 +180,7 @@ bool PlatformCocoaTouchGL::makeCurrent(ContextType type, SwapChain* drawSwapChai
        glGetIntegerv(GL_FRAMEBUFFER_BINDING, &oldFramebuffer);
        glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, pImpl->mDefaultFramebuffer);
        GLenum const status = glCheckFramebufferStatus(GL_FRAMEBUFFER);
-        FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(status == GL_FRAMEBUFFER_COMPLETE)
-                << "Incomplete framebuffer.";
+        ASSERT_POSTCONDITION(status == GL_FRAMEBUFFER_COMPLETE, "Incomplete framebuffer.");
        glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, oldFramebuffer);
    }
    return true;
@@ -19,8 +19,6 @@
 #include <backend/platforms/PlatformEGL.h>
 #include <backend/platforms/PlatformEGLAndroid.h>

-#include <private/backend/VirtualMachineEnv.h>
-
 #include "opengl/GLUtils.h"
 #include "ExternalStreamManagerAndroid.h"

@@ -84,23 +82,9 @@ using EGLStream = Platform::Stream;

 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-PlatformEGLAndroid::InitializeJvmForPerformanceManagerIfNeeded::InitializeJvmForPerformanceManagerIfNeeded() {
-    // PerformanceHintManager() needs the calling thread to be a Java thread; so we need
-    // to attach this thread to the JVM before we initialize PerformanceHintManager.
-    // This should be done in PerformanceHintManager(), but libutils doesn't have access to
-    // VirtualMachineEnv.
-    if (PerformanceHintManager::isSupported()) {
-        (void)VirtualMachineEnv::get().getEnvironment();
-    }
-}
-
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
 PlatformEGLAndroid::PlatformEGLAndroid() noexcept
        : PlatformEGL(),
-          mExternalStreamManager(ExternalStreamManagerAndroid::create()),
-          mInitializeJvmForPerformanceManagerIfNeeded(),
-          mPerformanceHintManager() {
+          mExternalStreamManager(ExternalStreamManagerAndroid::create()) {

    char scratch[PROP_VALUE_MAX + 1];
    int length = __system_property_get("ro.build.version.release", scratch);
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ Driver* PlatformGLX::createDriver(void* const sharedGLContext,
    g_glx.setCurrentContext(mGLXDisplay, mDummySurface, mDummySurface, mGLXContext);

    int result = bluegl::bind();
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(!result) << "Unable to load OpenGL entry points.";
+    ASSERT_POSTCONDITION(!result, "Unable to load OpenGL entry points.");

    return OpenGLPlatform::createDefaultDriver(this, sharedGLContext, driverConfig);
 }
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ Driver* PlatformWGL::createDriver(void* const sharedGLContext,
    }

    result = bluegl::bind();
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(!result) << "Unable to load OpenGL entry points.";
+    ASSERT_POSTCONDITION(!result, "Unable to load OpenGL entry points.");

    return OpenGLPlatform::createDefaultDriver(this, sharedGLContext, driverConfig);

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ inline void blitFast(const VkCommandBuffer cmdbuffer, VkImageAspectFlags aspect,
        VulkanAttachment src, VulkanAttachment dst,
        const VkOffset3D srcRect[2], const VkOffset3D dstRect[2]) {
    if constexpr (FVK_ENABLED(FVK_DEBUG_BLITTER)) {
-        FVK_LOGD << "Fast blit from=" << src.texture->getVkImage() << ",level=" << (int) src.level
+        utils::slog.d << "Fast blit from=" << src.texture->getVkImage() << ",level=" << (int) src.level
                      << " layout=" << src.getLayout()
                      << " to=" << dst.texture->getVkImage() << ",level=" << (int) dst.level
                      << " layout=" << dst.getLayout() << utils::io::endl;
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ inline void blitFast(const VkCommandBuffer cmdbuffer, VkImageAspectFlags aspect,
 inline void resolveFast(const VkCommandBuffer cmdbuffer, VkImageAspectFlags aspect,
        VulkanAttachment src, VulkanAttachment dst) {
    if constexpr (FVK_ENABLED(FVK_DEBUG_BLITTER)) {
-        FVK_LOGD << "Fast blit from=" << src.texture->getVkImage() << ",level=" << (int) src.level
+        utils::slog.d << "Fast blit from=" << src.texture->getVkImage() << ",level=" << (int) src.level
                      << " layout=" << src.getLayout()
                      << " to=" << dst.texture->getVkImage() << ",level=" << (int) dst.level
                      << " layout=" << dst.getLayout() << utils::io::endl;
@@ -28,7 +28,6 @@ VulkanBuffer::VulkanBuffer(VmaAllocator allocator, VulkanStagePool& stagePool,
    : mAllocator(allocator),
      mStagePool(stagePool),
      mUsage(usage),
-	  mUpdatedOffset(0),
      mUpdatedBytes(0) {
    // for now make sure that only 1 bit is set in usage
    // (because loadFromCpu() assumes that somewhat)
@@ -81,7 +80,6 @@ void VulkanBuffer::loadFromCpu(VkCommandBuffer cmdbuf, const void* cpuData, uint
            .srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
            .dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
            .buffer = mGpuBuffer,
-			.offset = mUpdatedOffset,
            .size = mUpdatedBytes,
        };
        vkCmdPipelineBarrier(cmdbuf, srcStage, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT, 0, 0, nullptr, 1,
@@ -95,7 +93,6 @@ void VulkanBuffer::loadFromCpu(VkCommandBuffer cmdbuf, const void* cpuData, uint
    };
    vkCmdCopyBuffer(cmdbuf, stage->buffer, mGpuBuffer, 1, &region);

-	mUpdatedOffset = byteOffset;
    mUpdatedBytes = numBytes;

    // Firstly, ensure that the copy finishes before the next draw call.
@@ -42,7 +42,6 @@ private:
    VmaAllocation mGpuMemory = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
    VkBuffer mGpuBuffer = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
    VkBufferUsageFlags mUsage = {};
-	uint32_t mUpdatedOffset = 0;
    uint32_t mUpdatedBytes = 0;
 };

@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ VulkanCommandBuffer& VulkanCommands::get() {
    // presenting the swap chain or waiting on a fence.
    while (mAvailableBufferCount == 0) {
 #if FVK_ENABLED(FVK_DEBUG_COMMAND_BUFFER)
-        FVK_LOGI << "VulkanCommands has stalled. "
+        slog.i << "VulkanCommands has stalled. "
               << "If this occurs frequently, consider increasing VK_MAX_COMMAND_BUFFERS."
               << io::endl;
 #endif
@@ -289,7 +289,7 @@ bool VulkanCommands::flush() {
    };

 #if FVK_ENABLED(FVK_DEBUG_COMMAND_BUFFER)
-    FVK_LOGI << "Submitting cmdbuffer=" << cmdbuffer
+    slog.i << "Submitting cmdbuffer=" << cmdbuffer
           << " wait=(" << signals[0] << ", " << signals[1] << ") "
           << " signal=" << renderingFinished
           << " fence=" << currentbuf->fence->fence
@@ -305,7 +305,7 @@ bool VulkanCommands::flush() {

 #if FVK_ENABLED(FVK_DEBUG_COMMAND_BUFFER)
    if (result != VK_SUCCESS) {
-        FVK_LOGD << "Failed command buffer submission result: " << result << utils::io::endl;
+        utils::slog.d << "Failed command buffer submission result: " << result << utils::io::endl;
    }
 #endif
    assert_invariant(result == VK_SUCCESS);
@@ -320,7 +320,7 @@ VkSemaphore VulkanCommands::acquireFinishedSignal() {
    VkSemaphore semaphore = mSubmissionSignal;
    mSubmissionSignal = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
 #if FVK_ENABLED(FVK_DEBUG_COMMAND_BUFFER)
-    FVK_LOGI << "Acquiring " << semaphore << " (e.g. for vkQueuePresentKHR)" << io::endl;
+    slog.i << "Acquiring " << semaphore << " (e.g. for vkQueuePresentKHR)" << io::endl;
 #endif
    return semaphore;
 }
@@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ void VulkanCommands::injectDependency(VkSemaphore next) {
    assert_invariant(mInjectedSignal == VK_NULL_HANDLE);
    mInjectedSignal = next;
 #if FVK_ENABLED(FVK_DEBUG_COMMAND_BUFFER)
-    FVK_LOGI << "Injecting " << next << " (e.g. due to vkAcquireNextImageKHR)" << io::endl;
+    slog.i << "Injecting " << next << " (e.g. due to vkAcquireNextImageKHR)" << io::endl;
 #endif
 }

@@ -398,7 +398,7 @@ void VulkanCommands::pushGroupMarker(char const* str, VulkanGroupMarkers::Timest
    // If the timestamp is not 0, then we are carrying over a marker across buffer submits.
    // If it is 0, then this is a normal marker push and we should just print debug line as usual.
    if (timestamp.time_since_epoch().count() == 0.0) {
-        FVK_LOGD << "----> " << str << utils::io::endl;
+        utils::slog.d << "----> " << str << utils::io::endl;
    }
 #endif

@@ -436,7 +436,7 @@ void VulkanCommands::popGroupMarker() {
        auto const [marker, startTime] = mGroupMarkers->pop();
        auto const endTime = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
        std::chrono::duration<double> diff = endTime - startTime;
-        FVK_LOGD << "<---- " << marker << " elapsed: " << (diff.count() * 1000) << " ms"
+        utils::slog.d << "<---- " << marker << " elapsed: " << (diff.count() * 1000) << " ms"
                      << utils::io::endl;
 #else
        mGroupMarkers->pop();
@@ -17,8 +17,6 @@
 #ifndef TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_VULKANCONSTANTS_H
 #define TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_VULKANCONSTANTS_H

-#include <utils/Log.h>
-
 #include <stdint.h>

 // In debug builds, we enable validation layers and set up a debug callback.
@@ -72,11 +70,6 @@
 // the currently active resources.
 #define FVK_DEBUG_RESOURCE_LEAK           0x00010000

-// Set this to enable logging "only" to one output stream. This is useful in the case where we want
-// to debug with print statements and want ordered logging (e.g slog.i and slog.e will not appear in
-// order of calls).
-#define FVK_DEBUG_FORCE_LOG_TO_I          0x00020000
-
 // Useful default combinations
 #define FVK_DEBUG_EVERYTHING              0xFFFFFFFF
 #define FVK_DEBUG_PERFORMANCE     \
@@ -140,18 +133,6 @@ static_assert(FVK_ENABLED(FVK_DEBUG_VALIDATION));
 #define FVK_HANDLE_ARENA_SIZE_IN_MB 8
 #endif

-#if FVK_ENABLED(FVK_DEBUG_FORCE_LOG_TO_I)
-    #define FVK_LOGI (utils::slog.i)
-    #define FVK_LOGD FVK_LOGI
-    #define FVK_LOGE FVK_LOGI
-    #define FVK_LOGW FVK_LOGI
-#else
-    #define FVK_LOGE (utils::slog.e)
-    #define FVK_LOGW (utils::slog.w)
-    #define FVK_LOGD (utils::slog.d)
-    #define FVK_LOGI (utils::slog.i)
-#endif
-
 // All vkCreate* functions take an optional allocator. For now we select the default allocator by
 // passing in a null pointer, and we highlight the argument by using the VKALLOC constant.
 constexpr struct VkAllocationCallbacks* VKALLOC = nullptr;
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ VulkanTimestamps::VulkanTimestamps(VkDevice device) : mDevice(device) {
    std::unique_lock<utils::Mutex> lock(mMutex);
    tqpCreateInfo.queryCount = mUsed.size() * 2;
    VkResult result = vkCreateQueryPool(mDevice, &tqpCreateInfo, VKALLOC, &mPool);
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(result == VK_SUCCESS) << "vkCreateQueryPool error.";
+    ASSERT_POSTCONDITION(result == VK_SUCCESS, "vkCreateQueryPool error.");
    mUsed.reset();
 }

@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ std::tuple<uint32_t, uint32_t> VulkanTimestamps::getNextQuery() {
 	    return std::make_tuple(timerIndex * 2, timerIndex * 2 + 1);
        }
    }
-    FVK_LOGE << "More than " << maxTimers << " timers are not supported." << utils::io::endl;
+    utils::slog.e << "More than " << maxTimers << " timers are not supported." << utils::io::endl;
    return std::make_tuple(0, 1);
 }

@@ -134,8 +134,8 @@ VulkanTimestamps::QueryResult VulkanTimestamps::getResult(VulkanTimerQuery const
    VkResult vkresult =
            vkGetQueryPoolResults(mDevice, mPool, index, 2, dataSize, (void*) result.data(),
                    stride, VK_QUERY_RESULT_64_BIT | VK_QUERY_RESULT_WITH_AVAILABILITY_BIT);
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(vkresult == VK_SUCCESS || vkresult == VK_NOT_READY)
-            << "vkGetQueryPoolResults error: " << static_cast<int32_t>(vkresult);
+    ASSERT_POSTCONDITION(vkresult == VK_SUCCESS || vkresult == VK_NOT_READY,
+            "vkGetQueryPoolResults error: %d", static_cast<int32_t>(vkresult));
    if (vkresult == VK_NOT_READY) {
        return {0, 0, 0, 0};
    }
@@ -120,32 +120,22 @@ public:
    }

    inline bool isImageCubeArraySupported() const noexcept {
-        return mPhysicalDeviceFeatures.imageCubeArray == VK_TRUE;
+        return mPhysicalDeviceFeatures.imageCubeArray;
    }

    inline bool isDebugMarkersSupported() const noexcept {
        return mDebugMarkersSupported;
    }
-
    inline bool isDebugUtilsSupported() const noexcept {
        return mDebugUtilsSupported;
    }

-    inline bool isMultiviewEnabled() const noexcept {
-        return mMultiviewEnabled;
-    }
-
-    inline bool isClipDistanceSupported() const noexcept {
-        return mPhysicalDeviceFeatures.shaderClipDistance == VK_TRUE;
-    }
-
 private:
    VkPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties mMemoryProperties = {};
    VkPhysicalDeviceProperties mPhysicalDeviceProperties = {};
    VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures mPhysicalDeviceFeatures = {};
    bool mDebugMarkersSupported = false;
    bool mDebugUtilsSupported = false;
-    bool mMultiviewEnabled = false;

    VkFormatList mDepthStencilFormats;
    VkFormatList mBlittableDepthStencilFormats;
@@ -115,15 +115,15 @@ VKAPI_ATTR VkBool32 VKAPI_CALL debugReportCallback(VkDebugReportFlagsEXT flags,
        VkDebugReportObjectTypeEXT objectType, uint64_t object, size_t location,
        int32_t messageCode, const char* pLayerPrefix, const char* pMessage, void* pUserData) {
    if (flags & VK_DEBUG_REPORT_ERROR_BIT_EXT) {
-        FVK_LOGE << "VULKAN ERROR: (" << pLayerPrefix << ") " << pMessage << utils::io::endl;
+        utils::slog.e << "VULKAN ERROR: (" << pLayerPrefix << ") " << pMessage << utils::io::endl;
    } else {
        // TODO: emit best practices warnings about aggressive pipeline barriers.
        if (strstr(pMessage, "ALL_GRAPHICS_BIT") || strstr(pMessage, "ALL_COMMANDS_BIT")) {
            return VK_FALSE;
        }
-        FVK_LOGW << "VULKAN WARNING: (" << pLayerPrefix << ") " << pMessage << utils::io::endl;
+        utils::slog.w << "VULKAN WARNING: (" << pLayerPrefix << ") " << pMessage << utils::io::endl;
    }
-    FVK_LOGE << utils::io::endl;
+    utils::slog.e << utils::io::endl;
    return VK_FALSE;
 }
 #endif // FVK_EANBLED(FVK_DEBUG_VALIDATION)
@@ -133,18 +133,18 @@ VKAPI_ATTR VkBool32 VKAPI_CALL debugUtilsCallback(VkDebugUtilsMessageSeverityFla
        VkDebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT types, const VkDebugUtilsMessengerCallbackDataEXT* cbdata,
        void* pUserData) {
    if (severity & VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_ERROR_BIT_EXT) {
-        FVK_LOGE << "VULKAN ERROR: (" << cbdata->pMessageIdName << ") " << cbdata->pMessage
-                 << utils::io::endl;
+        utils::slog.e << "VULKAN ERROR: (" << cbdata->pMessageIdName << ") " << cbdata->pMessage
+                      << utils::io::endl;
    } else {
        // TODO: emit best practices warnings about aggressive pipeline barriers.
        if (strstr(cbdata->pMessage, "ALL_GRAPHICS_BIT")
                || strstr(cbdata->pMessage, "ALL_COMMANDS_BIT")) {
            return VK_FALSE;
        }
-        FVK_LOGW << "VULKAN WARNING: (" << cbdata->pMessageIdName << ") " << cbdata->pMessage
-                 << utils::io::endl;
+        utils::slog.w << "VULKAN WARNING: (" << cbdata->pMessageIdName << ") " << cbdata->pMessage
+                      << utils::io::endl;
    }
-    FVK_LOGE << utils::io::endl;
+    utils::slog.e << utils::io::endl;
    return VK_FALSE;
 }
 #endif // FVK_EANBLED(FVK_DEBUG_DEBUG_UTILS)
@@ -173,8 +173,7 @@ DebugUtils::DebugUtils(VkInstance instance, VkDevice device, VulkanContext const
        };
        VkResult result = vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(instance, &createInfo,
                VKALLOC, &mDebugMessenger);
-        FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(result == VK_SUCCESS)
-                << "Unable to create Vulkan debug messenger.";
+        ASSERT_POSTCONDITION(result == VK_SUCCESS, "Unable to create Vulkan debug messenger.");
    }
 #endif // FVK_EANBLED(FVK_DEBUG_VALIDATION)
 }
@@ -229,8 +228,7 @@ VulkanDriver::VulkanDriver(VulkanPlatform* platform, VulkanContext const& contex
      mBlitter(mPlatform->getPhysicalDevice(), &mCommands),
      mReadPixels(mPlatform->getDevice()),
      mDescriptorSetManager(mPlatform->getDevice(), &mResourceAllocator),
-      mIsSRGBSwapChainSupported(mPlatform->getCustomization().isSRGBSwapChainSupported),
-      mStereoscopicType(driverConfig.stereoscopicType) {
+      mIsSRGBSwapChainSupported(mPlatform->getCustomization().isSRGBSwapChainSupported) {

 #if FVK_ENABLED(FVK_DEBUG_DEBUG_UTILS)
    DebugUtils::mSingleton =
@@ -248,8 +246,7 @@ VulkanDriver::VulkanDriver(VulkanPlatform* platform, VulkanContext const& contex
        };
        VkResult result = createDebugReportCallback(mPlatform->getInstance(), &cbinfo, VKALLOC,
                &mDebugCallback);
-        FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(result == VK_SUCCESS)
-                << "Unable to create Vulkan debug callback.";
+        ASSERT_POSTCONDITION(result == VK_SUCCESS, "Unable to create Vulkan debug callback.");
    }
 #endif

@@ -292,7 +289,7 @@ Driver* VulkanDriver::create(VulkanPlatform* platform, VulkanContext const& cont
    //    VulkanRenderTarget            : 312       few
    // -- less than or equal to 312 bytes

-    FVK_LOGD
+    utils::slog.d
           << "\nVulkanSwapChain: " << sizeof(VulkanSwapChain)
           << "\nVulkanBufferObject: " << sizeof(VulkanBufferObject)
           << "\nVulkanVertexBuffer: " << sizeof(VulkanVertexBuffer)
@@ -325,10 +322,6 @@ ShaderModel VulkanDriver::getShaderModel() const noexcept {
 }

 void VulkanDriver::terminate() {
-    // Flush and wait here to make sure all queued commands are executed and resources that are tied
-    // to those commands are no longer referenced.
-    finish(0);
-
    delete mEmptyBufferObject;
    delete mEmptyTexture;

@@ -397,10 +390,7 @@ void VulkanDriver::collectGarbage() {
 }
 void VulkanDriver::beginFrame(int64_t monotonic_clock_ns,
        int64_t refreshIntervalNs, uint32_t frameId) {
-    FVK_SYSTRACE_CONTEXT();
-    FVK_SYSTRACE_START("beginFrame");
    // Do nothing.
-    FVK_SYSTRACE_END();
 }

 void VulkanDriver::setFrameScheduledCallback(Handle<HwSwapChain> sch,
@@ -660,8 +650,8 @@ void VulkanDriver::createFenceR(Handle<HwFence> fh, int) {

 void VulkanDriver::createSwapChainR(Handle<HwSwapChain> sch, void* nativeWindow, uint64_t flags) {
    if ((flags & backend::SWAP_CHAIN_CONFIG_SRGB_COLORSPACE) != 0 && !isSRGBSwapChainSupported()) {
-        FVK_LOGW << "sRGB swapchain requested, but Platform does not support it"
-                 << utils::io::endl;
+        utils::slog.w << "sRGB swapchain requested, but Platform does not support it"
+                      << utils::io::endl;
        flags = flags | ~(backend::SWAP_CHAIN_CONFIG_SRGB_COLORSPACE);
    }
    auto swapChain = mResourceAllocator.construct<VulkanSwapChain>(sch, mPlatform, mContext,
@@ -672,7 +662,7 @@ void VulkanDriver::createSwapChainR(Handle<HwSwapChain> sch, void* nativeWindow,
 void VulkanDriver::createSwapChainHeadlessR(Handle<HwSwapChain> sch, uint32_t width,
        uint32_t height, uint64_t flags) {
    if ((flags & backend::SWAP_CHAIN_CONFIG_SRGB_COLORSPACE) != 0 && !isSRGBSwapChainSupported()) {
-        FVK_LOGW << "sRGB swapchain requested, but Platform does not support it"
+        utils::slog.w << "sRGB swapchain requested, but Platform does not support it"
                      << utils::io::endl;
        flags = flags | ~(backend::SWAP_CHAIN_CONFIG_SRGB_COLORSPACE);
    }
@@ -909,14 +899,13 @@ bool VulkanDriver::isProtectedContentSupported() {
    return false;
 }

-bool VulkanDriver::isStereoSupported() {
-    switch (mStereoscopicType) {
-        case backend::StereoscopicType::INSTANCED:
-            return mContext.isClipDistanceSupported();
-        case backend::StereoscopicType::MULTIVIEW:
-            return mContext.isMultiviewEnabled();
-        case backend::StereoscopicType::NONE:
-            return false;
+bool VulkanDriver::isStereoSupported(backend::StereoscopicType stereoscopicType) {
+    switch (stereoscopicType) {
+    case backend::StereoscopicType::INSTANCED:
+        return true;
+    case backend::StereoscopicType::MULTIVIEW:
+        // TODO: implement multiview feature in Vulkan.
+        return false;
    }
 }

@@ -986,15 +975,15 @@ FeatureLevel VulkanDriver::getFeatureLevel() {

    // If the max sampler counts do not meet FL2 standards, then this is an FL1 device.
    const auto& fl2 = FEATURE_LEVEL_CAPS[+FeatureLevel::FEATURE_LEVEL_2];
-    if (limits.maxPerStageDescriptorSamplers < fl2.MAX_VERTEX_SAMPLER_COUNT  ||
-        limits.maxPerStageDescriptorSamplers < fl2.MAX_FRAGMENT_SAMPLER_COUNT) {
+    if (fl2.MAX_VERTEX_SAMPLER_COUNT < limits.maxPerStageDescriptorSamplers ||
+        fl2.MAX_FRAGMENT_SAMPLER_COUNT < limits.maxPerStageDescriptorSamplers) {
        return FeatureLevel::FEATURE_LEVEL_1;
    }

    // If the max sampler counts do not meet FL3 standards, then this is an FL2 device.
    const auto& fl3 = FEATURE_LEVEL_CAPS[+FeatureLevel::FEATURE_LEVEL_3];
-    if (limits.maxPerStageDescriptorSamplers < fl3.MAX_VERTEX_SAMPLER_COUNT||
-        limits.maxPerStageDescriptorSamplers < fl3.MAX_FRAGMENT_SAMPLER_COUNT) {
+    if (fl3.MAX_VERTEX_SAMPLER_COUNT < limits.maxPerStageDescriptorSamplers ||
+        fl3.MAX_FRAGMENT_SAMPLER_COUNT < limits.maxPerStageDescriptorSamplers) {
        return FeatureLevel::FEATURE_LEVEL_2;
    }

@@ -1099,8 +1088,7 @@ TimerQueryResult VulkanDriver::getTimerQueryValue(Handle<HwTimerQuery> tqh, uint
        return TimerQueryResult::NOT_READY;
    }

-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(timestamp1 >= timestamp0)
-            << "Timestamps are not monotonically increasing.";
+    ASSERT_POSTCONDITION(timestamp1 >= timestamp0, "Timestamps are not monotonically increasing.");

    // NOTE: MoltenVK currently writes system time so the following delta will always be zero.
    // However there are plans for implementing this properly. See the following GitHub ticket.
@@ -1505,8 +1493,8 @@ void VulkanDriver::endRenderPass(int) {
 }

 void VulkanDriver::nextSubpass(int) {
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(mCurrentRenderPass.currentSubpass == 0)
-            << "Only two subpasses are currently supported.";
+    ASSERT_PRECONDITION(mCurrentRenderPass.currentSubpass == 0,
+            "Only two subpasses are currently supported.");

    VulkanRenderTarget* renderTarget = mCurrentRenderPass.renderTarget;
    assert_invariant(renderTarget);
@@ -1646,36 +1634,36 @@ void VulkanDriver::resolve(
    FVK_SYSTRACE_CONTEXT();
    FVK_SYSTRACE_START("resolve");

-    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(mCurrentRenderPass.renderPass == VK_NULL_HANDLE)
-            << "resolve() cannot be invoked inside a render pass.";
+    ASSERT_PRECONDITION(mCurrentRenderPass.renderPass == VK_NULL_HANDLE,
+            "resolve() cannot be invoked inside a render pass.");

    auto* const srcTexture = mResourceAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanTexture*>(src);
    auto* const dstTexture = mResourceAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanTexture*>(dst);
    assert_invariant(srcTexture);
    assert_invariant(dstTexture);

-    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(
-            dstTexture->width == srcTexture->width && dstTexture->height == srcTexture->height)
-            << "invalid resolve: src and dst sizes don't match";
+    ASSERT_PRECONDITION(
+            dstTexture->width == srcTexture->width && dstTexture->height == srcTexture->height,
+            "invalid resolve: src and dst sizes don't match");

-    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(srcTexture->samples > 1 && dstTexture->samples == 1)
-            << "invalid resolve: src.samples=" << +srcTexture->samples
-            << ", dst.samples=" << +dstTexture->samples;
+    ASSERT_PRECONDITION(srcTexture->samples > 1 && dstTexture->samples == 1,
+            "invalid resolve: src.samples=%u, dst.samples=%u",
+            +srcTexture->samples, +dstTexture->samples);

-    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(srcTexture->format == dstTexture->format)
-            << "src and dst texture format don't match";
+    ASSERT_PRECONDITION(srcTexture->format == dstTexture->format,
+            "src and dst texture format don't match");

-    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(!isDepthFormat(srcTexture->format))
-            << "can't resolve depth formats";
+    ASSERT_PRECONDITION(!isDepthFormat(srcTexture->format),
+            "can't resolve depth formats");

-    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(!isStencilFormat(srcTexture->format))
-            << "can't resolve stencil formats";
+    ASSERT_PRECONDITION(!isStencilFormat(srcTexture->format),
+            "can't resolve stencil formats");

-    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(any(dstTexture->usage & TextureUsage::BLIT_DST))
-            << "texture doesn't have BLIT_DST";
+    ASSERT_PRECONDITION(any(dstTexture->usage & TextureUsage::BLIT_DST),
+            "texture doesn't have BLIT_DST");

-    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(any(srcTexture->usage & TextureUsage::BLIT_SRC))
-            << "texture doesn't have BLIT_SRC";
+    ASSERT_PRECONDITION(any(srcTexture->usage & TextureUsage::BLIT_SRC),
+            "texture doesn't have BLIT_SRC");

    mBlitter.resolve(
            { .texture = dstTexture, .level = dstLevel, .layer = dstLayer },
@@ -1691,20 +1679,20 @@ void VulkanDriver::blit(
    FVK_SYSTRACE_CONTEXT();
    FVK_SYSTRACE_START("blit");

-    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(mCurrentRenderPass.renderPass == VK_NULL_HANDLE)
-            << "blit() cannot be invoked inside a render pass.";
+    ASSERT_PRECONDITION(mCurrentRenderPass.renderPass == VK_NULL_HANDLE,
+            "blit() cannot be invoked inside a render pass.");

    auto* const srcTexture = mResourceAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanTexture*>(src);
    auto* const dstTexture = mResourceAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanTexture*>(dst);

-    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(any(dstTexture->usage & TextureUsage::BLIT_DST))
-            << "texture doesn't have BLIT_DST";
+    ASSERT_PRECONDITION(any(dstTexture->usage & TextureUsage::BLIT_DST),
+            "texture doesn't have BLIT_DST");

-    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(any(srcTexture->usage & TextureUsage::BLIT_SRC))
-            << "texture doesn't have BLIT_SRC";
+    ASSERT_PRECONDITION(any(srcTexture->usage & TextureUsage::BLIT_SRC),
+            "texture doesn't have BLIT_SRC");

-    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(srcTexture->format == dstTexture->format)
-            << "src and dst texture format don't match";
+    ASSERT_PRECONDITION(srcTexture->format == dstTexture->format,
+            "src and dst texture format don't match");

    // The Y inversion below makes it so that Vk matches GL and Metal.

@@ -1736,15 +1724,15 @@ void VulkanDriver::blitDEPRECATED(TargetBufferFlags buffers,

    // Note: blitDEPRECATED is only used for Renderer::copyFrame()

-    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(mCurrentRenderPass.renderPass == VK_NULL_HANDLE)
-            << "blitDEPRECATED() cannot be invoked inside a render pass.";
+    ASSERT_PRECONDITION(mCurrentRenderPass.renderPass == VK_NULL_HANDLE,
+            "blitDEPRECATED() cannot be invoked inside a render pass.");

-    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(buffers == TargetBufferFlags::COLOR0)
-            << "blitDEPRECATED only supports COLOR0";
+    ASSERT_PRECONDITION(buffers == TargetBufferFlags::COLOR0,
+            "blitDEPRECATED only supports COLOR0");

-    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(
-            srcRect.left >= 0 && srcRect.bottom >= 0 && dstRect.left >= 0 && dstRect.bottom >= 0)
-            << "Source and destination rects must be positive.";
+    ASSERT_PRECONDITION(srcRect.left >= 0 && srcRect.bottom >= 0 &&
+                        dstRect.left >= 0 && dstRect.bottom >= 0,
+            "Source and destination rects must be positive.");

    VulkanRenderTarget* dstTarget = mResourceAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanRenderTarget*>(dst);
    VulkanRenderTarget* srcTarget = mResourceAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanRenderTarget*>(src);
@@ -1862,9 +1850,9 @@ void VulkanDriver::bindPipeline(PipelineState const& pipelineState) {
        // matching characteristics. (e.g. if the missing texture is a 3D texture)
        if (UTILS_UNLIKELY(texture->getPrimaryImageLayout() == VulkanLayout::UNDEFINED)) {
 #if FVK_ENABLED(FVK_DEBUG_TEXTURE) && FVK_ENABLED_DEBUG_SAMPLER_NAME
-            FVK_LOGW << "Uninitialized texture bound to '" << bindingToName[binding] << "'";
-            FVK_LOGW << " in material '" << program->name.c_str() << "'";
-            FVK_LOGW << " at binding point " << +binding << utils::io::endl;
+            utils::slog.w << "Uninitialized texture bound to '" << bindingToName[binding] << "'";
+            utils::slog.w << " in material '" << program->name.c_str() << "'";
+            utils::slog.w << " at binding point " << +binding << utils::io::endl;
 #endif
            texture = mEmptyTexture;
        }
@@ -2014,7 +2002,7 @@ void VulkanDriver::debugCommandBegin(CommandStream* cmds, bool synchronous, cons
        assert_invariant(inRenderPass);
        inRenderPass = false;
    } else if (inRenderPass && OUTSIDE_COMMANDS.find(command) != OUTSIDE_COMMANDS.end()) {
-        FVK_LOGE << command.data() << " issued inside a render pass." << utils::io::endl;
+        utils::slog.e << command.data() << " issued inside a render pass." << utils::io::endl;
    }
 #endif
 }
@@ -28,7 +28,6 @@
 #include "VulkanSamplerCache.h"
 #include "VulkanStagePool.h"
 #include "VulkanUtility.h"
-#include "backend/DriverEnums.h"
 #include "caching/VulkanDescriptorSetManager.h"
 #include "caching/VulkanPipelineLayoutCache.h"

@@ -167,10 +166,10 @@ private:
        VkPipelineLayout pipelineLayout;
    };
    BoundPipeline mBoundPipeline = {};
+
    RenderPassFboBundle mRenderPassFboInfo;

    bool const mIsSRGBSwapChainSupported;
-    backend::StereoscopicType const mStereoscopicType;
 };

 } // namespace filament::backend
@@ -64,8 +64,8 @@ VulkanFboCache::VulkanFboCache(VkDevice device)
    : mDevice(device) {}

 VulkanFboCache::~VulkanFboCache() {
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(mFramebufferCache.empty() && mRenderPassCache.empty())
-            << "Please explicitly call terminate() while the VkDevice is still alive.";
+    ASSERT_POSTCONDITION(mFramebufferCache.empty() && mRenderPassCache.empty(),
+            "Please explicitly call terminate() while the VkDevice is still alive.");
 }

 VkFramebuffer VulkanFboCache::getFramebuffer(FboKey config) noexcept {
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ VkFramebuffer VulkanFboCache::getFramebuffer(FboKey config) noexcept {
    }

    #if FVK_ENABLED(FVK_DEBUG_FBO_CACHE)
-    FVK_LOGD << "Creating framebuffer " << config.width << "x" << config.height << " "
+    utils::slog.d << "Creating framebuffer " << config.width << "x" << config.height << " "
        << "for render pass " << config.renderPass << ", "
        << "samples = " << int(config.samples) << ", "
        << "depth = " << (config.depth ? 1 : 0) << ", "
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ VkFramebuffer VulkanFboCache::getFramebuffer(FboKey config) noexcept {
    mRenderPassRefCount[info.renderPass]++;
    VkFramebuffer framebuffer;
    VkResult error = vkCreateFramebuffer(mDevice, &info, VKALLOC, &framebuffer);
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(!error) << "Unable to create framebuffer.";
+    ASSERT_POSTCONDITION(!error, "Unable to create framebuffer.");
    mFramebufferCache[config] = {framebuffer, mCurrentTime};
    return framebuffer;
 }
@@ -306,11 +306,11 @@ VkRenderPass VulkanFboCache::getRenderPass(RenderPassKey config) noexcept {
    // Finally, create the VkRenderPass.
    VkRenderPass renderPass;
    VkResult error = vkCreateRenderPass(mDevice, &renderPassInfo, VKALLOC, &renderPass);
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(!error) << "Unable to create render pass.";
+    ASSERT_POSTCONDITION(!error, "Unable to create render pass.");
    mRenderPassCache[config] = {renderPass, mCurrentTime};

    #if FVK_ENABLED(FVK_DEBUG_FBO_CACHE)
-    FVK_LOGD << "Created render pass " << renderPass << " with "
+    utils::slog.d << "Created render pass " << renderPass << " with "
        << "samples = " << int(config.samples) << ", "
        << "depth = " << (hasDepth ? 1 : 0) << ", "
        << "colorAttachmentCount[0] = " << subpasses[0].colorAttachmentCount
@@ -237,7 +237,7 @@ VulkanProgram::VulkanProgram(VkDevice device, Program const& builder) noexcept
            .pCode = data,
        };
        VkResult result = vkCreateShaderModule(mDevice, &moduleInfo, VKALLOC, &module);
-        FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(result == VK_SUCCESS) << "Unable to create shader module.";
+        ASSERT_POSTCONDITION(result == VK_SUCCESS, "Unable to create shader module.");

 #if FVK_ENABLED(FVK_DEBUG_DEBUG_UTILS)
        std::string name{ builder.getName().c_str(), builder.getName().size() };
@@ -292,8 +292,8 @@ VulkanProgram::VulkanProgram(VkDevice device, Program const& builder) noexcept
    }

 #if FVK_ENABLED(FVK_DEBUG_SHADER_MODULE)
-    FVK_LOGD << "Created VulkanProgram " << builder << ", shaders = (" << modules[0]
-             << ", " << modules[1] << ")" << utils::io::endl;
+    utils::slog.d << "Created VulkanProgram " << builder << ", shaders = (" << modules[0]
+                  << ", " << modules[1] << ")" << utils::io::endl;
 #endif
 }

@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ VulkanPipelineCache::PipelineCacheEntry* VulkanPipelineCache::getOrCreatePipelin
    // If a cached object exists, re-use it, otherwise create a new one.
    if (PipelineMap::iterator pipelineIter = mPipelines.find(mPipelineRequirements);
            pipelineIter != mPipelines.end()) {
-        auto& pipeline = pipelineIter->second;
+        auto& pipeline = pipelineIter.value();
        pipeline.lastUsed = mCurrentTime;
        return &pipeline;
    }
@@ -230,19 +230,18 @@ VulkanPipelineCache::PipelineCacheEntry* VulkanPipelineCache::createPipeline() n
    PipelineCacheEntry cacheEntry = {};

    #if FVK_ENABLED(FVK_DEBUG_SHADER_MODULE)
-        FVK_LOGD << "vkCreateGraphicsPipelines with shaders = ("
-                 << shaderStages[0].module << ", " << shaderStages[1].module << ")"
-                 << utils::io::endl;
+        utils::slog.d << "vkCreateGraphicsPipelines with shaders = ("
+                << shaderStages[0].module << ", " << shaderStages[1].module << ")" << utils::io::endl;
    #endif
    VkResult error = vkCreateGraphicsPipelines(mDevice, VK_NULL_HANDLE, 1, &pipelineCreateInfo,
            VKALLOC, &cacheEntry.handle);
    assert_invariant(error == VK_SUCCESS);
    if (error != VK_SUCCESS) {
-        FVK_LOGE << "vkCreateGraphicsPipelines error " << error << utils::io::endl;
+        utils::slog.e << "vkCreateGraphicsPipelines error " << error << utils::io::endl;
        return nullptr;
    }

-    return &mPipelines.emplace(mPipelineRequirements, cacheEntry).first->second;
+    return &mPipelines.emplace(mPipelineRequirements, cacheEntry).first.value();
 }

 void VulkanPipelineCache::bindProgram(VulkanProgram* program) noexcept {
@@ -253,7 +252,7 @@ void VulkanPipelineCache::bindProgram(VulkanProgram* program) noexcept {
 #if FVK_ENABLED(FVK_DEBUG_SHADER_MODULE)
    if (mPipelineRequirements.shaders[0] == VK_NULL_HANDLE ||
            mPipelineRequirements.shaders[1] == VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
-        FVK_LOGE << "Binding missing shader: " << program->name.c_str() << utils::io::endl;
+        utils::slog.e << "Binding missing shader: " << program->name.c_str() << utils::io::endl;
    }
 #endif
 }
@@ -310,7 +309,7 @@ void VulkanPipelineCache::gc() noexcept {
    // Any pipeline older than FVK_MAX_COMMAND_BUFFERS can be safely destroyed.
   using ConstPipeIterator = decltype(mPipelines)::const_iterator;
   for (ConstPipeIterator iter = mPipelines.begin(); iter != mPipelines.end();) {
-       const PipelineCacheEntry& cacheEntry = iter->second;
+       const PipelineCacheEntry& cacheEntry = iter.value();
       if (cacheEntry.lastUsed + FVK_MAX_PIPELINE_AGE < mCurrentTime) {
           vkDestroyPipeline(mDevice, iter->second.handle, VKALLOC);
           iter = mPipelines.erase(iter);
@@ -33,11 +33,11 @@
 #include <utils/compiler.h>
 #include <utils/Hash.h>

-#include <ankerl/unordered_dense.h>
-
 #include <list>
+#include <tsl/robin_map.h>
 #include <type_traits>
 #include <vector>
+#include <unordered_map>

 namespace filament::backend {

@@ -238,10 +238,7 @@ private:
    // CACHE CONTAINERS
    // ----------------

-//    using PipelineMap = tsl::robin_map<PipelineKey, PipelineCacheEntry,
-//            PipelineHashFn, PipelineEqual>;
-
-    using PipelineMap = ankerl::unordered_dense::map<PipelineKey, PipelineCacheEntry,
+    using PipelineMap = tsl::robin_map<PipelineKey, PipelineCacheEntry,
            PipelineHashFn, PipelineEqual>;

 private:
@@ -71,8 +71,8 @@ void TaskHandler::shutdown() {
    }
    mHasTaskCondition.notify_one();
    mThread.join();
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(mTaskQueue.empty())
-            << "ReadPixels handler has tasks in the queue after shutdown";
+    ASSERT_POSTCONDITION(mTaskQueue.empty(),
+            "ReadPixels handler has tasks in the queue after shutdown");
 }

 void TaskHandler::loop() {
@@ -167,9 +167,9 @@ void VulkanReadPixels::run(VulkanRenderTarget* srcTarget, uint32_t const x, uint
    vkCreateImage(device, &imageInfo, VKALLOC, &stagingImage);

 #if FVK_ENABLED(FVK_DEBUG_READ_PIXELS)
-    FVK_LOGD << "readPixels created image=" << stagingImage
-             << " to copy from image=" << srcTexture->getVkImage()
-             << " src-layout=" << srcTexture->getLayout(0, 0) << utils::io::endl;
+    utils::slog.d << "readPixels created image=" << stagingImage
+                  << " to copy from image=" << srcTexture->getVkImage()
+                  << " src-layout=" << srcTexture->getLayout(0, 0) << utils::io::endl;
 #endif

    VkMemoryRequirements memReqs;
@@ -185,13 +185,13 @@ void VulkanReadPixels::run(VulkanRenderTarget* srcTarget, uint32_t const x, uint
    if (memoryTypeIndex >= VK_MAX_MEMORY_TYPES) {
        memoryTypeIndex = selectMemoryFunc(memReqs.memoryTypeBits,
                VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT);
-        FVK_LOGW
+        utils::slog.w
                << "readPixels is slow because VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_CACHED_BIT is not available"
                << utils::io::endl;
    }

-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(memoryTypeIndex < VK_MAX_MEMORY_TYPES)
-            << "VulkanReadPixels: unable to find a memory type that meets requirements.";
+    ASSERT_POSTCONDITION(memoryTypeIndex < VK_MAX_MEMORY_TYPES,
+            "VulkanReadPixels: unable to find a memory type that meets requirements.");

    VkMemoryAllocateInfo const allocInfo = {
            .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_ALLOCATE_INFO,
@@ -303,7 +303,7 @@ void VulkanReadPixels::run(VulkanRenderTarget* srcTarget, uint32_t const x, uint
        VkResult status = vkWaitForFences(device, 1, &fence, VK_TRUE, UINT64_MAX);
        // Fence hasn't been reached. Try waiting again.
        if (status != VK_SUCCESS) {
-            FVK_LOGE << "Failed to wait for readPixels fence" << utils::io::endl;
+            utils::slog.e << "Failed to wait for readPixels fence" << utils::io::endl;
            return;
        }

@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ void VulkanReadPixels::run(VulkanRenderTarget* srcTarget, uint32_t const x, uint
                    getComponentCount(srcFormat), srcPixels,
                    static_cast<int>(subResourceLayout.rowPitch), static_cast<int>(width),
                    static_cast<int>(height), swizzle)) {
-            FVK_LOGE << "Unsupported PixelDataFormat or PixelDataType" << utils::io::endl;
+            utils::slog.e << "Unsupported PixelDataFormat or PixelDataType" << utils::io::endl;
        }

        vkUnmapMemory(device, stagingMemory);
@@ -111,11 +111,11 @@ private:
 #if DEBUG_RESOURCE_LEAKS
 public:
    void print() {
-        FVK_LOGD << "Resource Allocator state (debug only)" << utils::io::endl;
+        utils::slog.d << "Resource Allocator state (debug only)" << utils::io::endl;
        for (size_t i = 0; i < RESOURCE_TYPE_COUNT; i++) {
-            FVK_LOGD << "[" << i << "]=" << mDebugOnlyResourceCount[i] << utils::io::endl;
+            utils::slog.d << "[" << i << "]=" << mDebugOnlyResourceCount[i] << utils::io::endl;
        }
-        FVK_LOGD << "+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++" << utils::io::endl;
+        utils::slog.d << "+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++" << utils::io::endl;
    }
 private:
    utils::FixedCapacityVector<size_t> mDebugOnlyResourceCount;
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ VkSampler VulkanSamplerCache::getSampler(SamplerParams params) noexcept {
    };
    VkSampler sampler;
    VkResult error = vkCreateSampler(mDevice, &samplerInfo, VKALLOC, &sampler);
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(!error) << "Unable to create sampler.";
+    ASSERT_POSTCONDITION(!error, "Unable to create sampler.");
    mCache.insert({params, sampler});
    return sampler;
 }
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ VulkanStage const* VulkanStagePool::acquireStage(uint32_t numBytes) {

 #if FVK_ENABLED(FVK_DEBUG_ALLOCATION)
    if (result != VK_SUCCESS) {
-        FVK_LOGE << "Allocation error: " << result << utils::io::endl;
+        utils::slog.e << "Allocation error: " << result << utils::io::endl;
    }
 #endif

@@ -35,12 +35,27 @@ VulkanSwapChain::VulkanSwapChain(VulkanPlatform* platform, VulkanContext const&
      mStagePool(stagePool),
      mHeadless(extent.width != 0 && extent.height != 0 && !nativeWindow),
      mFlushAndWaitOnResize(platform->getCustomization().flushAndWaitOnWindowResize),
-      mTransitionSwapChainImageLayoutForPresent(
-            platform->getCustomization().transitionSwapChainImageLayoutForPresent),
+      mCurrentImageReadyIndex(0),
      mAcquired(false),
      mIsFirstRenderPass(true) {
    swapChain = mPlatform->createSwapChain(nativeWindow, flags, extent);
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(swapChain) << "Unable to create swapchain";
+    ASSERT_POSTCONDITION(swapChain, "Unable to create swapchain");
+
+    VkSemaphoreCreateInfo const createInfo = {
+            .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SEMAPHORE_CREATE_INFO,
+    };
+
+    // No need to wait on this semaphore before drawing when in Headless mode.
+    if (mHeadless) {
+		// Set all sempahores to VK_NULL_HANDLE
+		memset(mImageReady, 0, sizeof(mImageReady[0]) * IMAGE_READY_SEMAPHORE_COUNT);
+	} else {
+		for (uint32_t i = 0; i < IMAGE_READY_SEMAPHORE_COUNT; ++i) {
+			VkResult result =
+					vkCreateSemaphore(mPlatform->getDevice(), &createInfo, nullptr, mImageReady + i);
+			ASSERT_POSTCONDITION(result == VK_SUCCESS, "Failed to create semaphore");
+		}
+    }

    update();
 }
@@ -52,6 +67,11 @@ VulkanSwapChain::~VulkanSwapChain() {
    mCommands->wait();

    mPlatform->destroy(swapChain);
+	for (uint32_t i = 0; i < IMAGE_READY_SEMAPHORE_COUNT; ++i) {
+		if (mImageReady[i] != VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
+			vkDestroySemaphore(mPlatform->getDevice(), mImageReady[i], VKALLOC);
+		}
+	}
 }

 void VulkanSwapChain::update() {
@@ -74,7 +94,7 @@ void VulkanSwapChain::update() {
 }

 void VulkanSwapChain::present() {
-    if (!mHeadless && mTransitionSwapChainImageLayoutForPresent) {
+    if (!mHeadless) {
        VkCommandBuffer const cmdbuf = mCommands->get().buffer();
        VkImageSubresourceRange const subresources{
                .aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT,
@@ -85,21 +105,16 @@ void VulkanSwapChain::present() {
        };
        mColors[mCurrentSwapIndex]->transitionLayout(cmdbuf, subresources, VulkanLayout::PRESENT);
    }
-
    mCommands->flush();
-    
-    // call the image ready wait function
-    if (mExplicitImageReadyWait != nullptr) {
-        mExplicitImageReadyWait(swapChain);
-    }

-    // We only present if it is not headless. No-op for headless.
+    // We only present if it is not headless.  No-op for headless (but note that we still need the
+    // flush() in the above line).
    if (!mHeadless) {
        VkSemaphore const finishedDrawing = mCommands->acquireFinishedSignal();
        VkResult const result = mPlatform->present(swapChain, mCurrentSwapIndex, finishedDrawing);
-        FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(result == VK_SUCCESS || result == VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR ||
-                result == VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_KHR)
-                << "Cannot present in swapchain.";
+        ASSERT_POSTCONDITION(result == VK_SUCCESS || result == VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR ||
+                                     result == VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_KHR,
+                "Cannot present in swapchain.");
    }

    // We presented the last acquired buffer.
@@ -123,14 +138,13 @@ void VulkanSwapChain::acquire(bool& resized) {
        update();
    }

-    VulkanPlatform::ImageSyncData imageSyncData;
-    VkResult const result = mPlatform->acquire(swapChain, &imageSyncData);
-    mCurrentSwapIndex = imageSyncData.imageIndex;
-    mExplicitImageReadyWait = imageSyncData.explicitImageReadyWait;
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(result == VK_SUCCESS || result == VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR) 
-        << "Cannot acquire in swapchain.";
-    if (imageSyncData.imageReadySemaphore != VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
-        mCommands->injectDependency(imageSyncData.imageReadySemaphore);
+	mCurrentImageReadyIndex = (mCurrentImageReadyIndex + 1) % IMAGE_READY_SEMAPHORE_COUNT;
+	const VkSemaphore imageReady = mImageReady[mCurrentImageReadyIndex];
+    VkResult const result = mPlatform->acquire(swapChain, imageReady, &mCurrentSwapIndex);
+    ASSERT_POSTCONDITION(result == VK_SUCCESS || result == VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR,
+            "Cannot acquire in swapchain.");
+    if (imageReady != VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
+        mCommands->injectDependency(imageReady);
    }
    mAcquired = true;
 }
@@ -50,10 +50,7 @@ struct VulkanSwapChain : public HwSwapChain, VulkanResource {
    void acquire(bool& reized);

    inline VulkanTexture* getCurrentColor() const noexcept {
-        uint32_t const imageIndex = mCurrentSwapIndex;
-        FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(
-            imageIndex != VulkanPlatform::ImageSyncData::INVALID_IMAGE_INDEX);
-        return mColors[imageIndex].get();
+        return mColors[mCurrentSwapIndex].get();
    }

    inline VulkanTexture* getDepth() const noexcept {
@@ -83,15 +80,15 @@ private:
    VulkanStagePool& mStagePool;
    bool const mHeadless;
    bool const mFlushAndWaitOnResize;
-    bool const mTransitionSwapChainImageLayoutForPresent;

    // We create VulkanTextures based on VkImages. VulkanTexture has facilities for doing layout
    // transitions, which are useful here.
    utils::FixedCapacityVector<std::unique_ptr<VulkanTexture>> mColors;
    std::unique_ptr<VulkanTexture> mDepth;
    VkExtent2D mExtent;
+    VkSemaphore mImageReady[IMAGE_READY_SEMAPHORE_COUNT];
+	uint32_t mCurrentImageReadyIndex;
    uint32_t mCurrentSwapIndex;
-    std::function<void(Platform::SwapChain* handle)> mExplicitImageReadyWait = nullptr;
    bool mAcquired;
    bool mIsFirstRenderPass;
 };
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ VulkanTexture::VulkanTexture(VkDevice device, VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice,
        VkFormatProperties props;
        vkGetPhysicalDeviceFormatProperties(physicalDevice, mVkFormat, &props);
        if (!(props.optimalTilingFeatures & VK_FORMAT_FEATURE_SAMPLED_IMAGE_BIT)) {
-            FVK_LOGW << "Texture usage is SAMPLEABLE but format " << mVkFormat << " is not "
+            utils::slog.w << "Texture usage is SAMPLEABLE but format " << mVkFormat << " is not "
                    "sampleable with optimal tiling." << utils::io::endl;
        }
 #endif
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ VulkanTexture::VulkanTexture(VkDevice device, VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice,

    VkResult error = vkCreateImage(mDevice, &imageInfo, VKALLOC, &mTextureImage);
    if (error || FVK_ENABLED(FVK_DEBUG_TEXTURE)) {
-        FVK_LOGD << "vkCreateImage: "
+        utils::slog.d << "vkCreateImage: "
            << "image = " << mTextureImage << ", "
            << "result = " << error << ", "
            << "handle = " << utils::io::hex << mTextureImage << utils::io::dec << ", "
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ VulkanTexture::VulkanTexture(VkDevice device, VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice,
            << "target = " << static_cast<int>(target) <<", "
            << "format = " << mVkFormat << utils::io::endl;
    }
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(!error) << "Unable to create image.";
+    ASSERT_POSTCONDITION(!error, "Unable to create image.");

    // Allocate memory for the VkImage and bind it.
    VkMemoryRequirements memReqs = {};
@@ -186,8 +186,8 @@ VulkanTexture::VulkanTexture(VkDevice device, VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice,
    uint32_t memoryTypeIndex
            = context.selectMemoryType(memReqs.memoryTypeBits, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT);

-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(memoryTypeIndex < VK_MAX_MEMORY_TYPES)
-            << "VulkanTexture: unable to find a memory type that meets requirements.";
+    ASSERT_POSTCONDITION(memoryTypeIndex < VK_MAX_MEMORY_TYPES,
+            "VulkanTexture: unable to find a memory type that meets requirements.");

    VkMemoryAllocateInfo allocInfo = {
        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_ALLOCATE_INFO,
@@ -195,9 +195,9 @@ VulkanTexture::VulkanTexture(VkDevice device, VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice,
        .memoryTypeIndex = memoryTypeIndex,
    };
    error = vkAllocateMemory(mDevice, &allocInfo, nullptr, &mTextureImageMemory);
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(!error) << "Unable to allocate image memory.";
+    ASSERT_POSTCONDITION(!error, "Unable to allocate image memory.");
    error = vkBindImageMemory(mDevice, mTextureImage, mTextureImageMemory, 0);
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(!error) << "Unable to bind image.";
+    ASSERT_POSTCONDITION(!error, "Unable to bind image.");

    uint32_t layerCount = 0;
    if (target == SamplerType::SAMPLER_CUBEMAP) {
@@ -450,7 +450,7 @@ void VulkanTexture::transitionLayout(VkCommandBuffer cmdbuf, const VkImageSubres
    }

 #if FVK_ENABLED(FVK_DEBUG_LAYOUT_TRANSITION)
-    FVK_LOGD << "transition texture=" << mTextureImage
+    utils::slog.d << "transition texture=" << mTextureImage
                  << " (" << range.baseArrayLayer
                  << "," << range.baseMipLevel << ")"
                  << " count=(" << range.layerCount
@@ -539,7 +539,7 @@ void VulkanTexture::print() const {
                layer < (mPrimaryViewRange.baseArrayLayer + mPrimaryViewRange.layerCount) &&
                level >= mPrimaryViewRange.baseMipLevel &&
                level < (mPrimaryViewRange.baseMipLevel + mPrimaryViewRange.levelCount);
-            FVK_LOGD << "[" << mTextureImage << "]: (" << layer << "," << level
+            utils::slog.d << "[" << mTextureImage << "]: (" << layer << "," << level
                          << ")=" << getLayout(layer, level)
                          << " primary=" << primary
                          << utils::io::endl;
@@ -548,7 +548,7 @@ void VulkanTexture::print() const {

    for (auto view: mCachedImageViews) {
        auto& range = view.first.range;
-        FVK_LOGD << "[" << mTextureImage << ", imageView=" << view.second << "]=>"
+        utils::slog.d << "[" << mTextureImage << ", imageView=" << view.second << "]=>"
                      << " (" << range.baseArrayLayer << "," << range.baseMipLevel << ")"
                      << " count=(" << range.layerCount << "," << range.levelCount << ")"
                      << " aspect=" << range.aspectMask << " viewType=" << view.first.type
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ VkFormat getVkFormat(ElementType type, bool normalized, bool integer) {
            case ElementType::SHORT4: return VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_SNORM;
            case ElementType::USHORT4: return VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_UNORM;
            default:
-                FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(false) << "Normalized format does not exist.";
+                ASSERT_POSTCONDITION(false, "Normalized format does not exist.");
                return VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED;
        }
    }
@@ -56,13 +56,13 @@ uint8_t reduceSampleCount(uint8_t sampleCount, VkSampleCountFlags mask);
 // considered, but because the "variadic" part of the vk methods (i.e. the inputs) are before the
 // non-variadic parts, this breaks the template type matching logic. Hence, we use a macro approach
 // here.
-#define EXPAND_ENUM(...)                                                          \
-    uint32_t size = 0;                                                            \
-    VkResult result = func(__VA_ARGS__, nullptr);                                 \
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(result == VK_SUCCESS) << "enumerate size error"; \
-    utils::FixedCapacityVector<OutType> ret(size);                                \
-    result = func(__VA_ARGS__, ret.data());                                       \
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(result == VK_SUCCESS) << "enumerate error";      \
+#define EXPAND_ENUM(...)\
+    uint32_t size = 0;\
+    VkResult result = func(__VA_ARGS__, nullptr);\
+    ASSERT_POSTCONDITION(result == VK_SUCCESS, "enumerate size error");\
+    utils::FixedCapacityVector<OutType> ret(size);\
+    result = func(__VA_ARGS__, ret.data());\
+    ASSERT_POSTCONDITION(result == VK_SUCCESS, "enumerate error");\
    return std::move(ret);

 #define EXPAND_ENUM_NO_ARGS() EXPAND_ENUM(&size)
@@ -170,9 +170,9 @@ public:
        };
        VkDescriptorSet vkSet;
        UTILS_UNUSED VkResult result = vkAllocateDescriptorSets(mDevice, &allocInfo, &vkSet);
-        FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(result == VK_SUCCESS)
-                << "Failed to allocate descriptor set code=" << result << " size=" << mSize
-                << " capacity=" << mCapacity << " count=" << "%s";
+        ASSERT_POSTCONDITION(result == VK_SUCCESS,
+                "Failed to allocate descriptor set code=%d size=%d capacity=%d count=%s", result,
+                mSize, mCapacity);
        mSize++;
        return createSet(layout->bitmask, vkSet);
    }
@@ -33,11 +33,11 @@ VkPipelineLayout VulkanPipelineLayoutCache::getLayout(

    // build the push constant layout key
    uint32_t pushConstantRangeCount = program->getPushConstantRangeCount();
-    auto const& pushConstantRanges = program->getPushConstantRanges();    
+    auto const& pushCostantRanges = program->getPushConstantRanges();    
    if (pushConstantRangeCount > 0) {
        assert_invariant(pushConstantRangeCount <= Program::SHADER_TYPE_COUNT);
        for (uint8_t i = 0; i < pushConstantRangeCount; ++i) {
-            auto const& range = pushConstantRanges[i];
+            auto const& range = pushCostantRanges[i];
            auto& pushConstant = key.pushConstant[i];
            if (range.stageFlags &  VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT) {
                pushConstant.stage = static_cast<uint8_t>(ShaderStage::VERTEX);
@@ -52,8 +52,9 @@ VkPipelineLayout VulkanPipelineLayoutCache::getLayout(
        }
    }

-    if (PipelineLayoutMap::iterator iter = mPipelineLayouts.find(key); iter != mPipelineLayouts.end()) {
-        PipelineLayoutCacheEntry& entry = iter->second;
+    auto iter = mPipelineLayouts.find(key);
+    if (iter != mPipelineLayouts.end()) {
+        PipelineLayoutCacheEntry& entry = mPipelineLayouts[key];
        entry.lastUsed = mTimestamp++;
        return entry.handle;
    }
@@ -64,7 +65,7 @@ VkPipelineLayout VulkanPipelineLayoutCache::getLayout(
        .setLayoutCount = (uint32_t) descSetLayoutCount,
        .pSetLayouts = key.descSetLayouts.data(),
        .pushConstantRangeCount = pushConstantRangeCount,
-        .pPushConstantRanges = pushConstantRanges,
+        .pPushConstantRanges = pushCostantRanges,
    };

    VkPipelineLayout layout;
@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@
 #include <utils/Hash.h>

 #include <tsl/robin_map.h>
-#include <ankerl/unordered_dense.h>

 namespace filament::backend {

@@ -74,10 +73,7 @@ private:
        }
    };

-//    using PipelineLayoutMap = tsl::robin_map<PipelineLayoutKey, PipelineLayoutCacheEntry,
-//            PipelineLayoutKeyHashFn, PipelineLayoutKeyEqual>;
-
-    using PipelineLayoutMap = ankerl::unordered_dense::map<PipelineLayoutKey, PipelineLayoutCacheEntry,
+    using PipelineLayoutMap = tsl::robin_map<PipelineLayoutKey, PipelineLayoutCacheEntry,
            PipelineLayoutKeyHashFn, PipelineLayoutKeyEqual>;

    VkDevice mDevice;
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More