Capture command callstacks for debugging

* Don't force masked blending for transmission/volume materials

glTF lets you choose your own alpha mode when using the transmission
and volume material extensions. We were forcing the masked mode which
was incorrect, except to pass the standard tests.

* Update release notes

NEW_RELEASE_NOTES.md

@@ -7,3 +7,9 @@ for next branch cut* header.
 appropriate header in [RELEASE_NOTES.md](./RELEASE_NOTES.md).
 
 ## Release notes for next branch cut
+
+- Fix possible NPE when updating fog options from Java/Kotlin
+- The `emissive` property was not applied properly to `MASKED` materials, and could cause
+  dark fringes to appear (recompile materials)
+- Allow glTF materials with transmission/volume extensions to choose their alpha mode
+  instead of forcing `MASKED`

README.md

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ repositories {
 }
 
 dependencies {
-    implementation 'com.google.android.filament:filament-android:1.42.1'
+    implementation 'com.google.android.filament:filament-android:1.42.0'
 }
 ```
 
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ Here are all the libraries available in the group `com.google.android.filament`:
 iOS projects can use CocoaPods to install the latest release:
 
 ```
-pod 'Filament', '~> 1.42.1'
+pod 'Filament', '~> 1.42.0'
 ```
 
 ### Snapshots

RELEASE_NOTES.md

@@ -9,9 +9,6 @@ Instead, if you are authoring a PR for the main branch, add your release note to
 
 ## v1.42.1
 
-- Fix potential `EXC_BAD_ACCESS` with Metal backend: b/297059776
-- `setFrameCompletedCallback` now takes a `backend::CallbackHandler`.
-
 ## v1.42.0
 
 - engine: add preliminary support for instanced stereoscopic rendering [⚠️ **Recompile materials**]

android/filament-android/src/main/cpp/MaterialInstance.cpp

@@ -246,17 +246,21 @@ Java_com_google_android_filament_MaterialInstance_nSetFloatParameterArray(JNIEnv
     env->ReleaseStringUTFChars(name_, name);
 }
 
+// defined in TextureSampler.cpp
+namespace filament::JniUtils {
+    TextureSampler from_long(jlong params) noexcept;
+} // TextureSamplerJniUtils
+
 extern "C"
 JNIEXPORT void JNICALL
 Java_com_google_android_filament_MaterialInstance_nSetParameterTexture(
         JNIEnv *env, jclass, jlong nativeMaterialInstance, jstring name_,
-        jlong nativeTexture, jint sampler_) {
+        jlong nativeTexture, jlong sampler_) {
     MaterialInstance* instance = (MaterialInstance*) nativeMaterialInstance;
     Texture* texture = (Texture*) nativeTexture;
-    TextureSampler& sampler = reinterpret_cast<TextureSampler&>(sampler_);
 
     const char *name = env->GetStringUTFChars(name_, 0);
-    instance->setParameter(name, texture, sampler);
+    instance->setParameter(name, texture, JniUtils::from_long(sampler_));
     env->ReleaseStringUTFChars(name_, name);
 }
 

android/filament-android/src/main/cpp/TextureSampler.cpp

@@ -18,142 +18,139 @@
 
 #include <filament/TextureSampler.h>
 
+#include <utils/algorithm.h>
+
 using namespace filament;
 
-extern "C" JNIEXPORT jint JNICALL
+namespace filament::JniUtils {
-Java_com_google_android_filament_TextureSampler_nCreateSampler(JNIEnv *env, jclass type, jint min,
+
+jlong to_long(TextureSampler const& sampler) noexcept {
+    return jlong(utils::bit_cast<uint32_t>(sampler.getSamplerParams()));
+}
+
+TextureSampler from_long(jlong params) noexcept {
+    return TextureSampler{
+            utils::bit_cast<backend::SamplerParams>(
+                    static_cast<uint32_t>(params))};
+}
+
+} // namespace filament::JniUtils
+
+using namespace JniUtils;
+
+extern "C" JNIEXPORT jlong JNICALL
+Java_com_google_android_filament_TextureSampler_nCreateSampler(JNIEnv *, jclass, jint min,
         jint max, jint s, jint t, jint r) {
-    return TextureSampler(static_cast<TextureSampler::MinFilter>(min),
+    TextureSampler sampler(static_cast<TextureSampler::MinFilter>(min),
-            static_cast<TextureSampler::MagFilter>(max), static_cast<TextureSampler::WrapMode>(s),
+                           static_cast<TextureSampler::MagFilter>(max),
-            static_cast<TextureSampler::WrapMode>(t),
+                           static_cast<TextureSampler::WrapMode>(s),
-            static_cast<TextureSampler::WrapMode>(r)).getSamplerParams().u;
+                           static_cast<TextureSampler::WrapMode>(t),
+                           static_cast<TextureSampler::WrapMode>(r));
+    return to_long(sampler);
 }
 
-extern "C" JNIEXPORT jint JNICALL
+extern "C" JNIEXPORT jlong JNICALL
-Java_com_google_android_filament_TextureSampler_nCreateCompareSampler(JNIEnv *env, jclass type,
+Java_com_google_android_filament_TextureSampler_nCreateCompareSampler(JNIEnv *, jclass,
         jint mode, jint function) {
-    return TextureSampler(static_cast<TextureSampler::CompareMode>(mode),
+    TextureSampler sampler(static_cast<TextureSampler::CompareMode>(mode),
-            static_cast<TextureSampler::CompareFunc>(function)).getSamplerParams().u;
+                           static_cast<TextureSampler::CompareFunc>(function));
+    return to_long(sampler);
 }
 
 extern "C" JNIEXPORT jint JNICALL
-Java_com_google_android_filament_TextureSampler_nGetMinFilter(JNIEnv *env, jclass type,
+Java_com_google_android_filament_TextureSampler_nGetMinFilter(JNIEnv *, jclass, jlong sampler) {
-        jint sampler_) {
+    return static_cast<jint>(from_long(sampler).getMinFilter());
-    TextureSampler &sampler = reinterpret_cast<TextureSampler &>(sampler_);
-    return static_cast<jint>(sampler.getMinFilter());
 }
 
-extern "C" JNIEXPORT jint JNICALL
+extern "C" JNIEXPORT jlong JNICALL
-Java_com_google_android_filament_TextureSampler_nSetMinFilter(JNIEnv *env, jclass type,
+Java_com_google_android_filament_TextureSampler_nSetMinFilter(JNIEnv *, jclass, jlong sampler_, jint filter) {
-        jint sampler_, jint filter) {
+    TextureSampler sampler{from_long(sampler_)};
-    TextureSampler &sampler = reinterpret_cast<TextureSampler &>(sampler_);
     sampler.setMinFilter(static_cast<TextureSampler::MinFilter>(filter));
-    return sampler.getSamplerParams().u;
+    return to_long(sampler);
 }
 
 extern "C" JNIEXPORT jint JNICALL
-Java_com_google_android_filament_TextureSampler_nGetMagFilter(JNIEnv *env, jclass type,
+Java_com_google_android_filament_TextureSampler_nGetMagFilter(JNIEnv *, jclass, jlong sampler) {
-        jint sampler_) {
+    return static_cast<jint>(from_long(sampler).getMagFilter());
-    TextureSampler &sampler = reinterpret_cast<TextureSampler &>(sampler_);
-    return static_cast<jint>(sampler.getMagFilter());
 }
 
-extern "C" JNIEXPORT jint JNICALL
+extern "C" JNIEXPORT jlong JNICALL
-Java_com_google_android_filament_TextureSampler_nSetMagFilter(JNIEnv *env, jclass type,
+Java_com_google_android_filament_TextureSampler_nSetMagFilter(JNIEnv *, jclass, jlong sampler_, jint filter) {
-        jint sampler_, jint filter) {
+    TextureSampler sampler{from_long(sampler_)};
-    TextureSampler &sampler = reinterpret_cast<TextureSampler &>(sampler_);
     sampler.setMagFilter(static_cast<TextureSampler::MagFilter>(filter));
-    return sampler.getSamplerParams().u;
+    return to_long(sampler);
 }
 
 extern "C" JNIEXPORT jint JNICALL
-Java_com_google_android_filament_TextureSampler_nGetWrapModeS(JNIEnv *env, jclass type,
+Java_com_google_android_filament_TextureSampler_nGetWrapModeS(JNIEnv *, jclass, jlong sampler) {
-        jint sampler_) {
+    return static_cast<jint>(from_long(sampler).getWrapModeS());
-    TextureSampler &sampler = reinterpret_cast<TextureSampler &>(sampler_);
-    return static_cast<jint>(sampler.getWrapModeS());
 }
 
-extern "C" JNIEXPORT jint JNICALL
+extern "C" JNIEXPORT jlong JNICALL
-Java_com_google_android_filament_TextureSampler_nSetWrapModeS(JNIEnv *env, jclass type,
+Java_com_google_android_filament_TextureSampler_nSetWrapModeS(JNIEnv *, jclass, jlong sampler_, jint mode) {
-        jint sampler_, jint mode) {
+    TextureSampler sampler{from_long(sampler_)};
-    TextureSampler &sampler = reinterpret_cast<TextureSampler &>(sampler_);
     sampler.setWrapModeS(static_cast<TextureSampler::WrapMode>(mode));
-    return sampler.getSamplerParams().u;
+    return to_long(sampler);
 }
 
 extern "C" JNIEXPORT jint JNICALL
-Java_com_google_android_filament_TextureSampler_nGetWrapModeT(JNIEnv *env, jclass type,
+Java_com_google_android_filament_TextureSampler_nGetWrapModeT(JNIEnv *, jclass, jlong sampler) {
-        jint sampler_) {
+    return static_cast<jint>(from_long(sampler).getWrapModeT());
-    TextureSampler &sampler = reinterpret_cast<TextureSampler &>(sampler_);
-    return static_cast<jint>(sampler.getWrapModeT());
 }
 
-extern "C" JNIEXPORT jint JNICALL
+extern "C" JNIEXPORT jlong JNICALL
-Java_com_google_android_filament_TextureSampler_nSetWrapModeT(JNIEnv *env, jclass type,
+Java_com_google_android_filament_TextureSampler_nSetWrapModeT(JNIEnv *, jclass, jlong sampler_, jint mode) {
-        jint sampler_, jint mode) {
+    TextureSampler sampler{from_long(sampler_)};
-    TextureSampler &sampler = reinterpret_cast<TextureSampler &>(sampler_);
     sampler.setWrapModeT(static_cast<TextureSampler::WrapMode>(mode));
-    return sampler.getSamplerParams().u;
+    return to_long(sampler);
 }
 
 extern "C" JNIEXPORT jint JNICALL
-Java_com_google_android_filament_TextureSampler_nGetWrapModeR(JNIEnv *env, jclass type,
+Java_com_google_android_filament_TextureSampler_nGetWrapModeR(JNIEnv *, jclass, jlong sampler) {
-        jint sampler_) {
+    return static_cast<jint>(from_long(sampler).getWrapModeR());
-    TextureSampler &sampler = reinterpret_cast<TextureSampler &>(sampler_);
-    return static_cast<jint>(sampler.getWrapModeR());
 }
 
-extern "C" JNIEXPORT jint JNICALL
+extern "C" JNIEXPORT jlong JNICALL
-Java_com_google_android_filament_TextureSampler_nSetWrapModeR(JNIEnv *env, jclass type,
+Java_com_google_android_filament_TextureSampler_nSetWrapModeR(JNIEnv *, jclass, jlong sampler_, jint mode) {
-        jint sampler_, jint mode) {
+    TextureSampler sampler{from_long(sampler_)};
-    TextureSampler &sampler = reinterpret_cast<TextureSampler &>(sampler_);
     sampler.setWrapModeR(static_cast<TextureSampler::WrapMode>(mode));
-    return sampler.getSamplerParams().u;
+    return to_long(sampler);
 }
 
 extern "C" JNIEXPORT jint JNICALL
-Java_com_google_android_filament_TextureSampler_nGetCompareMode(JNIEnv *env, jclass type,
+Java_com_google_android_filament_TextureSampler_nGetCompareMode(JNIEnv *, jclass, jlong sampler) {
-        jint sampler_) {
+    return static_cast<jint>(from_long(sampler).getCompareMode());
-    TextureSampler &sampler = reinterpret_cast<TextureSampler &>(sampler_);
-    return static_cast<jint>(sampler.getCompareMode());
 }
 
-extern "C" JNIEXPORT jint JNICALL
+extern "C" JNIEXPORT jlong JNICALL
-Java_com_google_android_filament_TextureSampler_nSetCompareMode(JNIEnv *env, jclass type,
+Java_com_google_android_filament_TextureSampler_nSetCompareMode(JNIEnv *, jclass, jlong sampler_, jint mode) {
-        jint sampler_, jint mode) {
+    TextureSampler sampler{from_long(sampler_)};
-    TextureSampler &sampler = reinterpret_cast<TextureSampler &>(sampler_);
     sampler.setCompareMode(static_cast<TextureSampler::CompareMode>(mode),
             sampler.getCompareFunc());
-    return sampler.getSamplerParams().u;
+    return to_long(sampler);
 }
 
 extern "C" JNIEXPORT jint JNICALL
-Java_com_google_android_filament_TextureSampler_nGetCompareFunction(JNIEnv *env, jclass type,
+Java_com_google_android_filament_TextureSampler_nGetCompareFunction(JNIEnv *, jclass, jlong sampler) {
-        jint sampler_) {
+    return static_cast<jint>(from_long(sampler).getCompareFunc());
-    TextureSampler &sampler = reinterpret_cast<TextureSampler &>(sampler_);
-    return static_cast<jint>(sampler.getCompareFunc());
 }
 
-extern "C" JNIEXPORT jint JNICALL
+extern "C" JNIEXPORT jlong JNICALL
-Java_com_google_android_filament_TextureSampler_nSetCompareFunction(JNIEnv *env, jclass type,
+Java_com_google_android_filament_TextureSampler_nSetCompareFunction(JNIEnv *, jclass, jlong sampler_, jint function) {
-        jint sampler_, jint function) {
+    TextureSampler sampler{from_long(sampler_)};
-    TextureSampler &sampler = reinterpret_cast<TextureSampler &>(sampler_);
     sampler.setCompareMode(sampler.getCompareMode(),
             static_cast<TextureSampler::CompareFunc>(function));
-    return sampler.getSamplerParams().u;
+    return to_long(sampler);
 }
 
 extern "C" JNIEXPORT jfloat JNICALL
-Java_com_google_android_filament_TextureSampler_nGetAnisotropy(JNIEnv *env, jclass type,
+Java_com_google_android_filament_TextureSampler_nGetAnisotropy(JNIEnv *, jclass, jlong sampler) {
-        jint sampler_) {
+    return from_long(sampler).getAnisotropy();
-    TextureSampler &sampler = reinterpret_cast<TextureSampler &>(sampler_);
-    return sampler.getAnisotropy();
 }
 
-extern "C" JNIEXPORT jint JNICALL
+extern "C" JNIEXPORT jlong JNICALL
-Java_com_google_android_filament_TextureSampler_nSetAnisotropy(JNIEnv *env, jclass type,
+Java_com_google_android_filament_TextureSampler_nSetAnisotropy(JNIEnv *, jclass, jlong sampler_, jfloat anisotropy) {
-        jint sampler_, jfloat anisotropy) {
+    TextureSampler sampler{from_long(sampler_)};
-    TextureSampler &sampler = reinterpret_cast<TextureSampler &>(sampler_);
     sampler.setAnisotropy(anisotropy);
-    return sampler.getSamplerParams().u;
+    return to_long(sampler);
 }

android/filament-android/src/main/java/com/google/android/filament/MaterialInstance.java

@@ -900,7 +900,7 @@ public class MaterialInstance {
             @IntRange(from = 0) int offset, @IntRange(from = 1) int count);
 
     private static native void nSetParameterTexture(long nativeMaterialInstance,
-            @NonNull String name, long nativeTexture, int sampler);
+            @NonNull String name, long nativeTexture, long sampler);
 
     private static native void nSetScissor(long nativeMaterialInstance,
             @IntRange(from = 0) int left, @IntRange(from = 0) int bottom,

android/filament-android/src/main/java/com/google/android/filament/TextureSampler.java

@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ public class TextureSampler {
         NEVER
     }
 
-    int mSampler = 0; // bit field used by native
+    long mSampler = 0; // bit field used by native
 
     /**
      * Initializes the <code>TextureSampler</code> with default values.
@@ -342,26 +342,26 @@ public class TextureSampler {
         }
     }
 
-    private static native int nCreateSampler(int min, int max, int s, int t, int r);
+    private static native long nCreateSampler(int min, int max, int s, int t, int r);
-    private static native int nCreateCompareSampler(int mode, int function);
+    private static native long nCreateCompareSampler(int mode, int function);
 
-    private static native int nGetMinFilter(int sampler);
+    private static native int nGetMinFilter(long sampler);
-    private static native int nSetMinFilter(int sampler, int filter);
+    private static native long nSetMinFilter(long sampler, int filter);
-    private static native int nGetMagFilter(int sampler);
+    private static native int nGetMagFilter(long sampler);
-    private static native int nSetMagFilter(int sampler, int filter);
+    private static native long nSetMagFilter(long sampler, int filter);
 
-    private static native int nGetWrapModeS(int sampler);
+    private static native int nGetWrapModeS(long sampler);
-    private static native int nSetWrapModeS(int sampler, int mode);
+    private static native long nSetWrapModeS(long sampler, int mode);
-    private static native int nGetWrapModeT(int sampler);
+    private static native int nGetWrapModeT(long sampler);
-    private static native int nSetWrapModeT(int sampler, int mode);
+    private static native long nSetWrapModeT(long sampler, int mode);
-    private static native int nGetWrapModeR(int sampler);
+    private static native int nGetWrapModeR(long sampler);
-    private static native int nSetWrapModeR(int sampler, int mode);
+    private static native long nSetWrapModeR(long sampler, int mode);
 
-    private static native int nGetCompareMode(int sampler);
+    private static native int nGetCompareMode(long sampler);
-    private static native int nSetCompareMode(int sampler, int mode);
+    private static native long nSetCompareMode(long sampler, int mode);
-    private static native int nGetCompareFunction(int sampler);
+    private static native int nGetCompareFunction(long sampler);
-    private static native int nSetCompareFunction(int sampler, int function);
+    private static native long nSetCompareFunction(long sampler, int function);
 
-    private static native float nGetAnisotropy(int sampler);
+    private static native float nGetAnisotropy(long sampler);
-    private static native int nSetAnisotropy(int sampler, float anisotropy);
+    private static native long nSetAnisotropy(long sampler, float anisotropy);
 }

android/filament-android/src/main/java/com/google/android/filament/View.java

@@ -967,7 +967,8 @@ public class View {
                 options.heightFalloff, options.cutOffDistance,
                 options.color[0], options.color[1], options.color[2],
                 options.density, options.inScatteringStart, options.inScatteringSize,
-                options.fogColorFromIbl, options.skyColor.getNativeObject(),
+                options.fogColorFromIbl,
+                options.skyColor == null ? 0 : options.skyColor.getNativeObject(),
                 options.enabled);
     }
 
@@ -1391,13 +1392,13 @@ public class View {
         /**
          * resolution of vertical axis (2^levels to 2048)
          */
-        public int resolution = 360;
+        public int resolution = 384;
         /**
          * bloom x/y aspect-ratio (1/32 to 32)
          */
         public float anamorphism = 1.0f;
         /**
-         * number of blur levels (3 to 11)
+         * number of blur levels (1 to 11)
          */
         public int levels = 6;
         /**
@@ -1985,4 +1986,11 @@ public class View {
          */
         public float penumbraRatioScale = 1.0f;
     }
+
+    /**
+     * Options for stereoscopic (multi-eye) rendering.
+     */
+    public static class StereoscopicOptions {
+        public boolean enabled = false;
+    }
 }

android/gradle.properties

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 GROUP=com.google.android.filament
-VERSION_NAME=1.42.1
+VERSION_NAME=1.42.0
 
 POM_DESCRIPTION=Real-time physically based rendering engine for Android.
 

filament/backend/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -177,8 +177,6 @@ if (FILAMENT_SUPPORTS_VULKAN)
             src/vulkan/VulkanConstants.h
             src/vulkan/VulkanContext.cpp
             src/vulkan/VulkanContext.h
-            src/vulkan/VulkanDisposer.cpp
-            src/vulkan/VulkanDisposer.h
             src/vulkan/VulkanDriver.cpp
             src/vulkan/VulkanDriver.h
             src/vulkan/VulkanDriverFactory.h
@@ -200,6 +198,9 @@ if (FILAMENT_SUPPORTS_VULKAN)
             src/vulkan/VulkanSwapChain.h
             src/vulkan/VulkanReadPixels.cpp
             src/vulkan/VulkanReadPixels.h
+            src/vulkan/VulkanResourceAllocator.h
+            src/vulkan/VulkanResources.cpp
+            src/vulkan/VulkanResources.h
             src/vulkan/VulkanTexture.cpp
             src/vulkan/VulkanTexture.h
             src/vulkan/VulkanUtility.cpp

filament/backend/include/backend/DriverEnums.h

@@ -796,32 +796,53 @@ enum class SamplerCompareFunc : uint8_t {
 
 //! Sampler parameters
 struct SamplerParams { // NOLINT
-    union {
+    SamplerMagFilter filterMag      : 1;    //!< magnification filter (NEAREST)
-        struct {
+    SamplerMinFilter filterMin      : 3;    //!< minification filter  (NEAREST)
-            SamplerMagFilter filterMag      : 1;    //!< magnification filter (NEAREST)
+    SamplerWrapMode wrapS           : 2;    //!< s-coordinate wrap mode (CLAMP_TO_EDGE)
-            SamplerMinFilter filterMin      : 3;    //!< minification filter  (NEAREST)
+    SamplerWrapMode wrapT           : 2;    //!< t-coordinate wrap mode (CLAMP_TO_EDGE)
-            SamplerWrapMode wrapS           : 2;    //!< s-coordinate wrap mode (CLAMP_TO_EDGE)
-            SamplerWrapMode wrapT           : 2;    //!< t-coordinate wrap mode (CLAMP_TO_EDGE)
 
-            SamplerWrapMode wrapR           : 2;    //!< r-coordinate wrap mode (CLAMP_TO_EDGE)
+    SamplerWrapMode wrapR           : 2;    //!< r-coordinate wrap mode (CLAMP_TO_EDGE)
-            uint8_t anisotropyLog2          : 3;    //!< anisotropy level (0)
+    uint8_t anisotropyLog2          : 3;    //!< anisotropy level (0)
-            SamplerCompareMode compareMode  : 1;    //!< sampler compare mode (NONE)
+    SamplerCompareMode compareMode  : 1;    //!< sampler compare mode (NONE)
-            uint8_t padding0                : 2;    //!< reserved. must be 0.
+    uint8_t padding0                : 2;    //!< reserved. must be 0.
 
-            SamplerCompareFunc compareFunc  : 3;    //!< sampler comparison function (LE)
+    SamplerCompareFunc compareFunc  : 3;    //!< sampler comparison function (LE)
-            uint8_t padding1                : 5;    //!< reserved. must be 0.
+    uint8_t padding1                : 5;    //!< reserved. must be 0.
+    uint8_t padding2                : 8;    //!< reserved. must be 0.
 
-            uint8_t padding2                : 8;    //!< reserved. must be 0.
+    struct Hasher {
-        };
+        size_t operator()(SamplerParams p) const noexcept {
-        uint32_t u;
+            // we don't use std::hash<> here, so we don't have to include <functional>
+            return *reinterpret_cast<uint64_t const*>(reinterpret_cast<char const*>(&p));
+        }
     };
+
+    struct EqualTo {
+        bool operator()(SamplerParams lhs, SamplerParams rhs) const noexcept {
+            auto* pLhs = reinterpret_cast<uint64_t const*>(reinterpret_cast<char const*>(&lhs));
+            auto* pRhs = reinterpret_cast<uint64_t const*>(reinterpret_cast<char const*>(&rhs));
+            return *pLhs == *pRhs;
+        }
+    };
+
+    struct LessThan {
+        bool operator()(SamplerParams lhs, SamplerParams rhs) const noexcept {
+            auto* pLhs = reinterpret_cast<uint64_t const*>(reinterpret_cast<char const*>(&lhs));
+            auto* pRhs = reinterpret_cast<uint64_t const*>(reinterpret_cast<char const*>(&rhs));
+            return *pLhs == *pRhs;
+        }
+    };
+
 private:
-    friend inline bool operator < (SamplerParams lhs, SamplerParams rhs) {
+    friend inline bool operator < (SamplerParams lhs, SamplerParams rhs) noexcept {
-        return lhs.u < rhs.u;
+        return SamplerParams::LessThan{}(lhs, rhs);
     }
 };
 
-static_assert(sizeof(SamplerParams) == sizeof(uint32_t), "SamplerParams must be 32 bits");
+// The limitation to 64-bits max comes from how we store a SamplerParams in our JNI code
+// see android/.../TextureSampler.cpp
+static_assert(sizeof(SamplerParams) <= sizeof(uint64_t),
+        "SamplerParams must be no more than 64 bits");
 
 //! blending equation function
 enum class BlendEquation : uint8_t {

filament/backend/include/backend/Program.h

@@ -104,9 +104,8 @@ public:
             Sampler const* samplers, size_t count) noexcept;
 
     struct SpecializationConstant {
-        using Type = std::variant<int32_t, float, bool>;
         uint32_t id;                                // id set in glsl
-        Type value;                                 // value and type
+        std::variant<int32_t, float, bool> value;   // value and type
     };
 
     Program& specializationConstants(

filament/backend/include/private/backend/CommandStream.h

@@ -73,14 +73,32 @@ public:
         // a cost here (writing and reading the stack at each iteration), in the end it's
         // probably better to pay the cost at just one location.
         intptr_t next;
+        driver.mCurrentExecutingCommand = this;
         mExecute(driver, this, &next);
         return reinterpret_cast<CommandBase*>(reinterpret_cast<intptr_t>(this) + next);
     }
 
+    inline void captureCallstack() noexcept {
+        auto c = utils::CallStack::unwind(4);
+        size_t i = 0;
+        for (; i < c.getFrameCount() && i < 16; i++) {
+            mCallstack[i] = c[i];
+        }
+        for (; i < 16; i++) {
+            mCallstack[i] = 0;
+        }
+    }
+
+    void printCallstack() noexcept {
+        auto c = utils::CallStack(mCallstack);
+        utils::slog.d << c << utils::io::endl;
+    }
+
     inline ~CommandBase() noexcept = default;
 
 private:
     Execute mExecute;
+    std::array<intptr_t, 16> mCallstack = {0};
 };
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -218,6 +236,7 @@ public:
         using Cmd = COMMAND_TYPE(methodName);                                                   \
         void* const p = allocateCommand(CommandBase::align(sizeof(Cmd)));                       \
         new(p) Cmd(mDispatcher.methodName##_, APPLY(std::move, params));                        \
+        ((Cmd*)p)->captureCallstack();                                                          \
         DEBUG_COMMAND_END(methodName, false);                                                   \
     }
 
@@ -237,6 +256,7 @@ public:
         using Cmd = COMMAND_TYPE(methodName##R);                                                \
         void* const p = allocateCommand(CommandBase::align(sizeof(Cmd)));                       \
         new(p) Cmd(mDispatcher.methodName##_, RetType(result), APPLY(std::move, params));       \
+        ((Cmd*)p)->captureCallstack();                                                          \
         DEBUG_COMMAND_END(methodName, false);                                                   \
         return result;                                                                          \
     }

filament/backend/include/private/backend/Driver.h

@@ -53,6 +53,7 @@ template<typename T>
 class ConcreteDispatcher;
 class Dispatcher;
 class CommandStream;
+class CommandBase;
 
 class Driver {
 public:
@@ -83,6 +84,8 @@ public:
     virtual void debugCommandEnd(CommandStream* cmds,
             bool synchronous, const char* methodName) noexcept = 0;
 
+    CommandBase* mCurrentExecutingCommand = nullptr;
+
     /*
      * Asynchronous calls here only to provide a type to CommandStream. They must be non-virtual
      * so that calling the concrete implementation won't go through a vtable.

filament/backend/src/metal/MetalState.h

@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ namespace filament {
 namespace backend {
 
 inline bool operator==(const SamplerParams& lhs, const SamplerParams& rhs) {
-    return lhs.u == rhs.u;
+    return SamplerParams::EqualTo{}(lhs, rhs);
 }
 
 //   Rasterization Bindings

filament/backend/src/opengl/OpenGLDriver.cpp

@@ -2917,7 +2917,7 @@ void OpenGLDriver::bindSamplers(uint32_t index, Handle<HwSamplerGroup> sbh) {
 
 #ifndef FILAMENT_SILENCE_NOT_SUPPORTED_BY_ES2
 GLuint OpenGLDriver::getSamplerSlow(SamplerParams params) const noexcept {
-    assert_invariant(mSamplerMap.find(params.u) == mSamplerMap.end());
+    assert_invariant(mSamplerMap.find(params) == mSamplerMap.end());
 
     GLuint s;
     glGenSamplers(1, &s);
@@ -2939,7 +2939,7 @@ GLuint OpenGLDriver::getSamplerSlow(SamplerParams params) const noexcept {
     }
 #endif
     CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
-    mSamplerMap[params.u] = s;
+    mSamplerMap[params] = s;
     return s;
 }
 #endif

filament/backend/src/opengl/OpenGLDriver.h

@@ -334,7 +334,7 @@ private:
         assert_invariant(!sp.padding1);
         assert_invariant(!sp.padding2);
         auto& samplerMap = mSamplerMap;
-        auto pos = samplerMap.find(sp.u);
+        auto pos = samplerMap.find(sp);
         if (UTILS_UNLIKELY(pos == samplerMap.end())) {
             return getSamplerSlow(sp);
         }
@@ -368,7 +368,8 @@ private:
     // sampler buffer binding points (nullptr if not used)
     std::array<GLSamplerGroup*, Program::SAMPLER_BINDING_COUNT> mSamplerBindings = {};   // 4 pointers
 
-    mutable tsl::robin_map<uint32_t, GLuint> mSamplerMap;
+    mutable tsl::robin_map<SamplerParams, GLuint,
+            SamplerParams::Hasher, SamplerParams::EqualTo> mSamplerMap;
 
     // this must be accessed from the driver thread only
     std::vector<GLTexture*> mTexturesWithStreamsAttached;

filament/backend/src/opengl/OpenGLTimerQuery.cpp

@@ -129,11 +129,11 @@ void TimerQueryNative::endTimeElapsedQuery(GLTimerQuery* tq) {
                 // we need to try this one again later
                 return false;
             }
+            GLuint64 elapsedTime = 0;
+            // we won't end-up here if we're on ES and don't have GL_EXT_disjoint_timer_query
+            context.procs.getQueryObjectui64v(state->gl.query, GL_QUERY_RESULT, &elapsedTime);
+            state->elapsed.store((int64_t)elapsedTime, std::memory_order_relaxed);
         }
-        GLuint64 elapsedTime = 0;
-        // we won't end-up here if we're on ES and don't have GL_EXT_disjoint_timer_query
-        context.procs.getQueryObjectui64v(state->gl.query, GL_QUERY_RESULT, &elapsedTime);
-        state->elapsed.store((int64_t)elapsedTime, std::memory_order_relaxed);
         return true;
     });
 }

filament/backend/src/vulkan/VulkanBlitter.cpp

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 #include "VulkanFboCache.h"
 #include "VulkanHandles.h"
 #include "VulkanSamplerCache.h"
+#include "VulkanTexture.h"
 
 #include <utils/FixedCapacityVector.h>
 #include <utils/Panic.h>
@@ -136,16 +137,20 @@ void VulkanBlitter::blitColor(BlitArgs args) {
     VkFormatProperties info;
     vkGetPhysicalDeviceFormatProperties(gpu, src.getFormat(), &info);
     if (!ASSERT_POSTCONDITION_NON_FATAL(info.optimalTilingFeatures & VK_FORMAT_FEATURE_BLIT_SRC_BIT,
-            "Source format is not blittable")) {
+                "Source format is not blittable %d", src.getFormat())) {
         return;
     }
     vkGetPhysicalDeviceFormatProperties(gpu, dst.getFormat(), &info);
     if (!ASSERT_POSTCONDITION_NON_FATAL(info.optimalTilingFeatures & VK_FORMAT_FEATURE_BLIT_DST_BIT,
-            "Destination format is not blittable")) {
+                "Destination format is not blittable %d", dst.getFormat())) {
         return;
     }
 #endif
-    VkCommandBuffer const cmdbuffer = mCommands->get().cmdbuffer;
+    VulkanCommandBuffer& commands = mCommands->get();
+    VkCommandBuffer const cmdbuffer = commands.cmdbuffer;
+    commands.acquire(src.texture);
+    commands.acquire(dst.texture);
+
     blitFast(cmdbuffer, aspect, args.filter, args.srcTarget->getExtent(), src, dst,
             args.srcRectPair, args.dstRectPair);
 }
@@ -160,12 +165,12 @@ void VulkanBlitter::blitDepth(BlitArgs args) {
     VkFormatProperties info;
     vkGetPhysicalDeviceFormatProperties(gpu, src.getFormat(), &info);
     if (!ASSERT_POSTCONDITION_NON_FATAL(info.optimalTilingFeatures & VK_FORMAT_FEATURE_BLIT_SRC_BIT,
-            "Depth format is not blittable")) {
+                "Depth src format is not blittable %d", src.getFormat())) {
         return;
     }
     vkGetPhysicalDeviceFormatProperties(gpu, dst.getFormat(), &info);
     if (!ASSERT_POSTCONDITION_NON_FATAL(info.optimalTilingFeatures & VK_FORMAT_FEATURE_BLIT_DST_BIT,
-            "Depth format is not blittable")) {
+                "Depth dst format is not blittable %d", dst.getFormat())) {
         return;
     }
 #endif
@@ -177,7 +182,11 @@ void VulkanBlitter::blitDepth(BlitArgs args) {
                 args.dstRectPair);
         return;
     }
-    VkCommandBuffer const cmdbuffer = mCommands->get().cmdbuffer;
+
+    VulkanCommandBuffer& commands = mCommands->get();
+    VkCommandBuffer const cmdbuffer = commands.cmdbuffer;
+    commands.acquire(src.texture);
+    commands.acquire(dst.texture);
     blitFast(cmdbuffer, aspect, args.filter, args.srcTarget->getExtent(), src, dst, args.srcRectPair,
             args.dstRectPair);
 }
@@ -247,13 +256,16 @@ void VulkanBlitter::lazyInit() noexcept {
         +1.0f, +1.0f,
     };
 
-    mTriangleBuffer = new VulkanBuffer(mAllocator, mCommands, mStagePool,
+    VulkanCommandBuffer& commands = mCommands->get();
-            VK_BUFFER_USAGE_VERTEX_BUFFER_BIT, sizeof(kTriangleVertices));
+    VkCommandBuffer const cmdbuffer = commands.cmdbuffer;
 
-    mTriangleBuffer->loadFromCpu(kTriangleVertices, 0, sizeof(kTriangleVertices));
+    mTriangleBuffer = new VulkanBuffer(mAllocator, mStagePool, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_VERTEX_BUFFER_BIT,
+            sizeof(kTriangleVertices));
 
-    mParamsBuffer = new VulkanBuffer(mAllocator, mCommands, mStagePool,
+    mTriangleBuffer->loadFromCpu(cmdbuffer, kTriangleVertices, 0, sizeof(kTriangleVertices));
-            VK_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BIT, sizeof(BlitterUniforms));
+
+    mParamsBuffer = new VulkanBuffer(mAllocator, mStagePool, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BIT,
+            sizeof(BlitterUniforms));
 }
 
 // At a high level, the procedure for resolving depth looks like this:
@@ -265,11 +277,16 @@ void VulkanBlitter::blitSlowDepth(VkFilter filter, const VkExtent2D srcExtent, V
         VulkanAttachment dst, const VkOffset3D srcRect[2], const VkOffset3D dstRect[2]) {
     lazyInit();
 
+    VulkanCommandBuffer* commands = &mCommands->get();
+    VkCommandBuffer const cmdbuffer = commands->cmdbuffer;
+    commands->acquire(src.texture);
+    commands->acquire(dst.texture);
+
     BlitterUniforms const uniforms = {
-        .sampleCount = src.texture->samples,
+            .sampleCount = src.texture->samples,
-        .inverseSampleCount = 1.0f / float(src.texture->samples),
+            .inverseSampleCount = 1.0f / float(src.texture->samples),
     };
-    mParamsBuffer->loadFromCpu(&uniforms, 0, sizeof(uniforms));
+    mParamsBuffer->loadFromCpu(cmdbuffer, &uniforms, 0, sizeof(uniforms));
 
     VkImageAspectFlags const aspect = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_DEPTH_BIT;
 
@@ -316,8 +333,6 @@ void VulkanBlitter::blitSlowDepth(VkFilter filter, const VkExtent2D srcExtent, V
     renderPassInfo.renderArea.extent.width = dstRect[1].x - dstRect[0].x;
     renderPassInfo.renderArea.extent.height = dstRect[1].y - dstRect[0].y;
 
-    const VkCommandBuffer cmdbuffer = mCommands->get().cmdbuffer;
-
     // We need to transition the source into a sampler since it'll be sampled in the shader.
     const VkImageSubresourceRange srcRange = {
             .aspectMask = aspect,
@@ -378,6 +393,7 @@ void VulkanBlitter::blitSlowDepth(VkFilter filter, const VkExtent2D srcExtent, V
     VkSampler vksampler = mSamplerCache.getSampler({});
 
     VkDescriptorImageInfo samplers[VulkanPipelineCache::SAMPLER_BINDING_COUNT];
+    VulkanTexture* textures[VulkanPipelineCache::SAMPLER_BINDING_COUNT] = {nullptr};
     for (auto& sampler : samplers) {
         sampler = {
             .sampler = vksampler,
@@ -391,8 +407,9 @@ void VulkanBlitter::blitSlowDepth(VkFilter filter, const VkExtent2D srcExtent, V
         .imageView = src.getImageView(VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_DEPTH_BIT),
         .imageLayout = ImgUtil::getVkLayout(samplerLayout),
     };
+    textures[0] = src.texture;
 
-    mPipelineCache.bindSamplers(samplers,
+    mPipelineCache.bindSamplers(samplers, textures,
             VulkanPipelineCache::getUsageFlags(0, ShaderStageFlags::FRAGMENT));
 
     auto previousUbo = mPipelineCache.getUniformBufferBinding(0);
@@ -409,7 +426,7 @@ void VulkanBlitter::blitSlowDepth(VkFilter filter, const VkExtent2D srcExtent, V
 
     mPipelineCache.bindScissor(cmdbuffer, scissor);
 
-    if (!mPipelineCache.bindPipeline(cmdbuffer)) {
+    if (!mPipelineCache.bindPipeline(commands)) {
         assert_invariant(false);
     }
 

filament/backend/src/vulkan/VulkanBuffer.cpp

@@ -23,9 +23,11 @@ using namespace bluevk;
 
 namespace filament::backend {
 
-VulkanBuffer::VulkanBuffer(VmaAllocator allocator, VulkanCommands* commands,
+VulkanBuffer::VulkanBuffer(VmaAllocator allocator, VulkanStagePool& stagePool,
-        VulkanStagePool& stagePool, VkBufferUsageFlags usage, uint32_t numBytes)
+        VkBufferUsageFlags usage, uint32_t numBytes)
-    : mAllocator(allocator), mCommands(commands), mStagePool(stagePool), mUsage(usage) {
+    : mAllocator(allocator),
+      mStagePool(stagePool),
+      mUsage(usage) {
 
     // for now make sure that only 1 bit is set in usage
     // (because loadFromCpu() assumes that somewhat)
@@ -53,7 +55,8 @@ void VulkanBuffer::terminate() {
     mGpuBuffer = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
 }
 
-void VulkanBuffer::loadFromCpu(const void* cpuData, uint32_t byteOffset, uint32_t numBytes) const {
+void VulkanBuffer::loadFromCpu(VkCommandBuffer cmdbuf, const void* cpuData, uint32_t byteOffset,
+        uint32_t numBytes) const {
     assert_invariant(byteOffset == 0);
     VulkanStage const* stage = mStagePool.acquireStage(numBytes);
     void* mapped;
@@ -62,10 +65,8 @@ void VulkanBuffer::loadFromCpu(const void* cpuData, uint32_t byteOffset, uint32_
     vmaUnmapMemory(mAllocator, stage->memory);
     vmaFlushAllocation(mAllocator, stage->memory, byteOffset, numBytes);
 
-    VkCommandBuffer const cmdbuffer = mCommands->get(true).cmdbuffer;
-
     VkBufferCopy region{ .size = numBytes };
-    vkCmdCopyBuffer(cmdbuffer, stage->buffer, mGpuBuffer, 1, &region);
+    vkCmdCopyBuffer(cmdbuf, stage->buffer, mGpuBuffer, 1, &region);
 
     // Firstly, ensure that the copy finishes before the next draw call.
     // Secondly, in case the user decides to upload another chunk (without ever using the first one)
@@ -99,7 +100,7 @@ void VulkanBuffer::loadFromCpu(const void* cpuData, uint32_t byteOffset, uint32_
 	    .size = VK_WHOLE_SIZE,
     };
 
-    vkCmdPipelineBarrier(cmdbuffer, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT, dstStageMask, 0, 0, nullptr, 1,
+    vkCmdPipelineBarrier(cmdbuf, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT, dstStageMask, 0, 0, nullptr, 1,
 	    &barrier, 0, nullptr);
 }
 

filament/backend/src/vulkan/VulkanBuffer.h

@@ -25,15 +25,18 @@ namespace filament::backend {
 // Encapsulates a Vulkan buffer, its attached DeviceMemory and a staging area.
 class VulkanBuffer {
 public:
-    VulkanBuffer(VmaAllocator allocator, VulkanCommands* commands, VulkanStagePool& stagePool,
+    VulkanBuffer(VmaAllocator allocator, VulkanStagePool& stagePool, VkBufferUsageFlags usage,
-            VkBufferUsageFlags usage, uint32_t numBytes);
+            uint32_t numBytes);
     ~VulkanBuffer();
     void terminate();
-    void loadFromCpu(const void* cpuData, uint32_t byteOffset, uint32_t numBytes) const;
+    void loadFromCpu(VkCommandBuffer cmdbuf, const void* cpuData, uint32_t byteOffset,
-    VkBuffer getGpuBuffer() const { return mGpuBuffer; }
+            uint32_t numBytes) const;
+    VkBuffer getGpuBuffer() const {
+        return mGpuBuffer;
+    }
+
 private:
     VmaAllocator mAllocator;
-    VulkanCommands* mCommands;
     VulkanStagePool& mStagePool;
 
     VmaAllocation mGpuMemory = VK_NULL_HANDLE;

filament/backend/src/vulkan/VulkanCommands.cpp

@@ -68,22 +68,35 @@ static VkCommandPool createPool(VkDevice device, uint32_t queueFamilyIndex) {
 }
 
 void VulkanGroupMarkers::push(std::string const& marker, Timestamp start) noexcept {
-    mMarkers.push(marker);
+    mMarkers.push_back(marker);
 #if FILAMENT_VULKAN_VERBOSE
-    mTimestamps.push(start.time_since_epoch().count() > 0.0
+    mTimestamps.push_back(start.time_since_epoch().count() > 0.0
                                   ? start
                                   : std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now());
 #endif
 }
 
 std::pair<std::string, Timestamp> VulkanGroupMarkers::pop() noexcept {
-    auto const marker = mMarkers.top();
+    auto const marker = mMarkers.back();
-    mMarkers.pop();
+    mMarkers.pop_back();
 
 #if FILAMENT_VULKAN_VERBOSE
-    auto const topTimestamp = mTimestamps.top();
+    auto const timestamp = mTimestamps.back();
-    mTimestamps.pop();
+    mTimestamps.pop_back();
-    return std::make_pair(marker, topTimestamp);
+    return std::make_pair(marker, timestamp);
+#else
+    return std::make_pair(marker, Timestamp{});
+#endif
+}
+
+std::pair<std::string, Timestamp> VulkanGroupMarkers::pop_bottom() noexcept {
+    auto const marker = mMarkers.front();
+    mMarkers.pop_front();
+
+#if FILAMENT_VULKAN_VERBOSE
+    auto const timestamp = mTimestamps.front();
+    mTimestamps.pop_front();
+    return std::make_pair(marker, timestamp);
 #else
     return std::make_pair(marker, Timestamp{});
 #endif
@@ -91,7 +104,7 @@ std::pair<std::string, Timestamp> VulkanGroupMarkers::pop() noexcept {
 
 std::pair<std::string, Timestamp> VulkanGroupMarkers::top() const {
     assert_invariant(!empty());
-    auto const marker = mMarkers.top();
+    auto const marker = mMarkers.back();
 #if FILAMENT_VULKAN_VERBOSE
     auto const topTimestamp = mTimestamps.top();
     return std::make_pair(marker, topTimestamp);
@@ -105,15 +118,20 @@ bool VulkanGroupMarkers::empty() const noexcept {
 }
 
 VulkanCommands::VulkanCommands(VkDevice device, VkQueue queue, uint32_t queueFamilyIndex,
-        VulkanContext* context)
+        VulkanContext* context, VulkanResourceAllocator* allocator)
     : mDevice(device),
       mQueue(queue),
       mPool(createPool(mDevice, queueFamilyIndex)),
-      mContext(context) {
+      mContext(context),
+      mStorage(CAPACITY) {
     VkSemaphoreCreateInfo sci{.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SEMAPHORE_CREATE_INFO};
     for (auto& semaphore: mSubmissionSignals) {
         vkCreateSemaphore(mDevice, &sci, nullptr, &semaphore);
     }
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < CAPACITY; ++i) {
+        mStorage[i] = std::make_unique<VulkanCommandBuffer>(allocator);
+    }
 }
 
 VulkanCommands::~VulkanCommands() {
@@ -125,10 +143,9 @@ VulkanCommands::~VulkanCommands() {
     }
 }
 
-VulkanCommandBuffer const& VulkanCommands::get(bool blockOnGC) {
+VulkanCommandBuffer& VulkanCommands::get() {
-    if (mCurrent) {
+    if (mCurrentCommandBufferIndex >= 0) {
-        mCurrent->blockOnGC = mCurrent->blockOnGC || blockOnGC;
+        return *mStorage[mCurrentCommandBufferIndex].get();
-        return *mCurrent;
     }
 
     // If we ran out of available command buffers, stall until one finishes. This is very rare.
@@ -144,15 +161,18 @@ VulkanCommandBuffer const& VulkanCommands::get(bool blockOnGC) {
         gc();
     }
 
+    VulkanCommandBuffer* currentbuf = nullptr;
     // Find an available slot.
-    for (VulkanCommandBuffer& wrapper : mStorage) {
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < CAPACITY; ++i) {
-        if (wrapper.cmdbuffer == VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
+        auto wrapper = mStorage[i].get();
-            mCurrent = &wrapper;
+        if (wrapper->cmdbuffer == VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
+            mCurrentCommandBufferIndex = static_cast<int8_t>(i);
+            currentbuf = wrapper;
             break;
         }
     }
 
-    assert_invariant(mCurrent);
+    assert_invariant(currentbuf);
     --mAvailableCount;
 
     // Create the low-level command buffer.
@@ -162,47 +182,46 @@ VulkanCommandBuffer const& VulkanCommands::get(bool blockOnGC) {
         .level = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY,
         .commandBufferCount = 1
     };
-    vkAllocateCommandBuffers(mDevice, &allocateInfo, &mCurrent->cmdbuffer);
+    vkAllocateCommandBuffers(mDevice, &allocateInfo, &currentbuf->cmdbuffer);
-
-    mCurrent->blockOnGC = blockOnGC;
 
     // Note that the fence wrapper uses shared_ptr because a DriverAPI fence can also have ownership
     // over it.  The destruction of the low-level fence occurs either in VulkanCommands::gc(), or in
     // VulkanDriver::destroyFence(), both of which are safe spots.
-    mCurrent->fence = std::make_shared<VulkanCmdFence>(mDevice);
+    currentbuf->fence = std::make_shared<VulkanCmdFence>(mDevice);
 
     // Begin writing into the command buffer.
     const VkCommandBufferBeginInfo binfo {
         .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_BEGIN_INFO,
         .flags = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_USAGE_ONE_TIME_SUBMIT_BIT,
     };
-    vkBeginCommandBuffer(mCurrent->cmdbuffer, &binfo);
+    vkBeginCommandBuffer(currentbuf->cmdbuffer, &binfo);
 
     // Notify the observer that a new command buffer has been activated.
     if (mObserver) {
-        mObserver->onCommandBuffer(*mCurrent);
+        mObserver->onCommandBuffer(*currentbuf);
     }
 
-    // We push the current markers onto a temporary stack. This must be placed after mCurrent is set
+    // We push the current markers onto a temporary stack. This must be placed after currentbuf is
-    // to the new command buffer since pushGroupMarker also calls get().
+    // set to the new command buffer since pushGroupMarker also calls get().
     while (mCarriedOverMarkers && !mCarriedOverMarkers->empty()) {
         auto [marker, time] = mCarriedOverMarkers->pop();
         pushGroupMarker(marker.c_str(), time);
     }
 
-    return *mCurrent;
+    return *currentbuf;
 }
 
 bool VulkanCommands::flush() {
     // It's perfectly fine to call flush when no commands have been written.
-    if (mCurrent == nullptr) {
+    if (mCurrentCommandBufferIndex < 0) {
         return false;
     }
 
-    const int64_t index = mCurrent - &mStorage[0];
+    int8_t const index = mCurrentCommandBufferIndex;
-    VkSemaphore renderingFinished = mSubmissionSignals[index];
+    VulkanCommandBuffer const* currentbuf = mStorage[index].get();
+    VkSemaphore const renderingFinished = mSubmissionSignals[index];
 
-    vkEndCommandBuffer(mCurrent->cmdbuffer);
+    vkEndCommandBuffer(currentbuf->cmdbuffer);
 
     // If the injected semaphore is an "image available" semaphore that has not yet been signaled,
     // it is sometimes fine to start executing commands anyway, as along as we stall the GPU at the
@@ -226,7 +245,7 @@ bool VulkanCommands::flush() {
         .pWaitSemaphores = signals,
         .pWaitDstStageMask = waitDestStageMasks,
         .commandBufferCount = 1,
-        .pCommandBuffers = &mCurrent->cmdbuffer,
+        .pCommandBuffers = &currentbuf->cmdbuffer,
         .signalSemaphoreCount = 1u,
         .pSignalSemaphores = &renderingFinished,
     };
@@ -239,13 +258,18 @@ bool VulkanCommands::flush() {
         signals[submitInfo.waitSemaphoreCount++] = mInjectedSignal;
     }
 
-    if (FILAMENT_VULKAN_VERBOSE) {
+    // To address a validation warning.
-        slog.i << "Submitting cmdbuffer=" << mCurrent->cmdbuffer
+    if (submitInfo.waitSemaphoreCount == 0) {
-            << " wait=(" << signals[0] << ", " << signals[1] << ") "
+        submitInfo.pWaitSemaphores = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
-            << " signal=" << renderingFinished
-            << io::endl;
     }
 
+#if FILAMENT_VULKAN_VERBOSE
+    slog.i << "Submitting cmdbuffer=" << currentbuf->cmdbuffer
+        << " wait=(" << signals[0] << ", " << signals[1] << ") "
+        << " signal=" << renderingFinished
+        << io::endl;
+#endif
+
     // Before actually submitting, we need to pop any leftover group markers.
     while (mGroupMarkers && !mGroupMarkers->empty()) {
         if (!mCarriedOverMarkers) {
@@ -257,44 +281,51 @@ bool VulkanCommands::flush() {
         popGroupMarker();
     }
 
-    auto& cmdfence = mCurrent->fence;
+    auto& cmdfence = currentbuf->fence;
     std::unique_lock<utils::Mutex> lock(cmdfence->mutex);
     cmdfence->status.store(VK_NOT_READY);
     UTILS_UNUSED_IN_RELEASE VkResult result = vkQueueSubmit(mQueue, 1, &submitInfo, cmdfence->fence);
     cmdfence->condition.notify_all();
     lock.unlock();
 
+#if FILAMENT_VULKAN_VERBOSE
+    if (result != VK_SUCCESS) {
+        utils::slog.d <<"Failed command buffer submission result: " << result << utils::io::endl;
+    }
+#endif
     assert_invariant(result == VK_SUCCESS);
 
     mSubmissionSignal = renderingFinished;
     mInjectedSignal = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
-    mCurrent = nullptr;
+    mCurrentCommandBufferIndex = -1;
     return true;
 }
 
 VkSemaphore VulkanCommands::acquireFinishedSignal() {
     VkSemaphore semaphore = mSubmissionSignal;
     mSubmissionSignal = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
-    if (FILAMENT_VULKAN_VERBOSE) {
+#if FILAMENT_VULKAN_VERBOSE
-        slog.i << "Acquiring " << semaphore << " (e.g. for vkQueuePresentKHR)" << io::endl;
+     slog.i << "Acquiring " << semaphore << " (e.g. for vkQueuePresentKHR)" << io::endl;
-    }
+#endif
     return semaphore;
 }
 
 void VulkanCommands::injectDependency(VkSemaphore next) {
     assert_invariant(mInjectedSignal == VK_NULL_HANDLE);
     mInjectedSignal = next;
-    if (FILAMENT_VULKAN_VERBOSE) {
+#if FILAMENT_VULKAN_VERBOSE
-        slog.i << "Injecting " << next << " (e.g. due to vkAcquireNextImageKHR)" << io::endl;
+    slog.i << "Injecting " << next << " (e.g. due to vkAcquireNextImageKHR)" << io::endl;
-    }
+#endif
 }
 
 void VulkanCommands::wait() {
     VkFence fences[CAPACITY];
-    uint32_t count = 0;
+    size_t count = 0;
-    for (auto& wrapper : mStorage) {
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < CAPACITY; i++) {
-        if (wrapper.cmdbuffer != VK_NULL_HANDLE && mCurrent != &wrapper) {
+        auto wrapper = mStorage[i].get();
-            fences[count++] = wrapper.fence->fence;
+        if (wrapper->cmdbuffer != VK_NULL_HANDLE
+                && mCurrentCommandBufferIndex != static_cast<int8_t>(i)) {
+            fences[count++] = wrapper->fence->fence;
         }
     }
     if (count > 0) {
@@ -303,26 +334,34 @@ void VulkanCommands::wait() {
 }
 
 void VulkanCommands::gc() {
-    for (auto& wrapper : mStorage) {
+    VkCommandBuffer buffers[CAPACITY];
-        if (wrapper.cmdbuffer != VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
+    size_t count = 0;
-            uint64_t const timeout = wrapper.blockOnGC ? UINT64_MAX : 0;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < CAPACITY; i++) {
-            VkResult const result
+        auto wrapper = mStorage[i].get();
-                    = vkWaitForFences(mDevice, 1, &wrapper.fence->fence, VK_TRUE, timeout);
+        if (wrapper->cmdbuffer == VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
-            if (result == VK_SUCCESS) {
+            continue;
-                vkFreeCommandBuffers(mDevice, mPool, 1, &wrapper.cmdbuffer);
-                wrapper.cmdbuffer = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
-                wrapper.fence->status.store(VK_SUCCESS);
-                wrapper.fence.reset();
-                ++mAvailableCount;
-            }
         }
+        VkResult const result = vkWaitForFences(mDevice, 1, &wrapper->fence->fence, VK_TRUE, 0);
+        if (result != VK_SUCCESS) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        buffers[count++] = wrapper->cmdbuffer;
+        wrapper->cmdbuffer = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+        wrapper->fence->status.store(VK_SUCCESS);
+        wrapper->fence.reset();
+        wrapper->clearResources();
+        ++mAvailableCount;
+    }
+    if (count > 0) {
+        vkFreeCommandBuffers(mDevice, mPool, count, buffers);
     }
 }
 
 void VulkanCommands::updateFences() {
-    for (auto& wrapper : mStorage) {
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < CAPACITY; i++) {
-        if (wrapper.cmdbuffer != VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
+        auto wrapper = mStorage[i].get();
-            VulkanCmdFence* fence = wrapper.fence.get();
+        if (wrapper->cmdbuffer != VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
+            VulkanCmdFence* fence = wrapper->fence.get();
             if (fence) {
                 VkResult status = vkGetFenceStatus(mDevice, fence->fence);
                 // This is either VK_SUCCESS, VK_NOT_READY, or VK_ERROR_DEVICE_LOST.
@@ -388,8 +427,9 @@ void VulkanCommands::popGroupMarker() {
         }
     } else if (mCarriedOverMarkers && !mCarriedOverMarkers->empty()) {
         // It could be that pop is called between flush() and get() (new command buffer), in which
-        // case the marker is in "carried over" state. We'd just remove that
+        // case the marker is in "carried over" state, we'd just remove that. Since the
-        mCarriedOverMarkers->pop();
+        // mCarriedOverMarkers is in the opposite order, we pop the bottom instead of the top.
+        mCarriedOverMarkers->pop_bottom();
     }
 }
 

filament/backend/src/vulkan/VulkanCommands.h

@@ -22,14 +22,16 @@
 #include "DriverBase.h"
 
 #include "VulkanConstants.h"
+#include "VulkanResources.h"
 
 #include <utils/Condition.h>
+#include <utils/FixedCapacityVector.h>
 #include <utils/Mutex.h>
 
 #include <atomic>
 
 #include <chrono>
-#include <stack>
+#include <list>
 #include <string>
 #include <utility>
 
@@ -43,13 +45,14 @@ public:
 
     void push(std::string const& marker, Timestamp start = {}) noexcept;
     std::pair<std::string, Timestamp> pop() noexcept;
+    std::pair<std::string, Timestamp> pop_bottom() noexcept;
     std::pair<std::string, Timestamp> top() const;
     bool empty() const noexcept;
 
 private:
-    std::stack<std::string> mMarkers;
+    std::list<std::string> mMarkers;
 #if FILAMENT_VULKAN_VERBOSE
-    std::stack<Timestamp> mTimestamps;
+    std::list<Timestamp> mTimestamps;
 #endif
 };
 
@@ -68,12 +71,28 @@ struct VulkanCmdFence {
 // DriverApi fence object and should not be destroyed until both the DriverApi object is freed and
 // we're done waiting on the most recent submission of the given command buffer.
 struct VulkanCommandBuffer {
-    VulkanCommandBuffer() {}
+    VulkanCommandBuffer(VulkanResourceAllocator* allocator)
+        : mResourceManager(allocator) {}
+
     VulkanCommandBuffer(VulkanCommandBuffer const&) = delete;
     VulkanCommandBuffer& operator=(VulkanCommandBuffer const&) = delete;
     VkCommandBuffer cmdbuffer = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
     std::shared_ptr<VulkanCmdFence> fence;
-    bool blockOnGC = false;
+
+    inline void acquire(VulkanResource* resource) {
+        mResourceManager.acquire(resource);
+    }
+
+    inline void acquire(VulkanAcquireOnlyResourceManager* srcResources) {
+        mResourceManager.acquire(srcResources);
+    }
+
+    inline void clearResources() {
+        mResourceManager.clear();
+    }
+
+private:
+    VulkanAcquireOnlyResourceManager mResourceManager;
 };
 
 // Allows classes to be notified after a new command buffer has been activated.
@@ -112,14 +131,11 @@ public:
 class VulkanCommands {
     public:
         VulkanCommands(VkDevice device, VkQueue queue, uint32_t queueFamilyIndex,
-                VulkanContext* context);
+                VulkanContext* context, VulkanResourceAllocator* allocator);
         ~VulkanCommands();
 
         // Creates a "current" command buffer if none exists, otherwise returns the current one.
-        // `blockOnGC` guarrantees that this buffer will be waited on when gc() is called on it so
+        VulkanCommandBuffer& get();
-        // that dependent resources can be gc'd safetly after the buffer is sumbitted, completed,
-        // and gc'd.
-        VulkanCommandBuffer const& get(bool blockOnGC = false);
 
         // Submits the current command buffer if it exists, then sets "current" to null.
         // If there are no outstanding commands then nothing happens and this returns false.
@@ -162,10 +178,12 @@ class VulkanCommands {
         VkCommandPool const mPool;
         VulkanContext const* mContext;
 
-        VulkanCommandBuffer* mCurrent = nullptr;
+        // int8 only goes up to 127, therefore capacity must be less than that.
+        static_assert(CAPACITY < 128);
+        int8_t mCurrentCommandBufferIndex = -1;
         VkSemaphore mSubmissionSignal = {};
         VkSemaphore mInjectedSignal = {};
-        VulkanCommandBuffer mStorage[CAPACITY] = {};
+        utils::FixedCapacityVector<std::unique_ptr<VulkanCommandBuffer>> mStorage;
         VkSemaphore mSubmissionSignals[CAPACITY] = {};
         size_t mAvailableCount = CAPACITY;
         CommandBufferObserver* mObserver = nullptr;

filament/backend/src/vulkan/VulkanDisposer.cpp

@@ -1,97 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#include "VulkanDisposer.h"
-#include "VulkanConstants.h"
-
-#include <utils/debug.h>
-#include <utils/Log.h>
-
-namespace filament::backend {
-
-// Always wait at least 3 frames after a DriverAPI-level resource has been destroyed for safe
-// destruction, due to potential usage by outstanding command buffers and triple buffering.
-static constexpr uint32_t FRAMES_BEFORE_EVICTION = VK_MAX_COMMAND_BUFFERS;
-
-void VulkanDisposer::createDisposable(Key resource, std::function<void()> destructor) noexcept {
-    mDisposables[resource].destructor = destructor;
-}
-
-void VulkanDisposer::removeReference(Key resource) noexcept {
-    // Null can be passed in as a no-op, this is not an error.
-    if (resource == nullptr) {
-        return;
-    }
-    assert_invariant(mDisposables[resource].refcount > 0);
-    --mDisposables[resource].refcount;
-}
-
-void VulkanDisposer::acquire(Key resource) noexcept {
-    // It's fine to "acquire" a non-managed resource, it's just a no-op.
-    if (resource == nullptr) {
-        return;
-    }
-    auto iter = mDisposables.find(resource);
-    if (iter == mDisposables.end()) {
-        return;
-    }
-    Disposable& disposable = iter.value();
-    assert_invariant(disposable.refcount > 0 && disposable.refcount < 65535);
-
-    // If an auto-decrement is already in place, do not increase the ref count.
-    if (disposable.remainingFrames == 0) {
-        ++disposable.refcount;
-    }
-
-    disposable.remainingFrames = FRAMES_BEFORE_EVICTION;
-}
-
-void VulkanDisposer::gc() noexcept {
-    // First decrement the frame count of all resources that were held by a command buffer.
-    // If any of these reaches zero, decrement its reference count.
-    for (auto iter = mDisposables.begin(); iter != mDisposables.end(); ++iter) {
-        Disposable& disposable = iter.value();
-        if (disposable.refcount > 0 && disposable.remainingFrames > 0) {
-            if (--disposable.remainingFrames == 0) {
-                removeReference(iter.key());
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Next, destroy all resources with a zero refcount.
-    decltype(mDisposables) disposables;
-    for (auto iter : mDisposables) {
-        Disposable& disposable = iter.second;
-        if (disposable.refcount == 0) {
-            disposable.destructor();
-        } else {
-            disposables.insert({iter.first, disposable});
-        }
-    }
-    disposables.swap(mDisposables);
-}
-
-void VulkanDisposer::terminate() noexcept {
-#ifndef NDEBUG
-    utils::slog.i << mDisposables.size() << " disposables are outstanding." << utils::io::endl;
-#endif
-    for (auto iter : mDisposables) {
-        iter.second.destructor();
-    }
-    mDisposables.clear();
-}
-
-} // namespace filament::backend

filament/backend/src/vulkan/VulkanDisposer.h

@@ -1,60 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#ifndef TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_VULKANDISPOSER_H
-#define TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_VULKANDISPOSER_H
-
-#include <tsl/robin_map.h>
-
-#include <functional>
-
-namespace filament::backend {
-
-// VulkanDisposer tracks resources (such as textures or vertex buffers) that need deferred
-// destruction due to potential use by a Vulkan command buffer. Resources are represented with void*
-// to allow callers to use any type of handle.
-class VulkanDisposer {
-public:
-    using Key = const void*;
-
-    // Adds the given resource to the disposer and sets its reference count to 1.
-    void createDisposable(Key resource, std::function<void()> destructor) noexcept;
-
-    // Decrements the reference count.
-    void removeReference(Key resource) noexcept;
-
-    // Increments the reference count and auto-decrements it after FRAMES_BEFORE_EVICTION frames.
-    // This is used to indicate that the current command buffer has a reference to the resource.
-    void acquire(Key resource) noexcept;
-
-    // Invokes the destructor function for each disposable with a 0 refcount.
-    void gc() noexcept;
-
-    // Invokes the destructor function for all disposables, regardless of reference count.
-    void terminate() noexcept;
-
-private:
-    struct Disposable {
-        uint16_t refcount = 1;
-        uint16_t remainingFrames = 0;
-        std::function<void()> destructor = []() {};
-    };
-    tsl::robin_map<Key, Disposable> mDisposables;
-};
-
-} // namespace filament::backend
-
-#endif // TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_VULKANDISPOSER_H

filament/backend/src/vulkan/VulkanDriver.cpp

@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ VulkanTexture* createEmptyTexture(VkDevice device, VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevi
     VulkanTexture* emptyTexture = new VulkanTexture(device, physicalDevice, context, allocator,
             commands, SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D, 1, TextureFormat::RGBA8, 1, 1, 1, 1,
             TextureUsage::DEFAULT | TextureUsage::COLOR_ATTACHMENT | TextureUsage::SUBPASS_INPUT,
-            stagePool);
+            stagePool, true /* heap allocated */);
     uint32_t black = 0;
     PixelBufferDescriptor pbd(&black, 4, PixelDataFormat::RGBA, PixelDataType::UBYTE);
     emptyTexture->updateImage(pbd, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0);
@@ -108,6 +108,10 @@ VKAPI_ATTR VkBool32 VKAPI_CALL debugReportCallback(VkDebugReportFlagsEXT flags,
     if (flags & VK_DEBUG_REPORT_ERROR_BIT_EXT) {
         utils::slog.e << "VULKAN ERROR: (" << pLayerPrefix << ") " << pMessage << utils::io::endl;
     } else {
+        // TODO: emit best practices warnings about aggressive pipeline barriers.
+        if (strstr(pMessage, "ALL_GRAPHICS_BIT") || strstr(pMessage, "ALL_COMMANDS_BIT")) {
+            return VK_FALSE;
+        }
         utils::slog.w << "VULKAN WARNING: (" << pLayerPrefix << ") " << pMessage << utils::io::endl;
     }
     utils::slog.e << utils::io::endl;
@@ -122,8 +126,8 @@ VKAPI_ATTR VkBool32 VKAPI_CALL debugUtilsCallback(VkDebugUtilsMessageSeverityFla
                       << utils::io::endl;
     } else {
         // TODO: emit best practices warnings about aggressive pipeline barriers.
-        if (strstr(cbdata->pMessage, "ALL_GRAPHICS_BIT") ||
+        if (strstr(cbdata->pMessage, "ALL_GRAPHICS_BIT")
-                strstr(cbdata->pMessage, "ALL_COMMANDS_BIT")) {
+                || strstr(cbdata->pMessage, "ALL_COMMANDS_BIT")) {
             return VK_FALSE;
         }
         utils::slog.w << "VULKAN WARNING: (" << cbdata->pMessageIdName << ") " << cbdata->pMessage
@@ -148,7 +152,10 @@ VulkanDriver::VulkanDriver(VulkanPlatform* platform, VulkanContext const& contex
       mAllocator(createAllocator(mPlatform->getInstance(), mPlatform->getPhysicalDevice(),
               mPlatform->getDevice())),
       mContext(context),
-      mHandleAllocator(driverConfig.handleArenaSize),
+      mResourceAllocator(driverConfig.handleArenaSize),
+      mResourceManager(&mResourceAllocator),
+      mThreadSafeResourceManager(&mResourceAllocator),
+      mPipelineCache(&mResourceAllocator),
       mBlitter(mStagePool, mPipelineCache, mFramebufferCache, mSamplerCache),
       mReadPixels(mPlatform->getDevice()) {
 
@@ -183,7 +190,8 @@ VulkanDriver::VulkanDriver(VulkanPlatform* platform, VulkanContext const& contex
 #endif
     mTimestamps = std::make_unique<VulkanTimestamps>(mPlatform->getDevice());
     mCommands = std::make_unique<VulkanCommands>(mPlatform->getDevice(),
-            mPlatform->getGraphicsQueue(), mPlatform->getGraphicsQueueFamilyIndex(), &mContext);
+            mPlatform->getGraphicsQueue(), mPlatform->getGraphicsQueueFamilyIndex(), &mContext,
+            &mResourceAllocator);
     mCommands->setObserver(&mPipelineCache);
     mPipelineCache.setDevice(mPlatform->getDevice(), mAllocator);
 
@@ -230,9 +238,8 @@ void VulkanDriver::terminate() {
     mBlitter.terminate();
     mReadPixels.terminate();
 
-    // Allow the stage pool and disposer to clean up.
+    // Allow the stage pool to clean up.
     mStagePool.gc();
-    mDisposer.terminate();
 
     mStagePool.terminate();
     mPipelineCache.terminate();
@@ -261,10 +268,20 @@ void VulkanDriver::tick(int) {
 void VulkanDriver::collectGarbage() {
     // Command buffers need to be submitted and completed before other resources can be gc'd. And
     // its gc() function carrys out the *wait*.
+    SYSTRACE_CONTEXT();
+    SYSTRACE_NAME_BEGIN("gc");
+
     mCommands->gc();
+
+    SYSTRACE_NAME_BEGIN("stagepool-gc");
     mStagePool.gc();
+    SYSTRACE_NAME_END();
+
+    SYSTRACE_NAME_BEGIN("framebuffercache-gc");
     mFramebufferCache.gc();
-    mDisposer.gc();
+    SYSTRACE_NAME_END();
+
+    SYSTRACE_NAME_END(); // "gc"
 }
 
 void VulkanDriver::beginFrame(int64_t monotonic_clock_ns, uint32_t frameId) {
@@ -300,86 +317,84 @@ void VulkanDriver::finish(int dummy) {
 }
 
 void VulkanDriver::createSamplerGroupR(Handle<HwSamplerGroup> sbh, uint32_t count) {
-    mHandleAllocator.construct<VulkanSamplerGroup>(sbh, count);
+    auto sg = mResourceAllocator.construct<VulkanSamplerGroup>(sbh, count);
+    mResourceManager.acquire(sg);
 }
 
 void VulkanDriver::createRenderPrimitiveR(Handle<HwRenderPrimitive> rph,
         Handle<HwVertexBuffer> vbh, Handle<HwIndexBuffer> ibh,
         PrimitiveType pt, uint32_t offset,
         uint32_t minIndex, uint32_t maxIndex, uint32_t count) {
-    mHandleAllocator.construct<VulkanRenderPrimitive>(rph);
+    auto rp = mResourceAllocator.construct<VulkanRenderPrimitive>(rph, &mResourceAllocator);
+    mResourceManager.acquire(rp);
     VulkanDriver::setRenderPrimitiveBuffer(rph, vbh, ibh);
     VulkanDriver::setRenderPrimitiveRange(rph, pt, offset, minIndex, maxIndex, count);
 }
 
 void VulkanDriver::destroyRenderPrimitive(Handle<HwRenderPrimitive> rph) {
-    if (rph) {
+    if (!rph) {
-        mHandleAllocator.destruct<VulkanRenderPrimitive>(rph);
+        return;
     }
+    auto rp = mResourceAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanRenderPrimitive*>(rph);
+    mResourceManager.release(rp);
 }
 
 void VulkanDriver::createVertexBufferR(Handle<HwVertexBuffer> vbh, uint8_t bufferCount,
         uint8_t attributeCount, uint32_t elementCount, AttributeArray attributes) {
-    auto vertexBuffer = mHandleAllocator.construct<VulkanVertexBuffer>(vbh, mContext, mStagePool,
+    auto vertexBuffer = mResourceAllocator.construct<VulkanVertexBuffer>(vbh, mContext, mStagePool,
-            bufferCount, attributeCount, elementCount, attributes);
+            &mResourceAllocator, bufferCount, attributeCount, elementCount, attributes);
-    mDisposer.createDisposable(vertexBuffer, [this, vbh]() {
+    mResourceManager.acquire(vertexBuffer);
-        mHandleAllocator.destruct<VulkanVertexBuffer>(vbh);
-    });
 }
 
 void VulkanDriver::destroyVertexBuffer(Handle<HwVertexBuffer> vbh) {
-    if (vbh) {
+    if (!vbh) {
-        auto vertexBuffer = mHandleAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanVertexBuffer*>(vbh);
+        return;
-        mDisposer.removeReference(vertexBuffer);
     }
+    auto vertexBuffer = mResourceAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanVertexBuffer*>(vbh);
+    mResourceManager.release(vertexBuffer);
 }
 
 void VulkanDriver::createIndexBufferR(Handle<HwIndexBuffer> ibh, ElementType elementType,
         uint32_t indexCount, BufferUsage usage) {
     auto elementSize = (uint8_t) getElementTypeSize(elementType);
-    auto indexBuffer = mHandleAllocator.construct<VulkanIndexBuffer>(ibh, mAllocator,
+    auto indexBuffer = mResourceAllocator.construct<VulkanIndexBuffer>(ibh, mAllocator, mStagePool,
-            mCommands.get(), mStagePool, elementSize, indexCount);
+            elementSize, indexCount);
-    mDisposer.createDisposable(indexBuffer,
+    mResourceManager.acquire(indexBuffer);
-            [this, ibh]() { mHandleAllocator.destruct<VulkanIndexBuffer>(ibh); });
 }
 
 void VulkanDriver::destroyIndexBuffer(Handle<HwIndexBuffer> ibh) {
-    if (ibh) {
+    if (!ibh) {
-        auto indexBuffer = mHandleAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanIndexBuffer*>(ibh);
+        return;
-        mDisposer.removeReference(indexBuffer);
     }
+    auto indexBuffer = mResourceAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanIndexBuffer*>(ibh);
+    mResourceManager.release(indexBuffer);
 }
 
 void VulkanDriver::createBufferObjectR(Handle<HwBufferObject> boh, uint32_t byteCount,
         BufferObjectBinding bindingType, BufferUsage usage) {
-    auto bufferObject = mHandleAllocator.construct<VulkanBufferObject>(boh, mAllocator,
+    auto bufferObject = mResourceAllocator.construct<VulkanBufferObject>(boh, mAllocator,
-            mCommands.get(), mStagePool, byteCount, bindingType, usage);
+            mStagePool, byteCount, bindingType, usage);
-    mDisposer.createDisposable(bufferObject,
+    mResourceManager.acquire(bufferObject);
-            [this, boh]() { mHandleAllocator.destruct<VulkanBufferObject>(boh); });
 }
 
 void VulkanDriver::destroyBufferObject(Handle<HwBufferObject> boh) {
-    if (boh) {
+    if (!boh) {
-       auto bufferObject = mHandleAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanBufferObject*>(boh);
+        return;
-       if (bufferObject->bindingType == BufferObjectBinding::UNIFORM) {
-           mPipelineCache.unbindUniformBuffer(bufferObject->buffer.getGpuBuffer());
-           // Decrement the refcount of the uniform buffer, but schedule it for destruction a few
-           // frames in the future. To be safe, we need to assume that the current command buffer is
-           // still using it somewhere.
-           mDisposer.acquire(bufferObject);
-       }
-       mDisposer.removeReference(bufferObject);
     }
+    auto bufferObject = mResourceAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanBufferObject*>(boh);
+    if (bufferObject->bindingType == BufferObjectBinding::UNIFORM) {
+        mPipelineCache.unbindUniformBuffer(bufferObject->buffer.getGpuBuffer());
+    }
+    mResourceManager.release(bufferObject);
 }
 
 void VulkanDriver::createTextureR(Handle<HwTexture> th, SamplerType target, uint8_t levels,
         TextureFormat format, uint8_t samples, uint32_t w, uint32_t h, uint32_t depth,
         TextureUsage usage) {
-    auto vktexture = mHandleAllocator.construct<VulkanTexture>(th, mPlatform->getDevice(),
+    auto vktexture = mResourceAllocator.construct<VulkanTexture>(th, mPlatform->getDevice(),
             mPlatform->getPhysicalDevice(), mContext, mAllocator, mCommands.get(), target, levels,
             format, samples, w, h, depth, usage, mStagePool);
-    mDisposer.createDisposable(vktexture,
+    mResourceManager.acquire(vktexture);
-            [this, th]() { mHandleAllocator.destruct<VulkanTexture>(th); });
 }
 
 void VulkanDriver::createTextureSwizzledR(Handle<HwTexture> th, SamplerType target, uint8_t levels,
@@ -388,12 +403,10 @@ void VulkanDriver::createTextureSwizzledR(Handle<HwTexture> th, SamplerType targ
         TextureSwizzle r, TextureSwizzle g, TextureSwizzle b, TextureSwizzle a) {
     TextureSwizzle swizzleArray[] = {r, g, b, a};
     const VkComponentMapping swizzleMap = getSwizzleMap(swizzleArray);
-    auto vktexture = mHandleAllocator.construct<VulkanTexture>(th, mPlatform->getDevice(),
+    auto vktexture = mResourceAllocator.construct<VulkanTexture>(th, mPlatform->getDevice(),
             mPlatform->getPhysicalDevice(), mContext, mAllocator, mCommands.get(), target, levels,
-            format, samples, w, h, depth, usage, mStagePool, swizzleMap);
+            format, samples, w, h, depth, usage, mStagePool, false /*heap allocated */, swizzleMap);
-    mDisposer.createDisposable(vktexture, [this, th]() {
+    mResourceManager.acquire(vktexture);
-        mHandleAllocator.destruct<VulkanTexture>(th);
-    });
 }
 
 void VulkanDriver::importTextureR(Handle<HwTexture> th, intptr_t id,
@@ -404,33 +417,31 @@ void VulkanDriver::importTextureR(Handle<HwTexture> th, intptr_t id,
 }
 
 void VulkanDriver::destroyTexture(Handle<HwTexture> th) {
-    if (th) {
+    if (!th) {
-        auto texture = mHandleAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanTexture*>(th);
+        return;
-        mPipelineCache.unbindImageView(texture->getPrimaryImageView());
-        mDisposer.removeReference(texture);
     }
+    auto texture = mResourceAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanTexture*>(th);
+    mResourceManager.release(texture);
 }
 
 void VulkanDriver::createProgramR(Handle<HwProgram> ph, Program&& program) {
-    auto vkprogram = mHandleAllocator.construct<VulkanProgram>(ph, mPlatform->getDevice(), program);
+    auto vkprogram = mResourceAllocator.construct<VulkanProgram>(ph, mPlatform->getDevice(), program);
-    mDisposer.createDisposable(vkprogram, [this, ph] () {
+    mResourceManager.acquire(vkprogram);
-        mHandleAllocator.destruct<VulkanProgram>(ph);
-    });
 }
 
 void VulkanDriver::destroyProgram(Handle<HwProgram> ph) {
-    if (ph) {
+    if (!ph) {
-        mDisposer.removeReference(mHandleAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanProgram*>(ph));
+        return;
     }
+    auto vkprogram = mResourceAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanProgram*>(ph);
+    mResourceManager.release(vkprogram);
 }
 
 void VulkanDriver::createDefaultRenderTargetR(Handle<HwRenderTarget> rth, int) {
     assert_invariant(mDefaultRenderTarget == nullptr);
-    VulkanRenderTarget* renderTarget = mHandleAllocator.construct<VulkanRenderTarget>(rth);
+    VulkanRenderTarget* renderTarget = mResourceAllocator.construct<VulkanRenderTarget>(rth);
     mDefaultRenderTarget = renderTarget;
-    mDisposer.createDisposable(renderTarget, [this, rth] () {
+    mResourceManager.acquire(renderTarget);
-        mHandleAllocator.destruct<VulkanRenderTarget>(rth);
-    });
 }
 
 void VulkanDriver::createRenderTargetR(Handle<HwRenderTarget> rth,
@@ -444,7 +455,7 @@ void VulkanDriver::createRenderTargetR(Handle<HwRenderTarget> rth,
     for (int i = 0; i < MRT::MAX_SUPPORTED_RENDER_TARGET_COUNT; i++) {
         if (color[i].handle) {
             colorTargets[i] = {
-                .texture = mHandleAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanTexture*>(color[i].handle),
+                .texture = mResourceAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanTexture*>(color[i].handle),
                 .level = color[i].level,
                 .layer = color[i].layer,
             };
@@ -458,7 +469,7 @@ void VulkanDriver::createRenderTargetR(Handle<HwRenderTarget> rth,
     VulkanAttachment depthStencil[2] = {};
     if (depth.handle) {
         depthStencil[0] = {
-            .texture = mHandleAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanTexture*>(depth.handle),
+            .texture = mResourceAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanTexture*>(depth.handle),
             .level = depth.level,
             .layer = depth.layer,
         };
@@ -470,7 +481,7 @@ void VulkanDriver::createRenderTargetR(Handle<HwRenderTarget> rth,
 
     if (stencil.handle) {
         depthStencil[1] = {
-            .texture = mHandleAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanTexture*>(stencil.handle),
+            .texture = mResourceAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanTexture*>(stencil.handle),
             .level = stencil.level,
             .layer = stencil.layer,
         };
@@ -486,26 +497,27 @@ void VulkanDriver::createRenderTargetR(Handle<HwRenderTarget> rth,
     assert_invariant(tmin == tmax);
     assert_invariant(tmin.x >= width && tmin.y >= height);
 
-    auto renderTarget = mHandleAllocator.construct<VulkanRenderTarget>(rth, mPlatform->getDevice(),
+    auto renderTarget = mResourceAllocator.construct<VulkanRenderTarget>(rth, mPlatform->getDevice(),
             mPlatform->getPhysicalDevice(), mContext, mAllocator, mCommands.get(), width, height,
             samples, colorTargets, depthStencil, mStagePool);
-    mDisposer.createDisposable(renderTarget,
+    mResourceManager.acquire(renderTarget);
-            [this, rth]() { mHandleAllocator.destruct<VulkanRenderTarget>(rth); });
 }
 
 void VulkanDriver::destroyRenderTarget(Handle<HwRenderTarget> rth) {
-    if (rth) {
+    if (!rth) {
-        VulkanRenderTarget* rt = mHandleAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanRenderTarget*>(rth);
+        return;
-        if (UTILS_UNLIKELY(rt == mDefaultRenderTarget)) {
-            mDefaultRenderTarget = nullptr;
-        }
-        mDisposer.removeReference(rt);
     }
+
+    VulkanRenderTarget* rt = mResourceAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanRenderTarget*>(rth);
+    if (UTILS_UNLIKELY(rt == mDefaultRenderTarget)) {
+        mDefaultRenderTarget = nullptr;
+    }
+    mResourceManager.release(rt);
 }
 
 void VulkanDriver::createFenceR(Handle<HwFence> fh, int) {
     VulkanCommandBuffer const& commandBuffer = mCommands->get();
-    mHandleAllocator.construct<VulkanFence>(fh, commandBuffer.fence);
+    mResourceAllocator.construct<VulkanFence>(fh, commandBuffer.fence);
 }
 
 void VulkanDriver::createSwapChainR(Handle<HwSwapChain> sch, void* nativeWindow, uint64_t flags) {
@@ -514,7 +526,7 @@ void VulkanDriver::createSwapChainR(Handle<HwSwapChain> sch, void* nativeWindow,
                       << utils::io::endl;
         flags = flags | ~(backend::SWAP_CHAIN_CONFIG_SRGB_COLORSPACE);
     }
-    mHandleAllocator.construct<VulkanSwapChain>(sch, mPlatform, mContext, mAllocator,
+    mResourceAllocator.construct<VulkanSwapChain>(sch, mPlatform, mContext, mAllocator,
             mCommands.get(), mStagePool, nativeWindow, flags);
 }
 
@@ -527,7 +539,7 @@ void VulkanDriver::createSwapChainHeadlessR(Handle<HwSwapChain> sch, uint32_t wi
         flags = flags | ~(backend::SWAP_CHAIN_CONFIG_SRGB_COLORSPACE);
     }
     assert_invariant(width > 0 && height > 0 && "Vulkan requires non-zero swap chain dimensions.");
-    mHandleAllocator.construct<VulkanSwapChain>(sch, mPlatform, mContext, mAllocator,
+    mResourceAllocator.construct<VulkanSwapChain>(sch, mPlatform, mContext, mAllocator,
             mCommands.get(), mStagePool, nullptr, flags, VkExtent2D{width, height});
 }
 
@@ -536,106 +548,108 @@ void VulkanDriver::createTimerQueryR(Handle<HwTimerQuery> tqh, int) {
 }
 
 Handle<HwVertexBuffer> VulkanDriver::createVertexBufferS() noexcept {
-    return mHandleAllocator.allocHandle<VulkanVertexBuffer>();
+    return mResourceAllocator.allocHandle<VulkanVertexBuffer>();
 }
 
 Handle<HwIndexBuffer> VulkanDriver::createIndexBufferS() noexcept {
-    return mHandleAllocator.allocHandle<VulkanIndexBuffer>();
+    return mResourceAllocator.allocHandle<VulkanIndexBuffer>();
 }
 
 Handle<HwBufferObject> VulkanDriver::createBufferObjectS() noexcept {
-    return mHandleAllocator.allocHandle<VulkanBufferObject>();
+    return mResourceAllocator.allocHandle<VulkanBufferObject>();
 }
 
 Handle<HwTexture> VulkanDriver::createTextureS() noexcept {
-    return mHandleAllocator.allocHandle<VulkanTexture>();
+    return mResourceAllocator.allocHandle<VulkanTexture>();
 }
 
 Handle<HwTexture> VulkanDriver::createTextureSwizzledS() noexcept {
-    return mHandleAllocator.allocHandle<VulkanTexture>();
+    return mResourceAllocator.allocHandle<VulkanTexture>();
 }
 
 Handle<HwTexture> VulkanDriver::importTextureS() noexcept {
-    return mHandleAllocator.allocHandle<VulkanTexture>();
+    return mResourceAllocator.allocHandle<VulkanTexture>();
 }
 
 Handle<HwSamplerGroup> VulkanDriver::createSamplerGroupS() noexcept {
-    return mHandleAllocator.allocHandle<VulkanSamplerGroup>();
+    return mResourceAllocator.allocHandle<VulkanSamplerGroup>();
 }
 
 Handle<HwRenderPrimitive> VulkanDriver::createRenderPrimitiveS() noexcept {
-    return mHandleAllocator.allocHandle<VulkanRenderPrimitive>();
+    return mResourceAllocator.allocHandle<VulkanRenderPrimitive>();
 }
 
 Handle<HwProgram> VulkanDriver::createProgramS() noexcept {
-    return mHandleAllocator.allocHandle<VulkanProgram>();
+    return mResourceAllocator.allocHandle<VulkanProgram>();
 }
 
 Handle<HwRenderTarget> VulkanDriver::createDefaultRenderTargetS() noexcept {
-    return mHandleAllocator.allocHandle<VulkanRenderTarget>();
+    return mResourceAllocator.allocHandle<VulkanRenderTarget>();
 }
 
 Handle<HwRenderTarget> VulkanDriver::createRenderTargetS() noexcept {
-    return mHandleAllocator.allocHandle<VulkanRenderTarget>();
+    return mResourceAllocator.allocHandle<VulkanRenderTarget>();
 }
 
 Handle<HwFence> VulkanDriver::createFenceS() noexcept {
-    return mHandleAllocator.initHandle<VulkanFence>();
+    return mResourceAllocator.initHandle<VulkanFence>();
 }
 
 Handle<HwSwapChain> VulkanDriver::createSwapChainS() noexcept {
-    return mHandleAllocator.allocHandle<VulkanSwapChain>();
+    return mResourceAllocator.allocHandle<VulkanSwapChain>();
 }
 
 Handle<HwSwapChain> VulkanDriver::createSwapChainHeadlessS() noexcept {
-    return mHandleAllocator.allocHandle<VulkanSwapChain>();
+    return mResourceAllocator.allocHandle<VulkanSwapChain>();
 }
 
 Handle<HwTimerQuery> VulkanDriver::createTimerQueryS() noexcept {
     // The handle must be constructed here, as a synchronous call to getTimerQueryValue might happen
     // before createTimerQueryR is executed.
     Handle<HwTimerQuery> tqh
-            = mHandleAllocator.initHandle<VulkanTimerQuery>(mTimestamps->getNextQuery());
+            = mResourceAllocator.initHandle<VulkanTimerQuery>(mTimestamps->getNextQuery());
-    auto query = mHandleAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanTimerQuery*>(tqh);
+    auto query = mResourceAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanTimerQuery*>(tqh);
-    mDisposer.createDisposable(query, [this, tqh] () {
+    mThreadSafeResourceManager.acquire(query);
-        mHandleAllocator.destruct<VulkanTimerQuery>(tqh);
-    });
     return tqh;
 }
 
 void VulkanDriver::destroySamplerGroup(Handle<HwSamplerGroup> sbh) {
-    if (sbh) {
+    if (!sbh) {
-        // Unlike most of the other "Hw" handles, the sampler buffer is an abstract concept and does
+        return;
-        // not map to any Vulkan objects. To handle destruction, the only thing we need to do is
-        // ensure that the next draw call doesn't try to access a zombie sampler buffer. Therefore,
-        // simply replace all weak references with null.
-        auto* hwsb = mHandleAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanSamplerGroup*>(sbh);
-        for (auto& binding : mSamplerBindings) {
-            if (binding == hwsb) {
-                binding = nullptr;
-            }
-        }
-        mHandleAllocator.destruct<VulkanSamplerGroup>(sbh);
     }
+    // Unlike most of the other "Hw" handles, the sampler buffer is an abstract concept and does
+    // not map to any Vulkan objects. To handle destruction, the only thing we need to do is
+    // ensure that the next draw call doesn't try to access a zombie sampler buffer. Therefore,
+    // simply replace all weak references with null.
+    auto* hwsb = mResourceAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanSamplerGroup*>(sbh);
+    for (auto& binding : mSamplerBindings) {
+        if (binding == hwsb) {
+            binding = nullptr;
+        }
+    }
+    mResourceManager.release(hwsb);
 }
 
 void VulkanDriver::destroySwapChain(Handle<HwSwapChain> sch) {
-    if (sch) {
+    if (!sch) {
-        VulkanSwapChain& swapChain = *mHandleAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanSwapChain*>(sch);
+        return;
-        if (mCurrentSwapChain == &swapChain) {
-            mCurrentSwapChain = nullptr;
-        }
-        mHandleAllocator.destruct<VulkanSwapChain>(sch);
     }
+    VulkanSwapChain* swapChain = mResourceAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanSwapChain*>(sch);
+    if (mCurrentSwapChain == swapChain) {
+        mCurrentSwapChain = nullptr;
+    }
+    mResourceManager.release(swapChain);
 }
 
 void VulkanDriver::destroyStream(Handle<HwStream> sh) {
 }
 
 void VulkanDriver::destroyTimerQuery(Handle<HwTimerQuery> tqh) {
-    if (tqh) {
+    if (!tqh) {
-        mDisposer.removeReference(mHandleAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanTimerQuery*>(tqh));
+        return;
     }
+    auto vtq = mResourceAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanTimerQuery*>(tqh);
+    mThreadSafeResourceManager.release(vtq);
 }
 
 Handle<HwStream> VulkanDriver::createStreamNative(void* nativeStream) {
@@ -661,11 +675,11 @@ void VulkanDriver::updateStreams(CommandStream* driver) {
 }
 
 void VulkanDriver::destroyFence(Handle<HwFence> fh) {
-    mHandleAllocator.destruct<VulkanFence>(fh);
+    mResourceAllocator.destruct<VulkanFence>(fh);
 }
 
 FenceStatus VulkanDriver::getFenceStatus(Handle<HwFence> fh) {
-    auto& cmdfence = mHandleAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanFence*>(fh)->fence;
+    auto& cmdfence = mResourceAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanFence*>(fh)->fence;
     if (!cmdfence) {
         // If wait is called before a fence actually exists, we return timeout.  This matches the
         // current behavior in OpenGLDriver, but we should eventually reconsider a different error
@@ -846,34 +860,42 @@ size_t VulkanDriver::getMaxUniformBufferSize() {
 
 void VulkanDriver::setVertexBufferObject(Handle<HwVertexBuffer> vbh, uint32_t index,
         Handle<HwBufferObject> boh) {
-    auto& vb = *mHandleAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanVertexBuffer*>(vbh);
+    auto vb = mResourceAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanVertexBuffer*>(vbh);
-    auto& bo = *mHandleAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanBufferObject*>(boh);
+    auto bo = mResourceAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanBufferObject*>(boh);
-    assert_invariant(bo.bindingType == BufferObjectBinding::VERTEX);
+    assert_invariant(bo->bindingType == BufferObjectBinding::VERTEX);
-    vb.buffers[index] = &bo.buffer;
+
+    vb->setBuffer(bo, index);
 }
 
 void VulkanDriver::updateIndexBuffer(Handle<HwIndexBuffer> ibh, BufferDescriptor&& p,
         uint32_t byteOffset) {
-    auto ib = mHandleAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanIndexBuffer*>(ibh);
+    VulkanCommandBuffer& commands = mCommands->get();
-    ib->buffer.loadFromCpu(p.buffer, byteOffset, p.size);
+    auto ib = mResourceAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanIndexBuffer*>(ibh);
-    mDisposer.acquire(ib);
+    commands.acquire(ib);
+    ib->buffer.loadFromCpu(commands.cmdbuffer, p.buffer, byteOffset, p.size);
+
     scheduleDestroy(std::move(p));
 }
 
 void VulkanDriver::updateBufferObject(Handle<HwBufferObject> boh, BufferDescriptor&& bd,
         uint32_t byteOffset) {
-    auto bo = mHandleAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanBufferObject*>(boh);
+    VulkanCommandBuffer& commands = mCommands->get();
-    bo->buffer.loadFromCpu(bd.buffer, byteOffset, bd.size);
+
-    mDisposer.acquire(bo);
+    auto bo = mResourceAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanBufferObject*>(boh);
+    commands.acquire(bo);
+    bo->buffer.loadFromCpu(commands.cmdbuffer, bd.buffer, byteOffset, bd.size);
+
     scheduleDestroy(std::move(bd));
 }
 
 void VulkanDriver::updateBufferObjectUnsynchronized(Handle<HwBufferObject> boh,
         BufferDescriptor&& bd, uint32_t byteOffset) {
-    auto bo = mHandleAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanBufferObject*>(boh);
+    VulkanCommandBuffer& commands = mCommands->get();
+    auto bo = mResourceAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanBufferObject*>(boh);
+    commands.acquire(bo);
     // TODO: implement unsynchronized version
-    bo->buffer.loadFromCpu(bd.buffer, byteOffset, bd.size);
+    bo->buffer.loadFromCpu(commands.cmdbuffer, bd.buffer, byteOffset, bd.size);
-    mDisposer.acquire(bo);
+    mResourceManager.acquire(bo);
     scheduleDestroy(std::move(bd));
 }
 
@@ -887,13 +909,13 @@ void VulkanDriver::resetBufferObject(Handle<HwBufferObject> boh) {
 }
 
 void VulkanDriver::setMinMaxLevels(Handle<HwTexture> th, uint32_t minLevel, uint32_t maxLevel) {
-    mHandleAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanTexture*>(th)->setPrimaryRange(minLevel, maxLevel);
+    mResourceAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanTexture*>(th)->setPrimaryRange(minLevel, maxLevel);
 }
 
 void VulkanDriver::update3DImage(Handle<HwTexture> th, uint32_t level, uint32_t xoffset,
         uint32_t yoffset, uint32_t zoffset, uint32_t width, uint32_t height, uint32_t depth,
         PixelBufferDescriptor&& data) {
-    mHandleAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanTexture*>(th)->updateImage(data, width, height, depth,
+    mResourceAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanTexture*>(th)->updateImage(data, width, height, depth,
             xoffset, yoffset, zoffset, level);
     scheduleDestroy(std::move(data));
 }
@@ -902,7 +924,7 @@ void VulkanDriver::setupExternalImage(void* image) {
 }
 
 bool VulkanDriver::getTimerQueryValue(Handle<HwTimerQuery> tqh, uint64_t* elapsedTime) {
-    VulkanTimerQuery* vtq = mHandleAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanTimerQuery*>(tqh);
+    VulkanTimerQuery* vtq = mResourceAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanTimerQuery*>(tqh);
     if (!vtq->isCompleted()) {
         return false;
     }
@@ -946,7 +968,7 @@ bool VulkanDriver::canGenerateMipmaps() {
 
 void VulkanDriver::updateSamplerGroup(Handle<HwSamplerGroup> sbh,
         BufferDescriptor&& data) {
-    auto* sb = mHandleAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanSamplerGroup*>(sbh);
+    auto* sb = mResourceAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanSamplerGroup*>(sbh);
 
     // FIXME: we shouldn't be using SamplerGroup here, instead the backend should create
     //        a descriptor or any internal data-structure that represents the textures/samplers.
@@ -968,7 +990,7 @@ void VulkanDriver::compilePrograms(CompilerPriorityQueue priority,
 }
 
 void VulkanDriver::beginRenderPass(Handle<HwRenderTarget> rth, const RenderPassParams& params) {
-    VulkanRenderTarget* const rt = mHandleAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanRenderTarget*>(rth);
+    VulkanRenderTarget* const rt = mResourceAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanRenderTarget*>(rth);
     const VkExtent2D extent = rt->getExtent();
     assert_invariant(extent.width > 0 && extent.height > 0);
 
@@ -997,7 +1019,8 @@ void VulkanDriver::beginRenderPass(Handle<HwRenderTarget> rth, const RenderPassP
     // more general layout. Otherwise, we prefer the DEPTH_ATTACHMENT layout, which is optimal for
     // the non-sampling case.
     bool samplingDepthAttachment = false;
-    VkCommandBuffer const cmdbuffer = mCommands->get().cmdbuffer;
+    VulkanCommandBuffer& commands = mCommands->get();
+    VkCommandBuffer const cmdbuffer = commands.cmdbuffer;
 
     UTILS_NOUNROLL
     for (uint8_t samplerGroupIdx = 0; samplerGroupIdx < Program::SAMPLER_BINDING_COUNT;
@@ -1011,7 +1034,7 @@ void VulkanDriver::beginRenderPass(Handle<HwRenderTarget> rth, const RenderPassP
             SamplerDescriptor const* boundSampler = sb->data() + i;
             if (UTILS_LIKELY(boundSampler->t)) {
                 VulkanTexture* texture
-                        = mHandleAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanTexture*>(boundSampler->t);
+                        = mResourceAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanTexture*>(boundSampler->t);
                 if (!any(texture->usage & TextureUsage::DEPTH_ATTACHMENT)) {
                     continue;
                 }
@@ -1027,6 +1050,7 @@ void VulkanDriver::beginRenderPass(Handle<HwRenderTarget> rth, const RenderPassP
                         .baseArrayLayer = 0,
                         .layerCount = texture->depth,
                 };
+                commands.acquire(texture);
                 texture->transitionLayout(cmdbuffer, subresources, VulkanLayout::DEPTH_SAMPLER);
                 break;
             }
@@ -1145,10 +1169,14 @@ void VulkanDriver::beginRenderPass(Handle<HwRenderTarget> rth, const RenderPassP
 
     // The current command buffer now owns a reference to the render target and its attachments.
     // Note that we must acquire parent textures, not sidecars.
-    mDisposer.acquire(rt);
+    commands.acquire(rt);
-    mDisposer.acquire((VulkanTexture const*) rt->getDepth().texture);
+    if (depth.texture) {
+        commands.acquire((VulkanTexture*) depth.texture);
+    }
     for (int i = 0; i < MRT::MAX_SUPPORTED_RENDER_TARGET_COUNT; i++) {
-        mDisposer.acquire((VulkanTexture const*) rt->getColor(i).texture);
+        if (rt->getColor(i).texture) {
+            commands.acquire(rt->getColor(i).texture);
+        }
     }
 
     // Populate the structures required for vkCmdBeginRenderPass.
@@ -1217,7 +1245,8 @@ void VulkanDriver::beginRenderPass(Handle<HwRenderTarget> rth, const RenderPassP
 }
 
 void VulkanDriver::endRenderPass(int) {
-    VkCommandBuffer cmdbuffer = mCommands->get().cmdbuffer;
+    VulkanCommandBuffer& commands = mCommands->get();
+    VkCommandBuffer cmdbuffer = commands.cmdbuffer;
     vkCmdEndRenderPass(cmdbuffer);
 
     VulkanRenderTarget* rt = mCurrentRenderPass.renderTarget;
@@ -1288,15 +1317,15 @@ void VulkanDriver::nextSubpass(int) {
 
 void VulkanDriver::setRenderPrimitiveBuffer(Handle<HwRenderPrimitive> rph,
         Handle<HwVertexBuffer> vbh, Handle<HwIndexBuffer> ibh) {
-    auto primitive = mHandleAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanRenderPrimitive*>(rph);
+    auto primitive = mResourceAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanRenderPrimitive*>(rph);
-    primitive->setBuffers(mHandleAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanVertexBuffer*>(vbh),
+    primitive->setBuffers(mResourceAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanVertexBuffer*>(vbh),
-            mHandleAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanIndexBuffer*>(ibh));
+            mResourceAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanIndexBuffer*>(ibh));
 }
 
 void VulkanDriver::setRenderPrimitiveRange(Handle<HwRenderPrimitive> rph,
         PrimitiveType pt, uint32_t offset,
         uint32_t minIndex, uint32_t maxIndex, uint32_t count) {
-    auto& primitive = *mHandleAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanRenderPrimitive*>(rph);
+    auto& primitive = *mResourceAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanRenderPrimitive*>(rph);
     primitive.setPrimitiveType(pt);
     primitive.offset = offset * primitive.indexBuffer->elementSize;
     primitive.count = count;
@@ -1306,8 +1335,9 @@ void VulkanDriver::setRenderPrimitiveRange(Handle<HwRenderPrimitive> rph,
 
 void VulkanDriver::makeCurrent(Handle<HwSwapChain> drawSch, Handle<HwSwapChain> readSch) {
     ASSERT_PRECONDITION_NON_FATAL(drawSch == readSch,
-                                  "Vulkan driver does not support distinct draw/read swap chains.");
+            "Vulkan driver does not support distinct draw/read swap chains.");
-    VulkanSwapChain* swapChain = mCurrentSwapChain = mHandleAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanSwapChain*>(drawSch);
+    VulkanSwapChain* swapChain = mCurrentSwapChain
+            = mResourceAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanSwapChain*>(drawSch);
 
     bool resized = false;
     swapChain->acquire(resized);
@@ -1322,7 +1352,7 @@ void VulkanDriver::makeCurrent(Handle<HwSwapChain> drawSch, Handle<HwSwapChain>
 }
 
 void VulkanDriver::commit(Handle<HwSwapChain> sch) {
-    VulkanSwapChain* swapChain = mHandleAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanSwapChain*>(sch);
+    VulkanSwapChain* swapChain = mResourceAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanSwapChain*>(sch);
 
     if (mCommands->flush()) {
         collectGarbage();
@@ -1333,10 +1363,10 @@ void VulkanDriver::commit(Handle<HwSwapChain> sch) {
 }
 
 void VulkanDriver::bindUniformBuffer(uint32_t index, Handle<HwBufferObject> boh) {
-    auto* bo = mHandleAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanBufferObject*>(boh);
+    auto* bo = mResourceAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanBufferObject*>(boh);
     const VkDeviceSize offset = 0;
     const VkDeviceSize size = VK_WHOLE_SIZE;
-    mPipelineCache.bindUniformBuffer((uint32_t) index, bo->buffer.getGpuBuffer(), offset, size);
+    mPipelineCache.bindUniformBufferObject((uint32_t) index, bo, offset, size);
 }
 
 void VulkanDriver::bindBufferRange(BufferObjectBinding bindingType, uint32_t index,
@@ -1347,8 +1377,8 @@ void VulkanDriver::bindBufferRange(BufferObjectBinding bindingType, uint32_t ind
 
     // TODO: implement BufferObjectBinding::SHADER_STORAGE case
 
-    auto* bo = mHandleAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanBufferObject*>(boh);
+    auto* bo = mResourceAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanBufferObject*>(boh);
-    mPipelineCache.bindUniformBuffer((uint32_t)index, bo->buffer.getGpuBuffer(), offset, size);
+    mPipelineCache.bindUniformBufferObject((uint32_t)index, bo, offset, size);
 }
 
 void VulkanDriver::unbindBuffer(BufferObjectBinding bindingType, uint32_t index) {
@@ -1356,7 +1386,7 @@ void VulkanDriver::unbindBuffer(BufferObjectBinding bindingType, uint32_t index)
 }
 
 void VulkanDriver::bindSamplers(uint32_t index, Handle<HwSamplerGroup> sbh) {
-    auto* hwsb = mHandleAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanSamplerGroup*>(sbh);
+    auto* hwsb = mResourceAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanSamplerGroup*>(sbh);
     mSamplerBindings[index] = hwsb;
 }
 
@@ -1387,12 +1417,13 @@ void VulkanDriver::stopCapture(int) {}
 
 void VulkanDriver::readPixels(Handle<HwRenderTarget> src, uint32_t x, uint32_t y, uint32_t width,
         uint32_t height, PixelBufferDescriptor&& pbd) {
-    VulkanRenderTarget* srcTarget = mHandleAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanRenderTarget*>(src);
+    VulkanRenderTarget* srcTarget = mResourceAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanRenderTarget*>(src);
     mCommands->flush();
     mReadPixels.run(
             srcTarget, x, y, width, height, mPlatform->getGraphicsQueueFamilyIndex(),
             std::move(pbd),
             [&context = mContext](uint32_t reqs, VkFlags flags) {
+                utils::slog.d <<"read pixels: reqs=" << reqs <<" flags=" << flags << utils::io::endl;
                 return context.selectMemoryType(reqs, flags);
             },
             [this](PixelBufferDescriptor&& pbd) {
@@ -1419,8 +1450,8 @@ void VulkanDriver::blit(TargetBufferFlags buffers, Handle<HwRenderTarget> dst, V
         return;
     }
 
-    VulkanRenderTarget* dstTarget = mHandleAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanRenderTarget*>(dst);
+    VulkanRenderTarget* dstTarget = mResourceAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanRenderTarget*>(dst);
-    VulkanRenderTarget* srcTarget = mHandleAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanRenderTarget*>(src);
+    VulkanRenderTarget* srcTarget = mResourceAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanRenderTarget*>(src);
 
     VkFilter vkfilter = filter == SamplerMagFilter::NEAREST ? VK_FILTER_NEAREST : VK_FILTER_LINEAR;
 
@@ -1451,19 +1482,19 @@ void VulkanDriver::blit(TargetBufferFlags buffers, Handle<HwRenderTarget> dst, V
 
 void VulkanDriver::draw(PipelineState pipelineState, Handle<HwRenderPrimitive> rph,
         const uint32_t instanceCount) {
-    VulkanCommandBuffer const* commands = &mCommands->get();
+    VulkanCommandBuffer* commands = &mCommands->get();
     VkCommandBuffer cmdbuffer = commands->cmdbuffer;
-    const VulkanRenderPrimitive& prim = *mHandleAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanRenderPrimitive*>(rph);
+    const VulkanRenderPrimitive& prim = *mResourceAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanRenderPrimitive*>(rph);
 
     Handle<HwProgram> programHandle = pipelineState.program;
     RasterState rasterState = pipelineState.rasterState;
     PolygonOffset depthOffset = pipelineState.polygonOffset;
-    const Viewport& scissorBox = pipelineState.scissor;
+    Viewport const& scissorBox = pipelineState.scissor;
 
-    auto* program = mHandleAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanProgram*>(programHandle);
+    auto* program = mResourceAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanProgram*>(programHandle);
-    mDisposer.acquire(program);
+    commands->acquire(program);
-    mDisposer.acquire(prim.indexBuffer);
+    commands->acquire(prim.indexBuffer);
-    mDisposer.acquire(prim.vertexBuffer);
+    commands->acquire(prim.vertexBuffer);
 
     // If this is a debug build, validate the current shader.
 #if !defined(NDEBUG)
@@ -1553,6 +1584,8 @@ void VulkanDriver::draw(PipelineState pipelineState, Handle<HwRenderPrimitive> r
     // Filament concept used to form groups of samplers.
 
     VkDescriptorImageInfo samplerInfo[VulkanPipelineCache::SAMPLER_BINDING_COUNT] = {};
+    VulkanTexture* samplerTextures[VulkanPipelineCache::SAMPLER_BINDING_COUNT] = {nullptr};
+
     VulkanPipelineCache::UsageFlags usage;
 
     UTILS_NOUNROLL
@@ -1574,8 +1607,7 @@ void VulkanDriver::draw(PipelineState pipelineState, Handle<HwRenderPrimitive> r
             samplerIdx++;
 
             if (UTILS_LIKELY(boundSampler->t)) {
-                VulkanTexture* texture = mHandleAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanTexture*>(boundSampler->t);
+                VulkanTexture* texture = mResourceAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanTexture*>(boundSampler->t);
-                mDisposer.acquire(texture);
 
                 // TODO: can this uninitialized check be checked in a higher layer?
                 // This fallback path is very flaky because the dummy texture might not have
@@ -1586,7 +1618,6 @@ void VulkanDriver::draw(PipelineState pipelineState, Handle<HwRenderPrimitive> r
                     utils::slog.w << " in material '" << program->name.c_str() << "'";
                     utils::slog.w << " at binding point " << +sampler.binding << utils::io::endl;
 #endif
-                    // Calling get() won't leak here since `texture` is local.
                     texture = mEmptyTexture.get();
                 }
 
@@ -1600,11 +1631,12 @@ void VulkanDriver::draw(PipelineState pipelineState, Handle<HwRenderPrimitive> r
                     .imageView = texture->getPrimaryImageView(),
                     .imageLayout = ImgUtil::getVkLayout(texture->getPrimaryImageLayout())
                 };
+                samplerTextures[sampler.binding] = texture;
             }
         }
     }
 
-    mPipelineCache.bindSamplers(samplerInfo, usage);
+    mPipelineCache.bindSamplers(samplerInfo, samplerTextures, usage);
 
     // Bind new descriptor sets if they need to change.
     // If descriptor set allocation failed, skip the draw call and bail. No need to emit an error
@@ -1637,7 +1669,7 @@ void VulkanDriver::draw(PipelineState pipelineState, Handle<HwRenderPrimitive> r
     // Bind a new pipeline if the pipeline state changed.
     // If allocation failed, skip the draw call and bail. We do not emit an error since the
     // validation layer will already do so.
-    if (!mPipelineCache.bindPipeline(cmdbuffer)) {
+    if (!mPipelineCache.bindPipeline(commands)) {
         return;
     }
 
@@ -1653,6 +1685,7 @@ void VulkanDriver::draw(PipelineState pipelineState, Handle<HwRenderPrimitive> r
     const uint32_t firstIndex = prim.offset / prim.indexBuffer->elementSize;
     const int32_t vertexOffset = 0;
     const uint32_t firstInstId = 0;
+
     vkCmdDrawIndexed(cmdbuffer, indexCount, instanceCount, firstIndex, vertexOffset, firstInstId);
 }
 
@@ -1661,12 +1694,12 @@ void VulkanDriver::dispatchCompute(Handle<HwProgram> program, math::uint3 workGr
 }
 
 void VulkanDriver::beginTimerQuery(Handle<HwTimerQuery> tqh) {
-    VulkanTimerQuery* vtq = mHandleAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanTimerQuery*>(tqh);
+    VulkanTimerQuery* vtq = mResourceAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanTimerQuery*>(tqh);
     mTimestamps->beginQuery(&(mCommands->get()), vtq);
 }
 
 void VulkanDriver::endTimerQuery(Handle<HwTimerQuery> tqh) {
-    VulkanTimerQuery* vtq = mHandleAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanTimerQuery*>(tqh);
+    VulkanTimerQuery* vtq = mResourceAllocator.handle_cast<VulkanTimerQuery*>(tqh);
     mTimestamps->endQuery(&(mCommands->get()), vtq);
 }
 

filament/backend/src/vulkan/VulkanDriver.h

@@ -20,18 +20,17 @@
 #include "VulkanBlitter.h"
 #include "VulkanConstants.h"
 #include "VulkanContext.h"
-#include "VulkanDisposer.h"
 #include "VulkanFboCache.h"
 #include "VulkanHandles.h"
 #include "VulkanPipelineCache.h"
 #include "VulkanReadPixels.h"
+#include "VulkanResourceAllocator.h"
 #include "VulkanSamplerCache.h"
 #include "VulkanStagePool.h"
 #include "VulkanUtility.h"
 
 #include "DriverBase.h"
 #include "private/backend/Driver.h"
-#include "private/backend/HandleAllocator.h"
 
 #include <utils/Allocator.h>
 #include <utils/compiler.h>
@@ -41,60 +40,6 @@ namespace filament::backend {
 class VulkanPlatform;
 struct VulkanSamplerGroup;
 
-class VulkanHandleAllocator {
-public:
-    VulkanHandleAllocator(size_t arenaSize)
-        : mHandleAllocatorImpl("Handles", arenaSize) {}
-
-    template<typename D, typename... ARGS>
-    inline Handle<D> initHandle(ARGS&&... args) noexcept {
-        return mHandleAllocatorImpl.allocateAndConstruct<D>(std::forward<ARGS>(args)...);
-    }
-
-    template<typename D>
-    inline Handle<D> allocHandle() noexcept {
-        return mHandleAllocatorImpl.allocate<D>();
-    }
-
-    template<typename D, typename B, typename... ARGS>
-    inline typename std::enable_if<std::is_base_of<B, D>::value, D>::type* construct(
-            Handle<B> const& handle, ARGS&&... args) noexcept {
-        return mHandleAllocatorImpl.construct<D, B>(handle, std::forward<ARGS>(args)...);
-    }
-
-    template<typename B, typename D,
-            typename = typename std::enable_if<std::is_base_of<B, D>::value, D>::type>
-    inline void destruct(Handle<B> handle, D const* p) noexcept {
-        return mHandleAllocatorImpl.deallocate(handle, p);
-    }
-
-    template<typename Dp, typename B>
-    inline typename std::enable_if_t<
-            std::is_pointer_v<Dp> && std::is_base_of_v<B, typename std::remove_pointer_t<Dp>>, Dp>
-    handle_cast(Handle<B>& handle) noexcept {
-        return mHandleAllocatorImpl.handle_cast<Dp, B>(handle);
-    }
-
-    template<typename Dp, typename B>
-    inline typename std::enable_if_t<
-            std::is_pointer_v<Dp> && std::is_base_of_v<B, typename std::remove_pointer_t<Dp>>, Dp>
-    handle_cast(Handle<B> const& handle) noexcept {
-        return mHandleAllocatorImpl.handle_cast<Dp, B>(handle);
-    }
-
-    template<typename D, typename B>
-    inline void destruct(Handle<B> handle) noexcept {
-        if constexpr (std::is_base_of_v<VulkanIndexBuffer, D>
-                      || std::is_base_of_v<VulkanBufferObject, D>) {
-            auto ptr = handle_cast<D*>(handle);
-            ptr->terminate();
-        }
-        destruct(handle, handle_cast<D const*>(handle));
-    }
-
-    HandleAllocatorVK mHandleAllocatorImpl;
-};
-
 class VulkanDriver final : public DriverBase {
 public:
     static Driver* create(VulkanPlatform* platform, VulkanContext const& context,
@@ -153,9 +98,14 @@ private:
     VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT mDebugMessenger = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
 
     VulkanContext mContext = {};
-    VulkanHandleAllocator mHandleAllocator;
+    VulkanResourceAllocator mResourceAllocator;
+    VulkanResourceManager mResourceManager;
+
+    // Used for resources that are created synchronously and used and destroyed on the backend
+    // thread.
+    VulkanThreadSafeResourceManager mThreadSafeResourceManager;
+
     VulkanPipelineCache mPipelineCache;
-    VulkanDisposer mDisposer;
     VulkanStagePool mStagePool;
     VulkanFboCache mFramebufferCache;
     VulkanSamplerCache mSamplerCache;

filament/backend/src/vulkan/VulkanHandles.cpp

@@ -46,10 +46,12 @@ static void clampToFramebuffer(VkRect2D* rect, uint32_t fbWidth, uint32_t fbHeig
     rect->extent.height = std::max(top - y, 0);
 }
 
-VulkanProgram::VulkanProgram(VkDevice device, const Program& builder) noexcept :
+VulkanProgram::VulkanProgram(VkDevice device, const Program& builder) noexcept
-        HwProgram(builder.getName()), mDevice(device) {
+    : HwProgram(builder.getName()),
+      VulkanResource(VulkanResourceType::PROGRAM),
+      mDevice(device) {
     auto const& blobs = builder.getShadersSource();
-    VkShaderModule* modules[2] = { &bundle.vertex, &bundle.fragment };
+    VkShaderModule* modules[2] = {&bundle.vertex, &bundle.fragment};
     // TODO: handle compute shaders.
     for (size_t i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
         const auto& blob = blobs[i];
@@ -87,26 +89,21 @@ VulkanProgram::VulkanProgram(VkDevice device, const Program& builder) noexcept :
         };
 
         for (size_t i = 0; i < specializationConstants.size(); i++) {
-            uint32_t const offset = uint32_t(i) * 4;
+            const uint32_t offset = uint32_t(i) * 4;
-            pEntries[i] = {
+            std::visit([&](auto&& arg) {
-                .constantID = specializationConstants[i].id,
+                using T = std::decay_t<decltype(arg)>;
-                .offset = offset,
+                pEntries[i] = {
-                // Note that bools are 4-bytes in Vulkan
+                        .constantID = specializationConstants[i].id,
-                // https://registry.khronos.org/vulkan/specs/1.3-extensions/man/html/VkBool32.html
+                        .offset = offset,
-                .size = 4,
+                        // Turns out vulkan expects the size of bool to be 4 (verified through
-            };
+                        // validation layer). So all expected types are of 4 bytes.
-
+                        .size = 4,
-            using SpecConstant = Program::SpecializationConstant::Type;
+                };
-            char const* addr = (char*)pData + offset;
+                T* const addr = (T*)((char*)pData + offset);
-            SpecConstant const& arg = specializationConstants[i].value;
+                *addr = arg;
-            if (std::holds_alternative<bool>(arg)) {
+            }, specializationConstants[i].value);
-                *((VkBool32*)addr) = std::get<bool>(arg) ? VK_TRUE : VK_FALSE;
-            } else if (std::holds_alternative<float>(arg)) {
-                *((float*)addr) = std::get<float>(arg);
-            } else {
-                *((int32_t*)addr) = std::get<int32_t>(arg);
-            }
         }
+
         bundle.specializationInfos = pInfo;
     }
 
@@ -118,8 +115,9 @@ VulkanProgram::VulkanProgram(VkDevice device, const Program& builder) noexcept :
     }
 }
 
-VulkanProgram::VulkanProgram(VkDevice device, VkShaderModule vs, VkShaderModule fs) noexcept :
+VulkanProgram::VulkanProgram(VkDevice device, VkShaderModule vs, VkShaderModule fs) noexcept
-        mDevice(device) {
+    : VulkanResource(VulkanResourceType::PROGRAM),
+      mDevice(device) {
     bundle.vertex = vs;
     bundle.fragment = fs;
 }
@@ -131,7 +129,10 @@ VulkanProgram::~VulkanProgram() {
 }
 
 // Creates a special "default" render target (i.e. associated with the swap chain)
-VulkanRenderTarget::VulkanRenderTarget() : HwRenderTarget(0, 0), mOffscreen(false), mSamples(1) {}
+VulkanRenderTarget::VulkanRenderTarget() :
+    HwRenderTarget(0, 0),
+    VulkanResource(VulkanResourceType::RENDER_TARGET),
+    mOffscreen(false), mSamples(1) {}
 
 void VulkanRenderTarget::bindToSwapChain(VulkanSwapChain& swapChain) {
     assert_invariant(!mOffscreen);
@@ -143,11 +144,14 @@ void VulkanRenderTarget::bindToSwapChain(VulkanSwapChain& swapChain) {
 }
 
 VulkanRenderTarget::VulkanRenderTarget(VkDevice device, VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice,
-        VulkanContext const& context, VmaAllocator allocator,
+        VulkanContext const& context, VmaAllocator allocator, VulkanCommands* commands,
-        VulkanCommands* commands, uint32_t width, uint32_t height, uint8_t samples,
+        uint32_t width, uint32_t height, uint8_t samples,
         VulkanAttachment color[MRT::MAX_SUPPORTED_RENDER_TARGET_COUNT],
         VulkanAttachment depthStencil[2], VulkanStagePool& stagePool)
-    : HwRenderTarget(width, height), mOffscreen(true), mSamples(samples) {
+    : HwRenderTarget(width, height),
+      VulkanResource(VulkanResourceType::RENDER_TARGET),
+      mOffscreen(true),
+      mSamples(samples) {
     for (int index = 0; index < MRT::MAX_SUPPORTED_RENDER_TARGET_COUNT; index++) {
         mColor[index] = color[index];
     }
@@ -171,10 +175,11 @@ VulkanRenderTarget::VulkanRenderTarget(VkDevice device, VkPhysicalDevice physica
         if (texture && texture->samples == 1) {
             auto msTexture = texture->getSidecar();
             if (UTILS_UNLIKELY(!msTexture)) {
-                msTexture = new VulkanTexture(device, physicalDevice, context,
+                // TODO: This should be allocated with the ResourceAllocator.
-                        allocator, commands, texture->target,
+                msTexture = new VulkanTexture(device, physicalDevice, context, allocator, commands,
-                        ((VulkanTexture const*) texture)->levels, texture->format, samples,
+                        texture->target, ((VulkanTexture const*) texture)->levels, texture->format,
-                        texture->width, texture->height, texture->depth, texture->usage, stagePool);
+                        samples, texture->width, texture->height, texture->depth, texture->usage,
+                        stagePool, true /* heap allocated */);
                 texture->setSidecar(msTexture);
             }
             mMsaaAttachments[index] = {.texture = msTexture};
@@ -203,7 +208,7 @@ VulkanRenderTarget::VulkanRenderTarget(VkDevice device, VkPhysicalDevice physica
         msTexture = new VulkanTexture(device, physicalDevice, context, allocator,
                 commands, depthTexture->target, msLevel, depthTexture->format, samples,
                 depthTexture->width, depthTexture->height, depthTexture->depth, depthTexture->usage,
-                stagePool);
+                stagePool, true /* heap allocated */);
         depthTexture->setSidecar(msTexture);
     }
 
@@ -262,16 +267,23 @@ uint8_t VulkanRenderTarget::getColorTargetCount(const VulkanRenderPass& pass) co
 }
 
 VulkanVertexBuffer::VulkanVertexBuffer(VulkanContext& context, VulkanStagePool& stagePool,
-        uint8_t bufferCount, uint8_t attributeCount,
+        VulkanResourceAllocator* allocator, uint8_t bufferCount, uint8_t attributeCount,
-        uint32_t elementCount, AttributeArray const& attribs) :
+        uint32_t elementCount, AttributeArray const& attribs)
-        HwVertexBuffer(bufferCount, attributeCount, elementCount, attribs),
+    : HwVertexBuffer(bufferCount, attributeCount, elementCount, attribs),
-        buffers(bufferCount, nullptr) {}
+      VulkanResource(VulkanResourceType::VERTEX_BUFFER),
+      buffers(bufferCount, nullptr),
+      mResources(allocator) {}
 
-VulkanBufferObject::VulkanBufferObject(VmaAllocator allocator,
+void VulkanVertexBuffer::setBuffer(VulkanBufferObject* bufferObject, uint32_t index) {
-        VulkanCommands* commands, VulkanStagePool& stagePool, uint32_t byteCount,
+    buffers[index] = &bufferObject->buffer;
-        BufferObjectBinding bindingType, BufferUsage usage)
+    mResources.acquire(bufferObject);
+}
+
+VulkanBufferObject::VulkanBufferObject(VmaAllocator allocator, VulkanStagePool& stagePool,
+        uint32_t byteCount, BufferObjectBinding bindingType, BufferUsage usage)
     : HwBufferObject(byteCount),
-      buffer(allocator, commands, stagePool, getBufferObjectUsage(bindingType), byteCount),
+      VulkanResource(VulkanResourceType::BUFFER_OBJECT),
+      buffer(allocator, stagePool, getBufferObjectUsage(bindingType), byteCount),
       bindingType(bindingType) {}
 
 void VulkanRenderPrimitive::setPrimitiveType(PrimitiveType pt) {
@@ -299,10 +311,14 @@ void VulkanRenderPrimitive::setBuffers(VulkanVertexBuffer* vertexBuffer,
         VulkanIndexBuffer* indexBuffer) {
     this->vertexBuffer = vertexBuffer;
     this->indexBuffer = indexBuffer;
+    mResources.acquire(vertexBuffer);
+    mResources.acquire(indexBuffer);
 }
 
 VulkanTimerQuery::VulkanTimerQuery(std::tuple<uint32_t, uint32_t> indices)
-    : mStartingQueryIndex(std::get<0>(indices)), mStoppingQueryIndex(std::get<1>(indices)) {}
+    : VulkanThreadSafeResource(VulkanResourceType::TIMER_QUERY),
+      mStartingQueryIndex(std::get<0>(indices)),
+      mStoppingQueryIndex(std::get<1>(indices)) {}
 
 void VulkanTimerQuery::setFence(std::shared_ptr<VulkanCmdFence> fence) noexcept {
     std::unique_lock<utils::Mutex> lock(mFenceMutex);

filament/backend/src/vulkan/VulkanHandles.h

@@ -20,8 +20,9 @@
 // This needs to be at the top
 #include "DriverBase.h"
 
-#include "VulkanPipelineCache.h"
 #include "VulkanBuffer.h"
+#include "VulkanPipelineCache.h"
+#include "VulkanResources.h"
 #include "VulkanSwapChain.h"
 #include "VulkanTexture.h"
 #include "VulkanUtility.h"
@@ -34,7 +35,7 @@ namespace filament::backend {
 
 class VulkanTimestamps;
 
-struct VulkanProgram : public HwProgram {
+struct VulkanProgram : public HwProgram, VulkanResource {
     VulkanProgram(VkDevice device, const Program& builder) noexcept;
     VulkanProgram(VkDevice device, VkShaderModule vs, VkShaderModule fs) noexcept;
     ~VulkanProgram();
@@ -53,7 +54,7 @@ private:
 //
 // We use private inheritance to shield clients from the width / height fields in HwRenderTarget,
 // which are not representative when this is the default render target.
-struct VulkanRenderTarget : private HwRenderTarget {
+struct VulkanRenderTarget : private HwRenderTarget, VulkanResource {
     // Creates an offscreen render target.
     VulkanRenderTarget(VkDevice device, VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice,
             VulkanContext const& context, VmaAllocator allocator,
@@ -86,29 +87,43 @@ private:
     uint8_t mSamples : 7;
 };
 
-struct VulkanVertexBuffer : public HwVertexBuffer {
+struct VulkanBufferObject;
+
+struct VulkanVertexBuffer : public HwVertexBuffer, VulkanResource {
     VulkanVertexBuffer(VulkanContext& context, VulkanStagePool& stagePool,
-            uint8_t bufferCount, uint8_t attributeCount, uint32_t elementCount,
+            VulkanResourceAllocator* allocator, uint8_t bufferCount, uint8_t attributeCount,
-            AttributeArray const& attributes);
+            uint32_t elementCount, AttributeArray const& attributes);
+
+    void setBuffer(VulkanBufferObject* bufferObject, uint32_t index);
+
+    inline void terminate() {
+        mResources.clear();
+    }
+
     utils::FixedCapacityVector<VulkanBuffer const*> buffers;
+
+private:
+    FixedSizeVulkanResourceManager mResources;
 };
 
-struct VulkanIndexBuffer : public HwIndexBuffer {
+struct VulkanIndexBuffer : public HwIndexBuffer, VulkanResource {
-    VulkanIndexBuffer(VmaAllocator allocator, VulkanCommands* commands,
+    VulkanIndexBuffer(VmaAllocator allocator, VulkanStagePool& stagePool, uint8_t elementSize,
-            VulkanStagePool& stagePool, uint8_t elementSize, uint32_t indexCount)
+            uint32_t indexCount)
         : HwIndexBuffer(elementSize, indexCount),
-          buffer(allocator, commands, stagePool, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_INDEX_BUFFER_BIT,
+          VulkanResource(VulkanResourceType::INDEX_BUFFER),
-                  elementSize * indexCount),
+          buffer(allocator, stagePool, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_INDEX_BUFFER_BIT, elementSize * indexCount),
           indexType(elementSize == 2 ? VK_INDEX_TYPE_UINT16 : VK_INDEX_TYPE_UINT32) {}
-    void terminate() { buffer.terminate(); }
+
+    void terminate() {
+        buffer.terminate();
+    }
     VulkanBuffer buffer;
     const VkIndexType indexType;
 };
 
-struct VulkanBufferObject : public HwBufferObject {
+struct VulkanBufferObject : public HwBufferObject, VulkanResource {
-    VulkanBufferObject(VmaAllocator allocator, VulkanCommands* commands,
+    VulkanBufferObject(VmaAllocator allocator, VulkanStagePool& stagePool, uint32_t byteCount,
-            VulkanStagePool& stagePool, uint32_t byteCount, BufferObjectBinding bindingType,
+            BufferObjectBinding bindingType, BufferUsage usage);
-            BufferUsage usage);
     void terminate() {
         buffer.terminate();
     }
@@ -116,28 +131,45 @@ struct VulkanBufferObject : public HwBufferObject {
     const BufferObjectBinding bindingType;
 };
 
-struct VulkanSamplerGroup : public HwSamplerGroup {
+struct VulkanSamplerGroup : public HwSamplerGroup, VulkanResource {
     // NOTE: we have to use out-of-line allocation here because the size of a Handle<> is limited
-    std::unique_ptr<SamplerGroup> sb; // FIXME: this shouldn't depend on filament::SamplerGroup
+    std::unique_ptr<SamplerGroup> sb;// FIXME: this shouldn't depend on filament::SamplerGroup
-    explicit VulkanSamplerGroup(size_t size) noexcept : sb(new SamplerGroup(size)) { }
+    explicit VulkanSamplerGroup(size_t size) noexcept
+        : VulkanResource(VulkanResourceType::SAMPLER_GROUP),
+          sb(new SamplerGroup(size)) {}
 };
 
-struct VulkanRenderPrimitive : public HwRenderPrimitive {
+struct VulkanRenderPrimitive : public HwRenderPrimitive, VulkanResource {
+    VulkanRenderPrimitive(VulkanResourceAllocator* allocator)
+        : VulkanResource(VulkanResourceType::RENDER_PRIMITIVE),
+          mResources(allocator) {}
+
+    ~VulkanRenderPrimitive() {
+        mResources.clear();
+    }
+
     void setPrimitiveType(PrimitiveType pt);
     void setBuffers(VulkanVertexBuffer* vertexBuffer, VulkanIndexBuffer* indexBuffer);
     VulkanVertexBuffer* vertexBuffer = nullptr;
     VulkanIndexBuffer* indexBuffer = nullptr;
     VkPrimitiveTopology primitiveTopology;
+
+private:
+    FixedSizeVulkanResourceManager mResources;
 };
 
-struct VulkanFence : public HwFence {
+struct VulkanFence : public HwFence, VulkanResource {
-    VulkanFence() = default;
+    VulkanFence()
-    explicit VulkanFence(std::shared_ptr<VulkanCmdFence> fence) : fence(fence) {}
+        : VulkanResource(VulkanResourceType::FENCE) {}
+
+    explicit VulkanFence(std::shared_ptr<VulkanCmdFence> fence)
+        : VulkanResource(VulkanResourceType::FENCE),
+          fence(fence) {}
 
     std::shared_ptr<VulkanCmdFence> fence;
 };
 
-struct VulkanTimerQuery : public HwTimerQuery {
+struct VulkanTimerQuery : public HwTimerQuery, VulkanThreadSafeResource {
     explicit VulkanTimerQuery(std::tuple<uint32_t, uint32_t> indices);
     ~VulkanTimerQuery();
 

filament/backend/src/vulkan/VulkanPipelineCache.cpp

@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 
 #include "VulkanConstants.h"
 #include "VulkanHandles.h"
+#include "VulkanTexture.h"
 #include "VulkanUtility.h"
 
 // Vulkan functions often immediately dereference pointers, so it's fine to pass in a pointer
@@ -64,7 +65,10 @@ VulkanPipelineCache::getUsageFlags(uint16_t binding, ShaderStageFlags flags, Usa
     return src;
 }
 
-VulkanPipelineCache::VulkanPipelineCache() : mCurrentRasterState(createDefaultRasterState()) {
+VulkanPipelineCache::VulkanPipelineCache(VulkanResourceAllocator* allocator)
+    : mCurrentRasterState(createDefaultRasterState()),
+      mResourceAllocator(allocator),
+      mPipelineBoundResources(allocator) {
     mDummyBufferWriteInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_WRITE_DESCRIPTOR_SET;
     mDummyBufferWriteInfo.pNext = nullptr;
     mDummyBufferWriteInfo.dstArrayElement = 0;
@@ -144,6 +148,15 @@ bool VulkanPipelineCache::bindDescriptors(VkCommandBuffer cmdbuffer) noexcept {
 
     cacheEntry->lastUsed = mCurrentTime;
     mBoundDescriptor = mDescriptorRequirements;
+    // This passes the currently "bound" uniform buffer objects to pipeline that will be used in the
+    // draw call.
+    auto resourceEntry = mDescriptorResources.find(cacheEntry->id);
+    if (resourceEntry == mDescriptorResources.end()) {
+        mDescriptorResources[cacheEntry->id]
+                = std::make_unique<VulkanAcquireOnlyResourceManager>(mResourceAllocator);
+        resourceEntry = mDescriptorResources.find(cacheEntry->id);
+    }
+    resourceEntry->second->acquire(&mPipelineBoundResources);
 
     vkCmdBindDescriptorSets(cmdbuffer, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS,
             getOrCreatePipelineLayout()->handle, 0, VulkanPipelineCache::DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COUNT,
@@ -152,7 +165,9 @@ bool VulkanPipelineCache::bindDescriptors(VkCommandBuffer cmdbuffer) noexcept {
     return true;
 }
 
-bool VulkanPipelineCache::bindPipeline(VkCommandBuffer cmdbuffer) noexcept {
+bool VulkanPipelineCache::bindPipeline(VulkanCommandBuffer* commands) noexcept {
+    VkCommandBuffer const cmdbuffer = commands->cmdbuffer;
+
     PipelineMap::iterator pipelineIter = mPipelines.find(mPipelineRequirements);
 
     // Check if the required pipeline is already bound.
@@ -191,7 +206,10 @@ void VulkanPipelineCache::bindScissor(VkCommandBuffer cmdbuffer, VkRect2D scisso
 VulkanPipelineCache::DescriptorCacheEntry* VulkanPipelineCache::createDescriptorSets() noexcept {
     PipelineLayoutCacheEntry* layoutCacheEntry = getOrCreatePipelineLayout();
 
-    DescriptorCacheEntry descriptorCacheEntry = { .pipelineLayout = mPipelineRequirements.layout };
+    DescriptorCacheEntry descriptorCacheEntry = {
+        .pipelineLayout = mPipelineRequirements.layout,
+        .id = mDescriptorCacheEntryCount++,
+    };
 
     // Each of the arenas for this particular layout are guaranteed to have the same size. Check
     // the first arena to see if any descriptor sets are available that can be re-claimed. If not,
@@ -602,13 +620,19 @@ void VulkanPipelineCache::unbindImageView(VkImageView imageView) noexcept {
     }
 }
 
-void VulkanPipelineCache::bindUniformBuffer(uint32_t bindingIndex, VkBuffer uniformBuffer,
+void VulkanPipelineCache::bindUniformBufferObject(uint32_t bindingIndex,
+        VulkanBufferObject* bufferObject, VkDeviceSize offset, VkDeviceSize size) noexcept {
+    bindUniformBuffer(bindingIndex, bufferObject->buffer.getGpuBuffer(), offset, size);
+    mPipelineBoundResources.acquire(bufferObject);
+}
+
+void VulkanPipelineCache::bindUniformBuffer(uint32_t bindingIndex, VkBuffer buffer,
         VkDeviceSize offset, VkDeviceSize size) noexcept {
     ASSERT_POSTCONDITION(bindingIndex < UBUFFER_BINDING_COUNT,
-            "Uniform bindings overflow: index = %d, capacity = %d.",
+            "Uniform bindings overflow: index = %d, capacity = %d.", bindingIndex,
-            bindingIndex, UBUFFER_BINDING_COUNT);
+            UBUFFER_BINDING_COUNT);
     auto& key = mDescriptorRequirements;
-    key.uniformBuffers[bindingIndex] = uniformBuffer;
+    key.uniformBuffers[bindingIndex] = buffer;
 
     if (size == VK_WHOLE_SIZE) {
         size = WHOLE_SIZE;
@@ -622,9 +646,12 @@ void VulkanPipelineCache::bindUniformBuffer(uint32_t bindingIndex, VkBuffer unif
 }
 
 void VulkanPipelineCache::bindSamplers(VkDescriptorImageInfo samplers[SAMPLER_BINDING_COUNT],
-        UsageFlags flags) noexcept {
+        VulkanTexture* textures[SAMPLER_BINDING_COUNT], UsageFlags flags) noexcept {
     for (uint32_t bindingIndex = 0; bindingIndex < SAMPLER_BINDING_COUNT; bindingIndex++) {
         mDescriptorRequirements.samplers[bindingIndex] = samplers[bindingIndex];
+        if (textures[bindingIndex]) {
+            mPipelineBoundResources.acquire(textures[bindingIndex]);
+        }
     }
     mPipelineRequirements.layout = flags;
 }
@@ -643,6 +670,7 @@ void VulkanPipelineCache::terminate() noexcept {
     for (auto& iter : mPipelines) {
         vkDestroyPipeline(mDevice, iter.second.handle, VKALLOC);
     }
+    mPipelineBoundResources.clear();
     mPipelines.clear();
     mBoundPipeline = {};
     vmaDestroyBuffer(mAllocator, mDummyBuffer, mDummyMemory);
@@ -676,6 +704,7 @@ void VulkanPipelineCache::onCommandBuffer(const VulkanCommandBuffer& cmdbuffer)
                 arenas[i].push_back(cacheEntry.handles[i]);
             }
             ++mDescriptorArenasCount;
+            mDescriptorResources.erase(cacheEntry.id);
             iter = mDescriptorSets.erase(iter);
         } else {
             ++iter;
@@ -736,6 +765,10 @@ void VulkanPipelineCache::onCommandBuffer(const VulkanCommandBuffer& cmdbuffer)
             vkDestroyDescriptorPool(mDevice, pool, VKALLOC);
         }
         mExtinctDescriptorPools.clear();
+
+        for (auto const& entry : mExtinctDescriptorBundles) {
+            mDescriptorResources.erase(entry.id);
+        }
         mExtinctDescriptorBundles.clear();
     }
 }
@@ -798,6 +831,10 @@ void VulkanPipelineCache::destroyLayoutsAndDescriptors() noexcept {
     mExtinctDescriptorPools.clear();
     mExtinctDescriptorBundles.clear();
 
+    // Both mDescriptorSets and mExtinctDescriptorBundles have been cleared, so it's safe to call
+    // clear() on mDescriptorResources.
+    mDescriptorResources.clear();
+
     mBoundDescriptor = {};
 }
 

filament/backend/src/vulkan/VulkanPipelineCache.h

@@ -28,9 +28,11 @@
 #include <utils/compiler.h>
 #include <utils/Hash.h>
 
+#include <list>
 #include <tsl/robin_map.h>
 #include <type_traits>
 #include <vector>
+#include <unordered_map>
 
 #include "VulkanCommands.h"
 
@@ -41,6 +43,9 @@ VK_DEFINE_HANDLE(VmaPool)
 namespace filament::backend {
 
 struct VulkanProgram;
+struct VulkanBufferObject;
+struct VulkanTexture;
+class VulkanResourceAllocator;
 
 // VulkanPipelineCache manages a cache of descriptor sets and pipelines.
 //
@@ -131,7 +136,7 @@ public:
 
     // Upon construction, the pipeCache initializes some internal state but does not make any Vulkan
     // calls. On destruction it will free any cached Vulkan objects that haven't already been freed.
-    VulkanPipelineCache();
+    VulkanPipelineCache(VulkanResourceAllocator* allocator);
     ~VulkanPipelineCache();
     void setDevice(VkDevice device, VmaAllocator allocator);
 
@@ -141,7 +146,7 @@ public:
 
     // Creates a new pipeline if necessary and binds it using vkCmdBindPipeline.
     // Returns false if an error occurred.
-    bool bindPipeline(VkCommandBuffer cmdbuffer) noexcept;
+    bool bindPipeline(VulkanCommandBuffer* commands) noexcept;
 
     // Sets up a new scissor rectangle if it has been dirtied.
     void bindScissor(VkCommandBuffer cmdbuffer, VkRect2D scissor) noexcept;
@@ -151,9 +156,12 @@ public:
     void bindRasterState(const RasterState& rasterState) noexcept;
     void bindRenderPass(VkRenderPass renderPass, int subpassIndex) noexcept;
     void bindPrimitiveTopology(VkPrimitiveTopology topology) noexcept;
-    void bindUniformBuffer(uint32_t bindingIndex, VkBuffer uniformBuffer,
+    void bindUniformBufferObject(uint32_t bindingIndex, VulkanBufferObject* bufferObject,
             VkDeviceSize offset = 0, VkDeviceSize size = VK_WHOLE_SIZE) noexcept;
-    void bindSamplers(VkDescriptorImageInfo samplers[SAMPLER_BINDING_COUNT], UsageFlags flags) noexcept;
+    void bindUniformBuffer(uint32_t bindingIndex, VkBuffer buffer,
+            VkDeviceSize offset = 0, VkDeviceSize size = VK_WHOLE_SIZE) noexcept;
+    void bindSamplers(VkDescriptorImageInfo samplers[SAMPLER_BINDING_COUNT],
+            VulkanTexture* textures[SAMPLER_BINDING_COUNT], UsageFlags flags) noexcept;
     void bindInputAttachment(uint32_t bindingIndex, VkDescriptorImageInfo imageInfo) noexcept;
     void bindVertexArray(const VertexArray& varray) noexcept;
 
@@ -185,17 +193,22 @@ public:
         mDummyTargetInfo.imageView = imageView;
     }
 
+    // Acquires a resource to be bound to the current pipeline. The ownership of the resource
+    // will be transferred to the corresponding pipeline when pipeline is bound.
+    void acquireResource(VulkanResource* resource) {
+        mPipelineBoundResources.acquire(resource);
+    }
+
     inline RasterState getCurrentRasterState() const noexcept {
-	return mCurrentRasterState;
+        return mCurrentRasterState;
     }
 
     // We need to update this outside of bindRasterState due to VulkanDriver::draw.
     inline void setCurrentRasterState(RasterState const& rasterState) noexcept {
-	mCurrentRasterState = rasterState;
+        mCurrentRasterState = rasterState;
     }
 
 private:
-
     // PIPELINE LAYOUT CACHE KEY
     // -------------------------
 
@@ -337,7 +350,10 @@ private:
         std::array<VkDescriptorSet, DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COUNT> handles;
         Timestamp lastUsed;
         PipelineLayoutKey pipelineLayout;
+        uint32_t id;
     };
+    uint32_t mDescriptorCacheEntryCount = 0;
+
 
     struct PipelineCacheEntry {
         VkPipeline handle;
@@ -372,12 +388,15 @@ private:
             PipelineLayoutKeyHashFn, PipelineLayoutKeyEqual>;
     using PipelineMap = tsl::robin_map<PipelineKey, PipelineCacheEntry,
             PipelineHashFn, PipelineEqual>;
-    using DescriptorMap = tsl::robin_map<DescriptorKey, DescriptorCacheEntry,
+    using DescriptorMap
-            DescHashFn, DescEqual>;
+            = tsl::robin_map<DescriptorKey, DescriptorCacheEntry, DescHashFn, DescEqual>;
+    using DescriptorResourceMap
+            = std::unordered_map<uint32_t, std::unique_ptr<VulkanAcquireOnlyResourceManager>>;
 
     PipelineLayoutMap mPipelineLayouts;
     PipelineMap mPipelines;
     DescriptorMap mDescriptorSets;
+    DescriptorResourceMap mDescriptorResources;
 
     // These helpers all return unstable pointers that should not be stored.
     DescriptorCacheEntry* createDescriptorSets() noexcept;
@@ -425,8 +444,8 @@ private:
     // After a growth event (i.e. when the VkDescriptorPool is replaced with a bigger version), all
     // currently used descriptors are moved into the "extinct" sets so that they can be safely
     // destroyed a few frames later.
-    std::vector<VkDescriptorPool> mExtinctDescriptorPools;
+    std::list<VkDescriptorPool> mExtinctDescriptorPools;
-    std::vector<DescriptorCacheEntry> mExtinctDescriptorBundles;
+    std::list<DescriptorCacheEntry> mExtinctDescriptorBundles;
 
     VkDescriptorBufferInfo mDummyBufferInfo = {};
     VkWriteDescriptorSet mDummyBufferWriteInfo = {};
@@ -435,6 +454,9 @@ private:
 
     VkBuffer mDummyBuffer;
     VmaAllocation mDummyMemory;
+
+    VulkanResourceAllocator* mResourceAllocator;
+    VulkanAcquireOnlyResourceManager mPipelineBoundResources;
 };
 
 } // namespace filament::backend

filament/backend/src/vulkan/VulkanResourceAllocator.h

@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#ifndef TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_VULKANRESOURCEALLOCATOR_H
+#define TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_VULKANRESOURCEALLOCATOR_H
+
+#include "VulkanHandles.h"
+
+#include <private/backend/HandleAllocator.h>
+
+#include <utils/FixedCapacityVector.h>
+#include <utils/Log.h>
+
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <unordered_set>
+
+namespace filament::backend {
+
+// RESOURCE_TYPE_COUNT matches the count of enum VulkanResourceType.
+#define RESOURCE_TYPE_COUNT 12
+#define DEBUG_RESOURCE_LEAKS 0
+
+#if DEBUG_RESOURCE_LEAKS
+    #define TRACK_INCREMENT()                                       \
+    if (!IS_MANAGED_TYPE(obj->mType)) {                             \
+        mDebugOnlyResourceCount[static_cast<size_t>(obj->mType)]++; \
+    }
+    #define TRACK_DECREMENT()                                       \
+    if (!IS_MANAGED_TYPE(obj->mType)) {                             \
+        mDebugOnlyResourceCount[static_cast<size_t>(obj->mType)]--; \
+    }
+#else
+    // No-op
+    #define TRACK_INCREMENT()
+    #define TRACK_DECREMENT()
+#endif
+
+class VulkanResourceAllocator {
+
+public:
+    VulkanResourceAllocator(size_t arenaSize)
+        : mHandleAllocatorImpl("Handles", arenaSize)
+#if DEBUG_RESOURCE_LEAKS
+        , mDebugOnlyResourceCount(RESOURCE_TYPE_COUNT) {
+        std::memset(mDebugOnlyResourceCount.data(), 0, sizeof(size_t) * RESOURCE_TYPE_COUNT);
+    }
+#else
+    {}
+#endif
+
+    template<typename D, typename... ARGS>
+    inline Handle<D> initHandle(ARGS&&... args) noexcept {
+        auto handle = mHandleAllocatorImpl.allocateAndConstruct<D>(std::forward<ARGS>(args)...);
+        auto obj = handle_cast<D*>(handle);
+        obj->initResource(handle.getId());
+        TRACK_INCREMENT();
+        return handle;
+    }
+
+    template<typename D>
+    inline Handle<D> allocHandle() noexcept {
+        return mHandleAllocatorImpl.allocate<D>();
+    }
+
+    template<typename D, typename B, typename... ARGS>
+    inline typename std::enable_if<std::is_base_of<B, D>::value, D>::type* construct(
+            Handle<B> const& handle, ARGS&&... args) noexcept {
+        auto obj = mHandleAllocatorImpl.construct<D, B>(handle, std::forward<ARGS>(args)...);
+        obj->initResource(handle.getId());
+        TRACK_INCREMENT();
+        return obj;
+    }
+
+    template<typename Dp, typename B>
+    inline typename std::enable_if_t<
+            std::is_pointer_v<Dp> && std::is_base_of_v<B, typename std::remove_pointer_t<Dp>>, Dp>
+    handle_cast(Handle<B>& handle) noexcept {
+        return mHandleAllocatorImpl.handle_cast<Dp, B>(handle);
+    }
+
+    template<typename Dp, typename B>
+    inline typename std::enable_if_t<
+            std::is_pointer_v<Dp> && std::is_base_of_v<B, typename std::remove_pointer_t<Dp>>, Dp>
+    handle_cast(Handle<B> const& handle) noexcept {
+        return mHandleAllocatorImpl.handle_cast<Dp, B>(handle);
+    }
+
+    template<typename D, typename B>
+    inline void destruct(Handle<B> handle) noexcept {
+        auto obj = handle_cast<D*>(handle);
+        if constexpr (std::is_base_of_v<VulkanIndexBuffer, D>
+                      || std::is_base_of_v<VulkanBufferObject, D>) {
+            obj->terminate();
+        }
+        TRACK_DECREMENT();
+        mHandleAllocatorImpl.deallocate(handle, obj);
+    }
+
+private:
+    HandleAllocatorVK mHandleAllocatorImpl;
+
+#if DEBUG_RESOURCE_LEAKS
+public:
+    void print() {
+        utils::slog.d << "Resource Allocator state (debug only)" << utils::io::endl;
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < RESOURCE_TYPE_COUNT; i++) {
+            utils::slog.d << "[" << i << "]=" << mDebugOnlyResourceCount[i] << utils::io::endl;
+        }
+        utils::slog.d << "+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++" << utils::io::endl;
+    }
+private:
+    utils::FixedCapacityVector<size_t> mDebugOnlyResourceCount;
+#endif
+
+};
+
+#undef TRACK_INCREMENT
+#undef TRACK_DECREMENT
+#undef DEBUG_RESOURCE_LEAKS
+
+} // namespace filament::backend
+
+#endif // TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_VULKANRESOURCEALLOCATOR_H

filament/backend/src/vulkan/VulkanResources.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+
+#include "VulkanResources.h"
+#include "VulkanHandles.h"
+#include "VulkanResourceAllocator.h"
+
+namespace filament::backend {
+
+void deallocateResource(VulkanResourceAllocator* allocator, VulkanResourceType type,
+        HandleBase::HandleId id) {
+
+    if (IS_HEAP_ALLOC_TYPE(type)) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    switch (type) {
+        case VulkanResourceType::BUFFER_OBJECT:
+            allocator->destruct<VulkanBufferObject>(Handle<HwBufferObject>(id));
+            break;
+        case VulkanResourceType::INDEX_BUFFER:
+            allocator->destruct<VulkanIndexBuffer>(Handle<HwIndexBuffer>(id));
+            break;
+        case VulkanResourceType::PROGRAM:
+            allocator->destruct<VulkanProgram>(Handle<HwProgram>(id));
+            break;
+        case VulkanResourceType::RENDER_TARGET:
+            allocator->destruct<VulkanRenderTarget>(Handle<HwRenderTarget>(id));
+            break;
+        case VulkanResourceType::SAMPLER_GROUP:
+            allocator->destruct<VulkanSamplerGroup>(Handle<HwSamplerGroup>(id));
+            break;
+        case VulkanResourceType::SWAP_CHAIN:
+            allocator->destruct<VulkanSwapChain>(Handle<HwSwapChain>(id));
+            break;
+        case VulkanResourceType::TEXTURE:
+            allocator->destruct<VulkanTexture>(Handle<HwTexture>(id));
+            break;
+        case VulkanResourceType::TIMER_QUERY:
+            allocator->destruct<VulkanTimerQuery>(Handle<HwTimerQuery>(id));
+            break;
+        case VulkanResourceType::VERTEX_BUFFER:
+            allocator->destruct<VulkanVertexBuffer>(Handle<HwVertexBuffer>(id));
+            break;
+        case VulkanResourceType::RENDER_PRIMITIVE:
+            allocator->destruct<VulkanRenderPrimitive>(Handle<VulkanRenderPrimitive>(id));
+            break;
+        // If the resource is heap allocated, then the resource manager just skip refcounted
+        // destruction.
+        case VulkanResourceType::FENCE:
+        case VulkanResourceType::HEAP_ALLOCATED:
+            break;
+    }
+}
+
+} // namespace filament::backend

filament/backend/src/vulkan/VulkanResources.h

@@ -0,0 +1,337 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#ifndef TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_VULKANRESOURCES_H
+#define TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_VULKANRESOURCES_H
+
+#include <backend/DriverEnums.h>// For MAX_VERTEX_BUFFER_COUNT
+#include <backend/Handle.h>
+
+#include <tsl/robin_set.h>
+#include <utils/Mutex.h>
+#include <utils/Panic.h>
+
+#include <mutex>
+#include <unordered_set>
+
+namespace filament::backend {
+
+class VulkanResourceAllocator;
+struct VulkanThreadSafeResource;
+
+// Subclasses of VulkanResource must provide this enum in their construction.
+enum class VulkanResourceType : uint8_t {
+    BUFFER_OBJECT,
+    INDEX_BUFFER,
+    PROGRAM,
+    RENDER_TARGET,
+    SAMPLER_GROUP,
+    SWAP_CHAIN,
+    RENDER_PRIMITIVE,
+    TEXTURE,
+    TIMER_QUERY,
+    VERTEX_BUFFER,
+
+    // Below are resources that are managed manually (i.e. not ref counted).
+    FENCE,
+    HEAP_ALLOCATED,
+};
+
+#define IS_HEAP_ALLOC_TYPE(f)                                                                      \
+    (f == VulkanResourceType::FENCE || f == VulkanResourceType::HEAP_ALLOCATED)
+
+
+// This is a ref-counting base class that tracks how many references of this resource exist. This
+// class is paired with VulkanResourceManagerImpl which is responsible for incrementing or
+// decrementing the count. Once mRefCount == 0, VulkanResourceManagerImpl will also call the
+// appropriate destructor. VulkanCommandBuffer, VulkanDriver, and composite structure like
+// VulkanRenderPrimitive are owners of VulkanResourceManagerImpl instances.
+struct VulkanResourceBase {
+protected:
+    explicit VulkanResourceBase(VulkanResourceType type)
+        : mRefCount(IS_HEAP_ALLOC_TYPE(type) ? 1 : 0),
+          mType(type),
+          mHandleId(0) {}
+
+private:
+    inline VulkanResourceType getType() {
+        return mType;
+    }
+
+    inline HandleBase::HandleId getId() {
+        return mHandleId;
+    }
+
+    inline void initResource(HandleBase::HandleId id) noexcept {
+        mHandleId = id;
+    }
+
+    inline void ref() noexcept {
+        if (IS_HEAP_ALLOC_TYPE(mType)) {
+            return;
+        }
+        ++mRefCount;
+    }
+
+    inline void deref() noexcept {
+        if (IS_HEAP_ALLOC_TYPE(mType)) {
+            return;
+        }
+        --mRefCount;
+    }
+
+    inline size_t refcount() noexcept {
+        return mRefCount;
+    }
+
+    size_t mRefCount = 0;
+    VulkanResourceType mType = VulkanResourceType::BUFFER_OBJECT;
+    HandleBase::HandleId mHandleId;
+
+    friend struct VulkanThreadSafeResource;
+    friend class VulkanResourceAllocator;
+
+    template<typename RT, typename ST>
+    friend class VulkanResourceManagerImpl;
+};
+
+struct VulkanThreadSafeResource {
+protected:
+    explicit VulkanThreadSafeResource(VulkanResourceType type)
+        : mImpl(type) {}
+
+private:
+    inline VulkanResourceType getType() {
+        return mImpl.getType();
+    }
+
+    inline HandleBase::HandleId getId() {
+        return mImpl.getId();
+    }
+
+    inline void initResource(HandleBase::HandleId id) noexcept {
+        std::unique_lock<utils::Mutex> lock(mMutex);
+        mImpl.initResource(id);
+    }
+
+    inline void ref() noexcept {
+        std::unique_lock<utils::Mutex> lock(mMutex);
+        mImpl.ref();
+    }
+
+    inline void deref() noexcept {
+        std::unique_lock<utils::Mutex> lock(mMutex);
+        mImpl.deref();
+    }
+
+    inline size_t refcount() noexcept {
+        std::unique_lock<utils::Mutex> lock(mMutex);
+        return mImpl.refcount();
+    }
+
+    utils::Mutex mMutex;
+    VulkanResourceBase mImpl;
+
+    friend class VulkanResourceAllocator;
+    template<typename RT, typename ST>
+    friend class VulkanResourceManagerImpl;
+};
+
+using VulkanResource = VulkanResourceBase;
+
+namespace {
+
+// When the size of the resource set is known to be small, (for example for VulkanRenderPrimitive),
+// we just use a std::array to back the set.
+class FixedCapacityResourceSet {
+private:
+    constexpr static size_t const SIZE = MAX_VERTEX_BUFFER_COUNT;
+    using FixedSizeArray = std::array<VulkanResource*, SIZE>;
+
+public:
+    using const_iterator = FixedSizeArray::const_iterator;
+
+    inline const_iterator begin() {
+        if (mInd == 0) {
+            return mArray.cend();
+        }
+        return mArray.cbegin();
+    }
+
+    inline const_iterator end() {
+        if (mInd == 0) {
+            return mArray.cend();
+        }
+        if (mInd < SIZE) {
+            return mArray.begin() + mInd;
+        }
+        return mArray.cend();
+    }
+
+    inline const_iterator find(VulkanResource* resource) {
+        return std::find(mArray.begin(), mArray.end(), resource);
+    }
+
+    inline void insert(VulkanResource* resource) {
+        assert_invariant(mInd < SIZE);
+        mArray[mInd++] = resource;
+    }
+
+    inline void erase(VulkanResource* resource) {
+        assert_invariant(false && "FixedCapacityResourceSet::erase should not be called");
+    }
+
+    inline void clear() {
+        if (mInd == 0) {
+            return;
+        }
+        mInd = 0;
+    }
+
+private:
+    FixedSizeArray mArray{nullptr};
+    size_t mInd = 0;
+};
+
+// robin_set/map are useful for sets that are acquire only and the set will be iterated when the set
+// is cleared.
+using FastIterationResourceSet = tsl::robin_set<VulkanResource*>;
+
+// unoredered_set is used in the general case where insert/erase can occur at will. This is useful
+// for the basic object ownership count - i.e. VulkanDriver.
+using ResourceSet = std::unordered_set<VulkanResource*>;
+
+using ThreadSafeResourceSet = std::unordered_set<VulkanThreadSafeResource*>;
+
+} // anonymous namespace
+
+class VulkanResourceAllocator;
+
+#define LOCK_IF_NEEDED()                                                                           \
+    if constexpr (std::is_base_of_v<VulkanThreadSafeResource, ResourceType>) {                     \
+        mMutex->lock();                                                                            \
+    }
+
+#define UNLOCK_IF_NEEDED()                                                                         \
+    if constexpr (std::is_base_of_v<VulkanThreadSafeResource, ResourceType>) {                     \
+        mMutex->unlock();                                                                          \
+    }
+
+void deallocateResource(VulkanResourceAllocator* allocator, VulkanResourceType type,
+        HandleBase::HandleId id);
+
+template<typename ResourceType, typename SetType>
+class VulkanResourceManagerImpl {
+public:
+    explicit VulkanResourceManagerImpl(VulkanResourceAllocator* allocator)
+        : mAllocator(allocator) {
+        if constexpr (std::is_base_of_v<VulkanThreadSafeResource, ResourceType>) {
+            mMutex = std::make_unique<utils::Mutex>();
+        }
+    }
+
+    VulkanResourceManagerImpl(const VulkanResourceManagerImpl& other) = delete;
+    void operator=(const VulkanResourceManagerImpl& other) = delete;
+    VulkanResourceManagerImpl(const VulkanResourceManagerImpl&& other) = delete;
+    void operator=(const VulkanResourceManagerImpl&& other) = delete;
+
+    ~VulkanResourceManagerImpl() {
+        clear();
+    }
+
+    inline void acquire(ResourceType* resource) {
+        if (IS_HEAP_ALLOC_TYPE(resource->getType())) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        LOCK_IF_NEEDED();
+        if (mResources.find(resource) != mResources.end()) {
+            UNLOCK_IF_NEEDED();
+            return;
+        }
+        mResources.insert(resource);
+        UNLOCK_IF_NEEDED();
+        resource->ref();
+    }
+
+    // Transfers ownership from one resource set to another
+    inline void acquire(VulkanResourceManagerImpl<ResourceType, SetType>* srcResources) {
+        LOCK_IF_NEEDED();
+        for (auto iter = srcResources->mResources.begin(); iter != srcResources->mResources.end();
+                iter++) {
+            acquire(*iter);
+        }
+        UNLOCK_IF_NEEDED();
+        srcResources->clear();
+    }
+
+    inline void release(ResourceType* resource) {
+        if (IS_HEAP_ALLOC_TYPE(resource->getType())) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        LOCK_IF_NEEDED();
+        auto resItr = mResources.find(resource);
+        if (resItr == mResources.end()) {
+            UNLOCK_IF_NEEDED();
+            return;
+        }
+        mResources.erase(resItr);
+        UNLOCK_IF_NEEDED();
+        derefImpl(resource);
+    }
+
+    inline void clear() {
+        LOCK_IF_NEEDED();
+        for (auto iter = mResources.begin(); iter != mResources.end(); iter++) {
+            derefImpl(*iter);
+        }
+        mResources.clear();
+        UNLOCK_IF_NEEDED();
+    }
+
+    inline size_t size() {
+        return mResources.size();
+    }
+
+private:
+    inline void derefImpl(ResourceType* resource) {
+        resource->deref();
+        if (resource->refcount() != 0) {
+            return;
+        }
+        deallocateResource(mAllocator, resource->getType(), resource->getId());
+    }
+
+    VulkanResourceAllocator* mAllocator;
+    SetType mResources;
+    std::unique_ptr<utils::Mutex> mMutex;
+};
+
+using VulkanAcquireOnlyResourceManager
+        = VulkanResourceManagerImpl<VulkanResource, FastIterationResourceSet>;
+using VulkanResourceManager = VulkanResourceManagerImpl<VulkanResource, ResourceSet>;
+using FixedSizeVulkanResourceManager
+        = VulkanResourceManagerImpl<VulkanResource, FixedCapacityResourceSet>;
+using VulkanThreadSafeResourceManager
+        = VulkanResourceManagerImpl<VulkanThreadSafeResource, ThreadSafeResourceSet>;
+
+#undef LOCK_IF_NEEDED
+#undef UNLOCK_IF_NEEDED
+
+} // namespace filament::backend
+
+#endif // TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_VULKANRESOURCES_H

filament/backend/src/vulkan/VulkanSamplerCache.cpp

@@ -87,8 +87,7 @@ constexpr inline float getMaxLod(SamplerMinFilter filter) noexcept {
         case SamplerMinFilter::LINEAR_MIPMAP_NEAREST:
         case SamplerMinFilter::NEAREST_MIPMAP_LINEAR:
         case SamplerMinFilter::LINEAR_MIPMAP_LINEAR:
-            // Assuming our maximum texture size is 4k, we'll never need more than 12 miplevels.
+            return VK_LOD_CLAMP_NONE;
-            return 12.0f;
     }
 }
 
@@ -99,7 +98,7 @@ constexpr inline VkBool32 getCompareEnable(SamplerCompareMode mode) noexcept {
 void VulkanSamplerCache::initialize(VkDevice device) { mDevice = device; }
 
 VkSampler VulkanSamplerCache::getSampler(SamplerParams params) noexcept {
-    auto iter = mCache.find(params.u);
+    auto iter = mCache.find(params);
     if (UTILS_LIKELY(iter != mCache.end())) {
         return iter->second;
     }
@@ -123,7 +122,7 @@ VkSampler VulkanSamplerCache::getSampler(SamplerParams params) noexcept {
     VkSampler sampler;
     VkResult error = vkCreateSampler(mDevice, &samplerInfo, VKALLOC, &sampler);
     ASSERT_POSTCONDITION(!error, "Unable to create sampler.");
-    mCache.insert({params.u, sampler});
+    mCache.insert({params, sampler});
     return sampler;
 }
 

filament/backend/src/vulkan/VulkanSamplerCache.h

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ public:
     void terminate() noexcept;
 private:
     VkDevice mDevice;
-    tsl::robin_map<uint32_t, VkSampler> mCache;
+    tsl::robin_map<SamplerParams, VkSampler, SamplerParams::Hasher, SamplerParams::EqualTo> mCache;
 };
 
 } // namespace filament::backend

filament/backend/src/vulkan/VulkanSwapChain.cpp

@@ -28,7 +28,8 @@ namespace filament::backend {
 VulkanSwapChain::VulkanSwapChain(VulkanPlatform* platform, VulkanContext const& context,
         VmaAllocator allocator, VulkanCommands* commands, VulkanStagePool& stagePool,
         void* nativeWindow, uint64_t flags, VkExtent2D extent)
-    : mPlatform(platform),
+    : VulkanResource(VulkanResourceType::SWAP_CHAIN),
+      mPlatform(platform),
       mCommands(commands),
       mAllocator(allocator),
       mStagePool(stagePool),
@@ -67,11 +68,11 @@ void VulkanSwapChain::update() {
     for (auto const color: bundle.colors) {
         mColors.push_back(std::make_unique<VulkanTexture>(device, mAllocator, mCommands, color,
                 bundle.colorFormat, 1, bundle.extent.width, bundle.extent.height,
-                TextureUsage::COLOR_ATTACHMENT, mStagePool));
+                TextureUsage::COLOR_ATTACHMENT, mStagePool, true /* heap allocated */));
     }
     mDepth = std::make_unique<VulkanTexture>(device, mAllocator, mCommands, bundle.depth,
             bundle.depthFormat, 1, bundle.extent.width, bundle.extent.height,
-            TextureUsage::DEPTH_ATTACHMENT, mStagePool);
+            TextureUsage::DEPTH_ATTACHMENT, mStagePool, true /* heap allocated */);
 
     mExtent = bundle.extent;
 }

filament/backend/src/vulkan/VulkanSwapChain.h

@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 #include "DriverBase.h"
 
 #include "VulkanContext.h"
+#include "VulkanResources.h"
 
 #include <backend/platforms/VulkanPlatform.h>
 
@@ -36,7 +37,7 @@ struct VulkanHeadlessSwapChain;
 struct VulkanSurfaceSwapChain;
 
 // A wrapper around the platform implementation of swapchain.
-struct VulkanSwapChain : public HwSwapChain {
+struct VulkanSwapChain : public HwSwapChain, VulkanResource {
     VulkanSwapChain(VulkanPlatform* platform, VulkanContext const& context, VmaAllocator allocator,
             VulkanCommands* commands, VulkanStagePool& stagePool,
             void* nativeWindow, uint64_t flags, VkExtent2D extent = {0, 0});

filament/backend/src/vulkan/VulkanTexture.cpp

@@ -29,12 +29,16 @@ using namespace bluevk;
 namespace filament::backend {
 
 using ImgUtil = VulkanImageUtility;
-VulkanTexture::VulkanTexture(VkDevice device, VmaAllocator allocator,
+VulkanTexture::VulkanTexture(VkDevice device, VmaAllocator allocator, VulkanCommands* commands,
-        VulkanCommands* commands, VkImage image, VkFormat format, uint8_t samples,
+        VkImage image, VkFormat format, uint8_t samples, uint32_t width, uint32_t height,
-        uint32_t width, uint32_t height, TextureUsage tusage, VulkanStagePool& stagePool)
+        TextureUsage tusage, VulkanStagePool& stagePool, bool heapAllocated)
     : HwTexture(SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D, 1, samples, width, height, 1, TextureFormat::UNUSED,
-              tusage),
+            tusage),
-      mVkFormat(format), mViewType(ImgUtil::getViewType(target)), mSwizzle({}),
+      VulkanResource(
+              heapAllocated ? VulkanResourceType::HEAP_ALLOCATED : VulkanResourceType::TEXTURE),
+      mVkFormat(format),
+      mViewType(ImgUtil::getViewType(target)),
+      mSwizzle({}),
       mTextureImage(image),
       mPrimaryViewRange{
               .aspectMask = getImageAspect(),
@@ -43,19 +47,28 @@ VulkanTexture::VulkanTexture(VkDevice device, VmaAllocator allocator,
               .baseArrayLayer = 0,
               .layerCount = 1,
       },
-      mStagePool(stagePool), mDevice(device), mAllocator(allocator), mCommands(commands) {}
+      mStagePool(stagePool),
+      mDevice(device),
+      mAllocator(allocator),
+      mCommands(commands) {}
 
 VulkanTexture::VulkanTexture(VkDevice device, VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice,
-        VulkanContext const& context, VmaAllocator allocator,
+        VulkanContext const& context, VmaAllocator allocator, VulkanCommands* commands,
-        VulkanCommands* commands, SamplerType target, uint8_t levels,
+        SamplerType target, uint8_t levels, TextureFormat tformat, uint8_t samples, uint32_t w,
-        TextureFormat tformat, uint8_t samples, uint32_t w, uint32_t h, uint32_t depth,
+        uint32_t h, uint32_t depth, TextureUsage tusage, VulkanStagePool& stagePool,
-        TextureUsage tusage, VulkanStagePool& stagePool, VkComponentMapping swizzle)
+        bool heapAllocated, VkComponentMapping swizzle)
     : HwTexture(target, levels, samples, w, h, depth, tformat, tusage),
+      VulkanResource(
+              heapAllocated ? VulkanResourceType::HEAP_ALLOCATED : VulkanResourceType::TEXTURE),
       // Vulkan does not support 24-bit depth, use the official fallback format.
       mVkFormat(tformat == TextureFormat::DEPTH24 ? context.getDepthFormat()
                                                   : backend::getVkFormat(tformat)),
-      mViewType(ImgUtil::getViewType(target)), mSwizzle(swizzle), mStagePool(stagePool),
+      mViewType(ImgUtil::getViewType(target)),
-      mDevice(device), mAllocator(allocator), mCommands(commands) {
+      mSwizzle(swizzle),
+      mStagePool(stagePool),
+      mDevice(device),
+      mAllocator(allocator),
+      mCommands(commands) {
 
     // Create an appropriately-sized device-only VkImage, but do not fill it yet.
     VkImageCreateInfo imageInfo{.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_CREATE_INFO,
@@ -154,7 +167,7 @@ VulkanTexture::VulkanTexture(VkDevice device, VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice,
             << "handle = " << utils::io::hex << mTextureImage << utils::io::dec << ", "
             << "extent = " << w << "x" << h << "x"<< depth << ", "
             << "mipLevels = " << int(levels) << ", "
-            << "TextureUsage = " << static_cast<int>(usage) << ", "            
+            << "TextureUsage = " << static_cast<int>(usage) << ", "
             << "usage = " << imageInfo.usage << ", "
             << "samples = " << imageInfo.samples << ", "
             << "type = " << imageInfo.imageType << ", "
@@ -212,7 +225,11 @@ VulkanTexture::VulkanTexture(VkDevice device, VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice,
            | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_BIT)) {
         const uint32_t layers = mPrimaryViewRange.layerCount;
         VkImageSubresourceRange range = { getImageAspect(), 0, levels, 0, layers };
-        VkCommandBuffer cmdbuf = mCommands->get().cmdbuffer;
+
+        VulkanCommandBuffer& commands = mCommands->get();
+        VkCommandBuffer const cmdbuf = commands.cmdbuffer;
+        commands.acquire(this);
+
         transitionLayout(cmdbuf, range, ImgUtil::getDefaultLayout(imageInfo.usage));
     }
 }
@@ -262,7 +279,9 @@ void VulkanTexture::updateImage(const PixelBufferDescriptor& data, uint32_t widt
     vmaUnmapMemory(mAllocator, stage->memory);
     vmaFlushAllocation(mAllocator, stage->memory, 0, hostData->size);
 
-    const VkCommandBuffer cmdbuf = mCommands->get(true).cmdbuffer;
+    VulkanCommandBuffer& commands = mCommands->get();
+    VkCommandBuffer const cmdbuf = commands.cmdbuffer;
+    commands.acquire(this);
 
     VkBufferImageCopy copyRegion = {
         .bufferOffset = {},
@@ -323,7 +342,9 @@ void VulkanTexture::updateImageWithBlit(const PixelBufferDescriptor& hostData, u
     vmaUnmapMemory(mAllocator, stage->memory);
     vmaFlushAllocation(mAllocator, stage->memory, 0, hostData.size);
 
-    const VkCommandBuffer cmdbuf = mCommands->get().cmdbuffer;
+    VulkanCommandBuffer& commands = mCommands->get();
+    VkCommandBuffer const cmdbuf = commands.cmdbuffer;
+    commands.acquire(this);
 
     // TODO: support blit-based format conversion for 3D images and cubemaps.
     const int layer = 0;

filament/backend/src/vulkan/VulkanTexture.h

@@ -20,24 +20,26 @@
 #include "DriverBase.h"
 
 #include "VulkanBuffer.h"
+#include "VulkanResources.h"
 #include "VulkanImageUtility.h"
 
 #include <utils/RangeMap.h>
 
 namespace filament::backend {
 
-struct VulkanTexture : public HwTexture {
+struct VulkanTexture : public HwTexture, VulkanResource {
     // Standard constructor for user-facing textures.
     VulkanTexture(VkDevice device, VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice, VulkanContext const& context,
             VmaAllocator allocator, VulkanCommands* commands, SamplerType target, uint8_t levels,
             TextureFormat tformat, uint8_t samples, uint32_t w, uint32_t h, uint32_t depth,
-            TextureUsage tusage, VulkanStagePool& stagePool, VkComponentMapping swizzle = {});
+            TextureUsage tusage, VulkanStagePool& stagePool, bool heapAllocated = false,
+            VkComponentMapping swizzle = {});
 
     // Specialized constructor for internally created textures (e.g. from a swap chain)
     // The texture will never destroy the given VkImage, but it does manages its subresources.
     VulkanTexture(VkDevice device, VmaAllocator allocator, VulkanCommands* commands, VkImage image,
             VkFormat format, uint8_t samples, uint32_t width, uint32_t height, TextureUsage tusage,
-            VulkanStagePool& stagePool);
+            VulkanStagePool& stagePool, bool heapAllocated = false);
 
     ~VulkanTexture();
 

filament/include/filament/Options.h

@@ -133,9 +133,9 @@ struct BloomOptions {
     Texture* dirt = nullptr;                //!< user provided dirt texture %codegen_skip_json% %codegen_skip_javascript%
     float dirtStrength = 0.2f;              //!< strength of the dirt texture %codegen_skip_json% %codegen_skip_javascript%
     float strength = 0.10f;                 //!< bloom's strength between 0.0 and 1.0
-    uint32_t resolution = 360;              //!< resolution of vertical axis (2^levels to 2048)
+    uint32_t resolution = 384;              //!< resolution of vertical axis (2^levels to 2048)
     float anamorphism = 1.0f;               //!< bloom x/y aspect-ratio (1/32 to 32)
-    uint8_t levels = 6;                     //!< number of blur levels (3 to 11)
+    uint8_t levels = 6;                     //!< number of blur levels (1 to 11)
     BlendMode blendMode = BlendMode::ADD;   //!< how the bloom effect is applied
     bool threshold = true;                  //!< whether to threshold the source
     bool enabled = false;                   //!< enable or disable bloom

filament/include/filament/TextureSampler.h

@@ -52,6 +52,8 @@ public:
      */
     TextureSampler() noexcept = default;
 
+    explicit TextureSampler(backend::SamplerParams params) noexcept : mSamplerParams(params) { }
+
     TextureSampler(const TextureSampler& rhs) noexcept = default;
     TextureSampler& operator=(const TextureSampler& rhs) noexcept = default;
 

filament/src/PostProcessManager.cpp

@@ -2132,7 +2132,7 @@ FrameGraphId<FrameGraphTexture> PostProcessManager::flarePass(FrameGraph& fg,
                         .filterMin = SamplerMinFilter::LINEAR_MIPMAP_NEAREST
                 });
 
-                mi->setParameter("level", 1.0f);    // adjust with resolution
+                mi->setParameter("level", 0.0f);    // adjust with resolution
                 mi->setParameter("aspectRatio", float2{ aspectRatio, 1.0f / aspectRatio });
                 mi->setParameter("threshold",
                         float2{ bloomOptions.ghostThreshold, bloomOptions.haloThreshold });

filament/src/details/View.cpp

@@ -1080,7 +1080,7 @@ void FView::setSoftShadowOptions(SoftShadowOptions options) noexcept {
 
 void FView::setBloomOptions(BloomOptions options) noexcept {
     options.dirtStrength = math::saturate(options.dirtStrength);
-    options.levels = math::clamp(options.levels, uint8_t(3), uint8_t(11));
+    options.levels = math::clamp(options.levels, uint8_t(1), uint8_t(11));
     options.resolution = math::clamp(options.resolution, 1u << options.levels, 2048u);
     options.anamorphism = math::clamp(options.anamorphism, 1.0f/32.0f, 32.0f);
     options.highlight = std::max(10.0f, options.highlight);

ios/CocoaPods/Filament.podspec

@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 Pod::Spec.new do |spec|
   spec.name = "Filament"
-  spec.version = "1.42.1"
+  spec.version = "1.42.0"
   spec.license = { :type => "Apache 2.0", :file => "LICENSE" }
   spec.homepage = "https://google.github.io/filament"
   spec.authors = "Google LLC."
   spec.summary = "Filament is a real-time physically based rendering engine for Android, iOS, Windows, Linux, macOS, and WASM/WebGL."
   spec.platform = :ios, "11.0"
-  spec.source = { :http => "https://github.com/google/filament/releases/download/v1.42.1/filament-v1.42.1-ios.tgz" }
+  spec.source = { :http => "https://github.com/google/filament/releases/download/v1.42.0/filament-v1.42.0-ios.tgz" }
 
   # Fix linking error with Xcode 12; we do not yet support the simulator on Apple silicon.
   spec.pod_target_xcconfig = {

libs/gltfio/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -120,8 +120,12 @@ build_ubershader(specularGlossiness_masked base            specularGlossiness ma
 build_ubershader(unlit_fade                base            unlit fade)
 build_ubershader(unlit_opaque              base            unlit opaque)
 build_ubershader(unlit_masked              base            unlit masked)
-build_ubershader(volume                    volume          _ _)
+build_ubershader(volume_opaque             volume          lit opaque)
-build_ubershader(transmission              transmission    _ _)
+build_ubershader(volume_fade               volume          lit fade)
+build_ubershader(volume_masked             volume          lit masked)
+build_ubershader(transmission_opaque       transmission    lit opaque)
+build_ubershader(transmission_fade         transmission    lit fade)
+build_ubershader(transmission_masked       transmission    lit masked)
 build_ubershader(sheen                     sheen           _ _)
 
 add_custom_target(uberz_file DEPENDS ${UBERZ_OUTPUT_PATH})

libs/gltfio/materials/transmission.mat.in

@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@ material {
     name : transmission_ubershader,
     requires : [ uv0, uv1, color ],
     shadingModel : lit,
-    blending : masked,
+    blending : ${BLENDING},
-    doubleSided : false,
+    doubleSided : ${DOUBLESIDED},
-    transparency : default,
+    transparency : ${TRANSPARENCY},
     flipUV : false,
     specularAmbientOcclusion : simple,
     specularAntiAliasing : true,

libs/gltfio/materials/transmission.spec.in

@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
 ShadingModel=lit
 
-# Even though the transmission material actually has its
+# Required Aspects
-# blend mode set to "masked", we want the glTF loader to
+BlendingMode = ${BLENDING}
-# think that it is "opaque".
-BlendingMode=opaque
 
 Sheen=unsupported
 Volume=unsupported

libs/gltfio/materials/volume.mat.in

@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@ material {
     name : volume_ubershader,
     requires : [ uv0, uv1, color ],
     shadingModel : lit,
-    blending : masked,
+    blending : ${BLENDING},
-    doubleSided : false,
+    doubleSided : ${DOUBLESIDED},
-    transparency : default,
+    transparency : ${TRANSPARENCY},
     flipUV : false,
     specularAmbientOcclusion : simple,
     specularAntiAliasing : true,

libs/gltfio/materials/volume.spec.in

@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
-ShadingModel=lit
+# Required Aspects
-
+BlendingMode = ${BLENDING}
-# NOTE: this intentionally omits the blending mode spec because
-# Filament requires MASKED blending for KHR_materials_volume.
 
 # Core Features
 VertexColors=optional

libs/gltfio/src/JitShaderProvider.cpp

@@ -461,6 +461,22 @@ Material* createMaterial(Engine* engine, const MaterialKey& config, const UvMap&
         }
     }
 
+    // BLENDING
+    switch (config.alphaMode) {
+        case AlphaMode::OPAQUE:
+            builder.blending(MaterialBuilder::BlendingMode::OPAQUE);
+            break;
+        case AlphaMode::MASK:
+            builder.blending(MaterialBuilder::BlendingMode::MASKED);
+            break;
+        case AlphaMode::BLEND:
+            builder.blending(MaterialBuilder::BlendingMode::FADE);
+            break;
+        default:
+            // Ignore
+            break;
+    }
+
     // TRANSMISSION
     if (config.hasTransmission) {
         // According to KHR_materials_transmission, the minimum expectation for a compliant renderer
@@ -480,24 +496,6 @@ Material* createMaterial(Engine* engine, const MaterialKey& config, const UvMap&
                         MaterialBuilder::ParameterPrecision::HIGH);
             }
         }
-
-        builder.blending(MaterialBuilder::BlendingMode::MASKED);
-    } else {
-        // BLENDING
-        switch (config.alphaMode) {
-            case AlphaMode::OPAQUE:
-                builder.blending(MaterialBuilder::BlendingMode::OPAQUE);
-                break;
-            case AlphaMode::MASK:
-                builder.blending(MaterialBuilder::BlendingMode::MASKED);
-                break;
-            case AlphaMode::BLEND:
-                builder.blending(MaterialBuilder::BlendingMode::FADE);
-                break;
-            default:
-                // Ignore
-                break;
-        }
     }
 
     // VOLUME
@@ -517,8 +515,6 @@ Material* createMaterial(Engine* engine, const MaterialKey& config, const UvMap&
                         MaterialBuilder::ParameterPrecision::HIGH);
             }
         }
-
-        builder.blending(MaterialBuilder::BlendingMode::MASKED);
     }
 
     // IOR

libs/utils/include/utils/CallStack.h

@@ -36,6 +36,13 @@ public:
      * @see CallStack::capture()
      */
     CallStack() = default;
+    template <unsigned long N>
+    explicit CallStack(const std::array<intptr_t, N>& symbols)
+        : m_frame_count(N) {
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < N; i++) {
+            m_stack[i] = symbols[i];
+        }
+    }
     CallStack(const CallStack&) = default;
     ~CallStack() = default;
 
@@ -114,12 +121,10 @@ private:
 
     static constexpr size_t NUM_FRAMES = 20;
 
-    struct StackFrameInfo {
+    using StackFrameInfo = intptr_t;
-        intptr_t pc;
-    };
 
     size_t m_frame_count = 0;
-    StackFrameInfo m_stack[NUM_FRAMES];
+    StackFrameInfo m_stack[NUM_FRAMES] = {0};
 };
 
 } // namespace utils

libs/utils/include/utils/algorithm.h

@@ -199,14 +199,26 @@ RandomAccessIterator partition_point(
     return first;
 }
 
-template <class To, class From>
+template <class Dest, class Source>
-typename std::enable_if_t<
+#if __has_builtin(__builtin_bit_cast)
-    (sizeof(To) == sizeof(From)) &&
+constexpr
-    std::is_trivially_copyable<From>::value,
+#else
-    To>
+inline
-// constexpr support needs compiler magic
+#endif
-bit_cast(const From &src) noexcept {
+Dest bit_cast(const Source& source) noexcept {
-    return reinterpret_cast<const To&>(src);
+#if __has_builtin(__builtin_bit_cast)
+    return __builtin_bit_cast(Dest, source);
+#else
+    static_assert(sizeof(Dest) == sizeof(Source),
+            "bit_cast requires source and destination to be the same size");
+    static_assert(std::is_trivially_copyable_v<Dest>,
+            "bit_cast requires the destination type to be copyable");
+    static_assert(std::is_trivially_copyable_v<Source>,
+            "bit_cast requires the source type to be copyable");
+    Dest dest;
+    memcpy(&dest, &source, sizeof(dest));
+    return dest;
+#endif
 }
 
 } // namespace utils

libs/utils/src/CallStack.cpp

@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ intptr_t CallStack::operator[](size_t index) const {
 #endif
         std::abort();
     }
-    return m_stack[index].pc;
+    return m_stack[index];
 }
 
 size_t CallStack::getFrameCount() const noexcept {
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ void CallStack::update_gcc(size_t ignore) noexcept {
     size -= ignore;
 #endif
     for (ssize_t i = 0; i < size; i++) {
-        m_stack[i].pc = intptr_t(array[ignore + i]);
+        m_stack[i] = intptr_t(array[ignore + i]);
     }
     size--; // the last one seems to always be 0x0
 

libs/viewer/src/Settings_generated.cpp

@@ -868,4 +868,30 @@ std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& out, const SoftShadowOptions& in) {
         << "}";
 }
 
+int parse(jsmntok_t const* tokens, int i, const char* jsonChunk, StereoscopicOptions* out) {
+    CHECK_TOKTYPE(tokens[i], JSMN_OBJECT);
+    int size = tokens[i++].size;
+    for (int j = 0; j < size; ++j) {
+        const jsmntok_t tok = tokens[i];
+        CHECK_KEY(tok);
+        if (compare(tok, jsonChunk, "enabled") == 0) {
+            i = parse(tokens, i + 1, jsonChunk, &out->enabled);
+        } else {
+            slog.w << "Invalid StereoscopicOptions key: '" << STR(tok, jsonChunk) << "'" << io::endl;
+            i = parse(tokens, i + 1);
+        }
+        if (i < 0) {
+            slog.e << "Invalid StereoscopicOptions value: '" << STR(tok, jsonChunk) << "'" << io::endl;
+            return i;
+        }
+    }
+    return i;
+}
+
+std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& out, const StereoscopicOptions& in) {
+    return out << "{\n"
+        << "\"enabled\": " << to_string(in.enabled) << "\n"
+        << "}";
+}
+
 } // namespace filament::viewer

libs/viewer/src/Settings_generated.h

@@ -93,4 +93,7 @@ std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& out, const VsmShadowOptions& in);
 int parse(jsmntok_t const* tokens, int i, const char* jsonChunk, SoftShadowOptions* out);
 std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& out, const SoftShadowOptions& in);
 
+int parse(jsmntok_t const* tokens, int i, const char* jsonChunk, StereoscopicOptions* out);
+std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& out, const StereoscopicOptions& in);
+
 } // namespace filament::viewer

libs/viewer/src/ViewerGui.cpp

@@ -738,8 +738,6 @@ void ViewerGui::updateUserInterface() {
             ImGui::Checkbox("Dithering", &dither);
             enableDithering(dither);
             ImGui::Checkbox("Bloom", &mSettings.view.bloom.enabled);
-            ImGui::Checkbox("Flare", &mSettings.view.bloom.lensFlare);
-
             ImGui::Checkbox("TAA", &mSettings.view.taa.enabled);
             // this clutters the UI and isn't that useful (except when working on TAA)
             //ImGui::Indent();
@@ -758,56 +756,74 @@ void ViewerGui::updateUserInterface() {
         ImGui::Unindent();
 
         ImGui::Checkbox("SSAO", &mSettings.view.ssao.enabled);
-        if (ImGui::CollapsingHeader("SSAO Options")) {
-            auto& ssao = mSettings.view.ssao;
-
-            int quality = (int) ssao.quality;
-            int lowpass = (int) ssao.lowPassFilter;
-            bool upsampling = ssao.upsampling != View::QualityLevel::LOW;
-
-            bool halfRes = ssao.resolution != 1.0f;
-            ImGui::SliderInt("Quality", &quality, 0, 3);
-            ImGui::SliderInt("Low Pass", &lowpass, 0, 2);
-            ImGui::Checkbox("Bent Normals", &ssao.bentNormals);
-            ImGui::Checkbox("High quality upsampling", &upsampling);
-            ImGui::SliderFloat("Min Horizon angle", &ssao.minHorizonAngleRad, 0.0f, (float)M_PI_4);
-            ImGui::SliderFloat("Bilateral Threshold", &ssao.bilateralThreshold, 0.0f, 0.1f);
-            ImGui::Checkbox("Half resolution", &halfRes);
-            ssao.resolution = halfRes ? 0.5f : 1.0f;
-
-
-            ssao.upsampling = upsampling ? View::QualityLevel::HIGH : View::QualityLevel::LOW;
-            ssao.lowPassFilter = (View::QualityLevel) lowpass;
-            ssao.quality = (View::QualityLevel) quality;
-
-            if (ImGui::CollapsingHeader("Dominant Light Shadows (experimental)")) {
-                int sampleCount = ssao.ssct.sampleCount;
-                ImGui::Checkbox("Enabled##dls", &ssao.ssct.enabled);
-                ImGui::SliderFloat("Cone angle", &ssao.ssct.lightConeRad, 0.0f, (float)M_PI_2);
-                ImGui::SliderFloat("Shadow Distance", &ssao.ssct.shadowDistance, 0.0f, 10.0f);
-                ImGui::SliderFloat("Contact dist max", &ssao.ssct.contactDistanceMax, 0.0f, 100.0f);
-                ImGui::SliderFloat("Intensity##dls", &ssao.ssct.intensity, 0.0f, 10.0f);
-                ImGui::SliderFloat("Depth bias", &ssao.ssct.depthBias, 0.0f, 1.0f);
-                ImGui::SliderFloat("Depth slope bias", &ssao.ssct.depthSlopeBias, 0.0f, 1.0f);
-                ImGui::SliderInt("Sample Count", &sampleCount, 1, 32);
-                ImGuiExt::DirectionWidget("Direction##dls", ssao.ssct.lightDirection.v);
-                ssao.ssct.sampleCount = sampleCount;
-            }
-        }
 
         ImGui::Checkbox("Screen-space reflections", &mSettings.view.screenSpaceReflections.enabled);
-        if (ImGui::CollapsingHeader("Screen-space reflections Options")) {
-            auto& ssrefl = mSettings.view.screenSpaceReflections;
-            ImGui::SliderFloat("Ray thickness", &ssrefl.thickness, 0.001f, 0.2f);
-            ImGui::SliderFloat("Bias", &ssrefl.bias, 0.001f, 0.5f);
-            ImGui::SliderFloat("Max distance", &ssrefl.maxDistance, 0.1, 10.0f);
-            ImGui::SliderFloat("Stride", &ssrefl.stride, 1.0, 10.0f);
-        }
         ImGui::Unindent();
 
         ImGui::Checkbox("Screen-space Guard Band", &mSettings.view.guardBand.enabled);
     }
 
+    if (ImGui::CollapsingHeader("Bloom Options")) {
+        ImGui::SliderFloat("Strength", &mSettings.view.bloom.strength, 0.0f, 1.0f);
+        ImGui::Checkbox("Threshold", &mSettings.view.bloom.threshold);
+
+        float anamorphism = mSettings.view.bloom.anamorphism >= 1.0f ?
+                mSettings.view.bloom.anamorphism - 1.0f : 1.0f - 1.0f / mSettings.view.bloom.anamorphism;
+        ImGui::SliderFloat("Amamorphism", &anamorphism, -32.0f, 32.0f);
+        mSettings.view.bloom.anamorphism = anamorphism >= 0 ?
+                (anamorphism + 1.0f) : 1.0f / (1.0f - anamorphism);
+
+        int levels = mSettings.view.bloom.levels;
+        ImGui::SliderInt("Levels", &levels, 3, 11);
+        mSettings.view.bloom.levels = levels;
+
+        ImGui::Checkbox("Lens Flare", &mSettings.view.bloom.lensFlare);
+    }
+
+    if (ImGui::CollapsingHeader("SSAO Options")) {
+        auto& ssao = mSettings.view.ssao;
+
+        int quality = (int) ssao.quality;
+        int lowpass = (int) ssao.lowPassFilter;
+        bool upsampling = ssao.upsampling != View::QualityLevel::LOW;
+
+        bool halfRes = ssao.resolution != 1.0f;
+        ImGui::SliderInt("Quality", &quality, 0, 3);
+        ImGui::SliderInt("Low Pass", &lowpass, 0, 2);
+        ImGui::Checkbox("Bent Normals", &ssao.bentNormals);
+        ImGui::Checkbox("High quality upsampling", &upsampling);
+        ImGui::SliderFloat("Min Horizon angle", &ssao.minHorizonAngleRad, 0.0f, (float)M_PI_4);
+        ImGui::SliderFloat("Bilateral Threshold", &ssao.bilateralThreshold, 0.0f, 0.1f);
+        ImGui::Checkbox("Half resolution", &halfRes);
+        ssao.resolution = halfRes ? 0.5f : 1.0f;
+
+        ssao.upsampling = upsampling ? View::QualityLevel::HIGH : View::QualityLevel::LOW;
+        ssao.lowPassFilter = (View::QualityLevel) lowpass;
+        ssao.quality = (View::QualityLevel) quality;
+
+        if (ImGui::CollapsingHeader("Dominant Light Shadows (experimental)")) {
+            int sampleCount = ssao.ssct.sampleCount;
+            ImGui::Checkbox("Enabled##dls", &ssao.ssct.enabled);
+            ImGui::SliderFloat("Cone angle", &ssao.ssct.lightConeRad, 0.0f, (float)M_PI_2);
+            ImGui::SliderFloat("Shadow Distance", &ssao.ssct.shadowDistance, 0.0f, 10.0f);
+            ImGui::SliderFloat("Contact dist max", &ssao.ssct.contactDistanceMax, 0.0f, 100.0f);
+            ImGui::SliderFloat("Intensity##dls", &ssao.ssct.intensity, 0.0f, 10.0f);
+            ImGui::SliderFloat("Depth bias", &ssao.ssct.depthBias, 0.0f, 1.0f);
+            ImGui::SliderFloat("Depth slope bias", &ssao.ssct.depthSlopeBias, 0.0f, 1.0f);
+            ImGui::SliderInt("Sample Count", &sampleCount, 1, 32);
+            ImGuiExt::DirectionWidget("Direction##dls", ssao.ssct.lightDirection.v);
+            ssao.ssct.sampleCount = sampleCount;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (ImGui::CollapsingHeader("Screen-space reflections Options")) {
+        auto& ssrefl = mSettings.view.screenSpaceReflections;
+        ImGui::SliderFloat("Ray thickness", &ssrefl.thickness, 0.001f, 0.2f);
+        ImGui::SliderFloat("Bias", &ssrefl.bias, 0.001f, 0.5f);
+        ImGui::SliderFloat("Max distance", &ssrefl.maxDistance, 0.1, 10.0f);
+        ImGui::SliderFloat("Stride", &ssrefl.stride, 1.0, 10.0f);
+    }
+
     if (ImGui::CollapsingHeader("Dynamic Resolution")) {
         auto& dsr = mSettings.view.dsr;
         int quality = (int)dsr.quality;

shaders/src/shading_lit.fs

@@ -299,7 +299,10 @@ void addEmissive(const MaterialInputs material, inout vec4 color) {
 #if defined(MATERIAL_HAS_EMISSIVE)
     highp vec4 emissive = material.emissive;
     highp float attenuation = mix(1.0, getExposure(), emissive.w);
-    color.rgb += emissive.rgb * (attenuation * color.a);
+#if defined(BLEND_MODE_TRANSPARENT) || defined(BLEND_MODE_FADE)
+    attenuation *= color.a;
+#endif
+    color.rgb += emissive.rgb * attenuation;
 #endif
 }
 

shaders/src/shading_unlit.fs

@@ -2,7 +2,10 @@ void addEmissive(const MaterialInputs material, inout vec4 color) {
 #if defined(MATERIAL_HAS_EMISSIVE)
     highp vec4 emissive = material.emissive;
     highp float attenuation = mix(1.0, getExposure(), emissive.w);
-    color.rgb += emissive.rgb * (attenuation * color.a);
+#if defined(BLEND_MODE_TRANSPARENT) || defined(BLEND_MODE_FADE)
+    attenuation *= color.a;
+#endif
+    color.rgb += emissive.rgb * attenuation;
 #endif
 }
 

web/filament-js/extensions_generated.js

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ Filament.loadGeneratedExtensions = function() {
             // JavaScript binding for dirt is not yet supported, must use default value.
             // JavaScript binding for dirtStrength is not yet supported, must use default value.
             strength: 0.10,
-            resolution: 360,
+            resolution: 384,
             anamorphism: 1.0,
             levels: 6,
             blendMode: Filament.View$BloomOptions$BlendMode.ADD,
@@ -182,4 +182,11 @@ Filament.loadGeneratedExtensions = function() {
         return Object.assign(options, overrides);
     };
 
+    Filament.View.prototype.setStereoscopicOptionsDefaults = function(overrides) {
+        const options = {
+            enabled: false,
+        };
+        return Object.assign(options, overrides);
+    };
+
 };

web/filament-js/filament.d.ts

@@ -1234,7 +1234,7 @@ export interface View$BloomOptions {
      */
     anamorphism?: number;
     /**
-     * number of blur levels (3 to 11)
+     * number of blur levels (1 to 11)
      */
     levels?: number;
     /**
@@ -1770,3 +1770,10 @@ export interface View$SoftShadowOptions {
      */
     penumbraRatioScale?: number;
 }
+
+/**
+ * Options for stereoscopic (multi-eye) rendering.
+ */
+export interface View$StereoscopicOptions {
+    enabled?: boolean;
+}

web/filament-js/jsbindings_generated.cpp

@@ -148,4 +148,8 @@ value_object<View::SoftShadowOptions>("View$SoftShadowOptions")
     .field("penumbraRatioScale", &View::SoftShadowOptions::penumbraRatioScale)
     ;
 
+value_object<View::StereoscopicOptions>("View$StereoscopicOptions")
+    .field("enabled", &View::StereoscopicOptions::enabled)
+    ;
+
 } // EMSCRIPTEN_BINDINGS

web/filament-js/package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "filament",
-  "version": "1.42.1",
+  "version": "1.42.0",
   "description": "Real-time physically based rendering engine",
   "main": "filament.js",
   "module": "filament.js",