json/docs/mkdocs/docs/api/operator_gtgt.md

# <small>nlohmann::</small>operator>>(basic_json)

```cpp
std::istream& operator>>(std::istream& i, basic_json& j);
```

Deserializes an input stream to a JSON value.

## Parameters

`i` (in, out)
:   input stream to read a serialized JSON value from

`j` (in, out)
:   JSON value to write the deserialized input to

## Return value

the stream `i`

## Exception safety

Strong guarantee: if an exception is thrown, there are no changes in `j`.

## Exceptions

- Throws [`parse_error.101`](../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptionparse_error101) in case of an unexpected token, or if
  `i` has no stream buffer (`#!cpp i.rdbuf() == nullptr`, for instance `#!cpp std::istream(nullptr)`).
- If reading from `i` reaches the end of the input and `eofbit` is part of `i`'s
  [`exceptions()`](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/io/basic_ios/exceptions) mask, the `std::ios_base::failure`
  thrown by `i` itself propagates instead of a `parse_error`, the same as it would for the standard library's own
  extraction operators.

## Complexity

Linear in the length of the input. The parser is a predictive LL(1) parser.

## Notes

A UTF-8 byte order mark is silently ignored.

Invalid Unicode escapes and unpaired surrogates in the input are reported as
[`parse_error.101`](../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptionparse_error101) with a detailed message.

`operator>>` parses exactly one JSON value, so it can be called repeatedly to read a sequence of concatenated JSON
values from the same stream:

```cpp
json j1, j2;
input >> j1;  // parses the first value
input >> j2;  // parses the next value
```

!!! warning "A number must be followed by whitespace"

    A number is only terminated by the character that follows it. That character is read from the stream to detect the
    end of the number, and it is **not** put back. When a value that is a number is immediately followed by the next
    value, the first character of that next value is lost:

    ```cpp
    std::istringstream input("1true");
    json j1, j2;
    input >> j1;  // j1 == 1
    input >> j2;  // throws parse_error.101: the stream now starts at "rue"
    ```

    Separating the values with whitespace avoids this, because the character that is eaten is then the separator:

    ```cpp
    std::istringstream input("1 true");
    json j1, j2;
    input >> j1;  // j1 == 1
    input >> j2;  // j2 == true
    ```

    Only numbers are affected. Values ending in a self-delimiting character do not read past themselves, so
    `truefalse`, `[1][2]`, `{"a":1}{"b":2}`, and `"a""b"` can be read back to back without a separator.

    Define [`JSON_PRECISE_STREAM_POSITION`](macros/json_precise_stream_position.md) to `1` to leave the terminating character in the stream
    instead, so that the stream is positioned right after the value for every value type and no separator is
    needed. This is tracked in [#5340](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/5340).

Note that reading concatenated values does **not** work for [JSON Lines](../features/parsing/json_lines.md)
(newline-delimited JSON) input -- see that page for why and for the recommended alternative.

By default, a `'\0'` (NUL) byte encountered while reading a value is treated as end of input, rather than as an
ordinary (and, outside of a string, invalid) byte; see the [FAQ entry](../home/faq.md#nul-bytes-in-the-input) for
details and the [`JSON_STRICT_NUL_HANDLING`](macros/json_strict_nul_handling.md) macro to opt into rejecting it
instead. Because `operator>>` only parses a single value and does not require the rest of the stream to be consumed,
a NUL byte *after* a complete value has no effect on `operator>>` either way; it only matters while a value is still
being read.

!!! warning "Deprecation"

    This function replaces function `#!cpp std::istream& operator<<(basic_json& j, std::istream& i)` which has
    been deprecated in version 3.0.0. It will be removed in version 4.0.0. Please replace calls like `#!cpp j << i;`
    with `#!cpp i >> j;`.

    See the [migration guide](../integration/migration_guide.md#parsing) for how to update existing code.

## Examples

??? example

    The example below shows how a JSON value is constructed by reading a serialization from a stream.
        
    ```cpp
    --8<-- "examples/operator_deserialize.cpp"
    ```
    
    Output:
    
    ```json
    --8<-- "examples/operator_deserialize.output"
    ```

## See also

- [accept](basic_json/accept.md) - check if the input is valid JSON
- [parse](basic_json/parse.md) - deserialize from a compatible input
- [`JSON_STRICT_NUL_HANDLING`](macros/json_strict_nul_handling.md) - opt in to rejecting a NUL byte in the input
  instead of treating it as end of input
- [`JSON_PRECISE_STREAM_POSITION`](macros/json_precise_stream_position.md) - opt in to leaving the stream positioned right after a number
- [`JSON_DISABLE_STREAM_BULK_SCAN`](macros/json_disable_stream_bulk_scan.md) - read the stream one character at a time

## Version history

- Added in version 1.0.0.
- `JSON_STRICT_NUL_HANDLING` added in version 3.13.0 to optionally reject a NUL byte in the input instead of treating
  it as end of input; planned to become the default in version 4.0.0.
- `JSON_PRECISE_STREAM_POSITION` added in version 3.13.0 to optionally leave the character that terminates a number in
  the stream; planned to become the default in version 4.0.0.
- Fixed a null pointer dereference for an `std::istream` without a stream buffer (now throws `parse_error.101`), and a
  crash (`std::terminate`) when `i` has `eofbit` in its exception mask, in version 3.13.0.
- Changed to the strong exception safety guarantee in version 3.13.0: `j` is no longer left with a partially parsed
  value if parsing throws.
- Scans the characters in the stream buffer of `i` in bulk in version 3.13.0; the position of `i` after the call is
  unchanged ([`JSON_DISABLE_STREAM_BULK_SCAN`](macros/json_disable_stream_bulk_scan.md) restores reading one character
  at a time).