This commit is contained in:
nlohmann
2026-11-05 15:06:10 +00:00
parent 15ab5fa5c1
commit 5531ec9380
7 changed files with 635 additions and 457 deletions
+33 -23
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@@ -1,21 +1,21 @@
<svg class="nj-fig nj-charts nj-charts--compile" viewBox="0 0 470 516" role="img" aria-labelledby="nj-charts-ct nj-charts-ct-d" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
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<title id="nj-charts-ct">Change in compile time against the default configuration at -O0, Apple clang and G&#8203;CC 16</title>
<desc id="nj-charts-ct-d">Grouped horizontal bars, negative is faster. json_fwd.hpp instead of json.hpp on a header-only translation unit: Apple clang -62 %, G&#8203;CC 16 -82 %; extern template on a parsing translation unit: Apple clang -7 %, G&#8203;CC 16 -21 %; JSON_NO_AUTOMATIC_UDLS on a model translation unit: Apple clang -11 %, G&#8203;CC 16 -11 %; JSON_NO_AUTOMATIC_UDLS on a parsing translation unit: Apple clang -1 %, G&#8203;CC 16 -2 %; JSON_HAS_FILESYSTEM=0 + JSON_NO_IO on a model translation unit: Apple clang -8 %, G&#8203;CC 16 -11 %; JSON_HAS_FILESYSTEM=0 on a model translation unit: Apple clang -5 %, G&#8203;CC 16 -9 %; JSON_NO_IO on a model translation unit: Apple clang -2 %, G&#8203;CC 16 -2 %; JSON_USE_GLOBAL_UDLS=0 on a model translation unit: Apple clang 0 %, G&#8203;CC 16 -1 %.</desc>
<desc id="nj-charts-ct-d">Grouped horizontal bars, negative is faster. json_fwd.hpp instead of json.hpp on a header-only translation unit: Apple clang -62 %, G&#8203;CC 16 -82 %; extern template on a parsing translation unit: Apple clang -7 %, G&#8203;CC 16 -21 %; JSON_NO_AUTOMATIC_UDLS on a model translation unit: Apple clang -11 %, G&#8203;CC 16 -11 %; JSON_NO_AUTOMATIC_UDLS on a parsing translation unit: Apple clang -1 %, G&#8203;CC 16 -2 %; JSON_HAS_FILESYSTEM=0 + JSON_NO_IO on a model translation unit: Apple clang -8 %, G&#8203;CC 16 -11 %; JSON_HAS_FILESYSTEM=0 on a model translation unit: Apple clang -5 %, G&#8203;CC 16 -9 %; JSON_HAS_STD_FORMAT=0 on a model translation unit: Apple clang -1 %, G&#8203;CC 16 -4 %; JSON_HAS_RANGES=0 on a model translation unit: Apple clang -4 %, G&#8203;CC 16 -1 %; JSON_NO_IO on a model translation unit: Apple clang -2 %, G&#8203;CC 16 -2 %; JSON_USE_GLOBAL_UDLS=0 on a model translation unit: Apple clang 0 %, G&#8203;CC 16 -1 %.</desc>
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<text class="nj-charts-leg" x="26" y="20.5">Apple clang</text>
<rect class="nj-charts-gcc" x="126" y="10" width="12" height="12" rx="3"/>
<text class="nj-charts-leg" x="144" y="20.5">G&#8203;CC 16</text>
<line class="nj-charts-grid" x1="47.4" y1="58" x2="47.4" y2="472"/>
<text class="nj-charts-tick" x="47.4" y="488">&#8722;80 %</text>
<line class="nj-charts-grid" x1="126.2" y1="58" x2="126.2" y2="472"/>
<text class="nj-charts-tick" x="126.2" y="488">&#8722;60 %</text>
<line class="nj-charts-grid" x1="205" y1="58" x2="205" y2="472"/>
<text class="nj-charts-tick" x="205" y="488">&#8722;40 %</text>
<line class="nj-charts-grid" x1="283.8" y1="58" x2="283.8" y2="472"/>
<text class="nj-charts-tick" x="283.8" y="488">&#8722;20 %</text>
<text class="nj-charts-tick" x="362.6" y="488">0 %</text>
<text class="nj-charts-tick nj-charts-tick--l" x="8" y="506">&#8592; faster</text>
<text class="nj-charts-tick nj-charts-tick--r" x="462" y="506">slower &#8594;</text>
<line class="nj-charts-grid" x1="47.4" y1="58" x2="47.4" y2="576"/>
<text class="nj-charts-tick" x="47.4" y="592">&#8722;80 %</text>
<line class="nj-charts-grid" x1="126.2" y1="58" x2="126.2" y2="576"/>
<text class="nj-charts-tick" x="126.2" y="592">&#8722;60 %</text>
<line class="nj-charts-grid" x1="205" y1="58" x2="205" y2="576"/>
<text class="nj-charts-tick" x="205" y="592">&#8722;40 %</text>
<line class="nj-charts-grid" x1="283.8" y1="58" x2="283.8" y2="576"/>
<text class="nj-charts-tick" x="283.8" y="592">&#8722;20 %</text>
<text class="nj-charts-tick" x="362.6" y="592">0 %</text>
<text class="nj-charts-tick nj-charts-tick--l" x="8" y="610">&#8592; faster</text>
<text class="nj-charts-tick nj-charts-tick--r" x="462" y="610">slower &#8594;</text>
<text class="nj-charts-rowlabel" x="8" y="62"><tspan class="nj-charts-code">json_fwd.hpp instead of json.hpp</tspan><tspan class="nj-charts-sub"> &#183; header-only TU</tspan></text>
<path class="nj-charts-clang" d="M362.6 70 H122.32 Q118.32 70 118.32 74 V78 Q118.32 82 122.32 82 H362.6 Z"><title>json_fwd.hpp instead of json.hpp, header-only TU (Apple clang): &#8722;62 %</title></path>
<text class="nj-charts-val" x="367.6" y="80.5">&#8722;62 %</text>
@@ -46,15 +46,25 @@
<text class="nj-charts-val" x="367.6" y="340.5">&#8722;5 %</text>
<path class="nj-charts-gcc" d="M362.6 344 H331.14 Q327.14 344 327.14 348 V352 Q327.14 356 331.14 356 H362.6 Z"><title>JSON_HAS_FILESYSTEM=0, model TU (G&#8203;CC 16): &#8722;9 %</title></path>
<text class="nj-charts-val" x="367.6" y="354.5">&#8722;9 %</text>
<text class="nj-charts-rowlabel" x="8" y="374"><tspan class="nj-charts-code">JSON_NO_IO</tspan><tspan class="nj-charts-sub"> &#183; model TU*</tspan></text>
<path class="nj-charts-clang" d="M362.6 382 H358.72 Q354.72 382 354.72 386 V390 Q354.72 394 358.72 394 H362.6 Z"><title>JSON_NO_IO, model TU (Apple clang): &#8722;2 %</title></path>
<text class="nj-charts-val" x="367.6" y="392.5">&#8722;2 %</text>
<path class="nj-charts-gcc" d="M362.6 396 H358.72 Q354.72 396 354.72 400 V404 Q354.72 408 358.72 408 H362.6 Z"><title>JSON_NO_IO, model TU (G&#8203;CC 16): &#8722;2 %</title></path>
<text class="nj-charts-val" x="367.6" y="406.5">&#8722;2 %</text>
<text class="nj-charts-rowlabel" x="8" y="426"><tspan class="nj-charts-code">JSON_USE_GLOBAL_UDLS=0</tspan><tspan class="nj-charts-sub"> &#183; model TU*</tspan></text>
<path class="nj-charts-clang" d="M362.6 434 h0.5 v12 h-0.5 Z"><title>JSON_USE_GLOBAL_UDLS=0, model TU (Apple clang): 0 %</title></path>
<text class="nj-charts-val" x="367.6" y="444.5">0 %</text>
<path class="nj-charts-gcc" d="M362.6 448 H362.6 Q358.66 448 358.66 451.94 V456.06 Q358.66 460 362.6 460 H362.6 Z"><title>JSON_USE_GLOBAL_UDLS=0, model TU (G&#8203;CC 16): &#8722;1 %</title></path>
<text class="nj-charts-rowlabel" x="8" y="374"><tspan class="nj-charts-code">JSON_HAS_STD_FORMAT=0</tspan><tspan class="nj-charts-sub"> &#183; model TU</tspan></text>
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<text class="nj-charts-val" x="367.6" y="392.5">&#8722;1 %</text>
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<text class="nj-charts-val" x="367.6" y="406.5">&#8722;4 %</text>
<text class="nj-charts-rowlabel" x="8" y="426"><tspan class="nj-charts-code">JSON_HAS_RANGES=0</tspan><tspan class="nj-charts-sub"> &#183; model TU</tspan></text>
<path class="nj-charts-clang" d="M362.6 434 H350.84 Q346.84 434 346.84 438 V442 Q346.84 446 350.84 446 H362.6 Z"><title>JSON_HAS_RANGES=0, model TU (Apple clang): &#8722;4 %</title></path>
<text class="nj-charts-val" x="367.6" y="444.5">&#8722;4 %</text>
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<text class="nj-charts-val" x="367.6" y="458.5">&#8722;1 %</text>
<line class="nj-charts-zero" x1="362.6" y1="58" x2="362.6" y2="472"/>
<text class="nj-charts-rowlabel" x="8" y="478"><tspan class="nj-charts-code">JSON_NO_IO</tspan><tspan class="nj-charts-sub"> &#183; model TU*</tspan></text>
<path class="nj-charts-clang" d="M362.6 486 H358.72 Q354.72 486 354.72 490 V494 Q354.72 498 358.72 498 H362.6 Z"><title>JSON_NO_IO, model TU (Apple clang): &#8722;2 %</title></path>
<text class="nj-charts-val" x="367.6" y="496.5">&#8722;2 %</text>
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<text class="nj-charts-val" x="367.6" y="510.5">&#8722;2 %</text>
<text class="nj-charts-rowlabel" x="8" y="530"><tspan class="nj-charts-code">JSON_USE_GLOBAL_UDLS=0</tspan><tspan class="nj-charts-sub"> &#183; model TU*</tspan></text>
<path class="nj-charts-clang" d="M362.6 538 h0.5 v12 h-0.5 Z"><title>JSON_USE_GLOBAL_UDLS=0, model TU (Apple clang): 0 %</title></path>
<text class="nj-charts-val" x="367.6" y="548.5">0 %</text>
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<text class="nj-charts-val" x="367.6" y="562.5">&#8722;1 %</text>
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+124 -24
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@@ -11,6 +11,11 @@ that cost, ordered by how much they typically save.
16.2.0 on macOS (Apple M1 Max). All configurations were run interleaved, in alternating order. They show the order
of magnitude to expect; measure your own code before and after a change.
The two sections on `std::format` and ranges apply to C++20 only and were measured with `-std=c++20`, so their
baselines are slower than the others. Their differences are mostly within the run-to-run noise of a few percent:
two complete runs of the same configuration differed by up to 10% in the median. The tables show the later run (one
outlier cell was repeated).
The translation units are listed below. They replace the ones used for earlier versions of this page, whose
sources were not published, so the numbers differ from earlier versions.
@@ -63,24 +68,24 @@ that cost, ordered by how much they typically save.
```
<div class="nj-fig-wrap" markdown>
<svg class="nj-fig nj-charts nj-charts--compile" viewBox="0 0 470 516" role="img" aria-labelledby="nj-charts-ct nj-charts-ct-d" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<svg class="nj-fig nj-charts nj-charts--compile" viewBox="0 0 470 620" role="img" aria-labelledby="nj-charts-ct nj-charts-ct-d" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<title id="nj-charts-ct">Change in compile time against the default configuration at -O0, Apple clang and G&#8203;CC 16</title>
<desc id="nj-charts-ct-d">Grouped horizontal bars, negative is faster. json_fwd.hpp instead of json.hpp on a header-only translation unit: Apple clang -62 %, G&#8203;CC 16 -82 %; extern template on a parsing translation unit: Apple clang -7 %, G&#8203;CC 16 -21 %; JSON_NO_AUTOMATIC_UDLS on a model translation unit: Apple clang -11 %, G&#8203;CC 16 -11 %; JSON_NO_AUTOMATIC_UDLS on a parsing translation unit: Apple clang -1 %, G&#8203;CC 16 -2 %; JSON_HAS_FILESYSTEM=0 + JSON_NO_IO on a model translation unit: Apple clang -8 %, G&#8203;CC 16 -11 %; JSON_HAS_FILESYSTEM=0 on a model translation unit: Apple clang -5 %, G&#8203;CC 16 -9 %; JSON_NO_IO on a model translation unit: Apple clang -2 %, G&#8203;CC 16 -2 %; JSON_USE_GLOBAL_UDLS=0 on a model translation unit: Apple clang 0 %, G&#8203;CC 16 -1 %.</desc>
<desc id="nj-charts-ct-d">Grouped horizontal bars, negative is faster. json_fwd.hpp instead of json.hpp on a header-only translation unit: Apple clang -62 %, G&#8203;CC 16 -82 %; extern template on a parsing translation unit: Apple clang -7 %, G&#8203;CC 16 -21 %; JSON_NO_AUTOMATIC_UDLS on a model translation unit: Apple clang -11 %, G&#8203;CC 16 -11 %; JSON_NO_AUTOMATIC_UDLS on a parsing translation unit: Apple clang -1 %, G&#8203;CC 16 -2 %; JSON_HAS_FILESYSTEM=0 + JSON_NO_IO on a model translation unit: Apple clang -8 %, G&#8203;CC 16 -11 %; JSON_HAS_FILESYSTEM=0 on a model translation unit: Apple clang -5 %, G&#8203;CC 16 -9 %; JSON_HAS_STD_FORMAT=0 on a model translation unit: Apple clang -1 %, G&#8203;CC 16 -4 %; JSON_HAS_RANGES=0 on a model translation unit: Apple clang -4 %, G&#8203;CC 16 -1 %; JSON_NO_IO on a model translation unit: Apple clang -2 %, G&#8203;CC 16 -2 %; JSON_USE_GLOBAL_UDLS=0 on a model translation unit: Apple clang 0 %, G&#8203;CC 16 -1 %.</desc>
<rect class="nj-charts-clang" x="8" y="10" width="12" height="12" rx="3"/>
<text class="nj-charts-leg" x="26" y="20.5">Apple clang</text>
<rect class="nj-charts-gcc" x="126" y="10" width="12" height="12" rx="3"/>
<text class="nj-charts-leg" x="144" y="20.5">G&#8203;CC 16</text>
<line class="nj-charts-grid" x1="47.4" y1="58" x2="47.4" y2="472"/>
<text class="nj-charts-tick" x="47.4" y="488">&#8722;80 %</text>
<line class="nj-charts-grid" x1="126.2" y1="58" x2="126.2" y2="472"/>
<text class="nj-charts-tick" x="126.2" y="488">&#8722;60 %</text>
<line class="nj-charts-grid" x1="205" y1="58" x2="205" y2="472"/>
<text class="nj-charts-tick" x="205" y="488">&#8722;40 %</text>
<line class="nj-charts-grid" x1="283.8" y1="58" x2="283.8" y2="472"/>
<text class="nj-charts-tick" x="283.8" y="488">&#8722;20 %</text>
<text class="nj-charts-tick" x="362.6" y="488">0 %</text>
<text class="nj-charts-tick nj-charts-tick--l" x="8" y="506">&#8592; faster</text>
<text class="nj-charts-tick nj-charts-tick--r" x="462" y="506">slower &#8594;</text>
<line class="nj-charts-grid" x1="47.4" y1="58" x2="47.4" y2="576"/>
<text class="nj-charts-tick" x="47.4" y="592">&#8722;80 %</text>
<line class="nj-charts-grid" x1="126.2" y1="58" x2="126.2" y2="576"/>
<text class="nj-charts-tick" x="126.2" y="592">&#8722;60 %</text>
<line class="nj-charts-grid" x1="205" y1="58" x2="205" y2="576"/>
<text class="nj-charts-tick" x="205" y="592">&#8722;40 %</text>
<line class="nj-charts-grid" x1="283.8" y1="58" x2="283.8" y2="576"/>
<text class="nj-charts-tick" x="283.8" y="592">&#8722;20 %</text>
<text class="nj-charts-tick" x="362.6" y="592">0 %</text>
<text class="nj-charts-tick nj-charts-tick--l" x="8" y="610">&#8592; faster</text>
<text class="nj-charts-tick nj-charts-tick--r" x="462" y="610">slower &#8594;</text>
<text class="nj-charts-rowlabel" x="8" y="62"><tspan class="nj-charts-code">json_fwd.hpp instead of json.hpp</tspan><tspan class="nj-charts-sub"> &#183; header-only TU</tspan></text>
<path class="nj-charts-clang" d="M362.6 70 H122.32 Q118.32 70 118.32 74 V78 Q118.32 82 122.32 82 H362.6 Z"><title>json_fwd.hpp instead of json.hpp, header-only TU (Apple clang): &#8722;62 %</title></path>
<text class="nj-charts-val" x="367.6" y="80.5">&#8722;62 %</text>
@@ -111,22 +116,33 @@ that cost, ordered by how much they typically save.
<text class="nj-charts-val" x="367.6" y="340.5">&#8722;5 %</text>
<path class="nj-charts-gcc" d="M362.6 344 H331.14 Q327.14 344 327.14 348 V352 Q327.14 356 331.14 356 H362.6 Z"><title>JSON_HAS_FILESYSTEM=0, model TU (G&#8203;CC 16): &#8722;9 %</title></path>
<text class="nj-charts-val" x="367.6" y="354.5">&#8722;9 %</text>
<text class="nj-charts-rowlabel" x="8" y="374"><tspan class="nj-charts-code">JSON_NO_IO</tspan><tspan class="nj-charts-sub"> &#183; model TU*</tspan></text>
<path class="nj-charts-clang" d="M362.6 382 H358.72 Q354.72 382 354.72 386 V390 Q354.72 394 358.72 394 H362.6 Z"><title>JSON_NO_IO, model TU (Apple clang): &#8722;2 %</title></path>
<text class="nj-charts-val" x="367.6" y="392.5">&#8722;2 %</text>
<path class="nj-charts-gcc" d="M362.6 396 H358.72 Q354.72 396 354.72 400 V404 Q354.72 408 358.72 408 H362.6 Z"><title>JSON_NO_IO, model TU (G&#8203;CC 16): &#8722;2 %</title></path>
<text class="nj-charts-val" x="367.6" y="406.5">&#8722;2 %</text>
<text class="nj-charts-rowlabel" x="8" y="426"><tspan class="nj-charts-code">JSON_USE_GLOBAL_UDLS=0</tspan><tspan class="nj-charts-sub"> &#183; model TU*</tspan></text>
<path class="nj-charts-clang" d="M362.6 434 h0.5 v12 h-0.5 Z"><title>JSON_USE_GLOBAL_UDLS=0, model TU (Apple clang): 0 %</title></path>
<text class="nj-charts-val" x="367.6" y="444.5">0 %</text>
<path class="nj-charts-gcc" d="M362.6 448 H362.6 Q358.66 448 358.66 451.94 V456.06 Q358.66 460 362.6 460 H362.6 Z"><title>JSON_USE_GLOBAL_UDLS=0, model TU (G&#8203;CC 16): &#8722;1 %</title></path>
<text class="nj-charts-rowlabel" x="8" y="374"><tspan class="nj-charts-code">JSON_HAS_STD_FORMAT=0</tspan><tspan class="nj-charts-sub"> &#183; model TU</tspan></text>
<path class="nj-charts-clang" d="M362.6 382 H362.6 Q358.66 382 358.66 385.94 V390.06 Q358.66 394 362.6 394 H362.6 Z"><title>JSON_HAS_STD_FORMAT=0, model TU (Apple clang): &#8722;1 %</title></path>
<text class="nj-charts-val" x="367.6" y="392.5">&#8722;1 %</text>
<path class="nj-charts-gcc" d="M362.6 396 H350.84 Q346.84 396 346.84 400 V404 Q346.84 408 350.84 408 H362.6 Z"><title>JSON_HAS_STD_FORMAT=0, model TU (G&#8203;CC 16): &#8722;4 %</title></path>
<text class="nj-charts-val" x="367.6" y="406.5">&#8722;4 %</text>
<text class="nj-charts-rowlabel" x="8" y="426"><tspan class="nj-charts-code">JSON_HAS_RANGES=0</tspan><tspan class="nj-charts-sub"> &#183; model TU</tspan></text>
<path class="nj-charts-clang" d="M362.6 434 H350.84 Q346.84 434 346.84 438 V442 Q346.84 446 350.84 446 H362.6 Z"><title>JSON_HAS_RANGES=0, model TU (Apple clang): &#8722;4 %</title></path>
<text class="nj-charts-val" x="367.6" y="444.5">&#8722;4 %</text>
<path class="nj-charts-gcc" d="M362.6 448 H362.6 Q358.66 448 358.66 451.94 V456.06 Q358.66 460 362.6 460 H362.6 Z"><title>JSON_HAS_RANGES=0, model TU (G&#8203;CC 16): &#8722;1 %</title></path>
<text class="nj-charts-val" x="367.6" y="458.5">&#8722;1 %</text>
<line class="nj-charts-zero" x1="362.6" y1="58" x2="362.6" y2="472"/>
<text class="nj-charts-rowlabel" x="8" y="478"><tspan class="nj-charts-code">JSON_NO_IO</tspan><tspan class="nj-charts-sub"> &#183; model TU*</tspan></text>
<path class="nj-charts-clang" d="M362.6 486 H358.72 Q354.72 486 354.72 490 V494 Q354.72 498 358.72 498 H362.6 Z"><title>JSON_NO_IO, model TU (Apple clang): &#8722;2 %</title></path>
<text class="nj-charts-val" x="367.6" y="496.5">&#8722;2 %</text>
<path class="nj-charts-gcc" d="M362.6 500 H358.72 Q354.72 500 354.72 504 V508 Q354.72 512 358.72 512 H362.6 Z"><title>JSON_NO_IO, model TU (G&#8203;CC 16): &#8722;2 %</title></path>
<text class="nj-charts-val" x="367.6" y="510.5">&#8722;2 %</text>
<text class="nj-charts-rowlabel" x="8" y="530"><tspan class="nj-charts-code">JSON_USE_GLOBAL_UDLS=0</tspan><tspan class="nj-charts-sub"> &#183; model TU*</tspan></text>
<path class="nj-charts-clang" d="M362.6 538 h0.5 v12 h-0.5 Z"><title>JSON_USE_GLOBAL_UDLS=0, model TU (Apple clang): 0 %</title></path>
<text class="nj-charts-val" x="367.6" y="548.5">0 %</text>
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<text class="nj-charts-val" x="367.6" y="562.5">&#8722;1 %</text>
<line class="nj-charts-zero" x1="362.6" y1="58" x2="362.6" y2="576"/>
</svg>
</div>
<p class="nj-charts-caption" markdown>Change in compile time at `-O0` against the default configuration of the same
translation unit, taken from the tables below (medians of nine runs, see above). * computed from the milliseconds in
translation unit, taken from the tables below (medians of nine runs, see above; the `std::format` and ranges rows are
measured with `-std=c++20`). * computed from the milliseconds in
[Options without effect on compile times](#options-without-effect-on-compile-times).</p>
## Include `json_fwd.hpp` in headers
@@ -274,6 +290,88 @@ from and to `std::string`; whether that fallback exists depends on the platform'
(`std::wstring` on Windows), so check code that converts paths. `JSON_NO_IO` additionally removes all stream
functions (see [Options without effect](#options-without-effect-on-compile-times)).
## Switch off `std::format` support
With C++20 and a standard library that provides `<format>`, the library includes it to provide a
[`std::formatter<basic_json>`](../api/basic_json/std_formatter.md) specialization (see
[`JSON_HAS_STD_FORMAT`](../api/macros/json_has_std_format.md)). If you do not format JSON values with `std::format`,
switch the detection off for the whole project:
```cmake
target_compile_definitions(my_target PRIVATE JSON_HAS_STD_FORMAT=0)
```
| Compiler | Translation unit | Default (`-O0` / `-O2`) | `std::format` off (`-O0` / `-O2`) | Change |
|-------------|------------------|------------------------:|----------------------------------:|-----------:|
| Apple clang | model | 1283 ms / 1544 ms | 1269 ms / 1539 ms | −1% / 0% |
| GCC 16 | model | 2026 ms / 2482 ms | 1944 ms / 2416 ms | −4% / −3% |
| Apple clang | parsing | 1350 ms / 2278 ms | 1347 ms / 2300 ms | 0% / +1% |
| GCC 16 | parsing | 2715 ms / 4351 ms | 2644 ms / 4287 ms | −3% / −1% |
<p class="nj-table-caption" markdown>Compile time with `JSON_HAS_STD_FORMAT=0` against the default configuration, both with `-std=c++20`, at `-O0` and `-O2`.</p>
The saving is small, and only GCC shows it: libstdc++'s `<format>` is an additional header that nothing else in the
translation unit includes, so the macro removes it (and the headers it pulls in). With libc++ (Apple clang), other
standard headers include `<format>` anyway, so the macro only removes the library's own formatter, and the difference is
within the noise.
The trade-off: the `std::formatter<basic_json>` specialization is removed, so `#!cpp std::format("{}", j)`,
and `#!cpp std::format_to` with a JSON value no longer compile (in a test with both compilers on
macOS, the error was that `std::formatter` must be specialized for the type). Use [`dump()`](../api/basic_json/dump.md),
or the stream operators, instead.
## Switch off ranges support
With C++20 and a standard library that provides `<ranges>`, the library includes it to declare the
[`items()`](../api/basic_json/items.md) proxy a *borrowed range*, and uses the `std::ranges` concepts and algorithms for
construction from range views and for iterator input (see [`JSON_HAS_RANGES`](../api/macros/json_has_ranges.md)). If you
do not need these, switch the detection off for the whole project:
```cmake
target_compile_definitions(my_target PRIVATE JSON_HAS_RANGES=0)
```
| Compiler | Translation unit | Default (`-O0` / `-O2`) | Ranges off (`-O0` / `-O2`) | Change |
|-------------|------------------|------------------------:|---------------------------:|-----------:|
| Apple clang | model | 1283 ms / 1544 ms | 1237 ms / 1495 ms | −4% / −3% |
| GCC 16 | model | 2026 ms / 2482 ms | 2004 ms / 2464 ms | −1% / −1% |
| Apple clang | parsing | 1350 ms / 2278 ms | 1311 ms / 2284 ms | −3% / 0% |
| GCC 16 | parsing | 2715 ms / 4351 ms | 2705 ms / 4427 ms | 0% / +2% |
<p class="nj-table-caption" markdown>Compile time with `JSON_HAS_RANGES=0` against the default configuration, both with `-std=c++20`, at `-O0` and `-O2`.</p>
The saving is small as well, and with GCC it is not distinguishable from the noise: its `<format>` includes `<span>`,
so with `std::format` support left on, part of the ranges machinery is still parsed.
Both macros together save more than either alone:
```cmake
target_compile_definitions(my_target PRIVATE JSON_HAS_STD_FORMAT=0 JSON_HAS_RANGES=0)
```
| Compiler | Translation unit | Default (`-O0` / `-O2`) | Both off (`-O0` / `-O2`) | Change |
|-------------|------------------|------------------------:|-------------------------:|-----------:|
| Apple clang | model | 1283 ms / 1544 ms | 1223 ms / 1504 ms | −5% / −3% |
| GCC 16 | model | 2026 ms / 2482 ms | 1914 ms / 2378 ms | −6% / −4% |
| Apple clang | parsing | 1350 ms / 2278 ms | 1311 ms / 2271 ms | −3% / 0% |
| GCC 16 | parsing | 2715 ms / 4351 ms | 2635 ms / 4260 ms | −3% / −2% |
<p class="nj-table-caption" markdown>Compile time with `JSON_HAS_STD_FORMAT=0` and `JSON_HAS_RANGES=0` against the default configuration, both with `-std=c++20`, at `-O0` and `-O2`.</p>
The trade-offs of `JSON_HAS_RANGES=0` are larger than those of the other options on this page:
- `items()` is no longer a borrowed range. On a temporary, `#!cpp std::ranges::begin(make_json().items())` no longer
compiles, and `std::ranges` algorithms such as `#!cpp std::ranges::find_if(make_json().items(), pred)` return
`std::ranges::dangling` instead of an iterator, so code that uses the result no longer compiles. Calling them on
`#!cpp j.items()` for a named `j` is not affected.
- [`JSON_HAS_RANGE_VIEW_CONVERSION`](../api/macros/json_has_range_view_conversion.md) becomes `0`, so a JSON array can no
longer be constructed from a `std::ranges::view` such as the result of `std::views::filter`. The assignment
`#!cpp json j = v | std::views::filter(pred);` no longer compiles.
- Parsing from an iterator pair loses the C++20 fast path for contiguous iterators that are not pointers (for
example those of `std::vector`) and falls back to byte-at-a-time scanning. The result is the same; parsing may be
slower (not measured here).
The first two were checked with both compilers on macOS; the third is read from the library's source.
## Use C++20 modules
With a toolchain that supports named modules, `import nlohmann.json;` compiles the library once into a module and
@@ -463,6 +561,8 @@ and −2% / 0% (GCC). To get a saving, combine it with
- [`JSON_HAS_FILESYSTEM`](../api/macros/json_has_filesystem.md) - control the conversions from and to
`std::filesystem::path`
- [`JSON_HAS_STD_FORMAT`](../api/macros/json_has_std_format.md) - control the `std::formatter` specialization
- [`JSON_HAS_RANGES`](../api/macros/json_has_ranges.md) - control the use of `std::ranges`
- [`JSON_NO_AUTOMATIC_UDLS`](../api/macros/json_no_automatic_udls.md) - do not include the user-defined string
literals automatically
- [Modules](../features/modules.md) - C++20 module support
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@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@ Measurements
The numbers below are medians of the wall-clock time of nine runs compiling a single translation unit with `-std=c++17 -c` against the single-header version, with Apple clang 21.0.0 (clang-2100.3.34.2) and Homebrew GCC 16.2.0 on macOS (Apple M1 Max). All configurations were run interleaved, in alternating order. They show the order of magnitude to expect; measure your own code before and after a change.
The two sections on `std::format` and ranges apply to C++20 only and were measured with `-std=c++20`, so their baselines are slower than the others. Their differences are mostly within the run-to-run noise of a few percent: two complete runs of the same configuration differed by up to 10% in the median. The tables show the later run (one outlier cell was repeated).
The translation units are listed below. They replace the ones used for earlier versions of this page, whose sources were not published, so the numbers differ from earlier versions.
Measured translation units
@@ -61,7 +63,7 @@ void to_json(nlohmann::json& j, const person& p);
void from_json(const nlohmann::json& j, person& p);
```
Change in compile time at `-O0` against the default configuration of the same translation unit, taken from the tables below (medians of nine runs, see above). * computed from the milliseconds in [Options without effect on compile times](#options-without-effect-on-compile-times).
Change in compile time at `-O0` against the default configuration of the same translation unit, taken from the tables below (medians of nine runs, see above; the `std::format` and ranges rows are measured with `-std=c++20`). * computed from the milliseconds in [Options without effect on compile times](#options-without-effect-on-compile-times).
## Include `json_fwd.hpp` in headers
@@ -192,6 +194,67 @@ Compile time with filesystem support switched off and `JSON_NO_IO` defined, agai
The trade-off: the library's own `to_json`/`from_json` overloads for `std::filesystem::path` (which store the path as UTF-8) are removed. In a test with both compilers on macOS, paths still converted through their implicit conversion from and to `std::string`; whether that fallback exists depends on the platform's native path string type (`std::wstring` on Windows), so check code that converts paths. `JSON_NO_IO` additionally removes all stream functions (see [Options without effect](#options-without-effect-on-compile-times)).
## Switch off `std::format` support
With C++20 and a standard library that provides `<format>`, the library includes it to provide a [`std::formatter<basic_json>`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/std_formatter/index.md) specialization (see [`JSON_HAS_STD_FORMAT`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/macros/json_has_std_format/index.md)). If you do not format JSON values with `std::format`, switch the detection off for the whole project:
```
target_compile_definitions(my_target PRIVATE JSON_HAS_STD_FORMAT=0)
```
| Compiler | Translation unit | Default (`-O0` / `-O2`) | `std::format` off (`-O0` / `-O2`) | Change |
| ----------- | ---------------- | ----------------------- | --------------------------------- | --------- |
| Apple clang | model | 1283 ms / 1544 ms | 1269 ms / 1539 ms | −1% / 0% |
| GCC 16 | model | 2026 ms / 2482 ms | 1944 ms / 2416 ms | −4% / −3% |
| Apple clang | parsing | 1350 ms / 2278 ms | 1347 ms / 2300 ms | 0% / +1% |
| GCC 16 | parsing | 2715 ms / 4351 ms | 2644 ms / 4287 ms | −3% / −1% |
Compile time with `JSON_HAS_STD_FORMAT=0` against the default configuration, both with `-std=c++20`, at `-O0` and `-O2`.
The saving is small, and only GCC shows it: libstdc++'s `<format>` is an additional header that nothing else in the translation unit includes, so the macro removes it (and the headers it pulls in). With libc++ (Apple clang), other standard headers include `<format>` anyway, so the macro only removes the library's own formatter, and the difference is within the noise.
The trade-off: the `std::formatter<basic_json>` specialization is removed, so `std::format("{}", j)`, and `std::format_to` with a JSON value no longer compile (in a test with both compilers on macOS, the error was that `std::formatter` must be specialized for the type). Use [`dump()`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/dump/index.md), or the stream operators, instead.
## Switch off ranges support
With C++20 and a standard library that provides `<ranges>`, the library includes it to declare the [`items()`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/items/index.md) proxy a *borrowed range*, and uses the `std::ranges` concepts and algorithms for construction from range views and for iterator input (see [`JSON_HAS_RANGES`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/macros/json_has_ranges/index.md)). If you do not need these, switch the detection off for the whole project:
```
target_compile_definitions(my_target PRIVATE JSON_HAS_RANGES=0)
```
| Compiler | Translation unit | Default (`-O0` / `-O2`) | Ranges off (`-O0` / `-O2`) | Change |
| ----------- | ---------------- | ----------------------- | -------------------------- | --------- |
| Apple clang | model | 1283 ms / 1544 ms | 1237 ms / 1495 ms | −4% / −3% |
| GCC 16 | model | 2026 ms / 2482 ms | 2004 ms / 2464 ms | −1% / −1% |
| Apple clang | parsing | 1350 ms / 2278 ms | 1311 ms / 2284 ms | −3% / 0% |
| GCC 16 | parsing | 2715 ms / 4351 ms | 2705 ms / 4427 ms | 0% / +2% |
Compile time with `JSON_HAS_RANGES=0` against the default configuration, both with `-std=c++20`, at `-O0` and `-O2`.
The saving is small as well, and with GCC it is not distinguishable from the noise: its `<format>` includes `<span>`, so with `std::format` support left on, part of the ranges machinery is still parsed. Both macros together save more than either alone:
```
target_compile_definitions(my_target PRIVATE JSON_HAS_STD_FORMAT=0 JSON_HAS_RANGES=0)
```
| Compiler | Translation unit | Default (`-O0` / `-O2`) | Both off (`-O0` / `-O2`) | Change |
| ----------- | ---------------- | ----------------------- | ------------------------ | --------- |
| Apple clang | model | 1283 ms / 1544 ms | 1223 ms / 1504 ms | −5% / −3% |
| GCC 16 | model | 2026 ms / 2482 ms | 1914 ms / 2378 ms | −6% / −4% |
| Apple clang | parsing | 1350 ms / 2278 ms | 1311 ms / 2271 ms | −3% / 0% |
| GCC 16 | parsing | 2715 ms / 4351 ms | 2635 ms / 4260 ms | −3% / −2% |
Compile time with `JSON_HAS_STD_FORMAT=0` and `JSON_HAS_RANGES=0` against the default configuration, both with `-std=c++20`, at `-O0` and `-O2`.
The trade-offs of `JSON_HAS_RANGES=0` are larger than those of the other options on this page:
- `items()` is no longer a borrowed range. On a temporary, `std::ranges::begin(make_json().items())` no longer compiles, and `std::ranges` algorithms such as `std::ranges::find_if(make_json().items(), pred)` return `std::ranges::dangling` instead of an iterator, so code that uses the result no longer compiles. Calling them on `j.items()` for a named `j` is not affected.
- [`JSON_HAS_RANGE_VIEW_CONVERSION`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/macros/json_has_range_view_conversion/index.md) becomes `0`, so a JSON array can no longer be constructed from a `std::ranges::view` such as the result of `std::views::filter`. The assignment `json j = v | std::views::filter(pred);` no longer compiles.
- Parsing from an iterator pair loses the C++20 fast path for contiguous iterators that are not pointers (for example those of `std::vector`) and falls back to byte-at-a-time scanning. The result is the same; parsing may be slower (not measured here).
The first two were checked with both compilers on macOS; the third is read from the library's source.
## Use C++20 modules
With a toolchain that supports named modules, `import nlohmann.json;` compiles the library once into a module and avoids parsing the header in every translation unit. See [Modules](https://json.nlohmann.me/features/modules/index.md) for requirements and known issues. Module support is experimental and currently depends heavily on the compiler version.
@@ -290,6 +353,8 @@ Compile time of the model translation unit with each macro defined; the first ro
## See also
- [`JSON_HAS_FILESYSTEM`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/macros/json_has_filesystem/index.md) - control the conversions from and to `std::filesystem::path`
- [`JSON_HAS_STD_FORMAT`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/macros/json_has_std_format/index.md) - control the `std::formatter` specialization
- [`JSON_HAS_RANGES`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/macros/json_has_ranges/index.md) - control the use of `std::ranges`
- [`JSON_NO_AUTOMATIC_UDLS`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/macros/json_no_automatic_udls/index.md) - do not include the user-defined string literals automatically
- [Modules](https://json.nlohmann.me/features/modules/index.md) - C++20 module support
- [Header only](https://json.nlohmann.me/integration/index.md) - including the library
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