wip: render primitive

BUGS=[398198557]

NEW_RELEASE_NOTES.md

@@ -7,5 +7,3 @@ for next branch cut* header.
 appropriate header in [RELEASE_NOTES.md](./RELEASE_NOTES.md).
 
 ## Release notes for next branch cut
-
-- Fix build/compile errors when upgrading to MacOS 15.4

README.md

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ repositories {
 }
 
 dependencies {
-    implementation 'com.google.android.filament:filament-android:1.59.0'
+    implementation 'com.google.android.filament:filament-android:1.59.2'
 }
 ```
 
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ Here are all the libraries available in the group `com.google.android.filament`:
 iOS projects can use CocoaPods to install the latest release:
 
 ```shell
-pod 'Filament', '~> 1.59.0'
+pod 'Filament', '~> 1.59.2'
 ```
 
 ## Documentation

RELEASE_NOTES.md

@@ -7,6 +7,13 @@ A new header is inserted each time a *tag* is created.
 Instead, if you are authoring a PR for the main branch, add your release note to
 [NEW_RELEASE_NOTES.md](./NEW_RELEASE_NOTES.md).
 
+## v1.59.3
+
+
+## v1.59.2
+
+- Fix build/compile errors when upgrading to MacOS 15.4
+
 ## v1.59.1
 
 

android/gradle.properties

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 GROUP=com.google.android.filament
-VERSION_NAME=1.59.0
+VERSION_NAME=1.59.2
 
 POM_DESCRIPTION=Real-time physically based rendering engine for Android.
 

filament/backend/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -194,8 +194,6 @@ if (FILAMENT_SUPPORTS_VULKAN)
             src/vulkan/VulkanDriver.cpp
             src/vulkan/VulkanDriver.h
             src/vulkan/VulkanDriverFactory.h
-            src/vulkan/VulkanExternalImageManager.cpp
-            src/vulkan/VulkanExternalImageManager.h
             src/vulkan/VulkanFboCache.cpp
             src/vulkan/VulkanFboCache.h
             src/vulkan/VulkanHandles.cpp
@@ -257,6 +255,8 @@ if (FILAMENT_SUPPORTS_WEBGPU)
             src/webgpu/WebGPUConstants.h
             src/webgpu/WebGPUDriver.cpp
             src/webgpu/WebGPUDriver.h
+            src/webgpu/WebGPUHandles.cpp
+            src/webgpu/WebGPUHandles.h
             src/webgpu/WebGPUSwapChain.cpp
             src/webgpu/WebGPUSwapChain.h
     )
@@ -507,8 +507,10 @@ if (APPLE OR LINUX)
         test/Arguments.cpp
         test/ImageExpectations.cpp
         test/Lifetimes.cpp
+        test/PlatformRunner.cpp
         test/Shader.cpp
         test/SharedShaders.cpp
+        test/Skip.cpp
         test/test_FeedbackLoops.cpp
         test/test_Blit.cpp
         test/test_MissingRequiredAttributes.cpp

filament/backend/include/backend/BufferObjectStreamDescriptor.h

@@ -55,4 +55,9 @@ public:
 
 } // namespace filament::backend
 
+#if !defined(NDEBUG)
+utils::io::ostream& operator<<(utils::io::ostream& out,
+        const filament::backend::BufferObjectStreamDescriptor& b);
+#endif
+
 #endif // TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_BUFFEROBJECTSTREAMDESCRIPTOR_H

filament/backend/include/backend/Platform.h

@@ -149,13 +149,6 @@ public:
          *      - PlatformEGLAndroid
          */
         bool assertNativeWindowIsValid = false;
-
-        /**
-         * The action to take if a Drawable cannot be acquired. If true, the
-         * frame is aborted instead of panic. This is only supported for:
-         *      - PlatformMetal
-         */
-        bool metalDisablePanicOnDrawableFailure = false;
     };
 
     Platform() noexcept;

filament/backend/include/backend/platforms/VulkanPlatform.h

@@ -294,16 +294,6 @@ public:
     VkQueue getProtectedGraphicsQueue() const noexcept;
 
     struct ExternalImageMetadata {
-        /**
-         * The Filament texture format.
-         */
-        TextureFormat filamentFormat;
-
-        /**
-         * The Filament texture usage.
-         */
-        TextureUsage filamentUsage;
-
         /**
          * The width of the external image
          */
@@ -314,6 +304,11 @@ public:
          */
         uint32_t height;
 
+        /**
+         * The layerCount of the external image
+         */
+        uint32_t layerCount;
+
         /**
          * The layer count of the external image
          */
@@ -329,6 +324,11 @@ public:
          */
         VkFormat format;
 
+        /**
+         * An external buffer can be protected. This tells you if it is.
+         */
+        bool isProtected;
+
         /**
          * The type of external format (opaque int) if used.
          */
@@ -348,44 +348,20 @@ public:
          * Heap information
          */
         uint32_t memoryTypeBits;
-
-        /**
-         * Ycbcr conversion components
-         */
-        VkComponentMapping ycbcrConversionComponents;
-
-        /**
-         * Ycbcr model
-         */
-        VkSamplerYcbcrModelConversion ycbcrModel;
-
-        /**
-         * Ycbcr range
-         */
-        VkSamplerYcbcrRange ycbcrRange;
-
-        /**
-         * Ycbcr x chroma offset
-         */
-        VkChromaLocation xChromaOffset;
-
-        /**
-         * Ycbcr y chroma offset
-         */
-        VkChromaLocation yChromaOffset;
     };
-
-
-    // Note that the image metadata might change per-frame, hence we need a method for extracting
-    // it.
-    virtual ExternalImageMetadata extractExternalImageMetadata(ExternalImageHandleRef image) const {
-        return {};
-    }
+    virtual ExternalImageMetadata getExternalImageMetadata(ExternalImageHandleRef externalImage);
 
     using ImageData = std::pair<VkImage, VkDeviceMemory>;
-    virtual ImageData createVkImageFromExternal(ExternalImageHandleRef image) const {
-        return { VK_NULL_HANDLE, VK_NULL_HANDLE };
-    }
+    virtual ImageData createExternalImageData(ExternalImageHandleRef externalImage,
+            const ExternalImageMetadata& metadata, uint32_t memoryTypeIndex,
+            VkImageUsageFlags usage);
+
+    virtual VkSampler createExternalSampler(SamplerYcbcrConversion chroma,
+            SamplerParams sampler, uint32_t internalFormat);
+
+    virtual VkImageView createExternalImageView(SamplerYcbcrConversion chroma,
+            uint32_t internalFormat, VkImage image, VkImageSubresourceRange range,
+            VkImageViewType viewType, VkComponentMapping swizzle);
 
 protected:
     virtual ExtensionSet getSwapchainInstanceExtensions() const;
@@ -398,6 +374,20 @@ private:
     // Platform dependent helper methods
     static ExtensionSet getSwapchainInstanceExtensionsImpl();
 
+    static ExternalImageMetadata getExternalImageMetadataImpl(ExternalImageHandleRef externalImage,
+            VkDevice device);
+
+    static ImageData createExternalImageDataImpl(ExternalImageHandleRef externalImage,
+            VkDevice device, const ExternalImageMetadata& metadata, uint32_t memoryTypeIndex,
+            VkImageUsageFlags usage);
+    static VkSampler createExternalSamplerImpl(VkDevice device,
+            SamplerYcbcrConversion chroma, SamplerParams sampler,
+            uint32_t internalFormat);
+    static VkImageView createExternalImageViewImpl(VkDevice device,
+            SamplerYcbcrConversion chroma, uint32_t internalFormat, VkImage image,
+            VkImageSubresourceRange range, VkImageViewType viewType,
+            VkComponentMapping swizzle);
+
     // Platform dependent helper methods
     static SurfaceBundle createVkSurfaceKHRImpl(void* nativeWindow, VkInstance instance,
             uint64_t flags) noexcept;

filament/backend/include/backend/platforms/VulkanPlatformAndroid.h

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ namespace filament::backend {
 
 class VulkanPlatformAndroid : public VulkanPlatform {
 public:
-    ExternalImageHandle UTILS_PUBLIC createExternalImage(AHardwareBuffer const* buffer,
+    Platform::ExternalImageHandle UTILS_PUBLIC createExternalImage(AHardwareBuffer const* buffer,
             bool sRGB) noexcept;
 
     struct UTILS_PUBLIC ExternalImageDescAndroid {
@@ -39,26 +39,31 @@ public:
     ExternalImageDescAndroid UTILS_PUBLIC getExternalImageDesc(
             ExternalImageHandleRef externalImage) const noexcept;
 
-    virtual ExternalImageMetadata extractExternalImageMetadata(
-            ExternalImageHandleRef image) const override;
-
-    virtual ImageData createVkImageFromExternal(ExternalImageHandleRef image) const override;
-
 protected:
-    virtual ExtensionSet getSwapchainInstanceExtensions() const override;
-
-    using SurfaceBundle = VulkanPlatform::SurfaceBundle;
-    virtual SurfaceBundle createVkSurfaceKHR(void* nativeWindow, VkInstance instance,
-            uint64_t flags) const noexcept override;
-
-private:
     struct ExternalImageVulkanAndroid : public Platform::ExternalImage {
         AHardwareBuffer* aHardwareBuffer = nullptr;
         bool sRGB = false;
+        unsigned int width;  // Texture width
+        unsigned int height; // Texture height
+        TextureFormat format;// Texture format
+        TextureUsage usage;  // Texture usage flags
 
     protected:
         ~ExternalImageVulkanAndroid() override;
     };
+
+    virtual ExternalImageMetadata getExternalImageMetadata(ExternalImageHandleRef externalImage);
+
+    using ImageData = VulkanPlatform::ImageData;
+    virtual ImageData createExternalImageData(ExternalImageHandleRef externalImage,
+            const ExternalImageMetadata& metadata, uint32_t memoryTypeIndex,
+            VkImageUsageFlags usage);
+
+    virtual ExtensionSet getSwapchainInstanceExtensions() const;
+
+    using SurfaceBundle = VulkanPlatform::SurfaceBundle;
+    virtual SurfaceBundle createVkSurfaceKHR(void* nativeWindow, VkInstance instance,
+            uint64_t flags) const noexcept;
 };
 
 }// namespace filament::backend

filament/backend/include/backend/platforms/WebGPUPlatform.h

@@ -38,6 +38,12 @@ public:
 
     [[nodiscard]] wgpu::Instance& getInstance() noexcept { return mInstance; }
 
+    // TODO consider that this functionality is not WebGPU-specific, and thus could be
+    //      placed in a generic place and even reused across backends. Alternatively,
+    //      a 3rd party library could be considered. However, this was a simple and
+    //      quick change and works for now.
+    // gets the size (height and width) of the surface/window
+    [[nodiscard]] wgpu::Extent2D getSurfaceExtent(void* nativeWindow) const;
     // either returns a valid surface or panics
     [[nodiscard]] wgpu::Surface createSurface(void* nativeWindow, uint64_t flags);
     // either returns a valid adapter or panics

filament/backend/src/metal/PlatformMetal.mm

@@ -45,9 +45,6 @@ PlatformMetal::~PlatformMetal() noexcept {
 }
 
 Driver* PlatformMetal::createDriver(void* /*sharedContext*/, const Platform::DriverConfig& driverConfig) noexcept {
-    pImpl->mDrawableFailureBehavior = driverConfig.metalDisablePanicOnDrawableFailure
-            ? DrawableFailureBehavior::ABORT_FRAME
-            : DrawableFailureBehavior::PANIC;
     return MetalDriverFactory::create(this, driverConfig);
 }
 

filament/backend/src/opengl/ShaderCompilerService.cpp

@@ -54,31 +54,27 @@ using namespace utils;
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-static void logCompilationError(utils::io::ostream& out,
-        ShaderStage shaderType, const char* name,
+static inline std::string to_string(bool b) noexcept { return b ? "true" : "false"; }
+static inline std::string to_string(int i) noexcept { return std::to_string(i); }
+static inline std::string to_string(float f) noexcept { return "float(" + std::to_string(f) + ")"; }
+
+static void logCompilationError(io::ostream& out, ShaderStage shaderType, const char* name,
         GLuint shaderId, CString const& sourceCode) noexcept;
+static void logProgramLinkError(io::ostream& out, char const* name, GLuint program) noexcept;
 
-static void logProgramLinkError(utils::io::ostream& out,
-        const char* name, GLuint program) noexcept;
-
-static inline std::string to_string(bool b) noexcept {
-    return b ? "true" : "false";
-}
-
-static inline std::string to_string(int i) noexcept {
-    return std::to_string(i);
-}
-
-static inline std::string to_string(float f) noexcept {
-    return "float(" + std::to_string(f) + ")";
-}
+static void process_GOOGLE_cpp_style_line_directive(OpenGLContext& context, char* source,
+        size_t len) noexcept;
+static void process_OVR_multiview2(OpenGLContext& context, int32_t eyeCount, char* source,
+        size_t len) noexcept;
+static std::string_view process_ARB_shading_language_packing(OpenGLContext& context) noexcept;
+static std::array<std::string_view, 3> splitShaderSource(std::string_view source) noexcept;
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 struct ShaderCompilerService::OpenGLProgramToken : ProgramToken {
     struct ProgramData {
         GLuint program{};
-        std::array<GLuint, Program::SHADER_TYPE_COUNT> shaders{};
+        shaders_t shaders{};
     };
 
     ~OpenGLProgramToken() override;
@@ -90,10 +86,10 @@ struct ShaderCompilerService::OpenGLProgramToken : ProgramToken {
     ShaderCompilerService& compiler;
     utils::CString const& name;
     utils::FixedCapacityVector<std::pair<utils::CString, uint8_t>> attributes;
-    std::array<utils::CString, Program::SHADER_TYPE_COUNT> shaderSourceCode;
+    shaders_source_t shaderSourceCode;
     void* user = nullptr;
     struct {
-        std::array<GLuint, Program::SHADER_TYPE_COUNT> shaders{};
+        shaders_t shaders{};
         GLuint program = 0;
     } gl; // 12 bytes
 
@@ -140,11 +136,12 @@ struct ShaderCompilerService::OpenGLProgramToken : ProgramToken {
 
 ShaderCompilerService::OpenGLProgramToken::~OpenGLProgramToken() = default;
 
-void ShaderCompilerService::setUserData(const program_token_t& token, void* user) noexcept {
+/* static */ void ShaderCompilerService::setUserData(const program_token_t& token,
+        void* user) noexcept {
     token->user = user;
 }
 
-void* ShaderCompilerService::getUserData(const program_token_t& token) noexcept {
+/* static */ void* ShaderCompilerService::getUserData(const program_token_t& token) noexcept {
     return token->user;
 }
 
@@ -268,101 +265,111 @@ ShaderCompilerService::program_token_t ShaderCompilerService::createProgram(
     token->handle = mCallbackManager.get();
 
     CompilerPriorityQueue const priorityQueue = program.getPriorityQueue();
-    if (mMode == Mode::THREAD_POOL) {
-        // queue a compile job
-        mCompilerThreadPool.queue(priorityQueue, token,
-                [this, &gl, program = std::move(program), token]() mutable {
-                    // compile the shaders
-                    std::array<GLuint, Program::SHADER_TYPE_COUNT> shaders{};
-                    compileShaders(gl,
-                            std::move(program.getShadersSource()),
-                            program.getSpecializationConstants(),
-                            program.isMultiview(),
-                            shaders,
-                            token->shaderSourceCode);
+    switch (mMode) {
+        case Mode::THREAD_POOL: {
+            // queue a compile job
+            mCompilerThreadPool.queue(priorityQueue, token,
+                    [this, &gl, program = std::move(program), token]() mutable {
+                        // compile the shaders
+                        shaders_t shaders{};
+                        compileShaders(gl,
+                                std::move(program.getShadersSource()),
+                                program.getSpecializationConstants(),
+                                program.isMultiview(),
+                                shaders,
+                                token->shaderSourceCode);
 
-                    // link the program
-                    GLuint const glProgram = linkProgram(gl, shaders, token->attributes);
+                        // link the program
+                        GLuint const glProgram = linkProgram(gl, shaders, token->attributes);
 
-                    OpenGLProgramToken::ProgramData programData;
-                    programData.shaders = shaders;
+                        OpenGLProgramToken::ProgramData programData;
+                        programData.shaders = shaders;
 
-                    // We need to query the link status here to guarantee that the
-                    // program is compiled and linked now (we don't want this to be
-                    // deferred to later). We don't care about the result at this point.
-                    GLint status = GL_FALSE;
-                    glGetProgramiv(glProgram, GL_LINK_STATUS, &status);
-                    programData.program = glProgram;
+                        // We need to query the link status here to guarantee that the
+                        // program is compiled and linked now (we don't want this to be
+                        // deferred to later). We don't care about the result at this point.
+                        GLint status = GL_FALSE;
+                        glGetProgramiv(glProgram, GL_LINK_STATUS, &status);
+                        programData.program = glProgram;
 
-                    // we don't need to check for success here, it'll be done on the
-                    // main thread side.
-                    token->set(programData);
+                        // we don't need to check for success here, it'll be done on the
+                        // main thread side.
+                        token->set(programData);
 
-                    mCallbackManager.put(token->handle);
+                        mCallbackManager.put(token->handle);
 
-                    // caching must be the last thing we do
-                    if (token->key && status == GL_TRUE) {
-                        // Attempt to cache. This calls glGetProgramBinary.
-                        mBlobCache.insert(mDriver.mPlatform, token->key, glProgram);
-                    }
-                });
+                        // caching must be the last thing we do
+                        if (token->key && status == GL_TRUE) {
+                            // Attempt to cache. This calls glGetProgramBinary.
+                            mBlobCache.insert(mDriver.mPlatform, token->key, glProgram);
+                        }
+                    });
+            break;
+        }
 
-    } else {
-        // this cannot fail because we check compilation status after linking the program
-        // shaders[] is filled with id of shader stages present.
-        compileShaders(gl,
-                std::move(program.getShadersSource()),
-                program.getSpecializationConstants(),
-                program.isMultiview(),
-                token->gl.shaders,
-                token->shaderSourceCode);
+        case Mode::SYNCHRONOUS:
+        case Mode::ASYNCHRONOUS: {
+            // this cannot fail because we check compilation status after linking the program
+            // shaders[] is filled with id of shader stages present.
+            compileShaders(gl,
+                    std::move(program.getShadersSource()),
+                    program.getSpecializationConstants(),
+                    program.isMultiview(),
+                    token->gl.shaders,
+                    token->shaderSourceCode);
 
-        runAtNextTick(priorityQueue, token, [this, token](Job const&) {
-            assert_invariant(mMode != Mode::THREAD_POOL);
-            if (mMode == Mode::ASYNCHRONOUS) {
-                // don't attempt to link this program if all shaders are not done compiling
-                GLint status;
-                if (token->gl.program) {
-                    glGetProgramiv(token->gl.program, GL_COMPLETION_STATUS, &status);
-                    if (status == GL_FALSE) {
-                        return false;
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    for (auto shader: token->gl.shaders) {
-                        if (shader) {
-                            glGetShaderiv(shader, GL_COMPLETION_STATUS, &status);
-                            if (status == GL_FALSE) {
-                                return false;
+            runAtNextTick(priorityQueue, token, [this, token](Job const&) {
+                assert_invariant(mMode != Mode::THREAD_POOL);
+                if (mMode == Mode::ASYNCHRONOUS) {
+                    // don't attempt to link this program if all shaders are not done compiling
+                    GLint status;
+                    if (token->gl.program) {
+                        glGetProgramiv(token->gl.program, GL_COMPLETION_STATUS, &status);
+                        if (status == GL_FALSE) {
+                            return false;
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        for (auto shader: token->gl.shaders) {
+                            if (shader) {
+                                glGetShaderiv(shader, GL_COMPLETION_STATUS, &status);
+                                if (status == GL_FALSE) {
+                                    return false;
+                                }
                             }
                         }
                     }
                 }
-            }
 
-            if (!token->gl.program) {
-                // link the program, this also cannot fail because status is checked later.
-                token->gl.program = linkProgram(mDriver.getContext(),
-                        token->gl.shaders, token->attributes);
-                if (mMode == Mode::ASYNCHRONOUS) {
-                    // wait until the link finishes...
-                    return false;
+                if (!token->gl.program) {
+                    // link the program, this also cannot fail because status is checked later.
+                    token->gl.program = linkProgram(mDriver.getContext(),
+                            token->gl.shaders, token->attributes);
+                    if (mMode == Mode::ASYNCHRONOUS) {
+                        // wait until the link finishes...
+                        return false;
+                    }
                 }
-            }
 
-            assert_invariant(token->gl.program);
+                assert_invariant(token->gl.program);
 
-            mCallbackManager.put(token->handle);
+                mCallbackManager.put(token->handle);
 
-            if (token->key) {
-                // TODO: technically we don't have to cache right now. Is it advantageous to
-                //       do this later, maybe depending on CPU usage?
-                // attempt to cache if we don't have a thread pool (otherwise it's done
-                // by the pool).
-                mBlobCache.insert(mDriver.mPlatform, token->key, token->gl.program);
-            }
+                if (token->key) {
+                    // TODO: technically we don't have to cache right now. Is it advantageous to
+                    //       do this later, maybe depending on CPU usage?
+                    // attempt to cache if we don't have a thread pool (otherwise it's done
+                    // by the pool).
+                    mBlobCache.insert(mDriver.mPlatform, token->key, token->gl.program);
+                }
 
-            return true;
-        });
+                return true;
+            });
+            break;
+        }
+
+        case Mode::UNDEFINED: {
+            assert_invariant(false);
+        }
     }
 
     return token;
@@ -377,12 +384,12 @@ GLuint ShaderCompilerService::getProgram(ShaderCompilerService::program_token_t&
     return program;
 }
 
-void ShaderCompilerService::terminate(program_token_t& token) {
+/* static */ void ShaderCompilerService::terminate(program_token_t& token) {
     assert_invariant(token);
 
     token->canceled = true;
 
-    bool const canceled = token->compiler.cancelTickOp(token);
+    bool const isTickOpCanceled = token->compiler.cancelTickOp(token);
 
     if (token->compiler.mMode == Mode::THREAD_POOL) {
         auto job = token->compiler.mCompilerThreadPool.dequeue(token);
@@ -395,7 +402,7 @@ void ShaderCompilerService::terminate(program_token_t& token) {
             // order for future callbacks to be successfully called.
             token->compiler.mCallbackManager.put(token->handle);
         }
-    } else if (canceled) {
+    } else if (isTickOpCanceled) {
         // Since the tick op was canceled, we need to .put the token here.
         token->compiler.mCallbackManager.put(token->handle);
     }
@@ -432,7 +439,8 @@ void ShaderCompilerService::notifyWhenAllProgramsAreReady(
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-void ShaderCompilerService::getProgramFromCompilerPool(program_token_t& token) noexcept {
+/* static */ void ShaderCompilerService::getProgramFromCompilerPool(
+        program_token_t& token) noexcept {
     OpenGLProgramToken::ProgramData const& programData{ token->get() };
     if (!token->canceled) {
         token->gl.shaders = programData.shaders;
@@ -443,40 +451,53 @@ void ShaderCompilerService::getProgramFromCompilerPool(program_token_t& token) n
 GLuint ShaderCompilerService::initialize(program_token_t& token) noexcept {
     SYSTRACE_CALL();
     if (!token->gl.program) {
-        if (mMode == Mode::THREAD_POOL) {
-            // we need this program right now, remove it from the queue
-            auto job = mCompilerThreadPool.dequeue(token);
-            if (job) {
-                // if we were able to remove it, we execute the job now, otherwise it means
-                // it's being executed right now.
-                job();
+        switch (mMode) {
+            case Mode::THREAD_POOL: {
+                // we need this program right now, remove it from the queue
+                auto job = mCompilerThreadPool.dequeue(token);
+                if (job) {
+                    // if we were able to remove it, we execute the job now, otherwise it means
+                    // it's being executed right now.
+                    job();
+                }
+
+                if (!token->canceled) {
+                    token->compiler.cancelTickOp(token);
+                }
+
+                // Block until we get the program from the pool. Generally this wouldn't block
+                // because we just compiled the program above, when executing job.
+                ShaderCompilerService::getProgramFromCompilerPool(token);
+                break;
             }
 
-            if (!token->canceled) {
+            case Mode::ASYNCHRONOUS: {
+                // we force the program link -- which might stall, either here or below in
+                // checkProgramStatus(), but we don't have a choice, we need to use the program now.
                 token->compiler.cancelTickOp(token);
+
+                token->gl.program =
+                        linkProgram(mDriver.getContext(), token->gl.shaders, token->attributes);
+
+                assert_invariant(token->gl.program);
+
+                mCallbackManager.put(token->handle);
+
+                if (token->key) {
+                    mBlobCache.insert(mDriver.mPlatform, token->key, token->gl.program);
+                }
+                break;
             }
 
-            // Block until we get the program from the pool. Generally this wouldn't block
-            // because we just compiled the program above, when executing job.
-            ShaderCompilerService::getProgramFromCompilerPool(token);
-        } else if (mMode == Mode::ASYNCHRONOUS) {
-            // we force the program link -- which might stall, either here or below in
-            // checkProgramStatus(), but we don't have a choice, we need to use the program now.
-            token->compiler.cancelTickOp(token);
-
-            token->gl.program = linkProgram(mDriver.getContext(),
-                    token->gl.shaders, token->attributes);
-
-            assert_invariant(token->gl.program);
-
-            mCallbackManager.put(token->handle);
-
-            if (token->key) {
-                mBlobCache.insert(mDriver.mPlatform, token->key, token->gl.program);
+            case Mode::SYNCHRONOUS: {
+                // if we don't have a program yet, block until we get it.
+                tick();
+                break;
+            }
+
+            case Mode::UNDEFINED: {
+                assert_invariant(false);
             }
-        } else {
-            // if we don't have a program yet, block until we get it.
-            tick();
         }
     }
 
@@ -519,12 +540,12 @@ GLuint ShaderCompilerService::initialize(program_token_t& token) noexcept {
  * checked until after the program is linked.
  * This always returns the GL shader IDs or zero a shader stage is not present.
  */
-void ShaderCompilerService::compileShaders(OpenGLContext& context,
+/* static */ void ShaderCompilerService::compileShaders(OpenGLContext& context,
         Program::ShaderSource shadersSource,
         utils::FixedCapacityVector<Program::SpecializationConstant> const& specializationConstants,
         bool multiview,
-        std::array<GLuint, Program::SHADER_TYPE_COUNT>& outShaders,
-        UTILS_UNUSED_IN_RELEASE std::array<CString, Program::SHADER_TYPE_COUNT>& outShaderSourceCode) noexcept {
+        shaders_t& outShaders,
+        UTILS_UNUSED_IN_RELEASE shaders_source_t& outShaderSourceCode) noexcept {
 
     SYSTRACE_CALL();
 
@@ -635,209 +656,13 @@ void ShaderCompilerService::compileShaders(OpenGLContext& context,
     }
 }
 
-// If usages of the Google-style line directive are present, remove them, as some
-// drivers don't allow the quotation marks. This source modification happens in-place.
-void ShaderCompilerService::process_GOOGLE_cpp_style_line_directive(OpenGLContext& context,
-        char* source, size_t len) noexcept {
-    if (!context.ext.GOOGLE_cpp_style_line_directive) {
-        if (UTILS_UNLIKELY(requestsGoogleLineDirectivesExtension({ source, len }))) {
-            removeGoogleLineDirectives(source, len); // length is unaffected
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-// Look up the `source` to replace the number of eyes for multiview with the given number. This is
-// necessary for OpenGL because OpenGL relies on the number specified in shader files to determine
-// the number of views, which is assumed as a single digit, for multiview.
-// This source modification happens in-place.
-void ShaderCompilerService::process_OVR_multiview2(OpenGLContext& context,
-        int32_t eyeCount, char* source, size_t len) noexcept {
-    // We don't use regular expression in favor of performance.
-    if (context.ext.OVR_multiview2) {
-        const std::string_view shader{ source, len };
-        const std::string_view layout = "layout";
-        const std::string_view num_views = "num_views";
-        size_t found = 0;
-        while (true) {
-            found = shader.find(layout, found);
-            if (found == std::string_view::npos) {
-                break;
-            }
-            found = shader.find_first_not_of(' ', found + layout.size());
-            if (found == std::string_view::npos || shader[found] != '(') {
-                continue;
-            }
-            found = shader.find_first_not_of(' ', found + 1);
-            if (found == std::string_view::npos) {
-                continue;
-            }
-            if (shader.compare(found, num_views.size(), num_views) != 0) {
-                continue;
-            }
-            found = shader.find_first_not_of(' ', found + num_views.size());
-            if (found == std::string_view::npos || shader[found] != '=') {
-                continue;
-            }
-            found = shader.find_first_not_of(' ', found + 1);
-            if (found == std::string_view::npos) {
-                continue;
-            }
-            // We assume the value should be one-digit number.
-            assert_invariant(eyeCount < 10);
-            assert_invariant(!::isdigit(source[found + 1]));
-            source[found] = '0' + eyeCount;
-            break;
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-// Tragically, OpenGL 4.1 doesn't support unpackHalf2x16 (appeared in 4.2) and
-// macOS doesn't support GL_ARB_shading_language_packing
-// Also GLES3.0 didn't have the full set of packing/unpacking functions
-std::string_view ShaderCompilerService::process_ARB_shading_language_packing(OpenGLContext& context) noexcept {
-    using namespace std::literals;
-#ifdef BACKEND_OPENGL_VERSION_GL
-    if (!context.isAtLeastGL<4, 2>() && !context.ext.ARB_shading_language_packing) {
-        return R"(
-
-// these don't handle denormals, NaNs or inf
-float u16tofp32(highp uint v) {
-    v <<= 16u;
-    highp uint s = v & 0x80000000u;
-    highp uint n = v & 0x7FFFFFFFu;
-    highp uint nz = (n == 0u) ? 0u : 0xFFFFFFFFu;
-    return uintBitsToFloat(s | ((((n >> 3u) + (0x70u << 23u))) & nz));
-}
-vec2 unpackHalf2x16(highp uint v) {
-    return vec2(u16tofp32(v&0xFFFFu), u16tofp32(v>>16u));
-}
-uint fp32tou16(float val) {
-    uint f32 = floatBitsToUint(val);
-    uint f16 = 0u;
-    uint sign = (f32 >> 16u) & 0x8000u;
-    int exponent = int((f32 >> 23u) & 0xFFu) - 127;
-    uint mantissa = f32 & 0x007FFFFFu;
-    if (exponent > 15) {
-        f16 = sign | (0x1Fu << 10u);
-    } else if (exponent > -15) {
-        exponent += 15;
-        mantissa >>= 13;
-        f16 = sign | uint(exponent << 10) | mantissa;
-    } else {
-        f16 = sign;
-    }
-    return f16;
-}
-highp uint packHalf2x16(vec2 v) {
-    highp uint x = fp32tou16(v.x);
-    highp uint y = fp32tou16(v.y);
-    return (y << 16u) | x;
-}
-highp uint packUnorm4x8(mediump vec4 v) {
-    v = round(clamp(v, 0.0, 1.0) * 255.0);
-    highp uint a = uint(v.x);
-    highp uint b = uint(v.y) <<  8;
-    highp uint c = uint(v.z) << 16;
-    highp uint d = uint(v.w) << 24;
-    return (a|b|c|d);
-}
-highp uint packSnorm4x8(mediump vec4 v) {
-    v = round(clamp(v, -1.0, 1.0) * 127.0);
-    highp uint a = uint((int(v.x) & 0xff));
-    highp uint b = uint((int(v.y) & 0xff)) <<  8;
-    highp uint c = uint((int(v.z) & 0xff)) << 16;
-    highp uint d = uint((int(v.w) & 0xff)) << 24;
-    return (a|b|c|d);
-}
-mediump vec4 unpackUnorm4x8(highp uint v) {
-    return vec4(float((v & 0x000000ffu)      ),
-                float((v & 0x0000ff00u) >>  8),
-                float((v & 0x00ff0000u) >> 16),
-                float((v & 0xff000000u) >> 24)) / 255.0;
-}
-mediump vec4 unpackSnorm4x8(highp uint v) {
-    int a = int(((v       ) & 0xffu) << 24u) >> 24 ;
-    int b = int(((v >>  8u) & 0xffu) << 24u) >> 24 ;
-    int c = int(((v >> 16u) & 0xffu) << 24u) >> 24 ;
-    int d = int(((v >> 24u) & 0xffu) << 24u) >> 24 ;
-    return clamp(vec4(float(a), float(b), float(c), float(d)) / 127.0, -1.0, 1.0);
-}
-)"sv;
-    }
-#endif // BACKEND_OPENGL_VERSION_GL
-
-#ifdef BACKEND_OPENGL_VERSION_GLES
-    if (!context.isES2() && !context.isAtLeastGLES<3, 1>()) {
-        return R"(
-
-highp uint packUnorm4x8(mediump vec4 v) {
-    v = round(clamp(v, 0.0, 1.0) * 255.0);
-    highp uint a = uint(v.x);
-    highp uint b = uint(v.y) <<  8;
-    highp uint c = uint(v.z) << 16;
-    highp uint d = uint(v.w) << 24;
-    return (a|b|c|d);
-}
-highp uint packSnorm4x8(mediump vec4 v) {
-    v = round(clamp(v, -1.0, 1.0) * 127.0);
-    highp uint a = uint((int(v.x) & 0xff));
-    highp uint b = uint((int(v.y) & 0xff)) <<  8;
-    highp uint c = uint((int(v.z) & 0xff)) << 16;
-    highp uint d = uint((int(v.w) & 0xff)) << 24;
-    return (a|b|c|d);
-}
-mediump vec4 unpackUnorm4x8(highp uint v) {
-    return vec4(float((v & 0x000000ffu)      ),
-                float((v & 0x0000ff00u) >>  8),
-                float((v & 0x00ff0000u) >> 16),
-                float((v & 0xff000000u) >> 24)) / 255.0;
-}
-mediump vec4 unpackSnorm4x8(highp uint v) {
-    int a = int(((v       ) & 0xffu) << 24u) >> 24 ;
-    int b = int(((v >>  8u) & 0xffu) << 24u) >> 24 ;
-    int c = int(((v >> 16u) & 0xffu) << 24u) >> 24 ;
-    int d = int(((v >> 24u) & 0xffu) << 24u) >> 24 ;
-    return clamp(vec4(float(a), float(b), float(c), float(d)) / 127.0, -1.0, 1.0);
-}
-)"sv;
-    }
-#endif // BACKEND_OPENGL_VERSION_GLES
-    return ""sv;
-}
-
-// split shader source code in three:
-// - the version line
-// - extensions
-// - everything else
-std::array<std::string_view, 3> ShaderCompilerService::splitShaderSource(std::string_view source) noexcept {
-    auto version_start = source.find("#version");
-    assert_invariant(version_start != std::string_view::npos);
-
-    auto version_eol = source.find('\n', version_start) + 1;
-    assert_invariant(version_eol != std::string_view::npos);
-
-    auto prolog_start = version_eol;
-    auto prolog_eol = source.rfind("\n#extension"); // last #extension line
-    if (prolog_eol == std::string_view::npos) {
-        prolog_eol = prolog_start;
-    } else {
-        prolog_eol = source.find('\n', prolog_eol + 1) + 1;
-    }
-    auto body_start = prolog_eol;
-
-    std::string_view const version = source.substr(version_start, version_eol - version_start);
-    std::string_view const prolog = source.substr(prolog_start, prolog_eol - prolog_start);
-    std::string_view const body = source.substr(body_start, source.length() - body_start);
-    return { version, prolog, body };
-}
-
 /*
  * Create a program from the given shader IDs and links it. This cannot fail because errors
  * are checked later. This always returns a valid GL program ID (which doesn't mean the
  * program itself is valid).
  */
-GLuint ShaderCompilerService::linkProgram(OpenGLContext& context,
-        std::array<GLuint, Program::SHADER_TYPE_COUNT> shaders,
+/* static */ GLuint ShaderCompilerService::linkProgram(OpenGLContext& context,
+        shaders_t const& shaders,
         utils::FixedCapacityVector<std::pair<utils::CString, uint8_t>> const& attributes) noexcept {
 
     SYSTRACE_CALL();
@@ -913,7 +738,7 @@ void ShaderCompilerService::executeTickOps() noexcept {
  * Checks a program link status and logs errors and frees resources on failure.
  * Returns true on success.
  */
-bool ShaderCompilerService::checkProgramStatus(program_token_t const& token) noexcept {
+/* static */ bool ShaderCompilerService::checkProgramStatus(program_token_t const& token) noexcept {
 
     SYSTRACE_CALL();
 
@@ -948,20 +773,24 @@ bool ShaderCompilerService::checkProgramStatus(program_token_t const& token) noe
     return false;
 }
 
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 UTILS_NOINLINE
-void logCompilationError(io::ostream& out, ShaderStage shaderType,
-        const char* name, GLuint shaderId,
-        UTILS_UNUSED_IN_RELEASE CString const& sourceCode) noexcept {
+/* static */ void logCompilationError(io::ostream& out, ShaderStage shaderType, const char* name,
+        GLuint shaderId, UTILS_UNUSED_IN_RELEASE CString const& sourceCode) noexcept {
 
     auto to_string = [](ShaderStage type) -> const char* {
         switch (type) {
-            case ShaderStage::VERTEX:   return "vertex";
-            case ShaderStage::FRAGMENT: return "fragment";
-            case ShaderStage::COMPUTE:  return "compute";
+            case ShaderStage::VERTEX:
+                return "vertex";
+            case ShaderStage::FRAGMENT:
+                return "fragment";
+            case ShaderStage::COMPUTE:
+                return "compute";
         }
     };
 
-    { // scope for the temporary string storage
+    {// scope for the temporary string storage
         GLint length = 0;
         glGetShaderiv(shaderId, GL_INFO_LOG_LENGTH, &length);
 
@@ -969,8 +798,7 @@ void logCompilationError(io::ostream& out, ShaderStage shaderType,
         glGetShaderInfoLog(shaderId, length, nullptr, infoLog.data());
 
         out << "Compilation error in " << to_string(shaderType) << " shader \"" << name << "\":\n"
-            << "\"" << infoLog.c_str() << "\""
-            << io::endl;
+            << "\"" << infoLog.c_str() << "\"" << io::endl;
     }
 
 #ifndef NDEBUG
@@ -996,7 +824,7 @@ void logCompilationError(io::ostream& out, ShaderStage shaderType,
 }
 
 UTILS_NOINLINE
-void logProgramLinkError(io::ostream& out, char const* name, GLuint program) noexcept {
+/* static */ void logProgramLinkError(io::ostream& out, char const* name, GLuint program) noexcept {
     GLint length = 0;
     glGetProgramiv(program, GL_INFO_LOG_LENGTH, &length);
 
@@ -1004,9 +832,204 @@ void logProgramLinkError(io::ostream& out, char const* name, GLuint program) noe
     glGetProgramInfoLog(program, length, nullptr, infoLog.data());
 
     out << "Link error in \"" << name << "\":\n"
-        << "\"" << infoLog.c_str() << "\""
-        << io::endl;
+        << "\"" << infoLog.c_str() << "\"" << io::endl;
 }
 
+// If usages of the Google-style line directive are present, remove them, as some
+// drivers don't allow the quotation marks. This source modification happens in-place.
+/* static */ void process_GOOGLE_cpp_style_line_directive(OpenGLContext& context, char* source,
+        size_t len) noexcept {
+    if (!context.ext.GOOGLE_cpp_style_line_directive) {
+        if (UTILS_UNLIKELY(requestsGoogleLineDirectivesExtension({ source, len }))) {
+            removeGoogleLineDirectives(source, len);// length is unaffected
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// Look up the `source` to replace the number of eyes for multiview with the given number. This is
+// necessary for OpenGL because OpenGL relies on the number specified in shader files to determine
+// the number of views, which is assumed as a single digit, for multiview.
+// This source modification happens in-place.
+/* static */ void process_OVR_multiview2(OpenGLContext& context, int32_t eyeCount, char* source,
+        size_t len) noexcept {
+    // We don't use regular expression in favor of performance.
+    if (context.ext.OVR_multiview2) {
+        const std::string_view shader{ source, len };
+        const std::string_view layout = "layout";
+        const std::string_view num_views = "num_views";
+        size_t found = 0;
+        while (true) {
+            found = shader.find(layout, found);
+            if (found == std::string_view::npos) {
+                break;
+            }
+            found = shader.find_first_not_of(' ', found + layout.size());
+            if (found == std::string_view::npos || shader[found] != '(') {
+                continue;
+            }
+            found = shader.find_first_not_of(' ', found + 1);
+            if (found == std::string_view::npos) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (shader.compare(found, num_views.size(), num_views) != 0) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            found = shader.find_first_not_of(' ', found + num_views.size());
+            if (found == std::string_view::npos || shader[found] != '=') {
+                continue;
+            }
+            found = shader.find_first_not_of(' ', found + 1);
+            if (found == std::string_view::npos) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            // We assume the value should be one-digit number.
+            assert_invariant(eyeCount < 10);
+            assert_invariant(!::isdigit(source[found + 1]));
+            source[found] = '0' + eyeCount;
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// Tragically, OpenGL 4.1 doesn't support unpackHalf2x16 (appeared in 4.2) and
+// macOS doesn't support GL_ARB_shading_language_packing
+// Also GLES3.0 didn't have the full set of packing/unpacking functions
+/* static */ std::string_view process_ARB_shading_language_packing(
+        OpenGLContext& context) noexcept {
+    using namespace std::literals;
+#ifdef BACKEND_OPENGL_VERSION_GL
+    if (!context.isAtLeastGL<4, 2>() && !context.ext.ARB_shading_language_packing) {
+        return R"(
+
+// these don't handle denormals, NaNs or inf
+float u16tofp32(highp uint v) {
+    v <<= 16u;
+    highp uint s = v & 0x80000000u;
+    highp uint n = v & 0x7FFFFFFFu;
+    highp uint nz = (n == 0u) ? 0u : 0xFFFFFFFFu;
+    return uintBitsToFloat(s | ((((n >> 3u) + (0x70u << 23u))) & nz));
+}
+vec2 unpackHalf2x16(highp uint v) {
+    return vec2(u16tofp32(v&0xFFFFu), u16tofp32(v>>16u));
+}
+uint fp32tou16(float val) {
+    uint f32 = floatBitsToUint(val);
+    uint f16 = 0u;
+    uint sign = (f32 >> 16u) & 0x8000u;
+    int exponent = int((f32 >> 23u) & 0xFFu) - 127;
+    uint mantissa = f32 & 0x007FFFFFu;
+    if (exponent > 15) {
+        f16 = sign | (0x1Fu << 10u);
+    } else if (exponent > -15) {
+        exponent += 15;
+        mantissa >>= 13;
+        f16 = sign | uint(exponent << 10) | mantissa;
+    } else {
+        f16 = sign;
+    }
+    return f16;
+}
+highp uint packHalf2x16(vec2 v) {
+    highp uint x = fp32tou16(v.x);
+    highp uint y = fp32tou16(v.y);
+    return (y << 16u) | x;
+}
+highp uint packUnorm4x8(mediump vec4 v) {
+    v = round(clamp(v, 0.0, 1.0) * 255.0);
+    highp uint a = uint(v.x);
+    highp uint b = uint(v.y) <<  8;
+    highp uint c = uint(v.z) << 16;
+    highp uint d = uint(v.w) << 24;
+    return (a|b|c|d);
+}
+highp uint packSnorm4x8(mediump vec4 v) {
+    v = round(clamp(v, -1.0, 1.0) * 127.0);
+    highp uint a = uint((int(v.x) & 0xff));
+    highp uint b = uint((int(v.y) & 0xff)) <<  8;
+    highp uint c = uint((int(v.z) & 0xff)) << 16;
+    highp uint d = uint((int(v.w) & 0xff)) << 24;
+    return (a|b|c|d);
+}
+mediump vec4 unpackUnorm4x8(highp uint v) {
+    return vec4(float((v & 0x000000ffu)      ),
+                float((v & 0x0000ff00u) >>  8),
+                float((v & 0x00ff0000u) >> 16),
+                float((v & 0xff000000u) >> 24)) / 255.0;
+}
+mediump vec4 unpackSnorm4x8(highp uint v) {
+    int a = int(((v       ) & 0xffu) << 24u) >> 24 ;
+    int b = int(((v >>  8u) & 0xffu) << 24u) >> 24 ;
+    int c = int(((v >> 16u) & 0xffu) << 24u) >> 24 ;
+    int d = int(((v >> 24u) & 0xffu) << 24u) >> 24 ;
+    return clamp(vec4(float(a), float(b), float(c), float(d)) / 127.0, -1.0, 1.0);
+}
+)"sv;
+    }
+#endif// BACKEND_OPENGL_VERSION_GL
+
+#ifdef BACKEND_OPENGL_VERSION_GLES
+    if (!context.isES2() && !context.isAtLeastGLES<3, 1>()) {
+        return R"(
+
+highp uint packUnorm4x8(mediump vec4 v) {
+    v = round(clamp(v, 0.0, 1.0) * 255.0);
+    highp uint a = uint(v.x);
+    highp uint b = uint(v.y) <<  8;
+    highp uint c = uint(v.z) << 16;
+    highp uint d = uint(v.w) << 24;
+    return (a|b|c|d);
+}
+highp uint packSnorm4x8(mediump vec4 v) {
+    v = round(clamp(v, -1.0, 1.0) * 127.0);
+    highp uint a = uint((int(v.x) & 0xff));
+    highp uint b = uint((int(v.y) & 0xff)) <<  8;
+    highp uint c = uint((int(v.z) & 0xff)) << 16;
+    highp uint d = uint((int(v.w) & 0xff)) << 24;
+    return (a|b|c|d);
+}
+mediump vec4 unpackUnorm4x8(highp uint v) {
+    return vec4(float((v & 0x000000ffu)      ),
+                float((v & 0x0000ff00u) >>  8),
+                float((v & 0x00ff0000u) >> 16),
+                float((v & 0xff000000u) >> 24)) / 255.0;
+}
+mediump vec4 unpackSnorm4x8(highp uint v) {
+    int a = int(((v       ) & 0xffu) << 24u) >> 24 ;
+    int b = int(((v >>  8u) & 0xffu) << 24u) >> 24 ;
+    int c = int(((v >> 16u) & 0xffu) << 24u) >> 24 ;
+    int d = int(((v >> 24u) & 0xffu) << 24u) >> 24 ;
+    return clamp(vec4(float(a), float(b), float(c), float(d)) / 127.0, -1.0, 1.0);
+}
+)"sv;
+    }
+#endif// BACKEND_OPENGL_VERSION_GLES
+    return ""sv;
+}
+
+// split shader source code in three:
+// - the version line
+// - extensions
+// - everything else
+/* static */ std::array<std::string_view, 3> splitShaderSource(std::string_view source) noexcept {
+    auto version_start = source.find("#version");
+    assert_invariant(version_start != std::string_view::npos);
+
+    auto version_eol = source.find('\n', version_start) + 1;
+    assert_invariant(version_eol != std::string_view::npos);
+
+    auto prolog_start = version_eol;
+    auto prolog_eol = source.rfind("\n#extension");// last #extension line
+    if (prolog_eol == std::string_view::npos) {
+        prolog_eol = prolog_start;
+    } else {
+        prolog_eol = source.find('\n', prolog_eol + 1) + 1;
+    }
+    auto body_start = prolog_eol;
+
+    std::string_view const version = source.substr(version_start, version_eol - version_start);
+    std::string_view const prolog = source.substr(prolog_start, prolog_eol - prolog_start);
+    std::string_view const body = source.substr(body_start, source.length() - body_start);
+    return { version, prolog, body };
+}
 
 } // namespace filament::backend

filament/backend/src/opengl/ShaderCompilerService.h

@@ -57,6 +57,8 @@ class ShaderCompilerService {
 
 public:
     using program_token_t = std::shared_ptr<OpenGLProgramToken>;
+    using shaders_t = std::array<GLuint, Program::SHADER_TYPE_COUNT>;
+    using shaders_source_t = std::array<utils::CString, Program::SHADER_TYPE_COUNT>;
 
     explicit ShaderCompilerService(OpenGLDriver& driver);
 
@@ -134,22 +136,9 @@ private:
             OpenGLContext& context,
             Program::ShaderSource shadersSource,
             utils::FixedCapacityVector<Program::SpecializationConstant> const& specializationConstants,
-            bool multiview,
-            std::array<GLuint, Program::SHADER_TYPE_COUNT>& outShaders,
-            std::array<utils::CString, Program::SHADER_TYPE_COUNT>& outShaderSourceCode) noexcept;
+            bool multiview, shaders_t& outShaders, shaders_source_t& outShaderSourceCode) noexcept;
 
-    static void process_GOOGLE_cpp_style_line_directive(OpenGLContext& context,
-            char* source, size_t len) noexcept;
-
-    static void process_OVR_multiview2(OpenGLContext& context, int32_t eyeCount,
-            char* source, size_t len) noexcept;
-
-    static std::string_view process_ARB_shading_language_packing(OpenGLContext& context) noexcept;
-
-    static std::array<std::string_view, 3> splitShaderSource(std::string_view source) noexcept;
-
-    static GLuint linkProgram(OpenGLContext& context,
-            std::array<GLuint, Program::SHADER_TYPE_COUNT> shaders,
+    static GLuint linkProgram(OpenGLContext& context, shaders_t const& shaders,
             utils::FixedCapacityVector<std::pair<utils::CString, uint8_t>> const& attributes) noexcept;
 
     static bool checkProgramStatus(program_token_t const& token) noexcept;

filament/backend/src/ostream.cpp

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
  */
 
 #include <backend/BufferDescriptor.h>
+#include <backend/BufferObjectStreamDescriptor.h>
 #include <backend/DescriptorSetOffsetArray.h>
 #include <backend/DriverEnums.h>
 #include <backend/PipelineState.h>
@@ -437,6 +438,10 @@ io::ostream& operator<<(io::ostream& out, BufferDescriptor const& b) {
     << ", user=" << b.getUser() << " }";
 }
 
+io::ostream& operator<<(io::ostream& out, const BufferObjectStreamDescriptor& b) {
+    return out << "BufferObjectStreamDescriptor{ streams(" << b.mStreams.size() << ")=... }";
+}
+
 io::ostream& operator<<(io::ostream& out, PixelBufferDescriptor const& b) {
     BufferDescriptor const& base = static_cast<BufferDescriptor const&>(b);
     return out << "PixelBufferDescriptor{ " << base

filament/backend/src/vulkan/VulkanConstants.h

@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@
 #endif
 
 #ifndef NDEBUG
-#define FVK_DEBUG_FLAGS (FVK_DEBUG_PERFORMANCE | FVK_DEBUG_FORWARDED_FLAG | FVK_DEBUG_VALIDATION)
+#define FVK_DEBUG_FLAGS (FVK_DEBUG_PERFORMANCE | FVK_DEBUG_FORWARDED_FLAG)
 #else
 #define FVK_DEBUG_FLAGS 0
 #endif

filament/backend/src/vulkan/VulkanDriver.cpp

@@ -200,7 +200,9 @@ Dispatcher VulkanDriver::getDispatcher() const noexcept {
 VulkanDriver::VulkanDriver(VulkanPlatform* platform, VulkanContext const& context,
         Platform::DriverConfig const& driverConfig) noexcept
     : mPlatform(platform),
-      mResourceManager(driverConfig.handleArenaSize, driverConfig.disableHandleUseAfterFreeCheck,
+      mResourceManager(
+              driverConfig.handleArenaSize,
+              driverConfig.disableHandleUseAfterFreeCheck,
               driverConfig.disableHeapHandleTags),
       mAllocator(createAllocator(mPlatform->getInstance(), mPlatform->getPhysicalDevice(),
               mPlatform->getDevice())),
@@ -219,8 +221,6 @@ VulkanDriver::VulkanDriver(VulkanPlatform* platform, VulkanContext const& contex
       mDescriptorSetLayoutCache(mPlatform->getDevice(), &mResourceManager),
       mDescriptorSetCache(mPlatform->getDevice(), &mResourceManager),
       mQueryManager(mPlatform->getDevice()),
-      mExternalImageManager(platform, &mSamplerCache, &mYcbcrConversionCache, &mDescriptorSetCache,
-              &mDescriptorSetLayoutCache),
       mIsSRGBSwapChainSupported(mPlatform->getCustomization().isSRGBSwapChainSupported),
       mStereoscopicType(driverConfig.stereoscopicType) {
 
@@ -313,7 +313,7 @@ void VulkanDriver::terminate() {
 
     mCurrentSwapChain = {};
     mDefaultRenderTarget = {};
-    mPipelineState = {};
+    mBoundPipeline = {};
 
     mQueryManager.terminate();
 
@@ -325,13 +325,9 @@ void VulkanDriver::terminate() {
 
     mCommands.terminate();
 
-    // Must come before samplerCache, ycbcrConversionCache, descriptorSetCache,
-    // descriptorSetLayoutCache
-    mExternalImageManager.terminate();
-
     mStagePool.terminate();
     mPipelineCache.terminate();
-    mFramebufferCache.reset();
+    mFramebufferCache.terminate();
     mSamplerCache.terminate();
     mDescriptorSetLayoutCache.terminate();
     mDescriptorSetCache.terminate();
@@ -385,10 +381,6 @@ void VulkanDriver::beginFrame(int64_t monotonic_clock_ns,
         int64_t refreshIntervalNs, uint32_t frameId) {
     FVK_PROFILE_MARKER(PROFILE_NAME_BEGINFRAME);
     // Do nothing.
-
-    if (mAppState.hasExternalSamplers()) {
-        mExternalImageManager.onBeginFrame();
-    }
 }
 
 void VulkanDriver::setFrameScheduledCallback(Handle<HwSwapChain> sch, CallbackHandler* handler,
@@ -429,16 +421,12 @@ void VulkanDriver::updateDescriptorSetTexture(
     auto set = resource_ptr<VulkanDescriptorSet>::cast(&mResourceManager, dsh);
     auto texture = resource_ptr<VulkanTexture>::cast(&mResourceManager, th);
 
-    if (mExternalImageManager.isExternallySampledTexture(texture)) {
-        mExternalImageManager.bindExternallySampledTexture(set, binding, texture, params);
-        mAppState.hasBoundExternalImages = true;
-    } else {
-        VulkanSamplerCache::Params cacheParams = {
-            .sampler = params,
-        };
-        VkSampler const vksampler = mSamplerCache.getSampler(cacheParams);
-        mDescriptorSetCache.updateSampler(set, binding, texture, vksampler);
-    }
+    // TODO: YcbcrConversion?
+    VulkanSamplerCache::Params cacheParams = {
+        .sampler = params,
+    };
+    VkSampler const vksampler = mSamplerCache.getSampler(cacheParams);
+    mDescriptorSetCache.updateSampler(set, binding, texture, vksampler);
 }
 
 void VulkanDriver::flush(int) {
@@ -575,35 +563,41 @@ void VulkanDriver::createTextureExternalImage2R(Handle<HwTexture> th, backend::S
         backend::TextureFormat format, uint32_t width, uint32_t height, backend::TextureUsage usage,
         Platform::ExternalImageHandleRef externalImage) {
     FVK_SYSTRACE_SCOPE();
-    auto const& metadata = mPlatform->extractExternalImageMetadata(externalImage);
+    auto const& metadata = mPlatform->getExternalImageMetadata(externalImage);
+    if (metadata.isProtected) {
+        usage |= backend::TextureUsage::PROTECTED;
+    }
 
-    // In theory the following are reasonable expectations, but in practice it's hard for client's
-    // to match up the dimensions of the texture with that of the AHB.
-    // assert_invariant(width == metadata.width);
-    // assert_invariant(height == metadata.height);
-    // assert_invariant(format == metadata.filamentFormat);
-    // assert_invariant(fvkutils::getVkFormat(format) == metadata.format);
+    VkImageUsageFlags vkUsage = metadata.usage;
+    if (any(usage & TextureUsage::BLIT_SRC)) {
+        vkUsage |= VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT;
+    }
+
+    if (any(usage & (TextureUsage::BLIT_DST | TextureUsage::UPLOADABLE))) {
+        vkUsage |= VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT;
+    }
+
+    assert_invariant(width == metadata.width);
+    assert_invariant(height == metadata.height);
+    assert_invariant(fvkutils::getVkFormat(format) == metadata.format);
+
+    VkMemoryPropertyFlags const requiredMemoryFlags = any(usage & TextureUsage::UPLOADABLE)
+                                                              ? VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT
+                                                              : VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT;
+    uint32_t const memoryTypeIndex =
+            mContext.selectMemoryType(metadata.memoryTypeBits, requiredMemoryFlags);
+    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(memoryTypeIndex != VK_MAX_MEMORY_TYPES)
+            << "failed to find a valid memory type for external image memory.";
 
     VkImage vkimg;
     VkDeviceMemory deviceMemory;
-    std::tie(vkimg, deviceMemory) = mPlatform->createVkImageFromExternal(externalImage);
-
-    VkSamplerYcbcrConversion conversion =
-            mExternalImageManager.getVkSamplerYcbcrConversion(metadata);
+    std::tie(vkimg, deviceMemory) =
+            mPlatform->createExternalImageData(externalImage, metadata, memoryTypeIndex, vkUsage);
 
     auto texture = resource_ptr<VulkanTexture>::make(&mResourceManager, th, mContext,
             mPlatform->getDevice(), mAllocator, &mResourceManager, &mCommands, vkimg, deviceMemory,
-            metadata.format, conversion, metadata.samples, metadata.width, metadata.height,
-            metadata.layers, usage, mStagePool);
-
-    if (conversion != VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
-        mExternalImageManager.addExternallySampledTexture(texture, externalImage);
-    }
-
-    // Unlike uploaded textures or swapchains, we need to explicit transition this
-    // texture into the read layout.
-    auto& commands = mCommands.get();
-    texture->transitionLayout(&commands, texture->getPrimaryViewRange(), VulkanLayout::READ_ONLY);
+            metadata.format, VK_NULL_HANDLE, metadata.samples, metadata.width, metadata.height,
+            metadata.layerCount, usage, mStagePool);
 
     texture.inc();
 }
@@ -636,8 +630,6 @@ void VulkanDriver::destroyTexture(Handle<HwTexture> th) {
     }
     auto texture = resource_ptr<VulkanTexture>::cast(&mResourceManager, th);
     texture.dec();
-
-    mExternalImageManager.removeExternallySampledTexture(texture);
 }
 
 void VulkanDriver::createProgramR(Handle<HwProgram> ph, Program&& program) {
@@ -806,11 +798,6 @@ void VulkanDriver::createDescriptorSetR(Handle<HwDescriptorSet> dsh,
             fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanDescriptorSetLayout>::cast(&mResourceManager, dslh);
     auto set = mDescriptorSetCache.createSet(dsh, layout);
     set.inc();
-
-    if (layout->hasExternalSamplers()) {
-        mAppState.hasExternalSamplerLayouts = true;
-        mExternalImageManager.addDescriptorSet(layout, set);
-    }
 }
 
 Handle<HwVertexBufferInfo> VulkanDriver::createVertexBufferInfoS() noexcept {
@@ -930,19 +917,11 @@ void VulkanDriver::destroyTimerQuery(Handle<HwTimerQuery> tqh) {
 void VulkanDriver::destroyDescriptorSetLayout(Handle<HwDescriptorSetLayout> dslh) {
     auto layout = resource_ptr<VulkanDescriptorSetLayout>::cast(&mResourceManager, dslh);
     layout.dec();
-
-    if (layout->hasExternalSamplers()) {
-        mExternalImageManager.removeDescriptorSetLayout(layout);
-    }
 }
 
 void VulkanDriver::destroyDescriptorSet(Handle<HwDescriptorSet> dsh) {
     auto set = resource_ptr<VulkanDescriptorSet>::cast(&mResourceManager, dsh);
     set.dec();
-
-    if (mAppState.hasExternalSamplers()) {
-        mExternalImageManager.removeDescriptorSet(set);
-    }
 }
 
 Handle<HwStream> VulkanDriver::createStreamNative(void* nativeStream) {
@@ -1503,6 +1482,7 @@ void VulkanDriver::endRenderPass(int) {
     // pipeline barrier between framebuffer writes and shader reads.
     rt->emitBarriersEndRenderPass(*mCurrentRenderPass.commandBuffer);
 
+    mRenderPassFboInfo = {};
     mCurrentRenderPass.renderTarget = {};
     mCurrentRenderPass.renderPass = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
 
@@ -1543,7 +1523,7 @@ void VulkanDriver::makeCurrent(Handle<HwSwapChain> drawSch, Handle<HwSwapChain>
     swapChain->acquire(resized);
 
     if (resized) {
-        mFramebufferCache.reset();
+        mFramebufferCache.resetFramebuffers();
     }
 
     if (UTILS_LIKELY(mDefaultRenderTarget)) {
@@ -1562,10 +1542,10 @@ void VulkanDriver::commit(Handle<HwSwapChain> sch) {
 
 void VulkanDriver::setPushConstant(backend::ShaderStage stage, uint8_t index,
         backend::PushConstantVariant value) {
-    assert_invariant(mPipelineState.program && "Expect a program when writing to push constants");
+    assert_invariant(mBoundPipeline.program && "Expect a program when writing to push constants");
     assert_invariant(mCurrentRenderPass.commandBuffer && "Should be called within a renderpass");
-    mPipelineState.program->writePushConstant(mCurrentRenderPass.commandBuffer->buffer(),
-            mPipelineState.pipelineLayout, stage, index, value);
+    mBoundPipeline.program->writePushConstant(mCurrentRenderPass.commandBuffer->buffer(),
+            mBoundPipeline.pipelineLayout, stage, index, value);
 }
 
 void VulkanDriver::insertEventMarker(char const* string) {
@@ -1744,27 +1724,6 @@ void VulkanDriver::blitDEPRECATED(TargetBufferFlags buffers,
 }
 
 void VulkanDriver::bindPipeline(PipelineState const& pipelineState) {
-    // We need to determine whether to delay bindning until draw().
-    mPipelineState.bindInDraw.first = false;
-    if (mAppState.hasExternalSamplers()) {
-        auto& layouts = pipelineState.pipelineLayout.setLayout;
-        auto haveExternalSamplers = [&](auto hwHandle) {
-            if (!hwHandle) {
-                return false;
-            }
-            auto layout =
-                    resource_ptr<VulkanDescriptorSetLayout>::cast(&mResourceManager, hwHandle);
-            return layout->hasExternalSamplers();
-        };
-        if (std::any_of(layouts.begin(), layouts.end(), haveExternalSamplers)) {
-            mPipelineState.bindInDraw = { true, pipelineState };
-            return;
-        }
-    }
-    bindPipelineImpl(pipelineState);
-}
-
-void VulkanDriver::bindPipelineImpl(PipelineState const& pipelineState) {
     FVK_SYSTRACE_SCOPE();
     auto commands = mCurrentRenderPass.commandBuffer;
     auto vbi = resource_ptr<VulkanVertexBufferInfo>::cast(&mResourceManager,
@@ -1833,11 +1792,10 @@ void VulkanDriver::bindPipelineImpl(PipelineState const& pipelineState) {
 
     constexpr uint8_t descriptorSetMaskTable[4] = {0x1, 0x3, 0x7, 0xF};
 
-    mPipelineState = {
+    mBoundPipeline = {
         .program = program,
         .pipelineLayout = pipelineLayout,
         .descriptorSetMask = fvkutils::DescriptorSetMask(descriptorSetMaskTable[layoutCount]),
-        .bindInDraw = {false, {}},
     };
 
     mPipelineCache.bindLayout(pipelineLayout);
@@ -1884,24 +1842,14 @@ void VulkanDriver::draw2(uint32_t indexOffset, uint32_t indexCount, uint32_t ins
     FVK_SYSTRACE_SCOPE();
     VkCommandBuffer cmdbuffer = mCurrentRenderPass.commandBuffer->buffer();
 
-    if (mAppState.hasExternalSamplers()) {
-        auto const& [bindInDraw, pipelineSt] = mPipelineState.bindInDraw;
-        bool const hasUpdated =
-                mExternalImageManager.prepareBindSets(mDescriptorSetCache.getBoundSets());
-        if (bindInDraw || hasUpdated) {
-            bindPipelineImpl(pipelineSt);
-        }
-        mPipelineState.bindInDraw.first = false;
-    }
-
     mDescriptorSetCache.commit(mCurrentRenderPass.commandBuffer,
-            mPipelineState.pipelineLayout,
-            mPipelineState.descriptorSetMask);
+            mBoundPipeline.pipelineLayout,
+            mBoundPipeline.descriptorSetMask);
 
     // Finally, make the actual draw call. TODO: support subranges
-    uint32_t const firstIndex = indexOffset;
-    constexpr int32_t vertexOffset = 0;
-    constexpr uint32_t firstInstId = 0;
+    const uint32_t firstIndex = indexOffset;
+    const int32_t vertexOffset = 0;
+    const uint32_t firstInstId = 0;
 
     vkCmdDrawIndexed(cmdbuffer, indexCount, instanceCount, firstIndex, vertexOffset, firstInstId);
 }

filament/backend/src/vulkan/VulkanDriver.h

@@ -30,7 +30,6 @@
 #include "VulkanYcbcrConversionCache.h"
 #include "vulkan/VulkanDescriptorSetCache.h"
 #include "vulkan/VulkanDescriptorSetLayoutCache.h"
-#include "vulkan/VulkanExternalImageManager.h"
 #include "vulkan/VulkanPipelineLayoutCache.h"
 #include "vulkan/memory/ResourceManager.h"
 #include "vulkan/memory/ResourcePointer.h"
@@ -120,7 +119,6 @@ private:
 
 private:
     void collectGarbage();
-    void bindPipelineImpl(PipelineState const& pipelineState);
 
     VulkanPlatform* mPlatform = nullptr;
     fvkmemory::ResourceManager mResourceManager;
@@ -145,29 +143,21 @@ private:
     VulkanDescriptorSetLayoutCache mDescriptorSetLayoutCache;
     VulkanDescriptorSetCache mDescriptorSetCache;
     VulkanQueryManager mQueryManager;
-    VulkanExternalImageManager mExternalImageManager;
 
     // This is necessary for us to write to push constants after binding a pipeline.
     struct {
-        // For push constant
         resource_ptr<VulkanProgram> program;
-        // For push commiting dynamic ubos in draw()
         VkPipelineLayout pipelineLayout;
         fvkutils::DescriptorSetMask descriptorSetMask;
+    } mBoundPipeline = {};
 
-        std::pair<bool, PipelineState> bindInDraw = {false, {}};
-    } mPipelineState = {};
-
+    // We need to store information about a render pass to enable better barriers at the end of a
+    // renderpass.
     struct {
-        // This tracks whether the app has seen external samplers bound to a the descriptor set.
-        // This will force bindPipeline to take a slow path.
-        bool hasExternalSamplerLayouts = false;
-        bool hasBoundExternalImages = false;
-
-        bool hasExternalSamplers() const noexcept {
-            return hasExternalSamplerLayouts && hasBoundExternalImages;
-        }
-    } mAppState;
+        using AttachmentArray =
+                fvkutils::StaticVector<VulkanAttachment, MAX_RENDERTARGET_ATTACHMENT_TEXTURES>;
+        AttachmentArray attachments;
+    } mRenderPassFboInfo = {};
 
     bool const mIsSRGBSwapChainSupported;
     backend::StereoscopicType const mStereoscopicType;

filament/backend/src/vulkan/VulkanExternalImageManager.cpp

@@ -1,280 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2025 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#include "VulkanExternalImageManager.h"
-
-#include "VulkanDescriptorSetCache.h"
-#include "VulkanDescriptorSetLayoutCache.h"
-#include "VulkanSamplerCache.h"
-#include "VulkanYcbcrConversionCache.h"
-#include "vulkan/memory/ResourcePointer.h"
-#include "vulkan/utils/Conversion.h"
-
-#include <backend/platforms/VulkanPlatform.h>
-
-#include <algorithm>
-
-namespace filament::backend {
-
-namespace {
-
-template<typename T>
-void erase(std::vector<T>& v, std::function<bool(T const&)> f) {
-    auto newEnd = std::remove_if(v.begin(), v.end(), f);
-    v.erase(newEnd, v.end());
-}
-
-} // anonymous
-
-VulkanExternalImageManager::VulkanExternalImageManager(VulkanPlatform* platform,
-        VulkanSamplerCache* samplerCache, VulkanYcbcrConversionCache* ycbcrConversionCache,
-        VulkanDescriptorSetCache* setCache, VulkanDescriptorSetLayoutCache* layoutCache)
-    : mPlatform(platform),
-      mSamplerCache(samplerCache),
-      mYcbcrConversionCache(ycbcrConversionCache),
-      mDescriptorSetCache(setCache),
-      mDescriptorSetLayoutCache(layoutCache) {
-}
-
-VulkanExternalImageManager::~VulkanExternalImageManager() = default;
-
-void VulkanExternalImageManager::terminate() {
-    mSetAndLayouts.clear();
-    mSetBindings.clear();
-    mImages.clear();
-}
-
-void VulkanExternalImageManager::onBeginFrame() {
-    std::for_each(mImages.begin(), mImages.end(), [](ImageData& image) {
-        image.hasBeenValidated = false;
-    });
-}
-
-bool VulkanExternalImageManager::prepareBindSets(SetArray const& sets) {
-    bool hasUpdated = false;
-    for (auto set: sets) {
-        if (!set) {
-            continue;
-        }
-        if (auto itr = std::find_if(mSetAndLayouts.begin(), mSetAndLayouts.end(),
-                    [&](auto const& setAndLayout) { return setAndLayout.first == set; });
-                itr != mSetAndLayouts.end()) {
-            hasUpdated = updateSetAndLayout(itr->first, itr->second) || hasUpdated;
-        }
-    }
-    return hasUpdated;
-}
-
-bool VulkanExternalImageManager::updateSetAndLayout(
-        fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanDescriptorSet> set,
-        fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanDescriptorSetLayout> layout) {
-    auto findImage = [&](fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanTexture> texture) -> ImageData* {
-        auto itr = std::find_if(mImages.begin(), mImages.end(), [&](ImageData const& data) {
-            return data.ptr == texture;
-        });
-        assert_invariant(itr != mImages.end());
-        return &(*itr);
-    };
-
-    //std::vector<std::pair<uint8_t, ImageData*>> externalImages;
-    utils::FixedCapacityVector<std::pair<uint8_t, VkSampler>> samplerAndBindings;
-    samplerAndBindings.reserve(MAX_SAMPLER_COUNT);
-
-    bool hasImageUpdates = false;
-    for (auto& bindingInfo : mSetBindings) {
-        if (bindingInfo.set != set) {
-            continue;
-        }
-        auto imageData = findImage(bindingInfo.image);
-        hasImageUpdates = updateImage(imageData) || hasImageUpdates;
-
-        auto samplerParams = bindingInfo.samplerParams;
-        // according to spec, these must match chromaFilter
-        // https://registry.khronos.org/vulkan/specs/latest/man/html/VkSamplerCreateInfo.html#VUID-VkSamplerCreateInfo-minFilter-01645
-        samplerParams.filterMag = SamplerMagFilter::NEAREST;
-        samplerParams.filterMin = SamplerMinFilter::NEAREST;
-
-        auto sampler = mSamplerCache->getSampler({
-            .sampler = samplerParams,
-            .conversion = imageData->conversion,
-        });
-        samplerAndBindings.push_back({ bindingInfo.binding, sampler });
-    }
-
-    // We need to sort by binding number
-    std::sort(samplerAndBindings.begin(), samplerAndBindings.end());
-
-    utils::FixedCapacityVector<VkSampler> outSamplers;
-    outSamplers.reserve(MAX_SAMPLER_COUNT);
-    std::for_each(samplerAndBindings.begin(), samplerAndBindings.end(),
-            [&](auto const& b) { outSamplers.push_back(b.second); });
-
-    VkDescriptorSetLayout const oldLayout = layout->getVkLayout();
-    VkDescriptorSetLayout const newLayout =
-            mDescriptorSetLayoutCache->getVkLayout(layout->bitmask, outSamplers);
-    bool const hasLayoutUpdate = oldLayout != newLayout;
-    layout->setVkLayout(newLayout);
-
-    assert_invariant(
-            (!hasImageUpdates && !hasLayoutUpdate) ||
-            (hasImageUpdates && hasLayoutUpdate));
-
-    if (!hasLayoutUpdate) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    auto foldBitsInHalf = [](auto bitset) {
-        constexpr size_t BITMASK_LOWER_BITS_LEN = sizeof(bitset) * 4;
-        decltype(bitset) outBitset;
-        bitset.forEachSetBit([&](size_t index) { outBitset.set(index % BITMASK_LOWER_BITS_LEN); });
-        return outBitset;
-    };
-    // We need to build a new descriptor set from the new layout
-    VkDescriptorSet oldSet = set->getVkSet();
-    VkDescriptorSet newSet = mDescriptorSetCache->getVkSet(layout);
-
-    using Bitmask = fvkutils::UniformBufferBitmask;
-    static_assert(sizeof(Bitmask) * 8 == fvkutils::MAX_DESCRIPTOR_SET_BITMASK_BITS);
-
-    auto const ubo = layout->bitmask.ubo | layout->bitmask.dynamicUbo;
-    auto const samplers = layout->bitmask.sampler & (~layout->bitmask.externalSampler);
-
-    // each bitmask denotes a binding index, and separated into two stages - vertex and buffer
-    // We fold the two stages into just the lower half of the bits to denote a combined set of
-    // bindings.
-    Bitmask const copyBindings = foldBitsInHalf(ubo | samplers);
-
-    // TODO: fix the size for better memory
-    std::vector<VkCopyDescriptorSet> copies;
-    copyBindings.forEachSetBit([&](size_t index) {
-        copies.push_back({
-            .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COPY_DESCRIPTOR_SET,
-            .srcSet = oldSet,
-            .srcBinding = (uint32_t) index,
-            .dstSet = newSet,
-            .dstBinding = (uint32_t) index,
-            .descriptorCount = 1,
-        });
-    });
-    vkUpdateDescriptorSets(mPlatform->getDevice(), 0, nullptr, copies.size(), copies.data());
-
-    set->setVkSet(newSet);
-
-    // We need to release the vkset, which is no longer used, back into the pool.
-    mDescriptorSetCache->manualRecyle(layout->count, oldLayout, oldSet);
-
-    // We need to update the external samplers in the set
-    for (auto& bindingInfo: mSetBindings) {
-        if (bindingInfo.set != set) {
-            continue;
-        }
-        mDescriptorSetCache->updateSampler(set, bindingInfo.binding, bindingInfo.image,
-                VK_NULL_HANDLE);
-    }
-    return true;
-}
-
-VkSamplerYcbcrConversion VulkanExternalImageManager::getVkSamplerYcbcrConversion(
-        VulkanPlatform::ExternalImageMetadata const& metadata) {
-    // This external image does not require external sampler (YUV conversion).
-    if (metadata.externalFormat == 0) {
-        return VK_NULL_HANDLE;
-    }
-    VulkanYcbcrConversionCache::Params ycbcrParams = {
-        .conversion = {
-            .ycbcrModel = fvkutils::getYcbcrModelConversionFilament(metadata.ycbcrModel),
-            .r = fvkutils::getSwizzleFilament(metadata.ycbcrConversionComponents.r, 0),
-            .g = fvkutils::getSwizzleFilament(metadata.ycbcrConversionComponents.g, 1),
-            .b = fvkutils::getSwizzleFilament(metadata.ycbcrConversionComponents.b, 2),
-            .a = fvkutils::getSwizzleFilament(metadata.ycbcrConversionComponents.a, 3),
-            .ycbcrRange = fvkutils::getYcbcrRangeFilament(metadata.ycbcrRange),
-            .xChromaOffset = fvkutils::getChromaLocationFilament(metadata.xChromaOffset),
-            .yChromaOffset = fvkutils::getChromaLocationFilament(metadata.yChromaOffset),
-
-            // Unclear where to get the chromaFilter, we just assume it's nearest.
-            .chromaFilter = SamplerMagFilter::NEAREST,
-        },
-        .format = metadata.filamentFormat,
-        .externalFormat = metadata.externalFormat,
-    };
-    return mYcbcrConversionCache->getConversion(ycbcrParams);
-}
-
-bool VulkanExternalImageManager::updateImage(ImageData* image) {
-    if (image->hasBeenValidated) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    image->hasBeenValidated = true;
-
-    auto metadata = mPlatform->extractExternalImageMetadata(image->platformHandle);
-    auto vkYcbcr = getVkSamplerYcbcrConversion(metadata);
-    if (vkYcbcr == image->conversion) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    image->ptr->setYcbcrConversion(vkYcbcr, metadata.externalFormat != 0);
-    image->conversion = vkYcbcr;
-    return true;
-}
-
-void VulkanExternalImageManager::addDescriptorSet(
-        fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanDescriptorSetLayout> layout,
-        fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanDescriptorSet> set) {
-    mSetAndLayouts.push_back({set, layout});
-}
-
-void VulkanExternalImageManager::removeDescriptorSet(
-        fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanDescriptorSet> inSet) {
-    erase<SetAndLayout>(mSetAndLayouts,
-            [&](auto const& setLayout) { return (setLayout.first == inSet); });
-    erase<SetBindingInfo>(mSetBindings,
-            [&](auto const& bindingInfo) { return (bindingInfo.set == inSet); });
-}
-
-void VulkanExternalImageManager::removeDescriptorSetLayout(
-        fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanDescriptorSetLayout> inLayout) {
-    erase<SetAndLayout>(mSetAndLayouts,
-            [&](auto const& setLayout) { return (setLayout.second == inLayout); });
-}
-
-void VulkanExternalImageManager::bindExternallySampledTexture(
-        fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanDescriptorSet> set, uint8_t bindingPoint,
-        fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanTexture> image, SamplerParams samplerParams) {
-    // Should we do duplicate validation here?
-    mSetBindings.push_back({ bindingPoint, image, set, samplerParams });
-}
-
-void VulkanExternalImageManager::addExternallySampledTexture(
-        fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanTexture> image,
-        Platform::ExternalImageHandleRef platformHandleRef) {
-    mImages.push_back({ image, platformHandleRef, false });
-}
-
-void VulkanExternalImageManager::removeExternallySampledTexture(
-        fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanTexture> image) {
-    erase<SetBindingInfo>(mSetBindings,
-            [&](auto const& bindingInfo) { return (bindingInfo.image == image); });
-    erase<ImageData>(mImages, [&](auto const& imageData) { return imageData.ptr == image; });
-}
-
-bool VulkanExternalImageManager::isExternallySampledTexture(
-        fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanTexture> image) const {
-    return std::find_if(mImages.begin(), mImages.end(),
-                   [&](auto const& imageData) { return imageData.ptr == image; }) != mImages.end();
-}
-
-
-} // namesapce filament::backend

filament/backend/src/vulkan/VulkanExternalImageManager.h

@@ -1,115 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2025 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#ifndef TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_CACHING_VULKANEXTERNALIMAGEMANAGER_H
-#define TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_CACHING_VULKANEXTERNALIMAGEMANAGER_H
-
-#include "VulkanHandles.h"
-
-#include <backend/DriverEnums.h>
-
-#include <array>
-#include <vector>
-
-namespace filament::backend {
-
-class VulkanYcbcrConversionCache;
-class VulkanSamplerCache;
-class VulkanDescriptorSetLayoutCache;
-class VulkanDescriptorSetCache;
-
-// Manages the logic of external images and their quirks wrt Vulikan.
-class VulkanExternalImageManager {
-public:
-
-    VulkanExternalImageManager(
-            VulkanPlatform* platform,
-            VulkanSamplerCache* samplerCache,
-            VulkanYcbcrConversionCache* ycbcrConversionCache,
-            VulkanDescriptorSetCache* setCache,
-            VulkanDescriptorSetLayoutCache* layoutCache);
-
-    ~VulkanExternalImageManager();
-
-    void terminate();
-
-    void onBeginFrame();
-
-    using SetArray = std::array<fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanDescriptorSet>,
-            VulkanDescriptorSetLayout::UNIQUE_DESCRIPTOR_SET_COUNT>;
-
-    // This sets the currently bound layouts objects for the pipeline
-    bool prepareBindSets(SetArray const& layouts);
-
-    void addDescriptorSet(fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanDescriptorSetLayout> layout,
-            fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanDescriptorSet> set);
-
-    void removeDescriptorSetLayout(fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanDescriptorSetLayout> layout);
-
-    void removeDescriptorSet(fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanDescriptorSet> set);
-
-    void bindExternallySampledTexture(fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanDescriptorSet> set,
-            uint8_t bindingPoint, fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanTexture> image,
-            SamplerParams samplerParams);
-
-    void addExternallySampledTexture(fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanTexture> image,
-            Platform::ExternalImageHandleRef platformHandleRef);
-
-    void removeExternallySampledTexture(fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanTexture> image);
-
-    bool isExternallySampledTexture(fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanTexture> image) const;
-
-    VkSamplerYcbcrConversion getVkSamplerYcbcrConversion(
-            VulkanPlatform::ExternalImageMetadata const& metadata);
-
-private:
-
-    struct ImageData {
-        fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanTexture> ptr;
-        Platform::ExternalImageHandle platformHandle;
-        bool hasBeenValidated = false; // indicates whether the image has been validated *this frame*
-        VkSamplerYcbcrConversion conversion = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
-    };
-
-    bool updateSetAndLayout(fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanDescriptorSet> set,
-            fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanDescriptorSetLayout> layout);
-    bool updateImage(ImageData* imageData);
-
-    VulkanPlatform* mPlatform;
-    VulkanSamplerCache* mSamplerCache;
-    VulkanYcbcrConversionCache* mYcbcrConversionCache;
-    VulkanDescriptorSetCache* mDescriptorSetCache;
-    VulkanDescriptorSetLayoutCache* mDescriptorSetLayoutCache;
-
-    using SetAndLayout = std::pair<fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanDescriptorSet>,
-            fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanDescriptorSetLayout>>;
-
-    struct SetBindingInfo {
-        uint8_t binding = 0;
-        fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanTexture> image;
-        fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanDescriptorSet> set;
-        SamplerParams samplerParams;
-    };
-
-    // Use vectors instead of hash maps because we only expect small number of entries.
-    std::vector<SetAndLayout> mSetAndLayouts;
-    std::vector<SetBindingInfo> mSetBindings;
-    std::vector<ImageData> mImages;
-};
-
-} // filament::backend
-
-#endif // TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_CACHING_VULKANEXTERNALIMAGEMANAGER_H

filament/backend/src/vulkan/VulkanFboCache.cpp

@@ -340,15 +340,21 @@ VkRenderPass VulkanFboCache::getRenderPass(RenderPassKey const& config) noexcept
     return renderPass;
 }
 
-void VulkanFboCache::reset() noexcept {
-    for (auto pair : mFramebufferCache) {
+void VulkanFboCache::resetFramebuffers() noexcept {
+    for (const auto& pair: mFramebufferCache) {
         mRenderPassRefCount[pair.first.renderPass]--;
         vkDestroyFramebuffer(mDevice, pair.second.handle, VKALLOC);
     }
     mFramebufferCache.clear();
-    for (auto pair : mRenderPassCache) {
+}
+
+void VulkanFboCache::terminate() noexcept {
+    resetFramebuffers();
+
+    for (const auto& pair: mRenderPassCache) {
         vkDestroyRenderPass(mDevice, pair.second.handle, VKALLOC);
     }
+    mRenderPassRefCount.clear();
     mRenderPassCache.clear();
 }
 

filament/backend/src/vulkan/VulkanFboCache.h

@@ -106,8 +106,11 @@ public:
     // Evicts old unused Vulkan objects. Call this once per frame.
     void gc() noexcept;
 
+    // Frees all Framebuffer objects. Call this every time a the swapchain is resized
+    void resetFramebuffers() noexcept;
+
     // Frees all Vulkan objects. Call this during shutdown before the device is destroyed.
-    void reset() noexcept;
+    void terminate() noexcept;
 
 private:
     VkDevice mDevice;

filament/backend/src/vulkan/VulkanSamplerCache.cpp

@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@
 
 #include "VulkanConstants.h"
 #include "vulkan/utils/Conversion.h"
-#include "vulkan/vulkan_core.h"
 
 #include <utils/Panic.h>
 

filament/backend/src/vulkan/memory/ResourcePointer.h

@@ -132,10 +132,6 @@ public:
         return id() == other.id() && type() == other.type();
     }
 
-    inline bool operator!=(resource_ptr<D> const& other) const {
-        return !((*this) == other);
-    }
-
     inline explicit operator bool() const {
         return bool(mRef);
     }

filament/backend/src/vulkan/platform/VulkanPlatform.cpp

@@ -993,6 +993,30 @@ VkQueue VulkanPlatform::getProtectedGraphicsQueue() const noexcept {
     return mImpl->mProtectedGraphicsQueue;
 }
 
+VulkanPlatform::ExternalImageMetadata VulkanPlatform::getExternalImageMetadata(
+        ExternalImageHandleRef externalImage) {
+    return getExternalImageMetadataImpl(externalImage, mImpl->mDevice);
+}
+
+VulkanPlatform::ImageData VulkanPlatform::createExternalImageData(
+        ExternalImageHandleRef externalImage, const ExternalImageMetadata& metadata,
+        uint32_t memoryTypeIndex, VkImageUsageFlags usage) {
+    return createExternalImageDataImpl(externalImage, mImpl->mDevice, metadata, memoryTypeIndex,
+            usage);
+}
+
+VkSampler VulkanPlatform::createExternalSampler(SamplerYcbcrConversion chroma,
+        SamplerParams sampler, uint32_t internalFormat) {
+    return createExternalSamplerImpl(mImpl->mDevice, chroma, sampler, internalFormat);
+}
+
+VkImageView VulkanPlatform::createExternalImageView(SamplerYcbcrConversion chroma,
+        uint32_t internalFormat, VkImage image, VkImageSubresourceRange range,
+        VkImageViewType viewType, VkComponentMapping swizzle) {
+    return createExternalImageViewImpl(mImpl->mDevice, chroma, internalFormat, image, range,
+            viewType, swizzle);
+}
+
 ExtensionSet VulkanPlatform::getSwapchainInstanceExtensions() const {
     return getSwapchainInstanceExtensionsImpl();
 }

filament/backend/src/vulkan/platform/VulkanPlatformAndroid.cpp

@@ -15,14 +15,14 @@
  */
 #include <backend/platforms/VulkanPlatformAndroid.h>
 
-#include "vulkan/VulkanConstants.h"
-#include "vulkan/VulkanContext.h"
-#include "vulkan/vulkan_core.h"
-
 #include <backend/DriverEnums.h>
 #include <private/backend/BackendUtilsAndroid.h>
 
+#include "vulkan/VulkanConstants.h"
+
 #include <utils/Panic.h>
+#include "vulkan/utils/Image.h"
+#include "vulkan/utils/Conversion.h"
 
 #include <bluevk/BlueVK.h>
 
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ VkFormat transformVkFormat(VkFormat format, bool sRGB) {
 }
 
 bool isProtectedFromUsage(uint64_t usage) {
-    return usage & AHARDWAREBUFFER_USAGE_PROTECTED_CONTENT;
+    return (usage & AHARDWAREBUFFER_USAGE_PROTECTED_CONTENT) ? true : false;
 }
 
 std::pair<VkFormat, VkImageUsageFlags> getVKFormatAndUsage(const AHardwareBuffer_Desc& desc,
@@ -120,9 +120,7 @@ std::pair<VkFormat, VkImageUsageFlags> getVKFormatAndUsage(const AHardwareBuffer
     usage = 0;
     if (desc.usage & AHARDWAREBUFFER_USAGE_GPU_SAMPLED_IMAGE) {
         usage |= VK_IMAGE_USAGE_SAMPLED_BIT;
-
-        // We shouldn't be using external samplers as input attachments
-        // usage |= VK_IMAGE_USAGE_INPUT_ATTACHMENT_BIT;
+        usage |= VK_IMAGE_USAGE_INPUT_ATTACHMENT_BIT;
     }
     if (desc.usage & AHARDWAREBUFFER_USAGE_GPU_FRAMEBUFFER) {
         if (isDepthFormat) {
@@ -138,38 +136,87 @@ std::pair<VkFormat, VkImageUsageFlags> getVKFormatAndUsage(const AHardwareBuffer
     return { format, usage };
 }
 
-std::pair<TextureFormat, TextureUsage> getFilamentFormatAndUsage(const AHardwareBuffer_Desc& desc,
-        bool sRGB) {
-    auto const format = mapToFilamentFormat(desc.format, sRGB);
-    return {
-        format,
-        mapToFilamentUsage(desc.usage, format),
-    };
-}
+VulkanPlatform::ImageData allocateExternalImage(AHardwareBuffer* buffer, VkDevice device,
+        VulkanPlatform::ExternalImageMetadata const& metadata, uint32_t memoryTypeIndex,
+        VkImageUsageFlags usage) {
+    VulkanPlatform::ImageData data;
 
+    // if external format we need to specifiy it in the allocation
+    const bool useExternalFormat = metadata.format == VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED;
+
+    const VkExternalFormatANDROID externalFormat = {
+        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_EXTERNAL_FORMAT_ANDROID,
+        .pNext = nullptr,
+        // pass down the format (external means we don't have it VK defined)
+        .externalFormat = metadata.externalFormat,
+    };
+    const VkExternalMemoryImageCreateInfo externalCreateInfo = {
+        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_IMAGE_CREATE_INFO,
+        .pNext = useExternalFormat ? &externalFormat : nullptr,
+        .handleTypes = VK_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_HANDLE_TYPE_ANDROID_HARDWARE_BUFFER_BIT_ANDROID,
+    };
+
+    VkImageCreateInfo imageInfo{ .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_CREATE_INFO };
+    imageInfo.pNext = &externalCreateInfo;
+    imageInfo.format = metadata.format;
+    imageInfo.imageType = VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D;
+    imageInfo.extent = {
+        metadata.width,
+        metadata.height,
+        1u,
+    };
+    imageInfo.mipLevels = 1;
+    imageInfo.arrayLayers = metadata.layers;
+    imageInfo.samples = metadata.samples;
+    imageInfo.usage = usage;
+
+    VkResult result = vkCreateImage(device, &imageInfo, VKALLOC, &data.first);
+    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(result == VK_SUCCESS)
+            << "vkCreateImage failed with error=" << static_cast<int32_t>(result);
+
+    // Allocate the memory
+    VkImportAndroidHardwareBufferInfoANDROID androidHardwareBufferInfo = {
+        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMPORT_ANDROID_HARDWARE_BUFFER_INFO_ANDROID,
+        .pNext = nullptr,
+        .buffer = buffer,
+    };
+    VkMemoryDedicatedAllocateInfo memoryDedicatedAllocateInfo = {
+        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_DEDICATED_ALLOCATE_INFO,
+        .pNext = &androidHardwareBufferInfo,
+        .image = data.first,
+        .buffer = VK_NULL_HANDLE,
+    };
+    VkMemoryAllocateInfo allocInfo = {
+        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_ALLOCATE_INFO,
+        .pNext = &memoryDedicatedAllocateInfo,
+        .allocationSize = metadata.allocationSize,
+        .memoryTypeIndex = memoryTypeIndex,
+    };
+    result = vkAllocateMemory(device, &allocInfo, VKALLOC, &data.second);
+    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(result == VK_SUCCESS)
+            << "vkAllocateMemory failed with error=" << static_cast<int32_t>(result);
+
+    return data;
+}
 
 }// namespace
 
-VulkanPlatformAndroid::ExternalImageVulkanAndroid::~ExternalImageVulkanAndroid() {
-    if (__builtin_available(android 26, *)) {
-        if (aHardwareBuffer) {
-            AHardwareBuffer_release(aHardwareBuffer);
-        }
-    }
-}
+VulkanPlatformAndroid::ExternalImageVulkanAndroid::~ExternalImageVulkanAndroid() = default;
 
 Platform::ExternalImageHandle VulkanPlatformAndroid::createExternalImage(
         AHardwareBuffer const* buffer, bool sRGB) noexcept {
     if (__builtin_available(android 26, *)) {
-        auto bufferImpl = const_cast<AHardwareBuffer*>(buffer);
-        AHardwareBuffer_acquire(bufferImpl);
-
         AHardwareBuffer_Desc hardwareBufferDescription = {};
         AHardwareBuffer_describe(buffer, &hardwareBufferDescription);
 
         auto* const p = new (std::nothrow) ExternalImageVulkanAndroid;
         p->aHardwareBuffer = const_cast<AHardwareBuffer*>(buffer);
         p->sRGB = sRGB;
+        p->height = hardwareBufferDescription.height;
+        p->width = hardwareBufferDescription.width;
+        TextureFormat textureFormat = mapToFilamentFormat(hardwareBufferDescription.format, sRGB);
+        p->format = textureFormat;
+        p->usage = mapToFilamentUsage(hardwareBufferDescription.usage, textureFormat);
         return Platform::ExternalImageHandle{ p };
     }
 
@@ -178,20 +225,23 @@ Platform::ExternalImageHandle VulkanPlatformAndroid::createExternalImage(
 
 VulkanPlatformAndroid::ExternalImageDescAndroid VulkanPlatformAndroid::getExternalImageDesc(
         ExternalImageHandleRef externalImage) const noexcept {
-    auto metadata = extractExternalImageMetadata(externalImage);
+    auto const* fvkExternalImage =
+            static_cast<ExternalImageVulkanAndroid const*>(externalImage.get());
+
     return {
-        .width = metadata.width,
-        .height = metadata.height,
-        .format = metadata.filamentFormat,
-        .usage = metadata.filamentUsage,
+        .width = fvkExternalImage->width,
+        .height = fvkExternalImage->height,
+        .format = fvkExternalImage->format,
+        .usage = fvkExternalImage->usage,
     };
 }
 
-VulkanPlatform::ExternalImageMetadata VulkanPlatformAndroid::extractExternalImageMetadata(
-        ExternalImageHandleRef image) const {
-    auto const* fvkExternalImage = static_cast<ExternalImageVulkanAndroid const*>(image.get());
+VulkanPlatform::ExternalImageMetadata VulkanPlatformAndroid::getExternalImageMetadata(
+        ExternalImageHandleRef externalImage) {
+    auto const* fvkExternalImage =
+            static_cast<ExternalImageVulkanAndroid const*>(externalImage.get());
 
-    ExternalImageMetadata metadata = {};
+    ExternalImageMetadata metadata;
     AHardwareBuffer* buffer = fvkExternalImage->aHardwareBuffer;
     if (__builtin_available(android 26, *)) {
         AHardwareBuffer_Desc bufferDesc;
@@ -199,30 +249,16 @@ VulkanPlatform::ExternalImageMetadata VulkanPlatformAndroid::extractExternalImag
         metadata.width = bufferDesc.width;
         metadata.height = bufferDesc.height;
         metadata.layers = bufferDesc.layers;
+        metadata.isProtected = isProtectedFromUsage(bufferDesc.usage);
         std::tie(metadata.format, metadata.usage) =
                 getVKFormatAndUsage(bufferDesc, fvkExternalImage->sRGB);
-        std::tie(metadata.filamentFormat, metadata.filamentUsage) =
-                getFilamentFormatAndUsage(bufferDesc, fvkExternalImage->sRGB);
-
-        if (isProtectedFromUsage(bufferDesc.usage)) {
-            metadata.filamentUsage |= TextureUsage::PROTECTED;
-        }
-
-        // TODO: The following seems unnecessary. we should be able to discern directly from the
-        // bufferDesc.
-        if (any(metadata.filamentUsage & TextureUsage::BLIT_SRC)) {
-            metadata.usage |= VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT;
-        }
-
-        if (any(metadata.filamentUsage & (TextureUsage::BLIT_DST | TextureUsage::UPLOADABLE))) {
-            metadata.usage |= VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT;
-        }
     }
-    metadata.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
 
+    metadata.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
 
     VkAndroidHardwareBufferFormatPropertiesANDROID formatInfo = {
         .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_ANDROID_HARDWARE_BUFFER_FORMAT_PROPERTIES_ANDROID,
+        .pNext = nullptr,
     };
     VkAndroidHardwareBufferPropertiesANDROID properties = {
         .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_ANDROID_HARDWARE_BUFFER_PROPERTIES_ANDROID,
@@ -232,116 +268,138 @@ VulkanPlatform::ExternalImageMetadata VulkanPlatformAndroid::extractExternalImag
     FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(result == VK_SUCCESS)
             << "vkGetAndroidHardwareBufferProperties failed with error="
             << static_cast<int32_t>(result);
+
     VkFormat bufferPropertiesFormat = transformVkFormat(formatInfo.format, fvkExternalImage->sRGB);
     FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(metadata.format == bufferPropertiesFormat)
             << "mismatched image format( " << metadata.format << ") and queried format("
             << bufferPropertiesFormat << ") for external image (AHB)";
     metadata.externalFormat = formatInfo.externalFormat;
-
-    // Choose either externalFormat > 0 or metadata.format and prefer the latter.
-    if (metadata.externalFormat > 0 &&  metadata.format != VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED) {
-        // See VUID-VkImageCreateInfo-pNext-09457
-        metadata.usage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_SAMPLED_BIT;
-        metadata.externalFormat = 0;
-    }
-
     metadata.allocationSize = properties.allocationSize;
     metadata.memoryTypeBits = properties.memoryTypeBits;
-
-    metadata.ycbcrConversionComponents = formatInfo.samplerYcbcrConversionComponents;
-    metadata.ycbcrModel = formatInfo.suggestedYcbcrModel;
-    metadata.ycbcrRange = formatInfo.suggestedYcbcrRange;
-    metadata.xChromaOffset = formatInfo.suggestedXChromaOffset;
-    metadata.yChromaOffset = formatInfo.suggestedYChromaOffset;
-
     return metadata;
 }
 
-VulkanPlatformAndroid::ImageData VulkanPlatformAndroid::createVkImageFromExternal(
-        ExternalImageHandleRef externalImage) const {
-    auto const& metadata = extractExternalImageMetadata(externalImage);
-
+VulkanPlatformAndroid::ImageData VulkanPlatformAndroid::createExternalImageData(
+        ExternalImageHandleRef externalImage, const ExternalImageMetadata& metadata,
+        uint32_t memoryTypeIndex, VkImageUsageFlags usage) {
     auto const* fvkExternalImage =
             static_cast<ExternalImageVulkanAndroid const*>(externalImage.get());
-    AHardwareBuffer* buffer = fvkExternalImage->aHardwareBuffer;
+    ImageData data = allocateExternalImage(fvkExternalImage->aHardwareBuffer, getDevice(), metadata,
+            memoryTypeIndex, usage);
+    VkResult result = vkBindImageMemory(getDevice(), data.first, data.second, 0);
+    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(result == VK_SUCCESS)
+        << "vkBindImageMemory error=" << static_cast<int32_t>(result);
+    return data;
+}
 
-    // if external format we need to specifiy it in the allocation
-    bool const useExternalFormat = metadata.format == VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED;
-
-    VkExternalFormatANDROID const externalFormat = {
+VkImageView VulkanPlatform::createExternalImageViewImpl(VkDevice device, SamplerYcbcrConversion chroma,
+            uint32_t internalFormat, VkImage image, VkImageSubresourceRange range,
+            VkImageViewType viewType, VkComponentMapping swizzle){
+    VkExternalFormatANDROID externalFormat = {
         .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_EXTERNAL_FORMAT_ANDROID,
-        .pNext = nullptr,
-        .externalFormat = metadata.externalFormat,
-    };
-    VkExternalMemoryImageCreateInfo const externalCreateInfo = {
-        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_IMAGE_CREATE_INFO,
-        .pNext = useExternalFormat ? &externalFormat : nullptr,
-        .handleTypes = VK_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_HANDLE_TYPE_ANDROID_HARDWARE_BUFFER_BIT_ANDROID,
+        .externalFormat = internalFormat,
     };
 
-    VkImageCreateInfo const imageInfo{
-        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_CREATE_INFO,
-        .pNext = &externalCreateInfo,
-        .flags = useExternalFormat ? VK_IMAGE_CREATE_ALIAS_BIT : 0u,
-        .imageType = VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D,
-        .format = metadata.format,
-        .extent = {
-            metadata.width,
-            metadata.height,
-            1u,
-        },
-        .mipLevels = 1,
-        .arrayLayers = metadata.layers,
-        .samples = metadata.samples,
-        .usage = metadata.usage,
+    TextureSwizzle const swizzleArray[] = {chroma.r, chroma.g, chroma.b, chroma.a};
+    VkSamplerYcbcrConversionCreateInfo conversionInfo = {
+        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SAMPLER_YCBCR_CONVERSION_CREATE_INFO,
+        .pNext = &externalFormat,
+        .format = VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED,
+        .ycbcrModel = fvkutils::getYcbcrModelConversion(chroma.ycbcrModel),
+        .ycbcrRange = fvkutils::getYcbcrRange(chroma.ycbcrRange),
+        .components = fvkutils::getSwizzleMap(swizzleArray),
+        .xChromaOffset = fvkutils::getChromaLocation(chroma.xChromaOffset),
+        .yChromaOffset = fvkutils::getChromaLocation(chroma.yChromaOffset),
+        .chromaFilter = fvkutils::getFilter(chroma.chromaFilter),
     };
-
-    VkDevice const device = getDevice();
-
-    VkImage image;
-    VkResult result = vkCreateImage(device, &imageInfo, VKALLOC, &image);
+    VkSamplerYcbcrConversion conversion = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+    VkResult result = vkCreateSamplerYcbcrConversion(device, &conversionInfo,
+                                                     nullptr, &conversion);
     FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(result == VK_SUCCESS)
-            << "vkCreateImage failed with error=" << static_cast<int32_t>(result);
+        << "Unable to create Ycbcr Conversion."
+        << " error=" << static_cast<int32_t>(result);
 
-    // Allocate the memory
-    VkImportAndroidHardwareBufferInfoANDROID const androidHardwareBufferInfo = {
-        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMPORT_ANDROID_HARDWARE_BUFFER_INFO_ANDROID,
-        .buffer = buffer,
+    VkSamplerYcbcrConversionInfo samplerYcbcrConversionInfo = {
+        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SAMPLER_YCBCR_CONVERSION_INFO,
+        .conversion = conversion,
     };
-    VkMemoryDedicatedAllocateInfo const memoryDedicatedAllocateInfo = {
-        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_DEDICATED_ALLOCATE_INFO,
-        .pNext = &androidHardwareBufferInfo,
+
+    VkImageViewCreateInfo viewInfo = {
+        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_VIEW_CREATE_INFO,
+        .pNext = &samplerYcbcrConversionInfo,
+        .flags = 0,
         .image = image,
-        .buffer = VK_NULL_HANDLE,
+        .viewType = viewType,
+        .format = VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED,
+        .components = swizzle,
+        .subresourceRange = range,
+    };
+    VkImageView imageView;
+    result = vkCreateImageView(device, &viewInfo, VKALLOC, &imageView);
+    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(result == VK_SUCCESS)
+        << "Unable to create VkImageView."
+        << " error=" << static_cast<int32_t>(result);
+
+    return imageView;
+}
+
+VkSampler VulkanPlatform::createExternalSamplerImpl(
+        VkDevice device, SamplerYcbcrConversion chroma, SamplerParams params,
+        uint32_t internalFormat) {
+    VkExternalFormatANDROID externalFormat = {
+        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_EXTERNAL_FORMAT_ANDROID,
+        .externalFormat = internalFormat,
     };
 
-    VkPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties memoryProperties;
-    vkGetPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties(getPhysicalDevice(), &memoryProperties);
-
-
-    VkMemoryPropertyFlags const requiredMemoryFlags =
-            any(metadata.filamentUsage & TextureUsage::UPLOADABLE)
-                    ? VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT
-                    : VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT;
-
-    uint32_t const memoryTypeIndex = VulkanContext::selectMemoryType(memoryProperties,
-            metadata.memoryTypeBits, requiredMemoryFlags);
-
-    VkMemoryAllocateInfo const allocInfo = {
-        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_ALLOCATE_INFO,
-        .pNext = &memoryDedicatedAllocateInfo,
-        .allocationSize = metadata.allocationSize,
-        .memoryTypeIndex = memoryTypeIndex,
+    TextureSwizzle const swizzleArray[] = {chroma.r, chroma.g, chroma.b, chroma.a};
+    VkSamplerYcbcrConversionCreateInfo conversionInfo = {
+        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SAMPLER_YCBCR_CONVERSION_CREATE_INFO,
+        .pNext = &externalFormat,
+        .format = VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED,
+        .ycbcrModel = fvkutils::getYcbcrModelConversion(chroma.ycbcrModel),
+        .ycbcrRange = fvkutils::getYcbcrRange(chroma.ycbcrRange),
+        .components = fvkutils::getSwizzleMap(swizzleArray),
+        .xChromaOffset = fvkutils::getChromaLocation(chroma.xChromaOffset),
+        .yChromaOffset = fvkutils::getChromaLocation(chroma.yChromaOffset),
+        .chromaFilter = fvkutils::getFilter(chroma.chromaFilter),
     };
-    VkDeviceMemory memory;
-    result = vkAllocateMemory(device, &allocInfo, VKALLOC, &memory);
+    VkSamplerYcbcrConversion conversion = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+    VkResult result = vkCreateSamplerYcbcrConversion(device, &conversionInfo,
+                                                     nullptr, &conversion);
     FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(result == VK_SUCCESS)
-            << "vkAllocateMemory failed with error=" << static_cast<int32_t>(result);
+        << "Unable to create Ycbcr Conversion."
+        << " error=" << static_cast<int32_t>(result);
 
-    result = vkBindImageMemory(getDevice(), image, memory, 0);
+    VkSamplerYcbcrConversionInfo samplerYcbcrConversionInfo = {
+        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SAMPLER_YCBCR_CONVERSION_INFO,
+        .pNext = nullptr,
+        .conversion = conversion,
+    };
+
+    VkSamplerCreateInfo samplerInfo = {
+        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SAMPLER_CREATE_INFO,
+        .pNext = &samplerYcbcrConversionInfo,
+        .magFilter = fvkutils::getFilter(params.filterMag),
+        .minFilter = fvkutils::getFilter(params.filterMin),
+        .mipmapMode = fvkutils::getMipmapMode(params.filterMin),
+        .addressModeU = fvkutils::getWrapMode(params.wrapS),
+        .addressModeV = fvkutils::getWrapMode(params.wrapT),
+        .addressModeW = fvkutils::getWrapMode(params.wrapR),
+        .anisotropyEnable = params.anisotropyLog2 == 0 ? VK_FALSE : VK_TRUE,
+        .maxAnisotropy = (float)(1u << params.anisotropyLog2),
+        .compareEnable = fvkutils::getCompareEnable(params.compareMode),
+        .compareOp = fvkutils::getCompareOp(params.compareFunc),
+        .minLod = 0.0f,
+        .maxLod = fvkutils::getMaxLod(params.filterMin),
+        .borderColor = VK_BORDER_COLOR_INT_OPAQUE_BLACK,
+        .unnormalizedCoordinates = VK_FALSE,
+    };
+    VkSampler sampler;
+    result = vkCreateSampler(device, &samplerInfo, VKALLOC, &sampler);
     FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(result == VK_SUCCESS)
-            << "vkBindImageMemory error=" << static_cast<int32_t>(result);
-    return { image, memory };
+        << "Unable to create sampler."
+        << " error=" << static_cast<int32_t>(result);
+    return sampler;
 }
 
 VulkanPlatform::ExtensionSet VulkanPlatformAndroid::getSwapchainInstanceExtensions() const {
@@ -369,9 +427,20 @@ VulkanPlatform::SurfaceBundle VulkanPlatformAndroid::createVkSurfaceKHR(void* na
 // Deprecated platform dependent helper methods
 VulkanPlatform::ExtensionSet VulkanPlatform::getSwapchainInstanceExtensionsImpl() { return {}; }
 
+VulkanPlatform::ExternalImageMetadata VulkanPlatform::getExternalImageMetadataImpl(
+        ExternalImageHandleRef externalImage, VkDevice device) {
+    return ExternalImageMetadata{};
+}
+
+VulkanPlatform::ImageData VulkanPlatform::createExternalImageDataImpl(
+        ExternalImageHandleRef externalImage, VkDevice device,
+        const ExternalImageMetadata& metadata, uint32_t memoryTypeIndex, VkImageUsageFlags usage) {
+    return ImageData{};
+}
+
 VulkanPlatform::SurfaceBundle VulkanPlatform::createVkSurfaceKHRImpl(void* nativeWindow,
         VkInstance instance, uint64_t flags) noexcept {
     return SurfaceBundle{};
 }
 
-} // namespace filament::backend
+}// namespace filament::backend

filament/backend/src/vulkan/platform/VulkanPlatformApple.mm

@@ -24,28 +24,12 @@
 #include <bluevk/BlueVK.h>
 
 // Platform specific includes and defines
-#if defined(__APPLE__)
-    #include <Cocoa/Cocoa.h>
-    #import <Metal/Metal.h>
-    #import <QuartzCore/CAMetalLayer.h>
+#include <Cocoa/Cocoa.h>
+#import <Metal/Metal.h>
+#import <QuartzCore/CAMetalLayer.h>
 
-    #ifndef VK_MVK_macos_surface
-         #error VK_MVK_macos_surface is not defined
-    #endif
-#elif defined(FILAMENT_IOS)
-    // Metal is not available when building for the iOS simulator on Desktop.
-    #define METAL_AVAILABLE __has_include(<QuartzCore/CAMetalLayer.h>)
-    #if METAL_AVAILABLE
-        #import <Metal/Metal.h>
-        #import <QuartzCore/CAMetalLayer.h>
-    #endif
-
-    #ifndef VK_MVK_ios_surface
-        #error VK_MVK_ios_surface is not defined
-    #endif
-    #define METALVIEW_TAG 255
-#else
-    #error Not a supported Apple + Vulkan platform
+#ifndef VK_MVK_macos_surface
+    #error VK_MVK_macos_surface is not defined
 #endif
 
 using namespace bluevk;
@@ -54,48 +38,52 @@ namespace filament::backend {
 
 VulkanPlatform::ExtensionSet VulkanPlatform::getSwapchainInstanceExtensionsImpl() {
     ExtensionSet const ret = {
-    #if defined(__APPLE__)
         VK_MVK_MACOS_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME,  // TODO: replace with VK_EXT_metal_surface
-    #elif defined(FILAMENT_IOS) && defined(METAL_AVAILABLE)
-        VK_MVK_IOS_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME,
-    #endif
     };
     return ret;
 }
 
+VulkanPlatform::ExternalImageMetadata VulkanPlatform::getExternalImageMetadataImpl(
+        ExternalImageHandleRef externalImage, VkDevice device) {
+    return {};
+}
+
+VulkanPlatform::ImageData VulkanPlatform::createExternalImageDataImpl(
+        ExternalImageHandleRef externalImage, VkDevice device,
+        const ExternalImageMetadata& metadata, uint32_t memoryTypeIndex, VkImageUsageFlags usage) {
+    return {};
+}
+
+VkSampler VulkanPlatform::createExternalSamplerImpl(VkDevice device,
+    SamplerYcbcrConversion chroma,
+    SamplerParams sampler,
+    uint32_t internalFormat) {
+    return VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+}
+
+VkImageView VulkanPlatform::createExternalImageViewImpl(VkDevice device,
+        SamplerYcbcrConversion chroma, uint32_t internalFormat, VkImage image,
+        VkImageSubresourceRange range, VkImageViewType viewType, VkComponentMapping swizzle) {
+    return VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+}
+
 VulkanPlatform::SurfaceBundle VulkanPlatform::createVkSurfaceKHRImpl(void* nativeWindow,
         VkInstance instance, uint64_t flags) noexcept {
     VkSurfaceKHR surface;
-    #if defined(__APPLE__)
-        NSView* nsview = (__bridge NSView*) nativeWindow;
-        FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(nsview) << "Unable to obtain Metal-backed NSView.";
+    NSView* nsview = (__bridge NSView*) nativeWindow;
+    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(nsview) << "Unable to obtain Metal-backed NSView.";
 
-        // Create the VkSurface.
-        FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(vkCreateMacOSSurfaceMVK)
-                << "Unable to load vkCreateMacOSSurfaceMVK.";
-        VkMacOSSurfaceCreateInfoMVK createInfo = {};
-        createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MACOS_SURFACE_CREATE_INFO_MVK;
-        createInfo.pView = (__bridge void*) nsview;
-        VkResult result = vkCreateMacOSSurfaceMVK((VkInstance) instance, &createInfo, VKALLOC,
-                (VkSurfaceKHR*) &surface);
-        FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(result == VK_SUCCESS)
-                << "vkCreateMacOSSurfaceMVK. error=" << static_cast<int32_t>(result);
-#elif defined(FILAMENT_IOS) && defined(METAL_AVAILABLE)
-    CAMetalLayer* metalLayer = (CAMetalLayer*) nativeWindow;
     // Create the VkSurface.
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(vkCreateIOSSurfaceMVK)
-            << "Unable to load vkCreateIOSSurfaceMVK function.";
-    VkIOSSurfaceCreateInfoMVK createInfo = {};
-    createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IOS_SURFACE_CREATE_INFO_MVK;
-    createInfo.pNext = NULL;
-    createInfo.flags = 0;
-    createInfo.pView = metalLayer;
-    VkResult result = vkCreateIOSSurfaceMVK((VkInstance) instance, &createInfo, VKALLOC,
+    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(vkCreateMacOSSurfaceMVK)
+            << "Unable to load vkCreateMacOSSurfaceMVK.";
+    VkMacOSSurfaceCreateInfoMVK createInfo = {};
+    createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MACOS_SURFACE_CREATE_INFO_MVK;
+    createInfo.pView = (__bridge void*) nsview;
+    VkResult result = vkCreateMacOSSurfaceMVK((VkInstance) instance, &createInfo, VKALLOC,
             (VkSurfaceKHR*) &surface);
     FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(result == VK_SUCCESS)
-            << "vkCreateIOSSurfaceMVK failed. error=" << static_cast<int32_t>(result);
-#endif
-        return std::make_tuple(surface, VkExtent2D{});
+            << "vkCreateMacOSSurfaceMVK. error=" << static_cast<int32_t>(result);
+    return std::make_tuple(surface, VkExtent2D{});
 }
 
 } // namespace filament::backend

filament/backend/src/vulkan/platform/VulkanPlatformLinuxWindows.cpp

@@ -84,6 +84,30 @@ using namespace bluevk;
 
 namespace filament::backend {
 
+VulkanPlatform::ExternalImageMetadata VulkanPlatform::getExternalImageMetadataImpl(
+        ExternalImageHandleRef externalImage, VkDevice device) {
+    return {};
+}
+
+VulkanPlatform::ImageData VulkanPlatform::createExternalImageDataImpl(
+        ExternalImageHandleRef externalImage, VkDevice device,
+        const ExternalImageMetadata& metadata, uint32_t memoryTypeIndex, VkImageUsageFlags usage) {
+    return {};
+}
+
+VkSampler VulkanPlatform::createExternalSamplerImpl(VkDevice device,
+    SamplerYcbcrConversion chroma,
+    SamplerParams sampler,
+    uint32_t internalFormat) {
+    return VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+}
+
+VkImageView VulkanPlatform::createExternalImageViewImpl(VkDevice device,
+        SamplerYcbcrConversion chroma, uint32_t internalFormat, VkImage image,
+        VkImageSubresourceRange range, VkImageViewType viewType, VkComponentMapping swizzle) {
+    return VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+}
+
 VulkanPlatform::ExtensionSet VulkanPlatform::getSwapchainInstanceExtensionsImpl() {
     VulkanPlatform::ExtensionSet const ret = {
 #if defined(__linux__) && defined(FILAMENT_SUPPORTS_WAYLAND)

filament/backend/src/webgpu/WebGPUDriver.cpp

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 #include "webgpu/WebGPUDriver.h"
 
+#include "WebGPUSwapChain.h"
 #include "webgpu/WebGPUConstants.h"
 #include <backend/platforms/WebGPUPlatform.h>
 
@@ -227,6 +228,14 @@ WebGPUDriver::WebGPUDriver(WebGPUPlatform& platform, const Platform::DriverConfi
               driverConfig.disableHeapHandleTags) {
 #if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
     printInstanceDetails(mPlatform.getInstance());
+#endif
+    mAdapter = mPlatform.requestAdapter(nullptr);
+#if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
+    printAdapterDetails(mAdapter);
+#endif
+    mDevice = mPlatform.requestDevice(mAdapter);
+#if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
+    printDeviceDetails(mDevice);
 #endif
 }
 
@@ -256,6 +265,7 @@ void WebGPUDriver::terminate() {
 }
 
 void WebGPUDriver::tick(int) {
+    mDevice.Tick();
 }
 
 void WebGPUDriver::beginFrame(int64_t monotonic_clock_ns,
@@ -285,15 +295,27 @@ void WebGPUDriver::finish(int) {
 }
 
 void WebGPUDriver::destroyRenderPrimitive(Handle<HwRenderPrimitive> rph) {
+   if (rph) {
+        destructHandle<WGPURenderPrimitive>(rph);
+    }
 }
 
 void WebGPUDriver::destroyVertexBufferInfo(Handle<HwVertexBufferInfo> vbih) {
+   if (vbih) {
+        destructHandle<WGPUVertexBufferInfo>(vbih);
+    }
 }
 
 void WebGPUDriver::destroyVertexBuffer(Handle<HwVertexBuffer> vbh) {
+    if (vbh) {
+        destructHandle<WGPUVertexBuffer>(vbh);
+    }
 }
 
 void WebGPUDriver::destroyIndexBuffer(Handle<HwIndexBuffer> ibh) {
+    if (ibh) {
+        destructHandle<WGPUIndexBuffer>(ibh);
+    }
 }
 
 void WebGPUDriver::destroyBufferObject(Handle<HwBufferObject> boh) {
@@ -309,13 +331,10 @@ void WebGPUDriver::destroyRenderTarget(Handle<HwRenderTarget> rth) {
 }
 
 void WebGPUDriver::destroySwapChain(Handle<HwSwapChain> sch) {
+    if (sch) {
+        destructHandle<WebGPUSwapChain>(sch);
+    }
     mSwapChain = nullptr;
-    // TODO:  use webgpu handle allocator from
-    //        https://github.com/google/filament/pull/8566
-//    if (sch) {
-//        HwSwapChain* hwSwapChain = handleCast<HwSwapChain*>(sch);
-//        destruct(sch, hwSwapChain);
-//    }
 }
 
 void WebGPUDriver::destroyStream(Handle<HwStream> sh) {
@@ -325,16 +344,16 @@ void WebGPUDriver::destroyTimerQuery(Handle<HwTimerQuery> tqh) {
 }
 
 void WebGPUDriver::destroyDescriptorSetLayout(Handle<HwDescriptorSetLayout> tqh) {
+    if (tqh) {
+        destructHandle<WebGPUDescriptorSetLayout>(tqh);
+    }
 }
 
 void WebGPUDriver::destroyDescriptorSet(Handle<HwDescriptorSet> tqh) {
 }
 
 Handle<HwSwapChain> WebGPUDriver::createSwapChainS() noexcept {
-    // TODO:  use webgpu handle allocator from.
-    //        https://github.com/google/filament/pull/8566
-    // return allocAndConstructHandle<HwSwapChain>();
-    return Handle<HwSwapChain>((Handle<HwSwapChain>::HandleId) mNextFakeHandle++);
+    return allocHandle<WebGPUSwapChain>();
 }
 
 Handle<HwSwapChain> WebGPUDriver::createSwapChainHeadlessS() noexcept {
@@ -342,7 +361,7 @@ Handle<HwSwapChain> WebGPUDriver::createSwapChainHeadlessS() noexcept {
 }
 
 Handle<HwTexture> WebGPUDriver::createTextureS() noexcept {
-    return Handle<HwTexture>((Handle<HwTexture>::HandleId) mNextFakeHandle++);
+    return allocHandle<WGPUTexture>();
 }
 
 Handle<HwTexture> WebGPUDriver::importTextureS() noexcept {
@@ -370,15 +389,15 @@ Handle<HwTexture> WebGPUDriver::createTextureViewS() noexcept {
 }
 
 Handle<HwBufferObject> WebGPUDriver::createBufferObjectS() noexcept {
-    return Handle<HwBufferObject>((Handle<HwBufferObject>::HandleId) mNextFakeHandle++);
+    return allocHandle<WGPUBufferObject>();
 }
 
 Handle<HwRenderTarget> WebGPUDriver::createRenderTargetS() noexcept {
-    return Handle<HwRenderTarget>((Handle<HwRenderTarget>::HandleId) mNextFakeHandle++);
+    return allocHandle<WGPURenderTarget>();
 }
 
 Handle<HwVertexBuffer> WebGPUDriver::createVertexBufferS() noexcept {
-    return Handle<HwVertexBuffer>((Handle<HwVertexBuffer>::HandleId) mNextFakeHandle++);
+    return allocHandle<WGPUVertexBuffer>();
 }
 
 Handle<HwDescriptorSet> WebGPUDriver::createDescriptorSetS() noexcept {
@@ -386,11 +405,11 @@ Handle<HwDescriptorSet> WebGPUDriver::createDescriptorSetS() noexcept {
 }
 
 Handle<HwRenderPrimitive> WebGPUDriver::createRenderPrimitiveS() noexcept {
-    return Handle<HwRenderPrimitive>((Handle<HwRenderPrimitive>::HandleId) mNextFakeHandle++);
+    return allocHandle<WGPURenderPrimitive>();
 }
 
 Handle<HwVertexBufferInfo> WebGPUDriver::createVertexBufferInfoS() noexcept {
-    return Handle<HwVertexBufferInfo>((Handle<HwVertexBufferInfo>::HandleId) mNextFakeHandle++);
+    return allocHandle<WGPUVertexBufferInfo>();
 }
 
 Handle<HwTexture> WebGPUDriver::createTextureViewSwizzleS() noexcept {
@@ -398,12 +417,11 @@ Handle<HwTexture> WebGPUDriver::createTextureViewSwizzleS() noexcept {
 }
 
 Handle<HwRenderTarget> WebGPUDriver::createDefaultRenderTargetS() noexcept {
-    return Handle<HwRenderTarget>((Handle<HwRenderTarget>::HandleId) mNextFakeHandle++);
+    return allocHandle<WGPURenderTarget>();
 }
 
 Handle<HwDescriptorSetLayout> WebGPUDriver::createDescriptorSetLayoutS() noexcept {
-    return Handle<HwDescriptorSetLayout>(
-            (Handle<HwDescriptorSetLayout>::HandleId) mNextFakeHandle++);
+    return allocHandle<WebGPUDescriptorSetLayout>();
 }
 
 Handle<HwTexture> WebGPUDriver::createTextureExternalImageS() noexcept {
@@ -419,21 +437,15 @@ Handle<HwTexture> WebGPUDriver::createTextureExternalImagePlaneS() noexcept {
 }
 
 void WebGPUDriver::createSwapChainR(Handle<HwSwapChain> sch, void* nativeWindow, uint64_t flags) {
-    // TODO:  use webgpu handle allocator from.
-    //        https://github.com/google/filament/pull/8566
-    // HwSwapChain* hwSwapChain = handleCast<HwSwapChain*>(sch);
-    mSwapChain = nullptr;
+    mNativeWindow = nativeWindow;
+    assert_invariant(!mSwapChain);
     wgpu::Surface surface = mPlatform.createSurface(nativeWindow, flags);
-    mAdapter = mPlatform.requestAdapter(surface);
-#if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
-    printAdapterDetails(mAdapter);
-#endif
-    mDevice = mPlatform.requestDevice(mAdapter);
-#if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
-    printDeviceDetails(mDevice);
-#endif
+
     mQueue = mDevice.GetQueue();
-    mSwapChain = std::make_unique<WebGPUSwapChain>(std::move(surface), mAdapter, mDevice, flags);
+    wgpu::Extent2D surfaceSize = mPlatform.getSurfaceExtent(mNativeWindow);
+    mSwapChain = constructHandle<WebGPUSwapChain>(sch, std::move(surface), surfaceSize, mAdapter,
+            mDevice, flags);
+    assert_invariant(mSwapChain);
     FWGPU_LOGW << "WebGPU support is still essentially a no-op at this point in development (only "
                   "background components have been instantiated/selected, such as surface/screen, "
                   "graphics device/GPU, etc.), thus nothing is being drawn to the screen."
@@ -446,22 +458,27 @@ void WebGPUDriver::createSwapChainR(Handle<HwSwapChain> sch, void* nativeWindow,
                   "rebuilding Filament with that flag, e.g. ./build.sh -x "
                << FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM << " ..." << utils::io::endl;
 #endif
-    // TODO:  use webgpu handle allocator from.
-    //        https://github.com/google/filament/pull/8566
-    // hwSwapChain->swapChain = mSwapChain.get();
 }
 
 void WebGPUDriver::createSwapChainHeadlessR(Handle<HwSwapChain> sch, uint32_t width,
         uint32_t height, uint64_t flags) {}
 
 void WebGPUDriver::createVertexBufferInfoR(Handle<HwVertexBufferInfo> vbih, uint8_t bufferCount,
-        uint8_t attributeCount, AttributeArray attributes) {}
+        uint8_t attributeCount, AttributeArray attributes) {
+    constructHandle<WGPUVertexBufferInfo>(vbih, bufferCount, attributeCount, attributes);
+}
 
 void WebGPUDriver::createVertexBufferR(Handle<HwVertexBuffer> vbh, uint32_t vertexCount,
-        Handle<HwVertexBufferInfo> vbih) {}
+        Handle<HwVertexBufferInfo> vbih) {
+    auto* vertexBufferInfo = handleCast<WGPUVertexBufferInfo>(vbih);
+    constructHandle<WGPUVertexBuffer>(vbh, mDevice, vertexCount,vertexBufferInfo->bufferCount, vbih);
+}
 
 void WebGPUDriver::createIndexBufferR(Handle<HwIndexBuffer> ibh, ElementType elementType,
-        uint32_t indexCount, BufferUsage usage) {}
+        uint32_t indexCount, BufferUsage usage) {
+    auto elementSize = (uint8_t)getElementTypeSize(elementType);
+    constructHandle<WGPUIndexBuffer>(ibh, mDevice, elementSize, indexCount);
+}
 
 void WebGPUDriver::createBufferObjectR(Handle<HwBufferObject> boh, uint32_t byteCount,
         BufferObjectBinding bindingType, BufferUsage usage) {}
@@ -494,11 +511,26 @@ void WebGPUDriver::importTextureR(Handle<HwTexture> th, intptr_t id, SamplerType
         uint32_t depth, TextureUsage usage) {}
 
 void WebGPUDriver::createRenderPrimitiveR(Handle<HwRenderPrimitive> rph, Handle<HwVertexBuffer> vbh,
-        Handle<HwIndexBuffer> ibh, PrimitiveType pt) {}
+        Handle<HwIndexBuffer> ibh, PrimitiveType pt) {
+    assert_invariant(mDevice);
+
+    auto* renderPrimitive = handleCast<WGPURenderPrimitive>(rph);
+    auto* vertexBuffer = handleCast<WGPUVertexBuffer>(vbh);
+    auto* indexBuffer = handleCast<WGPUIndexBuffer>(ibh);
+    // auto* vertexBufferInfo = handleCast<WGPUVertexBufferInfo>(vertexBuffer->vbih);
+    // renderPrimitive->setBuffers(vertexBufferInfo, vertexBuffer, indexBuffer);
+    renderPrimitive->vertexBuffer = vertexBuffer;
+    renderPrimitive->indexBuffer = indexBuffer;
+    renderPrimitive->type = pt;
+}
 
 void WebGPUDriver::createProgramR(Handle<HwProgram> ph, Program&& program) {}
 
-void WebGPUDriver::createDefaultRenderTargetR(Handle<HwRenderTarget> rth, int) {}
+void WebGPUDriver::createDefaultRenderTargetR(Handle<HwRenderTarget> rth, int) {
+    assert_invariant(!mDefaultRenderTarget);
+    mDefaultRenderTarget = constructHandle<WGPURenderTarget>(rth);
+    assert_invariant(mDefaultRenderTarget);
+}
 
 void WebGPUDriver::createRenderTargetR(Handle<HwRenderTarget> rth, TargetBufferFlags targets,
         uint32_t width, uint32_t height, uint8_t samples, uint8_t layerCount, MRT color,
@@ -509,7 +541,9 @@ void WebGPUDriver::createFenceR(Handle<HwFence> fh, int) {}
 void WebGPUDriver::createTimerQueryR(Handle<HwTimerQuery> tqh, int) {}
 
 void WebGPUDriver::createDescriptorSetLayoutR(Handle<HwDescriptorSetLayout> dslh,
-        backend::DescriptorSetLayout&& info) {}
+        backend::DescriptorSetLayout&& info) {
+    constructHandle<WebGPUDescriptorSetLayout>(dslh, std::move(info), &mDevice);
+}
 
 void WebGPUDriver::createDescriptorSetR(Handle<HwDescriptorSet> dsh,
         Handle<HwDescriptorSetLayout> dslh) {}
@@ -659,6 +693,10 @@ void WebGPUDriver::resetBufferObject(Handle<HwBufferObject> boh) {
 
 void WebGPUDriver::setVertexBufferObject(Handle<HwVertexBuffer> vbh, uint32_t index,
         Handle<HwBufferObject> boh) {
+    auto* vertexBuffer = handleCast<WGPUVertexBuffer>(vbh);
+    auto* bufferObject = handleCast<WGPUBufferObject>(boh);
+    assert_invariant(index < vertexBuffer->buffers.size());
+    vertexBuffer->setBuffer(bufferObject, index);
 }
 
 void WebGPUDriver::update3DImage(Handle<HwTexture> th,
@@ -691,18 +729,72 @@ void WebGPUDriver::compilePrograms(CompilerPriorityQueue priority,
 }
 
 void WebGPUDriver::beginRenderPass(Handle<HwRenderTarget> rth, const RenderPassParams& params) {
+    wgpu::CommandEncoderDescriptor commandEncoderDescriptor = {
+        .label = "command_encoder"
+    };
+    mCommandEncoder = mDevice.CreateCommandEncoder(&commandEncoderDescriptor);
+    assert_invariant(mCommandEncoder);
+
+    // TODO: Remove this code once WebGPU pipeline is implemented
+    static float red = 1.0f;
+    if (red - 0.01 > 0) {
+        red -= 0.01;
+    } else {
+        red = 1.0f;
+    }
+    assert_invariant(mTextureView);
+    wgpu::RenderPassColorAttachment renderPassColorAttachment = {
+        .view = mTextureView,
+        // TODO: remove this code once WebGPU Pipeline is implemented with render targets, pipeline and buffers.
+        .depthSlice = wgpu::kDepthSliceUndefined,
+        .loadOp = wgpu::LoadOp::Clear,
+        .storeOp = wgpu::StoreOp::Store,
+        .clearValue = wgpu::Color{red, 0 , 0 , 1},
+    };
+
+    wgpu::RenderPassDescriptor renderPassDescriptor = {
+        .colorAttachmentCount = 1,
+        .colorAttachments = &renderPassColorAttachment,
+        .depthStencilAttachment = nullptr,
+        .timestampWrites = nullptr,
+    };
+
+    mRenderPassEncoder = mCommandEncoder.BeginRenderPass(&renderPassDescriptor);
+    mRenderPassEncoder.SetViewport(params.viewport.left, params.viewport.bottom,
+            params.viewport.width, params.viewport.height, params.depthRange.near, params.depthRange.far);
 }
 
 void WebGPUDriver::endRenderPass(int) {
+    mRenderPassEncoder.End();
+    mRenderPassEncoder = nullptr;
+    wgpu::CommandBufferDescriptor commandBufferDescriptor {
+        .label = "command_buffer",
+    };
+    mCommandBuffer = mCommandEncoder.Finish(&commandBufferDescriptor);
+    assert_invariant(mCommandBuffer);
 }
 
 void WebGPUDriver::nextSubpass(int) {
 }
 
 void WebGPUDriver::makeCurrent(Handle<HwSwapChain> drawSch, Handle<HwSwapChain> readSch) {
+    ASSERT_PRECONDITION_NON_FATAL(drawSch == readSch,
+            "WebGPU driver does not support distinct draw/read swap chains.");
+    auto* swapChain = handleCast<WebGPUSwapChain>(drawSch);
+    mSwapChain = swapChain;
+    assert_invariant(mSwapChain);
+    wgpu::Extent2D surfaceSize = mPlatform.getSurfaceExtent(mNativeWindow);
+    mTextureView = mSwapChain->getCurrentSurfaceTextureView(surfaceSize);
+    assert_invariant(mTextureView);
 }
 
 void WebGPUDriver::commit(Handle<HwSwapChain> sch) {
+    mCommandEncoder = nullptr;
+    mQueue.Submit(1, &mCommandBuffer);
+    mCommandBuffer = nullptr;
+    mTextureView = nullptr;
+    assert_invariant(mSwapChain);
+    mSwapChain->present();
 }
 
 void WebGPUDriver::setPushConstant(backend::ShaderStage stage, uint8_t index,
@@ -756,6 +848,70 @@ void WebGPUDriver::bindPipeline(PipelineState const& pipelineState) {
 }
 
 void WebGPUDriver::bindRenderPrimitive(Handle<HwRenderPrimitive> rph) {
+    // VulkanCommandBuffer* commands = mCurrentRenderPass.commandBuffer;
+    // VkCommandBuffer cmdbuffer = commands->buffer();
+    // auto prim = resource_ptr<VulkanRenderPrimitive>::cast(&mResourceManager, rph);
+    auto* renderPrimitive = handleCast<WGPURenderPrimitive>(rph);
+    // commands->acquire(prim);
+
+    // This *must* match the VulkanVertexBufferInfo that was bound in bindPipeline(). But we want
+    // to allow to call this before bindPipeline(), so the validation can only happen in draw()
+    auto vbi = handleCast<WGPUVertexBufferInfo>(renderPrimitive->vertexBuffer->vbih);
+    (void) vbi;
+
+    // mRenderPassEncoder.SetVertexBuffer(uint32_t slot, Buffer const& buffer = nullptr, uint64_t offset = 0, uint64_t size = kWholeSize);
+    mRenderPassEncoder.SetIndexBuffer(renderPrimitive->indexBuffer->buffer, renderPrimitive->indexBuffer->indexFormat);
+
+    // uint32_t const bufferCount = vbi->getAttributeCount();
+    // VkDeviceSize const* offsets = vbi->getOffsets();
+    // VkBuffer const* buffers = prim->vertexBuffer->getVkBuffers();
+    //
+    // // Next bind the vertex buffers and index buffer. One potential performance improvement is to
+    // // avoid rebinding these if they are already bound, but since we do not (yet) support subranges
+    // // it would be rare for a client to make consecutive draw calls with the same render primitive.
+    // vkCmdBindVertexBuffers(cmdbuffer, 0, bufferCount, buffers, offsets);
+    // vkCmdBindIndexBuffer(cmdbuffer, prim->indexBuffer->buffer.getGpuBuffer(), 0,
+    //         prim->indexBuffer->indexType);
+
+
+    // METAL
+    // if (UTILS_UNLIKELY(mContext->currentRenderPassAbandoned)) {
+    //     return;
+    // }
+    // FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(mContext->currentRenderPassEncoder != nullptr)
+    //         << "bindRenderPrimitive() without a valid command encoder.";
+    //
+    // // Bind the user vertex buffers.
+    // MetalBuffer* vertexBuffers[MAX_VERTEX_BUFFER_COUNT] = {};
+    // size_t vertexBufferOffsets[MAX_VERTEX_BUFFER_COUNT] = {};
+    // size_t maxBufferIndex = 0;
+    //
+    // MetalRenderPrimitive const* const primitive = handle_cast<MetalRenderPrimitive>(rph);
+    // MetalVertexBufferInfo const* const vbi =
+    //         handle_cast<MetalVertexBufferInfo>(primitive->vertexBuffer->vbih);
+    //
+    // mContext->currentRenderPrimitive = rph;
+    //
+    // auto vb = primitive->vertexBuffer;
+    // for (auto m : vbi->bufferMapping) {
+    //     assert_invariant(
+    //             m.bufferArgumentIndex >= USER_VERTEX_BUFFER_BINDING_START &&
+    //             m.bufferArgumentIndex < USER_VERTEX_BUFFER_BINDING_START + MAX_VERTEX_BUFFER_COUNT);
+    //     size_t const vertexBufferIndex = m.bufferArgumentIndex - USER_VERTEX_BUFFER_BINDING_START;
+    //     vertexBuffers[vertexBufferIndex] = vb->buffers[m.sourceBufferIndex];
+    //     maxBufferIndex = std::max(maxBufferIndex, vertexBufferIndex);
+    // }
+    //
+    // const auto bufferCount = maxBufferIndex + 1;
+    // MetalBuffer::bindBuffers(getPendingCommandBuffer(mContext), mContext->currentRenderPassEncoder,
+    //         USER_VERTEX_BUFFER_BINDING_START, MetalBuffer::Stage::VERTEX, vertexBuffers,
+    //         vertexBufferOffsets, bufferCount);
+    //
+    // // Bind the zero buffer, used for missing vertex attributes.
+    // static const char bytes[16] = { 0 };
+    // [mContext->currentRenderPassEncoder setVertexBytes:bytes
+    //                                             length:16
+    //                                            atIndex:ZERO_VERTEX_BUFFER_BINDING];
 }
 
 void WebGPUDriver::draw2(uint32_t indexOffset, uint32_t indexCount, uint32_t instanceCount) {

filament/backend/src/webgpu/WebGPUDriver.h

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 #ifndef TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_WEBGPUDRIVER_H
 #define TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_WEBGPUDRIVER_H
 
-#include "webgpu/WebGPUSwapChain.h"
+#include "WebGPUHandles.h"
 #include <backend/platforms/WebGPUPlatform.h>
 
 #include "DriverBase.h"
@@ -39,6 +39,8 @@
 
 namespace filament::backend {
 
+class WebGPUSwapChain;
+
 /**
  * WebGPU backend (driver) implementation
  */
@@ -60,10 +62,14 @@ private:
     wgpu::Adapter mAdapter = nullptr;
     wgpu::Device mDevice = nullptr;
     wgpu::Queue mQueue = nullptr;
-    // TODO consider moving to handle allocator when ready
-    std::unique_ptr<WebGPUSwapChain> mSwapChain = nullptr;
+    void* mNativeWindow = nullptr;
+    WebGPUSwapChain* mSwapChain = nullptr;
     uint64_t mNextFakeHandle = 1;
-
+    wgpu::CommandEncoder mCommandEncoder = nullptr;
+    wgpu::TextureView mTextureView = nullptr;
+    wgpu::RenderPassEncoder mRenderPassEncoder = nullptr;
+    wgpu::CommandBuffer mCommandBuffer = nullptr;
+    WGPURenderTarget* mDefaultRenderTarget = nullptr;
     /*
      * Driver interface
      */
@@ -93,6 +99,21 @@ private:
         return mHandleAllocator.allocate<D>();
     }
 
+    template<typename D, typename B, typename ... ARGS>
+    D* constructHandle(Handle<B>& handle, ARGS&& ... args) noexcept {
+        return mHandleAllocator.construct<D>(handle, std::forward<ARGS>(args)...);
+    }
+
+    template<typename D, typename B>
+    D* handleCast(Handle<B> handle) noexcept {
+        return mHandleAllocator.handle_cast<D*>(handle);
+    }
+
+    template<typename D, typename B>
+    void destructHandle(Handle<B>& handle) noexcept {
+        auto* p = mHandleAllocator.handle_cast<D*>(handle);
+        mHandleAllocator.deallocate(handle, p);
+    }
 };
 
 }// namespace filament::backend

filament/backend/src/webgpu/WebGPUHandles.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,267 @@
+/*
+* Copyright (C) 2025 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include "WebGPUHandles.h"
+
+#include <utility>
+
+namespace {
+
+wgpu::Buffer createIndexBuffer(wgpu::Device const& device, uint8_t elementSize, uint32_t indexCount) {
+    wgpu::BufferDescriptor descriptor{ .label = "index_buffer",
+        .usage = wgpu::BufferUsage::CopyDst | wgpu::BufferUsage::Index,
+        .size = elementSize * indexCount,
+        .mappedAtCreation = false };
+    return device.CreateBuffer(&descriptor);
+}
+
+wgpu::VertexFormat getVertexFormat(filament::backend::ElementType type, bool normalized, bool integer) {
+    using ElementType = filament::backend::ElementType;
+    // using VertexFormat = wgpu::VertexFormat;
+    if (normalized) {
+        switch (type) {
+            // Single Component Types
+            case ElementType::BYTE: return wgpu::VertexFormat::Snorm8;
+            case ElementType::UBYTE: return wgpu::VertexFormat::Unorm8;
+            case ElementType::SHORT: return wgpu::VertexFormat::Snorm16;
+            case ElementType::USHORT: return wgpu::VertexFormat::Unorm16;
+            // Two Component Types
+            case ElementType::BYTE2: return wgpu::VertexFormat::Snorm8x2;
+            case ElementType::UBYTE2: return wgpu::VertexFormat::Unorm8x2;
+            case ElementType::SHORT2: return wgpu::VertexFormat::Snorm16x2;
+            case ElementType::USHORT2: return wgpu::VertexFormat::Unorm16x2;
+            // Three Component Types
+            // There is no vertex format type for 3 byte data in webgpu. Use
+            // 4 byte signed normalized type and ignore the last byte.
+            // TODO: This is to be verified.
+            case ElementType::BYTE3: return wgpu::VertexFormat::Snorm8x4;      // NOT MINSPEC
+            case ElementType::UBYTE3: return wgpu::VertexFormat::Unorm8x4;     // NOT MINSPEC
+            case ElementType::SHORT3: return wgpu::VertexFormat::Snorm16x4;  // NOT MINSPEC
+            case ElementType::USHORT3: return wgpu::VertexFormat::Unorm16x4; // NOT MINSPEC
+            // Four Component Types
+            case ElementType::BYTE4: return wgpu::VertexFormat::Snorm8x4;
+            case ElementType::UBYTE4: return wgpu::VertexFormat::Unorm8x4;
+            case ElementType::SHORT4: return wgpu::VertexFormat::Snorm16x4;
+            case ElementType::USHORT4: return wgpu::VertexFormat::Unorm8x4;
+            default:
+                FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(false) << "Normalized format does not exist.";
+                return wgpu::VertexFormat::Float32x3;
+        }
+    }
+    switch (type) {
+        // Single Component Types
+        // There is no direct alternative for SSCALED in webgpu. Convert them to Float32 directly.
+        // This will result in increased memory on the cpu side.
+        // TODO: Is Float16 acceptable instead with some potential accuracy errors?
+        case ElementType::BYTE: return integer ? wgpu::VertexFormat::Sint8 : wgpu::VertexFormat::Float32;
+        case ElementType::UBYTE: return integer ? wgpu::VertexFormat::Uint8 : wgpu::VertexFormat::Float32;
+        case ElementType::SHORT: return integer ? wgpu::VertexFormat::Sint16 : wgpu::VertexFormat::Float32;
+        case ElementType::USHORT: return integer ? wgpu::VertexFormat::Uint16 : wgpu::VertexFormat::Float32;
+        case ElementType::HALF: return wgpu::VertexFormat::Float16;
+        case ElementType::INT: return wgpu::VertexFormat::Sint32;
+        case ElementType::UINT: return wgpu::VertexFormat::Uint32;
+        case ElementType::FLOAT: return wgpu::VertexFormat::Float32;
+        // Two Component Types
+        case ElementType::BYTE2: return integer ? wgpu::VertexFormat::Sint8x2 : wgpu::VertexFormat::Float32x2;
+        case ElementType::UBYTE2: return integer ? wgpu::VertexFormat::Uint8x2 : wgpu::VertexFormat::Float32x2;
+        case ElementType::SHORT2: return integer ? wgpu::VertexFormat::Sint16x2 : wgpu::VertexFormat::Float32x2;
+        case ElementType::USHORT2: return integer ? wgpu::VertexFormat::Uint16x2 : wgpu::VertexFormat::Float32x2;
+        case ElementType::HALF2: return wgpu::VertexFormat::Float16x2;
+        case ElementType::FLOAT2: return wgpu::VertexFormat::Float32x2;
+        // Three Component Types
+        case ElementType::BYTE3: return wgpu::VertexFormat::Sint8x4;      // NOT MINSPEC
+        case ElementType::UBYTE3: return wgpu::VertexFormat::Uint8x4;     // NOT MINSPEC
+        case ElementType::SHORT3: return wgpu::VertexFormat::Sint16x4;  // NOT MINSPEC
+        case ElementType::USHORT3: return wgpu::VertexFormat::Uint16x4; // NOT MINSPEC
+        case ElementType::HALF3: return wgpu::VertexFormat::Float16x4; // NOT MINSPEC
+        case ElementType::FLOAT3: return wgpu::VertexFormat::Float32x3;
+        // Four Component Types
+        case ElementType::BYTE4: return integer ? wgpu::VertexFormat::Sint8x4 : wgpu::VertexFormat::Float32x4;
+        case ElementType::UBYTE4: return integer ? wgpu::VertexFormat::Uint8x4 : wgpu::VertexFormat::Float32x4;
+        case ElementType::SHORT4: return integer ? wgpu::VertexFormat::Sint16x4 : wgpu::VertexFormat::Float32x4;
+        case ElementType::USHORT4: return integer ? wgpu::VertexFormat::Uint16x4 : wgpu::VertexFormat::Float32x4;
+        case ElementType::HALF4: return wgpu::VertexFormat::Float16x4;
+        case ElementType::FLOAT4: return wgpu::VertexFormat::Float32x4;
+    }
+    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(false) << "Vertex format should always be defined.";
+    return wgpu::VertexFormat::Float32x3;
+}
+
+} // namespace
+
+namespace filament::backend {
+
+WGPUVertexBufferInfo::WGPUVertexBufferInfo(uint8_t bufferCount, uint8_t attributeCount,
+        AttributeArray const& attributes)
+    : HwVertexBufferInfo(bufferCount, attributeCount),
+      mVertexBufferLayout(bufferCount),
+      mAttributes(bufferCount) {
+    for (uint32_t attribIndex = 0; attribIndex < attributes.size(); attribIndex++) {
+        Attribute attrib = attributes[attribIndex];
+        // Ignore the attributes which are not bind to vertex buffers.
+        if (attrib.buffer == Attribute::BUFFER_UNUSED) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        assert_invariant(attrib.buffer < bufferCount);
+        bool const isInteger = attrib.flags & Attribute::FLAG_INTEGER_TARGET;
+        bool const isNormalized = attrib.flags & Attribute::FLAG_NORMALIZED;
+        wgpu::VertexFormat vertexFormat = getVertexFormat(attrib.type, isNormalized, isInteger);
+
+        mAttributes[attrib.buffer].push_back({
+            .format = vertexFormat,
+            .offset = attrib.offset,
+            .shaderLocation = attribIndex,
+        });
+        mVertexBufferLayout[attrib.buffer] = {
+            .arrayStride = attrib.stride,
+        };
+    }
+
+    for (uint32_t bufferIndex = 0; bufferIndex < bufferCount; bufferIndex++) {
+        mVertexBufferLayout[bufferIndex] = {
+            .attributeCount = mAttributes[bufferIndex].size(),
+            .attributes = mAttributes[bufferIndex].data(),
+        };
+    }
+}
+
+WGPUIndexBuffer::WGPUIndexBuffer(wgpu::Device const& device, uint8_t elementSize,
+        uint32_t indexCount)
+    : buffer(createIndexBuffer(device, elementSize, indexCount)),
+      indexFormat(elementSize == 2 ? wgpu::IndexFormat::Uint16 : wgpu::IndexFormat::Uint32) {}
+
+
+WGPUVertexBuffer::WGPUVertexBuffer(wgpu::Device const &device, uint32_t vextexCount, uint32_t bufferCount,
+                                   Handle<HwVertexBufferInfo> vbih)
+        : HwVertexBuffer(vextexCount),
+          vbih(vbih),
+          buffers(bufferCount) {
+    wgpu::BufferDescriptor descriptor {
+            .usage = wgpu::BufferUsage::CopyDst | wgpu::BufferUsage::Vertex,
+            .size = vextexCount * bufferCount,
+            .mappedAtCreation = false };
+
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < bufferCount; ++i) {
+        descriptor.label = ("vertex_buffer_" + std::to_string(i)).c_str();
+        buffers[i] = device.CreateBuffer(&descriptor);
+    }
+}
+
+// TODO: Empty function is a place holder for verxtex buffer updates and should be
+// updated for that purpose.
+void WGPUVertexBuffer::setBuffer(WGPUBufferObject* bufferObject, uint32_t index) {}
+
+WGPUBufferObject::WGPUBufferObject(BufferObjectBinding bindingType, uint32_t byteCount)
+    : HwBufferObject(byteCount),
+      bufferObjectBinding(bindingType) {}
+
+wgpu::ShaderStage WebGPUDescriptorSetLayout::filamentStageToWGPUStage(ShaderStageFlags fFlags) {
+    wgpu::ShaderStage retStages = wgpu::ShaderStage::None;
+    if (any(ShaderStageFlags::VERTEX & fFlags)) {
+        retStages |= wgpu::ShaderStage::Vertex;
+    }
+    if (any(ShaderStageFlags::FRAGMENT & fFlags)) {
+        retStages |= wgpu::ShaderStage::Fragment;
+    }
+    if (any(ShaderStageFlags::COMPUTE & fFlags)) {
+        retStages |= wgpu::ShaderStage::Compute;
+    }
+    return retStages;
+}
+
+WebGPUDescriptorSetLayout::WebGPUDescriptorSetLayout(DescriptorSetLayout const& layout,
+        wgpu::Device const* device) {
+    assert_invariant(device->Get());
+
+    // TODO: layoutDescriptor has a "Label". Ideally we can get info on what this layout is for
+    // debugging. For now, hack an incrementing value.
+    static int layoutNum = 0;
+
+
+    uint samplerCount =
+            std::count_if(layout.bindings.begin(), layout.bindings.end(), [](auto& fEntry) {
+                return fEntry.type == DescriptorType::SAMPLER ||
+                       fEntry.type == DescriptorType::SAMPLER_EXTERNAL;
+            });
+
+
+    std::vector<wgpu::BindGroupLayoutEntry> wEntries;
+    wEntries.reserve(layout.bindings.size() + samplerCount);
+
+    for (auto fEntry: layout.bindings) {
+        auto& wEntry = wEntries.emplace_back();
+        wEntry.visibility = filamentStageToWGPUStage(fEntry.stageFlags);
+        wEntry.binding = fEntry.binding * 2;
+
+        switch (fEntry.type) {
+            // TODO Metal treats these the same. Is this fine?
+            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_EXTERNAL:
+            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER: {
+                // Sampler binding is 2n+1 due to split.
+                auto& samplerEntry = wEntries.emplace_back();
+                samplerEntry.binding = fEntry.binding * 2 + 1;
+                samplerEntry.visibility = wEntry.visibility;
+                // We are simply hoping that undefined and defaults suffices here.
+                samplerEntry.sampler.type = wgpu::SamplerBindingType::Undefined;
+                wEntry.texture.sampleType = wgpu::TextureSampleType::Undefined;
+                break;
+            }
+            case DescriptorType::UNIFORM_BUFFER: {
+                wEntry.buffer.hasDynamicOffset =
+                        any(fEntry.flags & DescriptorFlags::DYNAMIC_OFFSET);
+                wEntry.buffer.type = wgpu::BufferBindingType::Uniform;
+                // TODO: Ideally we fill minBindingSize
+                break;
+            }
+
+            case DescriptorType::INPUT_ATTACHMENT: {
+                // TODO: support INPUT_ATTACHMENT. Metal does not currently.
+                PANIC_POSTCONDITION("Input Attachment is not supported");
+                break;
+            }
+
+            case DescriptorType::SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER: {
+                // TODO: Vulkan does not support this, can we?
+                PANIC_POSTCONDITION("Shader storage is not supported");
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Currently flags are only used to specify dynamic offset.
+
+        // UNUSED
+        // fEntry.count
+    }
+
+    wgpu::BindGroupLayoutDescriptor layoutDescriptor{
+        // TODO: layoutDescriptor has a "Label". Ideally we can get info on what this layout is for
+        // debugging. For now, hack an incrementing value.
+        .label{ "layout_" + std::to_string(++layoutNum) },
+        .entryCount = wEntries.size(),
+        .entries = wEntries.data()
+    };
+    // TODO Do we need to defer this until we have more info on textures and samplers??
+    mLayout = device->CreateBindGroupLayout(&layoutDescriptor);
+}
+WebGPUDescriptorSetLayout::~WebGPUDescriptorSetLayout() {}
+
+void WGPURenderPrimitive::setBuffers(WGPUVertexBufferInfo const* const vbi,
+        WGPUVertexBuffer* vertexBuffer, WGPUIndexBuffer* indexBuffer) {
+
+    }
+
+}// namespace filament::backend

filament/backend/src/webgpu/WebGPUHandles.h

@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+/*
+* Copyright (C) 2025 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+
+#ifndef TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_WEBGPUHANDLES_H
+#define TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_WEBGPUHANDLES_H
+
+#include "DriverBase.h"
+
+#include <backend/DriverEnums.h>
+#include <backend/Handle.h>
+
+#include <utils/FixedCapacityVector.h>
+// #include <utils/StructureOfArrays.h>
+
+#include <webgpu/webgpu_cpp.h>
+
+#include <cstdint>
+
+namespace filament::backend {
+
+struct WGPUBufferObject;
+
+// VertexBufferInfo contains layout info for Vertex Buffer based on WebGPU structs. In WebGPU each
+// VertexBufferLayout is associated with a single vertex buffer. So number of mVertexBufferLayout
+// is equal to bufferCount. Each VertexBufferLayout can contain multiple VertexAttribute. Bind index
+// of vertex buffer is implicitly calculated by the position of VertexBufferLayout in an array.
+struct WGPUVertexBufferInfo : public HwVertexBufferInfo {
+
+    WGPUVertexBufferInfo(uint8_t bufferCount, uint8_t attributeCount,
+            AttributeArray const& attributes);
+    inline  wgpu::VertexBufferLayout const* getVertexBufferLayout() const {
+        return mVertexBufferLayout.data();
+    }
+    inline uint32_t getVertexBufferLayoutSize() const {
+        return mVertexBufferLayout.size();
+    }
+
+    inline wgpu::VertexAttribute const* getVertexAttributeForIndex(uint32_t index) const {
+        return mAttributes[index].data();
+    }
+    inline uint32_t getVertexAttributeSize(uint32_t index) const {
+        return mAttributes[index].size();
+    }
+private:
+    std::vector<wgpu::VertexBufferLayout> mVertexBufferLayout;
+    std::vector<std::vector<wgpu::VertexAttribute>> mAttributes;
+};
+
+struct WGPUVertexBuffer : public HwVertexBuffer {
+    WGPUVertexBuffer(wgpu::Device const &device, uint32_t vextexCount, uint32_t bufferCount,
+                     Handle<HwVertexBufferInfo> vbih);
+
+    void setBuffer(WGPUBufferObject *bufferObject, uint32_t index);
+
+    Handle<HwVertexBufferInfo> vbih;
+    utils::FixedCapacityVector<wgpu::Buffer> buffers;
+};
+
+struct WGPUIndexBuffer : public HwIndexBuffer {
+    WGPUIndexBuffer(wgpu::Device const &device, uint8_t elementSize,
+                    uint32_t indexCount);
+
+    wgpu::Buffer buffer;
+    wgpu::IndexFormat indexFormat;
+};
+
+// TODO: Currently WGPUBufferObject is not used by WebGPU for useful task.
+// Update the struct when used by WebGPU driver.
+struct WGPUBufferObject : HwBufferObject {
+    WGPUBufferObject(BufferObjectBinding bindingType, uint32_t byteCount);
+
+    wgpu::Buffer buffer;
+    const BufferObjectBinding bufferObjectBinding;
+};
+
+class WebGPUDescriptorSetLayout : public HwDescriptorSetLayout {
+public:
+    WebGPUDescriptorSetLayout(DescriptorSetLayout const& layout, wgpu::Device const* device);
+    ~WebGPUDescriptorSetLayout();
+
+private:
+    // TODO: If this is useful elsewhere, remove it from this class
+    // Convert Filament Shader Stage Flags bitmask to webgpu equivilant
+    static wgpu::ShaderStage filamentStageToWGPUStage(ShaderStageFlags fFlags);
+
+    wgpu::BindGroupLayout mLayout;
+};
+
+// TODO: Currently WGPUTexture is not used by WebGPU for useful task.
+// Update the struct when used by WebGPU driver.
+struct WGPUTexture : public HwTexture {
+    WGPUTexture(SamplerType target, uint8_t levels, TextureFormat format, uint8_t samples,
+            uint32_t width, uint32_t height, uint32_t depth, TextureUsage usage) noexcept;
+
+    // constructors for creating texture views
+    WGPUTexture(WGPUTexture const* src, uint8_t baseLevel, uint8_t levelCount) noexcept;
+
+    wgpu::Texture texture = nullptr;
+};
+
+struct WGPURenderPrimitive : public HwRenderPrimitive {
+    WGPURenderPrimitive();
+
+    void setBuffers(WGPUVertexBufferInfo const* const vbi,
+            WGPUVertexBuffer* vertexBuffer, WGPUIndexBuffer* indexBuffer);
+
+    WGPUVertexBuffer* vertexBuffer = nullptr;
+    WGPUIndexBuffer* indexBuffer = nullptr;
+};
+
+// TODO: Currently WGPURenderTarget is not used by WebGPU for useful task.
+// Update the struct when used by WebGPU driver.
+struct WGPURenderTarget : public HwRenderTarget {
+    class Attachment {
+    public:
+        friend struct WGPURenderTarget;
+
+        Attachment() = default;
+        Attachment(WGPUTexture* gpuTexture, uint8_t level = 0, uint16_t layer = 0)
+            : level(level),
+              layer(layer),
+              texture(gpuTexture->texture),
+              mWGPUTexture(gpuTexture) {}
+
+        uint8_t level = 0;
+        uint16_t layer = 0;
+
+    private:
+        wgpu::Texture texture = nullptr;
+        WGPUTexture* mWGPUTexture = nullptr;
+    };
+
+    WGPURenderTarget(uint32_t width, uint32_t height, uint8_t samples,
+            Attachment colorAttachments[MRT::MAX_SUPPORTED_RENDER_TARGET_COUNT]);
+    WGPURenderTarget()
+        : HwRenderTarget(0, 0),
+          defaultRenderTarget(true) {}
+
+    void setUpRenderPassAttachments(wgpu::RenderPassDescriptor* descriptor,
+            const RenderPassParams& params);
+
+    math::uint2 getAttachmentSize() noexcept;
+
+    bool isDefaultRenderTarget() const { return defaultRenderTarget; }
+    uint8_t getSamples() const { return samples; }
+
+    Attachment getDrawColorAttachment(size_t index);
+    Attachment getReadColorAttachment(size_t index);
+
+private:
+    static wgpu::LoadOp getLoadAction(const RenderPassParams& params, TargetBufferFlags buffer);
+    static wgpu::LoadOp getStoreAction(const RenderPassParams& params, TargetBufferFlags buffer);
+
+    bool defaultRenderTarget = false;
+    uint8_t samples = 1;
+
+    Attachment color[MRT::MAX_SUPPORTED_RENDER_TARGET_COUNT] = {};
+    math::uint2 attachmentSize = {};
+};
+
+}// namespace filament::backend
+#endif// TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_WEBGPUHANDLES_H

filament/backend/src/webgpu/WebGPUSwapChain.cpp

@@ -190,10 +190,13 @@ wgpu::CompositeAlphaMode selectAlphaMode(size_t availableAlphaModesCount,
     }
 }
 
-void initConfig(wgpu::SurfaceConfiguration& config, wgpu::Device& device,
-        wgpu::SurfaceCapabilities const& capabilities, bool useSRGBColorSpace) {
+void initConfig(wgpu::SurfaceConfiguration& config, wgpu::Device const& device,
+        wgpu::SurfaceCapabilities const& capabilities, wgpu::Extent2D const& surfaceSize,
+        bool useSRGBColorSpace) {
     config.device = device;
     config.usage = wgpu::TextureUsage::RenderAttachment;
+    config.width = surfaceSize.width;
+    config.height = surfaceSize.height;
     config.format =
             selectColorFormat(capabilities.formatCount, capabilities.formats, useSRGBColorSpace);
     config.presentMode =
@@ -205,8 +208,8 @@ void initConfig(wgpu::SurfaceConfiguration& config, wgpu::Device& device,
 
 namespace filament::backend {
 
-WebGPUSwapChain::WebGPUSwapChain(wgpu::Surface&& surface, wgpu::Adapter& adapter,
-        wgpu::Device& device, uint64_t flags)
+WebGPUSwapChain::WebGPUSwapChain(wgpu::Surface&& surface, wgpu::Extent2D const& surfaceSize,
+        wgpu::Adapter& adapter, wgpu::Device& device, uint64_t flags)
     : mSurface(surface) {
     wgpu::SurfaceCapabilities capabilities = {};
     if (!mSurface.GetCapabilities(adapter, &capabilities)) {
@@ -217,33 +220,57 @@ WebGPUSwapChain::WebGPUSwapChain(wgpu::Surface&& surface, wgpu::Adapter& adapter
 #endif
     }
     const bool useSRGBColorSpace = (flags & SWAP_CHAIN_CONFIG_SRGB_COLORSPACE) != 0;
-    initConfig(mConfig, device, capabilities, useSRGBColorSpace);
+    initConfig(mConfig, device, capabilities, surfaceSize, useSRGBColorSpace);
+    mSurface.Configure(&mConfig);
 }
 
 WebGPUSwapChain::~WebGPUSwapChain() {
-    if (mConfigured) {
-        mSurface.Unconfigure();
-        mConfigured = false;
-    }
+    mSurface.Unconfigure();
 }
 
-void WebGPUSwapChain::GetCurrentTexture(uint32_t width, uint32_t height, wgpu::SurfaceTexture* texture) {
-    if (width < 1 || height < 1) {
-        PANIC_LOG("WebGPUSwapChain::GetCurrentTexture: Invalid width and/or height requested.");
-        return;
-    }
-    if (mConfig.width != width || mConfig.height != height || !mConfigured) {
-        mConfig.width = width;
-        mConfig.height = height;
+void WebGPUSwapChain::setExtent(wgpu::Extent2D const& currentSurfaceSize) {
+    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(currentSurfaceSize.width > 0 || currentSurfaceSize.height > 0)
+            << "WebGPUSwapChain::setExtent: Invalid width " << currentSurfaceSize.width
+            << " and/or height " << currentSurfaceSize.height << " requested.";
+    if (mConfig.width != currentSurfaceSize.width || mConfig.height != currentSurfaceSize.height) {
+        mConfig.width = currentSurfaceSize.width;
+        mConfig.height = currentSurfaceSize.height;
 #if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
         printSurfaceConfiguration(mConfig);
 #endif
+        FWGPU_LOGD << "Resizing to width " << mConfig.width << " height " << mConfig.height
+                   << utils::io::endl;
+        // TODO we may need to ensure no surface texture is flight when we do this. some
+        //      synchronization may be necessary
         mSurface.Configure(&mConfig);
-        mConfigured = true;
-        return;
     }
+}
 
-    mSurface.GetCurrentTexture(texture);
+wgpu::TextureView WebGPUSwapChain::getCurrentSurfaceTextureView(
+        wgpu::Extent2D const& currentSurfaceSize) {
+    setExtent(currentSurfaceSize);
+    wgpu::SurfaceTexture surfaceTexture;
+    mSurface.GetCurrentTexture(&surfaceTexture);
+    if (surfaceTexture.status != wgpu::SurfaceGetCurrentTextureStatus::SuccessOptimal) {
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+    // Create a view for this surface texture
+    // TODO: review these initiliazations as webgpu pipeline gets mature
+    wgpu::TextureViewDescriptor textureViewDescriptor = {
+        .label = "texture_view",
+        .format = surfaceTexture.texture.GetFormat(),
+        .dimension = wgpu::TextureViewDimension::e2D,
+        .baseMipLevel = 0,
+        .mipLevelCount = 1,
+        .baseArrayLayer = 0,
+        .arrayLayerCount = 1
+    };
+    return surfaceTexture.texture.CreateView(&textureViewDescriptor);
+}
+
+void WebGPUSwapChain::present() {
+    assert_invariant(mSurface);
+    mSurface.Present();
 }
 
 }// namespace filament::backend

filament/backend/src/webgpu/WebGPUSwapChain.h

@@ -19,24 +19,28 @@
 
 #include <webgpu/webgpu_cpp.h>
 
+#include "DriverBase.h"
 #include <backend/Platform.h>
 
 #include <cstdint>
 
 namespace filament::backend {
 
-class WebGPUSwapChain : public Platform::SwapChain {
+class WebGPUSwapChain final : public Platform::SwapChain, HwSwapChain {
 public:
-    WebGPUSwapChain(wgpu::Surface&& surface, wgpu::Adapter& adapter, wgpu::Device& device,
-            uint64_t flags);
+    WebGPUSwapChain(wgpu::Surface&& surface, wgpu::Extent2D const& surfaceSize,
+            wgpu::Adapter& adapter, wgpu::Device& device, uint64_t flags);
     ~WebGPUSwapChain();
 
-    void GetCurrentTexture(uint32_t width, uint32_t height, wgpu::SurfaceTexture*);
+    wgpu::TextureView getCurrentSurfaceTextureView(wgpu::Extent2D const&);
+
+    void present();
 
 private:
+    void setExtent(wgpu::Extent2D const&);
+
     wgpu::Surface mSurface = {};
     wgpu::SurfaceConfiguration mConfig = {};
-    bool mConfigured = false;
 };
 
 } // namespace filament::backend

filament/backend/src/webgpu/platform/WebGPUPlatformAndroid.cpp

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 
 #include <utils/Panic.h>
 
+#include <android/native_window.h>
 #include <webgpu/webgpu_cpp.h>
 
 #include <cstdint>
@@ -28,6 +29,14 @@
 
 namespace filament::backend {
 
+wgpu::Extent2D WebGPUPlatform::getSurfaceExtent(void* nativeWindow) const {
+    ANativeWindow* window = static_cast<ANativeWindow*>(nativeWindow);
+    return wgpu::Extent2D{
+        .width = static_cast<uint32_t>(ANativeWindow_getWidth(window)),
+        .height = static_cast<uint32_t>(ANativeWindow_getHeight(window))
+    };
+}
+
 wgpu::Surface WebGPUPlatform::createSurface(void* nativeWindow, uint64_t /*flags*/) {
     wgpu::SurfaceSourceAndroidNativeWindow surfaceSourceAndroidWindow{};
     surfaceSourceAndroidWindow.window = nativeWindow;

filament/backend/src/webgpu/platform/WebGPUPlatformApple.mm

@@ -24,21 +24,8 @@
 #include <cstdint>
 
 // Platform specific includes and defines
-#if defined(__APPLE__)
-    #include <Cocoa/Cocoa.h>
-    #import <QuartzCore/CAMetalLayer.h>
-#elif defined(FILAMENT_IOS)
-    // Metal is not available when building for the iOS simulator on Desktop.
-    #define METAL_AVAILABLE __has_include(<QuartzCore/CAMetalLayer.h>)
-    #if METAL_AVAILABLE
-        #import <Metal/Metal.h>
-        #import <QuartzCore/CAMetalLayer.h>
-    #endif
-    // is this needed?
-    #define METALVIEW_TAG 255
-#else
-    #error Not a supported Apple + WebGPU platform
-#endif
+#include <Cocoa/Cocoa.h>
+#import <QuartzCore/CAMetalLayer.h>
 
 /**
  * Apple (Mac OS and IOS) specific implementation aspects of the WebGPU backend
@@ -46,14 +33,19 @@
 
 namespace filament::backend {
 
+wgpu::Extent2D WebGPUPlatform::getSurfaceExtent(void* nativeWindow) const {
+    // Both IOS and MacOS expects CAMetalLayer.
+    CAMetalLayer* metalLayer = (__bridge CAMetalLayer*) nativeWindow;
+    return wgpu::Extent2D{
+        .width = static_cast<uint32_t>(metalLayer.drawableSize.width),
+        .height = static_cast<uint32_t>(metalLayer.drawableSize.height)
+    };
+}
+
 wgpu::Surface WebGPUPlatform::createSurface(void* nativeWindow, uint64_t /*flags*/) {
     wgpu::Surface surface = nullptr;
-#if defined(__APPLE__)
-    auto nsView = (__bridge NSView*) nativeWindow;
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(nsView) << "Unable to obtain Metal-backed NSView.";
-    [nsView setWantsLayer:YES];
-    id metalLayer = [CAMetalLayer layer];
-    [nsView setLayer:metalLayer];
+    // Both IOS and MacOS expects CAMetalLayer.
+    CAMetalLayer* metalLayer = (__bridge CAMetalLayer*) nativeWindow;
     wgpu::SurfaceSourceMetalLayer surfaceSourceMetalLayer{};
     surfaceSourceMetalLayer.layer = (__bridge void*) metalLayer;
     wgpu::SurfaceDescriptor surfaceDescriptor = {
@@ -62,19 +54,6 @@ wgpu::Surface WebGPUPlatform::createSurface(void* nativeWindow, uint64_t /*flags
     };
     surface = mInstance.CreateSurface(&surfaceDescriptor);
     FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(surface != nullptr) << "Unable to create Metal-backed surface.";
-#elif defined(FILAMENT_IOS)
-    CAMetalLayer* metalLayer = (CAMetalLayer*) nativeWindow;
-    wgpu::SurfaceSourceMetalLayer surfaceSourceMetalLayer{};
-    surfaceSourceMetalLayer.layer = (__bridge void*) metalLayer;
-    wgpu::SurfaceDescriptor surfaceDescriptor = {
-        .nextInChain = &surfaceSourceMetalLayer,
-        .label = "metal_surface",
-    };
-    surface = mInstance.CreateSurface(&surfaceDescriptor);
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(surface != nullptr) << "Unable to create Metal-backed surface.";
-#else
-    #error Not a supported Apple + WebGPU platform
-#endif
     return surface;
 }
 

filament/backend/src/webgpu/platform/WebGPUPlatformLinux.cpp

@@ -79,6 +79,74 @@
 
 namespace filament::backend {
 
+wgpu::Extent2D WebGPUPlatform::getSurfaceExtent(void* nativeWindow) const {
+    auto surfaceExtent = wgpu::Extent2D{};
+#if defined(__linux__) && defined(FILAMENT_SUPPORTS_WAYLAND)
+    wl* ptrval = reinterpret_cast<wl*>(nativeWindow);
+    surfaceExtent.width = ptrval->width;
+    surfaceExtent.height = ptrval->height;
+    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(surfaceExtent.width != 0 && surfaceExtent.height != 0)
+            << "Unable to get window size for Linux Wayland-backed surface.";
+#elif defined(LINUX_OR_FREEBSD) && defined(FILAMENT_SUPPORTS_X11)
+    if (g_x11.library == nullptr) {
+        g_x11.library = dlopen(LIBRARY_X11, RTLD_LOCAL | RTLD_NOW);
+        FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(g_x11.library) << "Unable to open X11 library.";
+        #if defined(FILAMENT_SUPPORTS_XCB)
+            g_x11.xcbConnect = (XCB_CONNECT) dlsym(g_x11.library, "xcb_connect");
+            int screen = 0;
+            g_x11.connection = g_x11.xcbConnect(nullptr, &screen);
+        #endif
+        #if defined(FILAMENT_SUPPORTS_XLIB)
+            g_x11.openDisplay = (X11_OPEN_DISPLAY) dlsym(g_x11.library, "XOpenDisplay");
+            g_x11.display = g_x11.openDisplay(NULL);
+            FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(g_x11.display) << "Unable to open X11 display.";
+        #endif
+    }
+    #if defined(FILAMENT_SUPPORTS_XCB) || defined(FILAMENT_SUPPORTS_XLIB)
+        bool useXcb = false;
+    #endif
+    #if defined(FILAMENT_SUPPORTS_XCB)
+        #if defined(FILAMENT_SUPPORTS_XLIB)
+            useXcb = (SWAP_CHAIN_CONFIG_ENABLE_XCB) != 0;
+        #else
+            useXcb = true;
+        #endif
+        if (useXcb) {
+            const xcb_setup_t* setup = xcb_get_setup(g_x11.connection);
+            xcb_screen_iterator_t screen_iter = xcb_setup_roots_iterator(setup);
+            xcb_screen_t* screen = screen_iter.data;
+            surfaceExtent.width = static_cast<uint32_t>(screen->width_in_pixels);
+            surfaceExtent.height = static_cast<uint32_t>(screen->height_in_pixels);
+            FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(surfaceExtent.width != 0 && surfaceExtent.height != 0)
+                    << "Unable to get window surface size for Linux (or FreeBSD) "
+                       "XCB-backed surface.";
+        }
+    #endif
+    #if defined(FILAMENT_SUPPORTS_XLIB)
+        if (!useXcb) {
+            int screenNumber = DefaultScreen(g_x11.display);
+            Screen* screen = ScreenOfDisplay(g_x11.display, screenNumber);
+            surfaceExtent.width = static_cast<uint32_t>(WidthOfScreen(screen));
+            surfaceExtent.height = static_cast<uint32_t>(HeightOfScreen(screen));
+            FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(surfaceExtent.width != 0 && surfaceExtent.height != 0)
+                    << "Unable to get window surface size for Linux (or FreeBSD) "
+                       "XLib-backed surface.";
+        }
+    #endif
+    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(surfaceExtent.width != 0 && surfaceExtent.height != 0)
+            << "Cannot get window surface size for X11 surface for Linux (or FreeBSD) OS "
+               "(not built with support for XCB or XLIB?)";
+#elif defined(__linux__)
+    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(surfaceExtent.width != 0 && surfaceExtent.height != 0)
+            << "Cannot get window surface size for Linux (or FreeBSD) OS "
+               "(not built with support for Wayland or X11?)";
+#else
+    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(surfaceExtent.width != 0 && surfaceExtent.height != 0)
+            << "Not a supported (Linux) OS + WebGPU platform";
+#endif
+    return surfaceExtent;
+}
+
 wgpu::Surface WebGPUPlatform::createSurface(void* nativeWindow, uint64_t flags) {
     wgpu::Surface surface = nullptr;
 #if defined(__linux__) && defined(FILAMENT_SUPPORTS_WAYLAND)

filament/backend/src/webgpu/platform/WebGPUPlatformWindows.cpp

@@ -30,6 +30,16 @@
 
 namespace filament::backend {
 
+wgpu::Extent2D WebGPUPlatform::getSurfaceExtent(void* nativeWindow) const {
+    HWND window = static_cast<HWND>(nativeWindow);
+    RECT windowRect;
+    GetWindowRect(window, &windowRect);
+    return wgpu::Extent2D{
+        .width = static_cast<uint32_t>(windowRect.right - windowRect.left),
+        .height = static_cast<uint32_t>(windowRect.bottom - windowRect.top)
+    };
+}
+
 wgpu::Surface WebGPUPlatform::createSurface(void* nativeWindow, uint64_t /*flags*/) {
     // TODO verify this is necessary for Dawn implementation as well:
     // On (at least) NVIDIA drivers, the Vulkan implementation (specifically the call to

filament/backend/test/BackendTest.cpp

@@ -43,10 +43,12 @@ using namespace image;
 namespace test {
 
 Backend BackendTest::sBackend = Backend::NOOP;
+OperatingSystem BackendTest::sOperatingSystem = OperatingSystem::OTHER;
 bool BackendTest::sIsMobilePlatform = false;
 
-void BackendTest::init(Backend backend, bool isMobilePlatform) {
+void BackendTest::init(Backend backend, OperatingSystem operatingSystem, bool isMobilePlatform) {
     sBackend = backend;
+    sOperatingSystem = operatingSystem;
     sIsMobilePlatform = isMobilePlatform;
 }
 
@@ -199,6 +201,18 @@ void BackendTest::readPixelsAndAssertHash(const char* testName, size_t width, si
     getDriverApi().readPixels(rt, 0, 0, width, height, std::move(pbd));
 }
 
+bool BackendTest::matchesEnvironment(Backend backend) {
+    return sBackend == backend;
+}
+
+bool BackendTest::matchesEnvironment(OperatingSystem operatingSystem) {
+    return sOperatingSystem == operatingSystem;
+}
+
+bool BackendTest::matchesEnvironment(OperatingSystem operatingSystem, Backend backend) {
+    return matchesEnvironment(operatingSystem) && matchesEnvironment(backend);
+}
+
 class Environment : public ::testing::Environment {
 public:
     virtual void SetUp() override {
@@ -210,8 +224,8 @@ public:
     }
 };
 
-void initTests(Backend backend, bool isMobile, int& argc, char* argv[]) {
-    BackendTest::init(backend, isMobile);
+void initTests(Backend backend, OperatingSystem operatingSystem, bool isMobile, int& argc, char* argv[]) {
+    BackendTest::init(backend, operatingSystem, isMobile);
     ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
     ::testing::AddGlobalTestEnvironment(new Environment);
 }

filament/backend/test/BackendTest.h

@@ -31,9 +31,10 @@ namespace test {
 class BackendTest : public ::testing::Test {
 public:
 
-    static void init(Backend backend, bool isMobilePlatform);
+    static void init(Backend backend, OperatingSystem operatingSystem, bool isMobilePlatform);
 
     static Backend sBackend;
+    static OperatingSystem sOperatingSystem;
     static bool sIsMobilePlatform;
 
 protected:
@@ -71,6 +72,10 @@ protected:
     filament::backend::DriverApi& getDriverApi() { return *commandStream; }
     filament::backend::Driver& getDriver() { return *driver; }
 
+    static bool matchesEnvironment(Backend backend);
+    static bool matchesEnvironment(OperatingSystem operatingSystem);
+    static bool matchesEnvironment(OperatingSystem operatingSystem, Backend backend);
+
 private:
 
     filament::backend::Driver* driver = nullptr;

filament/backend/test/PlatformRunner.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include "PlatformRunner.h"
+
+namespace utils {
+
+template<>
+CString to_string<test::Backend>(test::Backend backend) noexcept {
+    switch (backend) {
+        case test::Backend::OPENGL: {
+            return "OpenGL";
+        }
+        case test::Backend::VULKAN: {
+            return "Vulkan";
+        }
+        case test::Backend::METAL: {
+            return "Metal";
+        }
+        case test::Backend::WEBGPU: {
+            return "WebGPU";
+        }
+        case test::Backend::NOOP:
+        default: {
+            return "No-op";
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+template<>
+CString to_string(test::OperatingSystem os) noexcept {
+    switch (os) {
+        case test::OperatingSystem::LINUX: {
+            return "Linux";
+        }
+        case test::OperatingSystem::APPLE: {
+            return "Apple";
+        }
+        case test::OperatingSystem::OTHER:
+        default: {
+            return "Other";
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+} // namespace utils
+

filament/backend/test/PlatformRunner.h

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stddef.h>
+#include "utils/CString.h"
 
 namespace test {
 
@@ -34,6 +35,15 @@ enum class Backend : uint8_t {
     NOOP = 5,
 };
 
+enum class OperatingSystem: uint8_t {
+    OTHER = 1,
+    // Also represents android phones.
+    LINUX = 2,
+    // Also represents iOS phones.
+    APPLE = 3,
+    // TODO: When tests support windows add it here.
+};
+
 struct NativeView {
     void* ptr = nullptr;
     size_t width = 0, height = 0;
@@ -51,9 +61,10 @@ NativeView getNativeView();
  * No tests will be run yet.
  *
  * @param backend The backend to run the tests on.
+ * @param operatingSystem The operating system the tests are being run on.
  * @param isMobile True if the platform is a mobile platform (iOS or Android).
  */
-void initTests(Backend backend, bool isMobile, int& argc, char* argv[]);
+void initTests(Backend backend, OperatingSystem operatingSystem, bool isMobile, int& argc, char* argv[]);
 
 /**
  * Test runners should call runTests when they are ready for tests to be run.
@@ -68,6 +79,6 @@ int runTests();
  */
 Backend parseArgumentsForBackend(int argc, char* argv[]);
 
-}
+} // namespace test
 
 #endif

filament/backend/test/Skip.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2025 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include "Skip.h"
+
+#include <sstream>
+
+namespace test {
+
+SkipEnvironment::SkipEnvironment(test::Backend backend) : backend(backend) {}
+SkipEnvironment::SkipEnvironment(test::OperatingSystem os) : os(os) {}
+SkipEnvironment::SkipEnvironment(test::OperatingSystem os, test::Backend backend)
+    : backend(backend),
+      os(os) {}
+
+bool SkipEnvironment::matches() {
+    bool backendMatches = !backend.has_value() || *backend == BackendTest::sBackend;
+    bool osMatches = !os.has_value() || *os == BackendTest::sOperatingSystem;
+    bool isMobileMatches = !isMobile.has_value() || *isMobile == BackendTest::sIsMobilePlatform;
+    return backendMatches && osMatches && isMobileMatches;
+}
+
+std::string SkipEnvironment::describe() {
+    std::stringstream result;
+    if (matches()) {
+        result << "environment matches because " << describe_actual_environment() << ".";
+    } else {
+        result << "environment does not match because " << describe_requirements() << " but "
+               << describe_actual_environment() << ".";
+    }
+    return result.str();
+}
+
+std::string SkipEnvironment::describe_actual_environment() {
+    bool resultWritten = false;
+    std::stringstream reality;
+    if (backend.has_value()) {
+        reality << "backend was " << utils::to_string(BackendTest::sBackend).c_str();
+        resultWritten = true;
+    }
+    if (os.has_value()) {
+        if (resultWritten) {
+            reality << ", and ";
+        }
+        reality << "operating system was "
+                << utils::to_string(BackendTest::sOperatingSystem).c_str();
+        resultWritten = true;
+    }
+    if (isMobile.has_value()) {
+        if (resultWritten) {
+            reality << ", and ";
+        }
+        reality << "device " << (BackendTest::sIsMobilePlatform ? "was" : "was not") << " mobile";
+        resultWritten = true;
+    }
+    return reality.str();
+}
+
+std::string SkipEnvironment::describe_requirements() {
+    bool resultWritten = false;
+    std::stringstream requirement;
+    if (backend.has_value()) {
+        requirement << "backend needs to be " << utils::to_string(*backend).c_str();
+        resultWritten = true;
+    }
+    if (os.has_value()) {
+        if (resultWritten) {
+            requirement << ", and ";
+        }
+        requirement << "operating system needs to be " << utils::to_string(*os).c_str();
+        resultWritten = true;
+    }
+    if (isMobile.has_value() && BackendTest::sIsMobilePlatform != isMobile) {
+        if (resultWritten) {
+            requirement << ", and ";
+        }
+        requirement << "device needs to " << (*isMobile ? "be" : "not be") << " mobile";
+        resultWritten = true;
+    }
+    return requirement.str();
+}
+
+} // namespace test

filament/backend/test/Skip.h

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2025 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#ifndef TNT_SKIP_H
+#define TNT_SKIP_H
+
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include "BackendTest.h"
+
+// skipEnvironment must be a test::SkipEnvironment
+#define SKIP_IF(skipEnvironment)                                                                   \
+do {                                                                                               \
+    SkipEnvironment skip(skipEnvironment);                                                         \
+    if (skip.matches()) {                                                                          \
+        GTEST_SKIP() << "Skipping test as the " << skip.describe();                                \
+    }                                                                                              \
+} while (false)
+
+namespace test {
+
+struct SkipEnvironment {
+    SkipEnvironment(const SkipEnvironment&) = default;
+    explicit SkipEnvironment(test::Backend backend);
+    explicit SkipEnvironment(test::OperatingSystem os);
+    SkipEnvironment(test::OperatingSystem os, test::Backend backend);
+
+    std::optional<test::Backend> backend;
+    std::optional<test::OperatingSystem> os;
+    std::optional<bool> isMobile;
+
+    bool matches();
+    // Describes the current state of either matching or mismatching.
+    std::string describe();
+    // Describe all the non-null requirements.
+    std::string describe_requirements();
+    // Describes the environment's status for all the attributes that are non-null.
+    std::string describe_actual_environment();
+};
+
+} // namespace test
+
+#endif// TNT_SKIP_H

filament/backend/test/linux_runner.cpp

@@ -51,6 +51,6 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
         return 1;
     }
 
-    test::initTests(backend, false, argc, argv);
+    test::initTests(backend, test::OperatingSystem::LINUX, false, argc, argv);
     return test::runTests();
 }

filament/backend/test/mac_runner.mm

@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ test::NativeView getNativeView() {
 
 int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
     auto backend = test::parseArgumentsForBackend(argc, argv);
-    test::initTests(backend, false, argc, argv);
+    test::initTests(backend, test::OperatingSystem::APPLE, false, argc, argv);
     AppDelegate* delegate = [AppDelegate new];
     delegate.backend = backend;
     NSApplication* app = [NSApplication sharedApplication];

filament/backend/test/test_Callbacks.cpp

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 #include "BackendTest.h"
 
 #include "Lifetimes.h"
+#include "Skip.h"
 
 using namespace filament;
 using namespace filament::backend;
@@ -24,6 +25,8 @@ using namespace filament::backend;
 namespace test {
 
 TEST_F(BackendTest, FrameScheduledCallback) {
+    SKIP_IF(SkipEnvironment(OperatingSystem::APPLE, Backend::OPENGL));
+
     auto& api = getDriverApi();
     Cleanup cleanup(api);
 
@@ -81,6 +84,8 @@ TEST_F(BackendTest, FrameScheduledCallback) {
 }
 
 TEST_F(BackendTest, FrameCompletedCallback) {
+    SKIP_IF(SkipEnvironment(OperatingSystem::APPLE, Backend::OPENGL));
+
     auto& api = getDriverApi();
     Cleanup cleanup(api);
 

filament/backend/test/test_PushConstants.cpp

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 
 #include "Lifetimes.h"
 #include "ShaderGenerator.h"
+#include "Skip.h"
 #include "TrianglePrimitive.h"
 
 #include <utils/Hash.h>
@@ -78,6 +79,8 @@ void main() {
 })";
 
 TEST_F(BackendTest, PushConstants) {
+    SKIP_IF(SkipEnvironment(OperatingSystem::APPLE, Backend::OPENGL));
+
     auto& api = getDriverApi();
 
     api.startCapture(0);

filament/include/filament/Engine.h

@@ -317,15 +317,6 @@ public:
          */
         size_t metalUploadBufferSizeBytes = 512 * 1024;
 
-        /**
-         * The action to take if a Drawable cannot be acquired.
-         *
-         * Each frame rendered requires a CAMetalDrawable texture, which is
-         * presented on-screen at the completion of each frame. These are
-         * limited and provided round-robin style by the system.
-         */
-        bool metalDisablePanicOnDrawableFailure = false;
-
         /**
          * Set to `true` to forcibly disable parallel shader compilation in the backend.
          * Currently only honored by the GL and Metal backends.

filament/include/filament/FilamentAPI.h

@@ -75,6 +75,14 @@ public:
 
     utils::CString const& getName() const noexcept { return mName; }
 
+    utils::CString const& getNameOrDefault() const noexcept {
+        if (const auto& name = getName(); !name.empty()) {
+            return name;
+        }
+        static const utils::CString sDefaultName = "(none)";
+        return sDefaultName;
+    }
+
 private:
     utils::CString mName;
 };

filament/src/details/Engine.cpp

@@ -138,7 +138,6 @@ Engine* FEngine::create(Builder const& builder) {
                 .forceGLES2Context = instance->getConfig().forceGLES2Context,
                 .stereoscopicType = instance->getConfig().stereoscopicType,
                 .assertNativeWindowIsValid = instance->features.backend.opengl.assert_native_window_is_valid,
-                .metalDisablePanicOnDrawableFailure = instance->getConfig().metalDisablePanicOnDrawableFailure,
         };
         instance->mDriver = platform->createDriver(sharedContext, driverConfig);
 
@@ -734,7 +733,6 @@ int FEngine::loop() {
             .forceGLES2Context = mConfig.forceGLES2Context,
             .stereoscopicType =  mConfig.stereoscopicType,
             .assertNativeWindowIsValid = features.backend.opengl.assert_native_window_is_valid,
-            .metalDisablePanicOnDrawableFailure = mConfig.metalDisablePanicOnDrawableFailure,
     };
     mDriver = mPlatform->createDriver(mSharedGLContext, driverConfig);
 

filament/src/details/MaterialInstance.cpp

@@ -269,12 +269,14 @@ void FMaterialInstance::setParameterImpl(std::string_view const name,
     if (texture && texture->textureHandleCanMutate()) {
         mTextureParameters[binding] = { texture, sampler.getSamplerParams() };
     } else {
+        // Ensure to erase the binding from mTextureParameters since it will not
+        // be updated.
+        mTextureParameters.erase(binding);
+
         Handle<HwTexture> handle{};
         if (texture) {
             handle = texture->getHwHandleForSampling();
             assert_invariant(handle == texture->getHwHandle());
-        } else {
-            mTextureParameters.erase(binding);
         }
         mDescriptorSet.setSampler(binding, handle, sampler.getSamplerParams());
     }

filament/src/details/Texture.cpp

@@ -161,7 +161,13 @@ Texture::Builder& Texture::Builder::name(StaticString const& name) noexcept {
 Texture* Texture::Builder::build(Engine& engine) {
     if (mImpl->mTarget != SamplerType::SAMPLER_EXTERNAL) {
         FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(Texture::isTextureFormatSupported(engine, mImpl->mFormat))
-                << "Texture format " << uint16_t(mImpl->mFormat) << " not supported on this platform";
+                << "Texture format " << uint16_t(mImpl->mFormat)
+                << " not supported on this platform, texture name="
+                << getNameOrDefault().c_str_safe();
+
+        FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(mImpl->mWidth > 0 && mImpl->mHeight > 0)
+                << "Texture has invalid dimensions: (" << mImpl->mWidth << ", " << mImpl->mHeight
+                << "), texture name=" << getNameOrDefault().c_str_safe();
     }
     const bool isProtectedTexturesSupported =
             downcast(engine).getDriverApi().isProtectedTexturesSupported();

ios/CocoaPods/Filament.podspec

@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 Pod::Spec.new do |spec|
   spec.name = "Filament"
-  spec.version = "1.59.0"
+  spec.version = "1.59.2"
   spec.license = { :type => "Apache 2.0", :file => "LICENSE" }
   spec.homepage = "https://google.github.io/filament"
   spec.authors = "Google LLC."
   spec.summary = "Filament is a real-time physically based rendering engine for Android, iOS, Windows, Linux, macOS, and WASM/WebGL."
   spec.platform = :ios, "11.0"
-  spec.source = { :http => "https://github.com/google/filament/releases/download/v1.59.0/filament-v1.59.0-ios.tgz" }
+  spec.source = { :http => "https://github.com/google/filament/releases/download/v1.59.2/filament-v1.59.2-ios.tgz" }
 
   # Fix linking error with Xcode 12; we do not yet support the simulator on Apple silicon.
   spec.pod_target_xcconfig = {

libs/filamentapp/src/FilamentApp.cpp

@@ -704,7 +704,9 @@ FilamentApp::Window::Window(FilamentApp* filamentApp,
         ::prepareNativeWindow(mWindow);
 
         void* metalLayer = nullptr;
-        if (config.backend == filament::Engine::Backend::METAL || config.backend == filament::Engine::Backend::VULKAN) {
+
+        if (config.backend == filament::Engine::Backend::METAL || config.backend == filament::Engine::Backend::VULKAN
+            || config.backend == filament::Engine::Backend::WEBGPU) {
             metalLayer = setUpMetalLayer(nativeWindow);
             // The swap chain on both native Metal and MoltenVK is a CAMetalLayer.
             nativeSwapChain = metalLayer;

samples/multiple_windows.cpp

@@ -205,7 +205,13 @@ void setup_window(Window& w, Engine* engine) {
     void* nativeSwapChain = nativeWindow;
 #if defined(__APPLE__)
     void* metalLayer = nullptr;
+
+#if defined(FILAMENT_SUPPORTS_WEBGPU)
+    if (kBackend == filament::Engine::Backend::METAL || kBackend == filament::Engine::Backend::VULKAN
+        || kBackend == filament::Engine::Backend::WEBGPU) {
+#else
     if (kBackend == filament::Engine::Backend::METAL || kBackend == filament::Engine::Backend::VULKAN) {
+#endif
         metalLayer = setUpMetalLayer(nativeWindow);
         // The swap chain on both native Metal and MoltenVK is a CAMetalLayer.
         nativeSwapChain = metalLayer;

web/filament-js/package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "filament",
-  "version": "1.59.0",
+  "version": "1.59.2",
   "description": "Real-time physically based rendering engine",
   "main": "filament.js",
   "module": "filament.js",