wip: editor stuff

2025-03-13 17:59:50 -07:00
547 changed files with 47920 additions and 53964 deletions
@@ -1,7 +1,15 @@
 ;;; Directory Local Variables            -*- no-byte-compile: t -*-
 ;;; For more information see (info "(emacs) Directory Variables")

-((c++-mode . ((c-file-style . "filament")
+((c++-mode . ((eval . (progn
+                        (make-local-variable 'eglot-ignored-server-capabilities)
+                        (add-to-list 'eglot-ignored-server-capabilities
+                                     :documentOnTypeFormattingProvider)))
+              (c-file-style . "filament")
              (apheleia-inhibit . t)))
- (c-mode . ((c-file-style . "filament")
+ (c-mode . ((eval . (progn
+                      (make-local-variable 'eglot-ignored-server-capabilities)
+                      (add-to-list 'eglot-ignored-server-capabilities
+                                   :documentOnTypeFormattingProvider)))
+            (c-file-style . "filament")
            (apheleia-inhibit . t))))
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ end_of_line = lf
 insert_final_newline = true
 charset = utf-8

-[*.{c,cpp,h,inc,kt,java,js,md}]
+[*.{c,cpp,h,inc,kt,java,js,md,fs,vs}]
 indent_style = space
 indent_size = 4
 max_line_length = 100
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ jobs:
    name: build-android
    # We intentially use a larger runner here to enable larger disk space
    # (standard linux runner will fail on disk space and faster build time).
-    runs-on: 'ubuntu-24.04-32core'
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04-32core

    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.6
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ on:
 jobs:
  build-linux:
    name: build-linux
-    runs-on: 'ubuntu-24.04-16core'
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04-16core

    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.6
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ jobs:

  build-android:
    name: build-android
-    runs-on: 'ubuntu-24.04-16core'
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04-16core

    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.6
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ jobs:

  build-web:
    name: build-web
-    runs-on: 'ubuntu-24.04-16core'
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04-16core

    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.6
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ jobs:

  validate-docs:
    name: validate-docs
-    runs-on: 'ubuntu-24.04-4core'
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04-4core
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.6
        with:
@@ -92,33 +92,26 @@ jobs:

  test-renderdiff:
    name: test-renderdiff
-    runs-on: macos-14-xlarge
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04-16core
+
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.6
-      - name: Set up Homebrew
-        id: set-up-homebrew
-        uses: Homebrew/actions/setup-homebrew@master
-      - name: Set up Python
-        uses: actions/setup-python@v5
-        with:
-          python-version: '3.x'
-      - name: Install python prereqs
-        run: pip install mako setuptools pyyaml
+      - uses: ./.github/actions/ubuntu-apt-add-src
      - name: Run script
        run: |
-          bash test/renderdiff/test.sh
+          source ./build/linux/ci-common.sh && bash test/renderdiff/test.sh
      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
        with:
          name: presubmit-renderdiff-result
          path: ./out/renderdiff_tests

-  validate-wgsl-webgpu:
-    name: validate-wgsl-webgpu
-    runs-on: 'ubuntu-24.04-8core'
+  validate-wgsl-pipeline:
+    name: validate-wgsl-pipeline
+    runs-on: macos-14-xlarge

    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.6
      - name: Run build script
-        run: source ./build/linux/ci-common.sh && ./build.sh -W debug test_filamat filament
+        run: ./build.sh -W debug test_filamat
      - name: Run test
-        run: ./out/cmake-debug/libs/filamat/test_filamat --gtest_filter=MaterialCompiler.Wgsl*
+        run: ./out/cmake-debug/libs/filamat/test_filamat --gtest_filter=MaterialCompiler.Wgsl*
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ jobs:

  build-web:
    name: build-web
-    runs-on: 'ubuntu-24.04-16core'
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04-16core
    if: github.event_name == 'release' || github.event.inputs.platform == 'web'

    steps:
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ jobs:

  build-android:
    name: build-android
-    runs-on: 'ubuntu-24.04-16core'
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04-16core
    if: github.event_name == 'release' || github.event.inputs.platform == 'android'

    steps:
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ on:
 jobs:
  build-web:
    name: build-web
-    runs-on: 'ubuntu-24.04-16core'
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04-16core

    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.6
@@ -139,14 +139,14 @@ else()
    set(LINUX FALSE)
 endif()

-if (NOT FILAMENT_OSMESA_PATH STREQUAL "")
-    if (NOT EXISTS ${FILAMENT_OSMESA_PATH}/)
-        message(FATAL_ERROR "Cannot find specified OSMesa build directory: ${FILAMENT_OSMESA_PATH}")
-    endif()
-    set(FILAMENT_SUPPORTS_OSMESA TRUE)
-endif()
-
 if (LINUX)
+    if (NOT FILAMENT_OSMESA_PATH STREQUAL "")
+        if (NOT EXISTS ${FILAMENT_OSMESA_PATH}/)
+            message(FATAL_ERROR "Cannot find specified OSMesa build directory: ${FILAMENT_OSMESA_PATH}")
+        endif()
+        set(FILAMENT_SUPPORTS_OSMESA TRUE)
+    endif()
+
    if (FILAMENT_SUPPORTS_WAYLAND)
        add_definitions(-DFILAMENT_SUPPORTS_WAYLAND)
        set(FILAMENT_SUPPORTS_X11 FALSE)
@@ -184,12 +184,6 @@ if (NOT ANDROID AND NOT WEBGL AND NOT IOS AND NOT FILAMENT_LINUX_IS_MOBILE)
    set(IS_HOST_PLATFORM TRUE)
 endif()

-if (APPLE)
-    if (FILAMENT_SUPPORTS_OSMESA)
-        add_definitions(-DFILAMENT_SUPPORTS_OSMESA)
-    endif()
-endif()
-
 if (WIN32)
    # Link statically against c/c++ lib to avoid missing redistriburable such as
    # "VCRUNTIME140.dll not found. Try reinstalling the app.", but give users
@@ -607,14 +601,6 @@ if (FILAMENT_SUPPORTS_METAL)
    set(MATC_API_FLAGS ${MATC_API_FLAGS} -a metal)
 endif()

-# With WebGPU, push constants are not supported. Skinning uses them.
-# WebGPU has a proposal to add push constants at https://github.com/gpuweb/gpuweb/blob/main/proposals/push-constants.md
-# With WebGPU, Tint does not support ClipDistance which is used in Stereo.  Mentioned in comment
-# https://github.com/google/dawn/blob/855d17b08abdf02f9142bf5a8f14d0ea088810a4/src/tint/lang/spirv/reader/ast_parser/function.cc#L4434
-if (FILAMENT_SUPPORTS_WEBGPU)
-    set(MATC_API_FLAGS ${MATC_API_FLAGS} -a webgpu --variant-filter=skinning,stereo)
-endif()
-
 # Disable ESSL 1.0 code generation.
 if (NOT FILAMENT_ENABLE_FEATURE_LEVEL_0)
    set(MATC_API_FLAGS ${MATC_API_FLAGS} -1)
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ repositories {
 }

 dependencies {
-    implementation 'com.google.android.filament:filament-android:1.58.2'
+    implementation 'com.google.android.filament:filament-android:1.58.0'
 }
 ```

@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ Here are all the libraries available in the group `com.google.android.filament`:
 iOS projects can use CocoaPods to install the latest release:

 ```shell
-pod 'Filament', '~> 1.58.2'
+pod 'Filament', '~> 1.58.0'
 ```

 ## Documentation
@@ -7,14 +7,6 @@ A new header is inserted each time a *tag* is created.
 Instead, if you are authoring a PR for the main branch, add your release note to
 [NEW_RELEASE_NOTES.md](./NEW_RELEASE_NOTES.md).

-## v1.59.0
-
- materials: five custom variables (varyings) are now available on the condition that the `color` attribute is not requested (b/404930099). [⚠️ **New Material Version**]
-
-## v1.58.2
-
- engine: Generate 1D instead of 3D LUTs for color grading whenever possible.
-
 ## v1.58.1


@@ -12,12 +12,12 @@ if (FILAMENT_SUPPORTS_VULKAN)
 endif()

 if (FILAMENT_SUPPORTS_WEBGPU)
-    # See third_party/dawn/tnt/CMakeLists.txt and libs/filamat/CMakeLists.txt
-    add_library(tint STATIC IMPORTED)
-    set_target_properties(tint PROPERTIES IMPORTED_LOCATION
-            ${FILAMENT_DIR}/lib/${ANDROID_ABI}/libtint_combined.a)
+    add_library(webgpu_dawn STATIC IMPORTED)
+    set_target_properties(webgpu_dawn PROPERTIES IMPORTED_LOCATION
+            ${FILAMENT_DIR}/lib/${ANDROID_ABI}/libwebgpu_dawn.a)
 endif()

+
 add_library(${FILAMAT_FLAVOR} STATIC IMPORTED)
 set_target_properties(${FILAMAT_FLAVOR} PROPERTIES IMPORTED_LOCATION
        ${FILAMENT_DIR}/lib/${ANDROID_ABI}/lib${FILAMAT_FLAVOR}.a)
@@ -57,5 +57,5 @@ target_link_libraries(filamat-jni
        utils
        log
        smol-v
-        $<$<STREQUAL:${FILAMENT_SUPPORTS_WEBGPU},ON>:tint>
+        $<$<STREQUAL:${FILAMENT_SUPPORTS_WEBGPU},ON>:webgpu_dawn> # for tint
 )
@@ -29,6 +29,10 @@ add_library(filaflat STATIC IMPORTED)
 set_target_properties(filaflat PROPERTIES IMPORTED_LOCATION
        ${FILAMENT_DIR}/lib/${ANDROID_ABI}/libfilaflat.a)

+add_library(filamat STATIC IMPORTED)
+set_target_properties(filamat PROPERTIES IMPORTED_LOCATION
+        ${FILAMENT_DIR}/lib/${ANDROID_ABI}/libfilamat.a)
+
 add_library(geometry STATIC IMPORTED)
 set_target_properties(geometry PROPERTIES IMPORTED_LOCATION
        ${FILAMENT_DIR}/lib/${ANDROID_ABI}/libgeometry.a)
@@ -55,11 +59,11 @@ add_library(smol-v STATIC IMPORTED)
 set_target_properties(smol-v PROPERTIES IMPORTED_LOCATION
        ${FILAMENT_DIR}/lib/${ANDROID_ABI}/libsmol-v.a)

-if (FILAMENT_ENABLE_FGVIEWER)
-    add_library(fgviewer STATIC IMPORTED)
-    set_target_properties(fgviewer PROPERTIES IMPORTED_LOCATION
-            ${FILAMENT_DIR}/lib/${ANDROID_ABI}/libfgviewer.a)
-endif()
+ if (FILAMENT_ENABLE_FGVIEWER)
+     add_library(fgviewer STATIC IMPORTED)
+     set_target_properties(fgviewer PROPERTIES IMPORTED_LOCATION
+             ${FILAMENT_DIR}/lib/${ANDROID_ABI}/libfgviewer.a)
+ endif()

 if (FILAMENT_ENABLE_MATDBG)
    add_library(matdbg STATIC IMPORTED)
@@ -68,21 +68,6 @@ Java_com_google_android_filament_Texture_nIsTextureSwizzleSupported(JNIEnv*, jcl
    return (jboolean) Texture::isTextureSwizzleSupported(*engine);
 }

-
-extern "C" JNIEXPORT jint JNICALL
-Java_com_google_android_filament_Texture_nGetMaxTextureSize(JNIEnv *, jclass,
-        jlong nativeEngine, jint sampler) {
-    Engine *engine = (Engine *) nativeEngine;
-    return Texture::getMaxTextureSize(*engine, (Texture::Sampler)sampler);
-}
-
-extern "C" JNIEXPORT jint JNICALL
-Java_com_google_android_filament_Texture_nGetMaxArrayTextureLayers(JNIEnv *, jclass,
-        jlong nativeEngine) {
-    Engine *engine = (Engine *) nativeEngine;
-    return Texture::getMaxArrayTextureLayers(*engine);
-}
-
 extern "C" JNIEXPORT jboolean JNICALL
 Java_com_google_android_filament_Texture_nValidatePixelFormatAndType(JNIEnv*, jclass,
        jint internalFormat, jint pixelDataFormat, jint pixelDataType) {
@@ -46,8 +46,9 @@ import static com.google.android.filament.Asserts.assertFloat4In;
 *
 * <h1>Performance</h1>
 *
- * Creating a new ColorGrading object may be more expensive than other Filament objects as a LUT may
- * need to be generated. The generation of this LUT, if necessary, may happen on the CPU.
+ * Creating a new ColorGrading object may be more expensive than other Filament objects as a
+ * 3D LUT may need to be generated. The generation of a 3D LUT, if necessary, may happen on
+ * the CPU.
 *
 * <h1>Ordering</h1>
 *
@@ -159,10 +160,6 @@ public class ColorGrading {
         * quality level will use a 32x32x32 10 bit LUT, a high quality will use a 32x32x32 16 bit
         * LUT, and a ultra quality will use a 64x64x64 16 bit LUT.
         *
-         * This setting has no effect if generating a 1D LUT.
-         *
-         * This overrides the values set by format() and dimensions().
-         *
         * The default quality is {@link QualityLevel#MEDIUM}.
         *
         * @param qualityLevel The desired quality of the color grading process
@@ -178,8 +175,6 @@ public class ColorGrading {
         * When color grading is implemented using a 3D LUT, this sets the texture format of
         * of the LUT. This overrides the value set by quality().
         *
-         * This setting has no effect if generating a 1D LUT.
-         *
         * The default is INTEGER
         *
         * @param format The desired format of the 3D LUT.
@@ -195,8 +190,6 @@ public class ColorGrading {
         * When color grading is implemented using a 3D LUT, this sets the dimension of the LUT.
         * This overrides the value set by quality().
         *
-         * This setting has no effect if generating a 1D LUT.
-         *
         * The default is 32
         *
         * @param dim The desired dimension of the LUT. Between 16 and 64.
@@ -623,3 +616,4 @@ public class ColorGrading {

    private static native long nBuilderBuild(long nativeBuilder, long nativeEngine);
 }
+
@@ -691,24 +691,6 @@ public class Texture {
                pixelDataType.ordinal());
    }

-    /**
-     * @param engine {@link Engine}
-     * @param type Texture sampler type
-     * @return The maximum size in texels of a texture of type \p type. At least 2048 for
-     *         2D textures, 256 for 3D textures
-     */
-    public static int getMaxTextureSize(@NonNull Engine engine, Sampler type) {
-        return nGetMaxTextureSize(engine.getNativeObject(), type.ordinal());
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @param engine {@link Engine}
-     * @return The maximum number of layers supported by texture arrays. At least 256.
-     */
-    public static int getMaxArrayTextureLayers(@NonNull Engine engine) {
-        return nGetMaxArrayTextureLayers(engine.getNativeObject());
-    }
-
    /**
     * Use <code>Builder</code> to construct a <code>Texture</code> object instance.
     */
@@ -1307,8 +1289,6 @@ public class Texture {
    private static native boolean nIsTextureFormatSupported(long nativeEngine, int internalFormat);
    private static native boolean nIsTextureFormatMipmappable(long nativeEngine, int internalFormat);
    private static native boolean nIsTextureSwizzleSupported(long nativeEngine);
-    private static native int nGetMaxTextureSize(long nativeObject, int ordinal);
-    private static native int nGetMaxArrayTextureLayers(long nativeObject);

    private static native boolean nValidatePixelFormatAndType(int internalFormat, int pixelDataFormat,
            int pixelDataType);
@@ -31,6 +31,8 @@ package com.google.android.filament;
 *   <li>DisplayRangeToneMapper</li>
 * </ul>
 * </ul>
+ *
+ * You can create custom tone mapping operators by subclassing ToneMapper.
 */
 public class ToneMapper {
    private final long mNativeObject;
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 GROUP=com.google.android.filament
-VERSION_NAME=1.58.2
+VERSION_NAME=1.58.0

 POM_DESCRIPTION=Real-time physically based rendering engine for Android.

@@ -200,9 +200,8 @@ WEBGPU_ANDROID_GRADLE_OPTION=""
 EGL_ON_LINUX_OPTION="-DFILAMENT_SUPPORTS_EGL_ON_LINUX=OFF"

 MATDBG_OPTION="-DFILAMENT_ENABLE_MATDBG=OFF"
-MATDBG_GRADLE_OPTION=""
 FGVIEWER_OPTION="-DFILAMENT_ENABLE_FGVIEWER=OFF"
-FGVIEWER_GRADLE_OPTION=""
+MATDBG_GRADLE_OPTION=""

 MATOPT_OPTION=""
 MATOPT_GRADLE_OPTION=""
@@ -534,7 +533,6 @@ function build_android {
            ${VULKAN_ANDROID_GRADLE_OPTION} \
            ${WEBGPU_ANDROID_GRADLE_OPTION} \
            ${MATDBG_GRADLE_OPTION} \
-            ${FGVIEWER_GRADLE_OPTION} \
            ${MATOPT_GRADLE_OPTION} \
            :filament-android:assembleDebug \
            :gltfio-android:assembleDebug \
@@ -586,7 +584,6 @@ function build_android {
            ${VULKAN_ANDROID_GRADLE_OPTION} \
            ${WEBGPU_ANDROID_GRADLE_OPTION} \
            ${MATDBG_GRADLE_OPTION} \
-            ${FGVIEWER_GRADLE_OPTION} \
            ${MATOPT_GRADLE_OPTION} \
            :filament-android:assembleRelease \
            :gltfio-android:assembleRelease \
@@ -30,9 +30,6 @@ if [[ "$GITHUB_WORKFLOW" ]]; then
    sudo apt-get install clang-$GITHUB_CLANG_VERSION libc++-$GITHUB_CLANG_VERSION-dev libc++abi-$GITHUB_CLANG_VERSION-dev
    sudo apt-get install mesa-common-dev libxi-dev libxxf86vm-dev

-    # For dawn
-    sudo apt-get install libxrandr-dev libxinerama-dev libxcursor-dev libxi-dev libx11-xcb-dev
-
    sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/cc cc /usr/bin/clang-${GITHUB_CLANG_VERSION} 100
    sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/c++ c++ /usr/bin/clang++-${GITHUB_CLANG_VERSION} 100
 fi
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ This document is part of the [Filament project](https://github.com/google/filame
 ## Authors

 - [Romain Guy](https://github.com/romainguy), [@romainguy](https://twitter.com/romainguy)
- [Mathias Agopian](https://github.com/pixelflinger), [@pixelflinger](https://bsky.app/profile/pixelflinger.bsky.social)
+- [Mathias Agopian](https://github.com/pixelflinger), [@darthmoosious](https://twitter.com/darthmoosious)

 # Overview

@@ -78,27 +78,26 @@ in table [standardProperties].
        Property        |      Definition
 -----------------------:|:---------------------
 **baseColor**           | Diffuse albedo for non-metallic surfaces, and specular color for metallic surfaces
-**roughness**           | Perceived smoothness (1.0) or roughness (0.0) of a surface. Smooth surfaces exhibit sharp reflections
 **metallic**            | Whether a surface appears to be dielectric (0.0) or conductor (1.0). Often used as a binary value (0 or 1)
+**roughness**           | Perceived smoothness (1.0) or roughness (0.0) of a surface. Smooth surfaces exhibit sharp reflections
 **reflectance**         | Fresnel reflectance at normal incidence for dielectric surfaces. This directly controls the strength of the reflections
-**ambientOcclusion**    | Defines how much of the ambient light is accessible to a surface point. It is a per-pixel shadowing factor between 0.0 and 1.0
-**clearCoat**           | Strength of the clear coat layer
-**clearCoatRoughness**  | Perceived smoothness or roughness of the clear coat layer
-**clearCoatNormal**     | A detail normal used to perturb the clear coat layer using _bump mapping_ (_normal mapping_)
-**anisotropy**          | Amount of anisotropy in either the tangent or bitangent direction
-**anisotropyDirection** | Local surface direction in tangent space
-**thickness**           | Thickness of the solid volume of refractive objects
 **sheenColor**          | Strength of the sheen layer
 **sheenRoughness**      | Perceived smoothness or roughness of the sheen layer
-**emissive**            | Additional diffuse albedo to simulate emissive surfaces (such as neons, etc.) This property is mostly useful in an HDR pipeline with a bloom pass
+**clearCoat**           | Strength of the clear coat layer
+**clearCoatRoughness**  | Perceived smoothness or roughness of the clear coat layer
+**anisotropy**          | Amount of anisotropy in either the tangent or bitangent direction
+**anisotropyDirection** | Local surface direction in tangent space
+**ambientOcclusion**    | Defines how much of the ambient light is accessible to a surface point. It is a per-pixel shadowing factor between 0.0 and 1.0
 **normal**              | A detail normal used to perturb the surface using _bump mapping_ (_normal mapping_)
-**postLightingColor**   | Additional color that can be blended with the result of the lighting computations. See `postLightingBlending`
-**absorption**          | Absorption factor for refractive objects
-**transmission**        | Defines how much of the diffuse light of a dielectric is transmitted through the object, in other words this defines how transparent an object is
-**ior**                 | Index of refraction, either for refractive objects or as an alternative to reflectance
-**microThickness**      | Thickness of the thin layer of refractive objects
 **bentNormal**          | A normal pointing in the average unoccluded direction. Can be used to improve indirect lighting quality
-**shadowStrength**      | Strength factor between 0 and 1 for all shadows received by this material
+**clearCoatNormal**     | A detail normal used to perturb the clear coat layer using _bump mapping_ (_normal mapping_)
+**emissive**            | Additional diffuse albedo to simulate emissive surfaces (such as neons, etc.) This property is mostly useful in an HDR pipeline with a bloom pass
+**postLightingColor**   | Additional color that can be blended with the result of the lighting computations. See `postLightingBlending`
+**ior**                 | Index of refraction, either for refractive objects or as an alternative to reflectance
+**transmission**        | Defines how much of the diffuse light of a dielectric is transmitted through the object, in other words this defines how transparent an object is
+**absorption**          | Absorption factor for refractive objects
+**microThickness**      | Thickness of the thin layer of refractive objects
+**thickness**           | Thickness of the solid volume of refractive objects
 [Table [standardProperties]: Properties of the standard model]

 The type and range of each property is described in table [standardPropertiesTypes].
@@ -1273,9 +1272,6 @@ Description
      when selecting any shading model that is not `unlit`. See the shader sections of this document
      for more information on how to access these attributes from the shaders.

-!!! Note: Interaction with custom variables
-    When the `color` attribute is specified, only four custom variables are available instead of five.
-
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ JSON
 material {
    parameters : [
@@ -1306,7 +1302,7 @@ Type
 :    array of `string`

 Value
-:     Up to 5 strings, each must be a valid GLSL identifier.
+:     Up to 4 strings, each must be a valid GLSL identifier.

 Description
 :     Defines custom interpolants (or variables) that are output by the material's vertex shader.
@@ -1322,10 +1318,6 @@ Description
      particular if `default` is specified the default precision is used is the fragment shader
      (`mediump`) and in the vertex shader (`highp`).

-!!! Warning: Interaction with required attributes
-    If the `color` attribute is specified in the `required` list, then only four variables can be used
-    instead of five.
-
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ JSON
 material {
    name : Skybox,
@@ -108,12 +108,8 @@ if (FILAMENT_SUPPORTS_OPENGL AND NOT FILAMENT_USE_EXTERNAL_GLES3)
        list(APPEND SRCS src/opengl/platforms/PlatformCocoaTouchGL.mm)
        list(APPEND SRCS src/opengl/platforms/CocoaTouchExternalImage.mm)
    elseif (APPLE)
-        if (FILAMENT_SUPPORTS_OSMESA)
-            list(APPEND SRCS src/opengl/platforms/PlatformOSMesa.cpp)
-        else()
-            list(APPEND SRCS src/opengl/platforms/PlatformCocoaGL.mm)
-            list(APPEND SRCS src/opengl/platforms/CocoaExternalImage.mm)
-        endif()
+        list(APPEND SRCS src/opengl/platforms/PlatformCocoaGL.mm)
+        list(APPEND SRCS src/opengl/platforms/CocoaExternalImage.mm)
    elseif (WEBGL)
        list(APPEND SRCS src/opengl/platforms/PlatformWebGL.cpp)
    elseif (LINUX)
@@ -177,12 +173,10 @@ endif()
 if (FILAMENT_SUPPORTS_VULKAN)
    list(APPEND SRCS
            include/backend/platforms/VulkanPlatform.h
-            src/vulkan/VulkanDescriptorSetCache.cpp
-            src/vulkan/VulkanDescriptorSetCache.h
-            src/vulkan/VulkanDescriptorSetLayoutCache.cpp
-            src/vulkan/VulkanDescriptorSetLayoutCache.h
-            src/vulkan/VulkanPipelineLayoutCache.cpp
-            src/vulkan/VulkanPipelineLayoutCache.h
+            src/vulkan/caching/VulkanDescriptorSetManager.cpp
+            src/vulkan/caching/VulkanDescriptorSetManager.h
+            src/vulkan/caching/VulkanPipelineLayoutCache.cpp
+            src/vulkan/caching/VulkanPipelineLayoutCache.h
            src/vulkan/memory/ResourceManager.cpp
            src/vulkan/memory/ResourceManager.h
            src/vulkan/memory/ResourcePointer.h
@@ -248,31 +242,11 @@ endif()

 if (FILAMENT_SUPPORTS_WEBGPU)
    list(APPEND SRCS
-            include/backend/platforms/WebGPUPlatform.h
-            src/webgpu/platform/WebGPUPlatform.cpp
-            src/webgpu/WebGPUConstants.h
            src/webgpu/WebGPUDriver.cpp
            src/webgpu/WebGPUDriver.h
+            src/webgpu/WebGPUPlatform.cpp
+            src/webgpu/WebGPUPlatform.h
    )
-    if (WIN32)
-        list(APPEND SRCS src/webgpu/platform/WebGPUPlatformWindows.cpp)
-    elseif (LINUX)
-        list(APPEND SRCS src/webgpu/platform/WebGPUPlatformLinux.cpp)
-    elseif (APPLE OR IOS)
-        list(APPEND SRCS src/webgpu/platform/WebGPUPlatformApple.mm)
-    elseif (ANDROID)
-        list(APPEND SRCS src/webgpu/platform/WebGPUPlatformAndroid.cpp)
-    endif()
-
-    if (TNT_DEV)
-        set(FILAMENT_WEBGPU_IMMEDIATE_ERROR_HANDLING_DEFAULT ON)
-    else()
-        set(FILAMENT_WEBGPU_IMMEDIATE_ERROR_HANDLING_DEFAULT OFF)
-    endif()
-
-    option(FILAMENT_WEBGPU_IMMEDIATE_ERROR_HANDLING
-            "Enable immediate_error_handling for the WebGPU backend Dawn implementation"
-            ${FILAMENT_WEBGPU_IMMEDIATE_ERROR_HANDLING_DEFAULT})
 endif()

 if (ANDROID)
@@ -422,12 +396,9 @@ set(LINUX_LINKER_OPTIMIZATION_FLAGS
        -Wl,--exclude-libs,bluegl
 )

-if (FILAMENT_SUPPORTS_OSMESA)
-    if (LINUX)
-        set(OSMESA_COMPILE_FLAGS -I${FILAMENT_OSMESA_PATH}/include/GL)
-    elseif (APPLE)
-        set(OSMESA_COMPILE_FLAGS -I${FILAMENT_OSMESA_PATH}/include)
-    endif()
+if (LINUX AND FILAMENT_SUPPORTS_OSMESA)
+    set(OSMESA_COMPILE_FLAGS
+        -I${FILAMENT_OSMESA_PATH}/include/GL)
 endif()

 if (MSVC)
@@ -462,10 +433,6 @@ if (FILAMENT_SUPPORTS_METAL)
    target_compile_definitions(${TARGET} PRIVATE $<$<BOOL:${FILAMENT_METAL_PROFILING}>:FILAMENT_METAL_PROFILING>)
 endif()

-if (FILAMENT_SUPPORTS_WEBGPU)
-    target_compile_definitions(${TARGET} PRIVATE $<$<BOOL:${FILAMENT_WEBGPU_IMMEDIATE_ERROR_HANDLING}>:FILAMENT_WEBGPU_IMMEDIATE_ERROR_HANDLING>)
-endif()
-
 target_link_libraries(${TARGET} PRIVATE
        ${OSMESA_LINKER_FLAGS}
        $<$<AND:$<PLATFORM_ID:Linux>,$<CONFIG:Release>>:${LINUX_LINKER_OPTIMIZATION_FLAGS}>
@@ -494,9 +461,7 @@ if (APPLE OR LINUX)
        test/ShaderGenerator.cpp
        test/TrianglePrimitive.cpp
        test/Arguments.cpp
-        test/ImageExpectations.cpp
        test/Lifetimes.cpp
-        test/Shader.cpp
        test/test_FeedbackLoops.cpp
        test/test_Blit.cpp
        test/test_MissingRequiredAttributes.cpp
@@ -512,7 +477,6 @@ if (APPLE OR LINUX)
        test/test_Handles.cpp
    )
    set(BACKEND_TEST_LIBS
-        absl::str_format
        backend
        getopt
        gtest
@@ -528,7 +492,7 @@ if (APPLE AND NOT IOS)
    list(APPEND BACKEND_TEST_SRC
         test/test_RenderExternalImage.cpp)
    add_library(backend_test STATIC ${BACKEND_TEST_SRC})
-    target_link_libraries(backend_test PUBLIC ${BACKEND_TEST_LIBS})
+    target_link_libraries(backend_test PRIVATE ${BACKEND_TEST_LIBS})

    set(BACKEND_TEST_DEPS
            OSDependent
@@ -126,10 +126,6 @@ static_assert(MAX_VERTEX_BUFFER_COUNT <= MAX_VERTEX_ATTRIBUTE_COUNT,
 static constexpr size_t CONFIG_UNIFORM_BINDING_COUNT = 9;   // This is guaranteed by OpenGL ES.
 static constexpr size_t CONFIG_SAMPLER_BINDING_COUNT = 4;   // This is guaranteed by OpenGL ES.

-static constexpr uint8_t EXTERNAL_SAMPLER_DATA_INDEX_UNUSED =
-        uint8_t(-1);// Case where the descriptor set binding isnt using any external sampler state
-                     // and therefore doesn't have a valid entry.
-
 /**
 * Defines the backend's feature levels.
 */
@@ -256,21 +252,21 @@ struct DescriptorSetLayoutBinding {
    DescriptorFlags flags = DescriptorFlags::NONE;
    uint16_t count = 0;

-    //  TODO: uncomment when needed.  Note that this class is used as hash key.  We need to ensure
-    //  no uninitialized padding bytes.
-    //    uint8_t externalSamplerDataIndex = EXTERNAL_SAMPLER_DATA_INDEX_UNUSED;
-
-    friend inline bool operator==(DescriptorSetLayoutBinding const& lhs,
+    friend inline bool operator==(
+            DescriptorSetLayoutBinding const& lhs,
            DescriptorSetLayoutBinding const& rhs) noexcept {
        return lhs.type == rhs.type &&
               lhs.flags == rhs.flags &&
               lhs.count == rhs.count &&
               lhs.stageFlags == rhs.stageFlags;
-//               lhs.stageFlags == rhs.stageFlags &&
-//               lhs.externalSamplerDataIndex == rhs.externalSamplerDataIndex;
    }
 };

+struct DescriptorSetLayout {
+    utils::FixedCapacityVector<DescriptorSetLayoutBinding> bindings;
+};
+
+
 /**
 * Bitmask for selecting render buffers
 */
@@ -972,28 +968,8 @@ enum class SamplerCompareFunc : uint8_t {
    N           //!< Never. The depth / stencil test always fails.
 };

-//! this API is copied from (and only applies to) the Vulkan spec.
-//! These specify YUV to RGB conversions.
-enum class SamplerYcbcrModelConversion : uint8_t {
-    RGB_IDENTITY = 0,
-    YCBCR_IDENTITY = 1,
-    YCBCR_709 = 2,
-    YCBCR_601 = 3,
-    YCBCR_2020 = 4,
-};
-
-enum class SamplerYcbcrRange : uint8_t {
-    ITU_FULL = 0,
-    ITU_NARROW = 1,
-};
-
-enum class ChromaLocation : uint8_t {
-    COSITED_EVEN = 0,
-    MIDPOINT = 1,
-};
-
 //! Sampler parameters
-struct SamplerParams {             // NOLINT
+struct SamplerParams { // NOLINT
    SamplerMagFilter filterMag      : 1;    //!< magnification filter (NEAREST)
    SamplerMinFilter filterMin      : 3;    //!< minification filter  (NEAREST)
    SamplerWrapMode wrapS           : 2;    //!< s-coordinate wrap mode (CLAMP_TO_EDGE)
@@ -1048,7 +1024,6 @@ private:
        return SamplerParams::LessThan{}(lhs, rhs);
    }
 };
-
 static_assert(sizeof(SamplerParams) == 4);

 // The limitation to 64-bits max comes from how we store a SamplerParams in our JNI code
@@ -1056,95 +1031,6 @@ static_assert(sizeof(SamplerParams) == 4);
 static_assert(sizeof(SamplerParams) <= sizeof(uint64_t),
        "SamplerParams must be no more than 64 bits");

-//! Sampler parameters
-struct SamplerYcbcrConversion {// NOLINT
-    SamplerYcbcrModelConversion ycbcrModel : 4;
-    TextureSwizzle r : 4;
-    TextureSwizzle g : 4;
-    TextureSwizzle b : 4;
-    TextureSwizzle a : 4;
-    SamplerYcbcrRange ycbcrRange : 1;
-    ChromaLocation xChromaOffset : 1;
-    ChromaLocation yChromaOffset : 1;
-    SamplerMagFilter chromaFilter : 1;
-    uint8_t padding;
-
-    struct Hasher {
-        size_t operator()(const SamplerYcbcrConversion p) const noexcept {
-            // we don't use std::hash<> here, so we don't have to include <functional>
-            return *reinterpret_cast<uint32_t const*>(reinterpret_cast<char const*>(&p));
-        }
-    };
-
-    struct EqualTo {
-        bool operator()(SamplerYcbcrConversion lhs, SamplerYcbcrConversion rhs) const noexcept {
-            assert_invariant(lhs.padding == 0);
-            auto* pLhs = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t const*>(reinterpret_cast<char const*>(&lhs));
-            auto* pRhs = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t const*>(reinterpret_cast<char const*>(&rhs));
-            return *pLhs == *pRhs;
-        }
-    };
-
-    struct LessThan {
-        bool operator()(SamplerYcbcrConversion lhs, SamplerYcbcrConversion rhs) const noexcept {
-            assert_invariant(lhs.padding == 0);
-            auto* pLhs = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t const*>(reinterpret_cast<char const*>(&lhs));
-            auto* pRhs = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t const*>(reinterpret_cast<char const*>(&rhs));
-            return *pLhs < *pRhs;
-        }
-    };
-
-private:
-    friend inline bool operator == (SamplerYcbcrConversion lhs, SamplerYcbcrConversion rhs)
-            noexcept {
-        return SamplerYcbcrConversion::EqualTo{}(lhs, rhs);
-    }
-    friend inline bool operator != (SamplerYcbcrConversion lhs, SamplerYcbcrConversion rhs)
-            noexcept {
-        return  !SamplerYcbcrConversion::EqualTo{}(lhs, rhs);
-    }
-    friend inline bool operator < (SamplerYcbcrConversion lhs, SamplerYcbcrConversion rhs)
-            noexcept {
-        return SamplerYcbcrConversion::LessThan{}(lhs, rhs);
-    }
-};
-
-static_assert(sizeof(SamplerYcbcrConversion) == 4);
-
-static_assert(sizeof(SamplerYcbcrConversion) <= sizeof(uint64_t),
-        "SamplerYcbcrConversion must be no more than 64 bits");
-
-struct ExternalSamplerDatum {
-    ExternalSamplerDatum(SamplerYcbcrConversion ycbcr, SamplerParams spm, uint32_t extFmt)
-        : YcbcrConversion(ycbcr),
-          samplerParams(spm),
-          externalFormat(extFmt) {}
-    bool operator==(ExternalSamplerDatum const& rhs) const {
-        return (YcbcrConversion == rhs.YcbcrConversion && samplerParams == rhs.samplerParams &&
-                externalFormat == rhs.externalFormat);
-    }
-    struct EqualTo {
-        bool operator()(const ExternalSamplerDatum& lhs,
-                const ExternalSamplerDatum& rhs) const noexcept {
-            return (lhs.YcbcrConversion == rhs.YcbcrConversion &&
-                lhs.samplerParams == rhs.samplerParams &&
-                lhs.externalFormat == rhs.externalFormat);
-        }
-    };
-    SamplerYcbcrConversion YcbcrConversion;
-    SamplerParams samplerParams;
-    uint32_t externalFormat;
-};
-// No implicit padding allowed due to it being a hash key.
-static_assert(sizeof(ExternalSamplerDatum) == 12);
-
-struct DescriptorSetLayout {
-    utils::FixedCapacityVector<DescriptorSetLayoutBinding> bindings;
-
-//  TODO: uncomment when needed
-//    utils::FixedCapacityVector<ExternalSamplerDatum> externalSamplerData;
-};
-
 //! blending equation function
 enum class BlendEquation : uint8_t {
    ADD,                    //!< the fragment is added to the color buffer
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ public:
    PlatformCocoaGL();
    ~PlatformCocoaGL() noexcept override;

-    ExternalImageHandle UTILS_PUBLIC createExternalImage(void* cvPixelBuffer) noexcept;
+    ExternalImageHandle createExternalImage(void* cvPixelBuffer) noexcept;

 protected:
    // --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ public:
    PlatformCocoaTouchGL();
    ~PlatformCocoaTouchGL() noexcept override;

-    ExternalImageHandle UTILS_PUBLIC createExternalImage(void* cvPixelBuffer) noexcept;
+    ExternalImageHandle createExternalImage(void* cvPixelBuffer) noexcept;

    // --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // Platform Interface
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ public:
    /**
     * Creates an ExternalImage from a EGLImageKHR
     */
-    ExternalImageHandle UTILS_PUBLIC createExternalImage(EGLImageKHR eglImage) noexcept;
+    ExternalImageHandle createExternalImage(EGLImageKHR eglImage) noexcept;

 protected:
    // --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@
 #include <backend/platforms/PlatformEGL.h>

 #include <utils/android/PerformanceHintManager.h>
-#include <utils/compiler.h>

 #include <chrono>

@@ -44,21 +43,8 @@ public:
    PlatformEGLAndroid() noexcept;
    ~PlatformEGLAndroid() noexcept override;

-    /**
-     * Creates an ExternalImage from a EGLImageKHR
-     */
-    ExternalImageHandle UTILS_PUBLIC createExternalImage(AHardwareBuffer const* buffer, bool sRGB) noexcept;
-
-    struct UTILS_PUBLIC ExternalImageDescAndroid {
-        uint32_t width;      // Texture width
-        uint32_t height;     // Texture height
-        TextureFormat format;// Texture format
-        TextureUsage usage;  // Texture usage flags
-    };
-
-    ExternalImageDescAndroid UTILS_PUBLIC getExternalImageDesc(ExternalImageHandle externalImage) noexcept;
-
 protected:
+
    // --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // Platform Interface

@@ -71,6 +57,11 @@ protected:
    Driver* createDriver(void* sharedContext,
            const Platform::DriverConfig& driverConfig) noexcept override;

+    /**
+     * Creates an ExternalImage from a EGLImageKHR
+     */
+    ExternalImageHandle createExternalImage(AHardwareBuffer const *buffer, bool sRGB) noexcept;
+
    // --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // OpenGLPlatform Interface

@@ -104,26 +95,15 @@ protected:
     */
    AcquiredImage transformAcquiredImage(AcquiredImage source) noexcept override;

-    OpenGLPlatform::ExternalTexture* createExternalImageTexture() noexcept override;
-    void destroyExternalImageTexture(ExternalTexture* texture) noexcept override;
+    bool setExternalImage(ExternalImageHandleRef externalImage, ExternalTexture* texture) noexcept override;

    struct ExternalImageEGLAndroid : public ExternalImageEGL {
        AHardwareBuffer* aHardwareBuffer = nullptr;
-        uint32_t width;      // Texture width
-        uint32_t height;     // Texture height
-        TextureFormat format;// Texture format
-        TextureUsage usage;  // Texture usage flags
        bool sRGB = false;
-
    protected:
        ~ExternalImageEGLAndroid() override;
    };

-    bool setExternalImage(ExternalImageHandleRef externalImage,
-            ExternalTexture* texture) noexcept override;
-    bool setImage(ExternalImageEGLAndroid const* eglExternalImage,
-            ExternalTexture* texture) noexcept;
-
 protected:
    bool makeCurrent(ContextType type,
            SwapChain* drawSwapChain,
@@ -21,12 +21,7 @@

 #include "bluegl/BlueGL.h"

-#if defined(__linux__)
 #include <osmesa.h>
-#elif defined(__APPLE__)
-#undef GLAPI
-#include <GL/osmesa.h>
-#endif

 #include <backend/platforms/OpenGLPlatform.h>
 #include <backend/DriverEnums.h>
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@
 #define TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_PLATFORMS_VULKANPLATFORM_H

 #include <backend/Platform.h>
-#include <backend/DriverEnums.h>

 #include <bluevk/BlueVK.h>

@@ -318,11 +317,6 @@ public:
         */
        uint32_t layers;

-        /**
-         * The numbers of samples per texel
-         */
-        VkSampleCountFlagBits samples;
-
        /**
         * The format of the external image
         */
@@ -357,44 +351,20 @@ public:

    using ImageData = std::pair<VkImage, VkDeviceMemory>;
    virtual ImageData createExternalImageData(ExternalImageHandleRef externalImage,
-            const ExternalImageMetadata& metadata, uint32_t memoryTypeIndex,
-            VkImageUsageFlags usage);
-
-    virtual VkSampler createExternalSampler(SamplerYcbcrConversion chroma,
-            SamplerParams sampler,
-            uint32_t internalFormat);
-
-    virtual VkImageView createExternalImageView(SamplerYcbcrConversion chroma,
-            uint32_t internalFormat, VkImage image, VkImageSubresourceRange range,
-            VkImageViewType viewType, VkComponentMapping swizzle);
-
-protected:
-    virtual ExtensionSet getSwapchainInstanceExtensions() const;
-
-    using SurfaceBundle = std::tuple<VkSurfaceKHR, VkExtent2D>;
-    virtual SurfaceBundle createVkSurfaceKHR(void* nativeWindow, VkInstance instance,
-            uint64_t flags) const noexcept;
+            const ExternalImageMetadata& metadata);

 private:
-    // Platform dependent helper methods
-    static ExtensionSet getSwapchainInstanceExtensionsImpl();
+    static ExtensionSet getSwapchainInstanceExtensions();

    static ExternalImageMetadata getExternalImageMetadataImpl(ExternalImageHandleRef externalImage,
            VkDevice device);

    static ImageData createExternalImageDataImpl(ExternalImageHandleRef externalImage,
-            VkDevice device, const ExternalImageMetadata& metadata, uint32_t memoryTypeIndex,
-            VkImageUsageFlags usage);
-    static VkSampler createExternalSamplerImpl(VkDevice device,
-            SamplerYcbcrConversion chroma, SamplerParams sampler,
-            uint32_t internalFormat);
-    static VkImageView createExternalImageViewImpl(VkDevice device,
-            SamplerYcbcrConversion chroma, uint32_t internalFormat, VkImage image,
-            VkImageSubresourceRange range, VkImageViewType viewType,
-            VkComponentMapping swizzle);
+            VkDevice device, const ExternalImageMetadata& metadata);

    // Platform dependent helper methods
-    static SurfaceBundle createVkSurfaceKHRImpl(void* nativeWindow, VkInstance instance,
+    using SurfaceBundle = std::tuple<VkSurfaceKHR, VkExtent2D>;
+    static SurfaceBundle createVkSurfaceKHR(void* nativeWindow, VkInstance instance,
            uint64_t flags) noexcept;

    friend struct VulkanPlatformPrivate;
@@ -17,55 +17,27 @@
 #ifndef TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_PLATFORMS_VULKAN_PLATFORM_ANDROID_H
 #define TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_PLATFORMS_VULKAN_PLATFORM_ANDROID_H

-#include <backend/DriverEnums.h>
-#include <backend/platforms/VulkanPlatform.h>
+#include <backend/Platform.h>

 #include <android/hardware_buffer.h>

-namespace filament::backend {
+namespace filament::backend::fvkandroid {

-class VulkanPlatformAndroid : public VulkanPlatform {
-public:
-    Platform::ExternalImageHandle UTILS_PUBLIC createExternalImage(AHardwareBuffer const* buffer,
-            bool sRGB) noexcept;
-
-    struct UTILS_PUBLIC ExternalImageDescAndroid {
-        uint32_t width;      // Texture width
-        uint32_t height;     // Texture height
-        TextureFormat format;// Texture format
-        TextureUsage usage;  // Texture usage flags
-    };
-
-    ExternalImageDescAndroid UTILS_PUBLIC getExternalImageDesc(
-            ExternalImageHandleRef externalImage) const noexcept;
+struct ExternalImageVulkanAndroid : public Platform::ExternalImage {
+    AHardwareBuffer* aHardwareBuffer = nullptr;
+    bool sRGB = false;
+    unsigned int width;   // Texture width
+    unsigned int height;  // Texture height
+    TextureFormat format; // Texture format
+    TextureUsage usage;   // Texture usage flags

 protected:
-    struct ExternalImageVulkanAndroid : public Platform::ExternalImage {
-        AHardwareBuffer* aHardwareBuffer = nullptr;
-        bool sRGB = false;
-        unsigned int width;  // Texture width
-        unsigned int height; // Texture height
-        TextureFormat format;// Texture format
-        TextureUsage usage;  // Texture usage flags
-
-    protected:
-        ~ExternalImageVulkanAndroid() override;
-    };
-
-    virtual ExternalImageMetadata getExternalImageMetadata(ExternalImageHandleRef externalImage);
-
-    using ImageData = VulkanPlatform::ImageData;
-    virtual ImageData createExternalImageData(ExternalImageHandleRef externalImage,
-            const ExternalImageMetadata& metadata, uint32_t memoryTypeIndex,
-            VkImageUsageFlags usage);
-
-    virtual ExtensionSet getSwapchainInstanceExtensions() const;
-
-    using SurfaceBundle = VulkanPlatform::SurfaceBundle;
-    virtual SurfaceBundle createVkSurfaceKHR(void* nativeWindow, VkInstance instance,
-            uint64_t flags) const noexcept;
+    ~ExternalImageVulkanAndroid() override;
 };

-}// namespace filament::backend
+Platform::ExternalImageHandle createExternalImage(AHardwareBuffer const* buffer,
+        bool sRGB) noexcept;

-#endif// TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_PLATFORMS_VULKAN_PLATFORM_ANDROID_H
+} // namespace filament::backend::fvkandroid
+
+#endif // TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_PLATFORMS_VULKAN_PLATFORM_ANDROID_H
@@ -1,59 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2025 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#ifndef TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_PLATFORMS_WEBGPUPLATFORM_H
-#define TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_PLATFORMS_WEBGPUPLATFORM_H
-
-#include <backend/Platform.h>
-
-#include <webgpu/webgpu_cpp.h>
-
-#include <cstdint>
-
-namespace filament::backend {
-
-/**
- * A Platform interface, handling the environment-specific concerns, e.g. OS, for creating a WebGPU
- * driver (backend).
- */
-class WebGPUPlatform final : public Platform {
-public:
-    WebGPUPlatform();
-    ~WebGPUPlatform() override = default;
-
-    [[nodiscard]] int getOSVersion() const noexcept final { return 0; }
-
-    [[nodiscard]] wgpu::Instance& getInstance() noexcept { return mInstance; }
-
-    // either returns a valid surface or panics
-    [[nodiscard]] wgpu::Surface createSurface(void* nativeWindow, uint64_t flags);
-    // either returns a valid adapter or panics
-    [[nodiscard]] wgpu::Adapter requestAdapter(wgpu::Surface const& surface);
-    // either returns a valid device or panics
-    [[nodiscard]] wgpu::Device requestDevice(wgpu::Adapter const& adapter);
-
-protected:
-    [[nodiscard]] Driver* createDriver(void* sharedContext,
-            const Platform::DriverConfig& driverConfig) noexcept override;
-
-private:
-    // we may consider having the driver own this in the future
-    wgpu::Instance mInstance;
-};
-
-}// namespace filament::backend
-
-#endif// TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_PLATFORMS_WEBGPUPLATFORM_H
@@ -362,8 +362,6 @@ DECL_DRIVER_API_SYNCHRONOUS_0(bool, isProtectedTexturesSupported)
 DECL_DRIVER_API_SYNCHRONOUS_0(bool, isDepthClampSupported)
 DECL_DRIVER_API_SYNCHRONOUS_0(uint8_t, getMaxDrawBuffers)
 DECL_DRIVER_API_SYNCHRONOUS_0(size_t, getMaxUniformBufferSize)
-DECL_DRIVER_API_SYNCHRONOUS_N(size_t, getMaxTextureSize, backend::SamplerType, target)
-DECL_DRIVER_API_SYNCHRONOUS_0(size_t, getMaxArrayTextureLayers)
 DECL_DRIVER_API_SYNCHRONOUS_0(math::float2, getClipSpaceParams)
 DECL_DRIVER_API_SYNCHRONOUS_N(void, setupExternalImage2, backend::Platform::ExternalImageHandleRef, image)
 DECL_DRIVER_API_SYNCHRONOUS_N(void, setupExternalImage, void*, image)
@@ -19,11 +19,6 @@
 #include <utils/Systrace.h>
 #include <utils/debug.h>

-// We need to keep this up top for the linux (X11) name collisions.
-#if defined(FILAMENT_SUPPORTS_WEBGPU)
-    #include "backend/platforms/WebGPUPlatform.h"
-#endif
-
 #if defined(__ANDROID__)
    #include <sys/system_properties.h>
    #if defined(FILAMENT_SUPPORTS_OPENGL) && !defined(FILAMENT_USE_EXTERNAL_GLES3)
@@ -35,11 +30,7 @@
    #endif
 #elif defined(__APPLE__)
    #if defined(FILAMENT_SUPPORTS_OPENGL) && !defined(FILAMENT_USE_EXTERNAL_GLES3)
-        #if defined(FILAMENT_SUPPORTS_OSMESA)
-            #include <backend/platforms/PlatformOSMesa.h>
-        #else
-            #include <backend/platforms/PlatformCocoaGL.h>
-        #endif
+        #include <backend/platforms/PlatformCocoaGL.h>
    #endif
 #elif defined(__linux__)
    #if defined(FILAMENT_SUPPORTS_X11)
@@ -64,11 +55,7 @@
 #endif

 #if defined(FILAMENT_DRIVER_SUPPORTS_VULKAN)
-    #if defined(__ANDROID__)
-        #include "backend/platforms/VulkanPlatformAndroid.h"
-    #else
-        #include "backend/platforms/VulkanPlatform.h"
-    #endif
+    #include "backend/platforms/VulkanPlatform.h"
 #endif

 #if defined (FILAMENT_SUPPORTS_METAL)
@@ -78,6 +65,9 @@ filament::backend::Platform* createDefaultMetalPlatform();
 #endif

 #include "noop/PlatformNoop.h"
+#if defined(FILAMENT_SUPPORTS_WEBGPU)
+    #include "webgpu/WebGPUPlatform.h"
+#endif

 namespace filament::backend {

@@ -114,11 +104,7 @@ Platform* PlatformFactory::create(Backend* backend) noexcept {
    }
    if (*backend == Backend::VULKAN) {
        #if defined(FILAMENT_DRIVER_SUPPORTS_VULKAN)
-            #if defined(__ANDROID__)
-                return new VulkanPlatformAndroid();
-            #else
-                return new VulkanPlatform();
-            #endif
+            return new VulkanPlatform();
        #else
            return nullptr;
        #endif
@@ -146,11 +132,7 @@ Platform* PlatformFactory::create(Backend* backend) noexcept {
        #elif defined(FILAMENT_IOS)
            return new PlatformCocoaTouchGL();
        #elif defined(__APPLE__)
-            #if defined(FILAMENT_SUPPORTS_OSMESA)
-                return new PlatformOSMesa();
-            #else
-                return new PlatformCocoaGL();
-            #endif
+            return new PlatformCocoaGL();
        #elif defined(__linux__)
            #if defined(FILAMENT_SUPPORTS_X11)
                return new PlatformGLX();
@@ -1177,24 +1177,6 @@ size_t MetalDriver::getMaxUniformBufferSize() {
    return 256 * 1024 * 1024;   // TODO: return the actual size instead of hardcoding the minspec
 }

-size_t MetalDriver::getMaxTextureSize(SamplerType type) {
-    if (type == SamplerType::SAMPLER_3D) {
-        return 2048;
-    }
-    if (mContext->highestSupportedGpuFamily.apple >= 3 ||
-            mContext->highestSupportedGpuFamily.mac >= 2) {
-        return 16384;
-    } else if (mContext->highestSupportedGpuFamily.apple >= 2) {
-        return 8192;
-    }
-    return 4096;
-}
-
-size_t MetalDriver::getMaxArrayTextureLayers() {
-    // TODO: return the actual size instead of hardcoding the minspec
-    return 256;
-}
-
 void MetalDriver::updateIndexBuffer(Handle<HwIndexBuffer> ibh, BufferDescriptor&& data,
        uint32_t byteOffset) {
    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(data.buffer)
@@ -240,16 +240,6 @@ size_t NoopDriver::getMaxUniformBufferSize() {
    return 16384u;
 }

-size_t NoopDriver::getMaxTextureSize(SamplerType target) {
-    // NoopDriver is being actively used for other purposes.  This needs to be resolved before we
-    // can change it to 2048. b/406832484
-    return 16384u;
-}
-
-size_t NoopDriver::getMaxArrayTextureLayers() {
-    return 256u;
-}
-
 void NoopDriver::updateIndexBuffer(Handle<HwIndexBuffer> ibh, BufferDescriptor&& p,
        uint32_t byteOffset) {
    scheduleDestroy(std::move(p));
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@

 namespace filament::backend {

-Driver* PlatformNoop::createDriver(void* sharedGLContext, const Platform::DriverConfig& driverConfig) noexcept {
+Driver* PlatformNoop::createDriver(void* const sharedGLContext, const Platform::DriverConfig& driverConfig) noexcept {
    return NoopDriver::create();
 }

@@ -94,22 +94,18 @@ OpenGLContext::OpenGLContext(OpenGLPlatform& platform,
    }
    #endif

-    initExtensions(&ext, state.major, state.minor);
+    OpenGLContext::initExtensions(&ext, state.major, state.minor);

-    initProcs(&procs, ext, state.major, state.minor);
+    OpenGLContext::initProcs(&procs, ext, state.major, state.minor);

-    initBugs(&bugs, ext, state.major, state.minor,
+    OpenGLContext::initBugs(&bugs, ext, state.major, state.minor,
            state.vendor, state.renderer, state.version, state.shader);

    glGetIntegerv(GL_MAX_RENDERBUFFER_SIZE,             &gets.max_renderbuffer_size);
    glGetIntegerv(GL_MAX_TEXTURE_IMAGE_UNITS,           &gets.max_texture_image_units);
    glGetIntegerv(GL_MAX_COMBINED_TEXTURE_IMAGE_UNITS,  &gets.max_combined_texture_image_units);
-    glGetIntegerv(GL_MAX_TEXTURE_SIZE,                  &gets.max_texture_size);
-    glGetIntegerv(GL_MAX_CUBE_MAP_TEXTURE_SIZE,         &gets.max_cubemap_texture_size);
-    glGetIntegerv(GL_MAX_3D_TEXTURE_SIZE,               &gets.max_3d_texture_size);
-    glGetIntegerv(GL_MAX_ARRAY_TEXTURE_LAYERS,          &gets.max_array_texture_layers);

-    mFeatureLevel = resolveFeatureLevel(state.major, state.minor, ext, gets, bugs);
+    mFeatureLevel = OpenGLContext::resolveFeatureLevel(state.major, state.minor, ext, gets, bugs);

 #ifdef BACKEND_OPENGL_VERSION_GLES
    mShaderModel = ShaderModel::MOBILE;
@@ -181,14 +177,6 @@ OpenGLContext::OpenGLContext(OpenGLPlatform& platform,
                    << gets.max_anisotropy << '\n'
            << "GL_MAX_COMBINED_TEXTURE_IMAGE_UNITS = "
                    << gets.max_combined_texture_image_units << '\n'
-            << "GL_MAX_TEXTURE_SIZE = "
-                    << gets.max_texture_size << '\n'
-            << "GL_MAX_CUBE_MAP_TEXTURE_SIZE = "
-                    << gets.max_cubemap_texture_size << '\n'
-            << "GL_MAX_3D_TEXTURE_SIZE = "
-                    << gets.max_3d_texture_size << '\n'
-            << "GL_MAX_ARRAY_TEXTURE_LAYERS = "
-                    << gets.max_array_texture_layers << '\n'
            << "GL_MAX_DRAW_BUFFERS = "
                    << gets.max_draw_buffers << '\n'
            << "GL_MAX_RENDERBUFFER_SIZE = "
@@ -566,11 +554,7 @@ void OpenGLContext::initBugs(Bugs* bugs, Extensions const& exts,
        } else if (strstr(renderer, "AMD") ||
                   strstr(renderer, "ATI")) {
            // AMD/ATI GPU
-        } else if (strstr(renderer, "Mozilla")) {
-            bugs->disable_invalidate_framebuffer = true;
-        }
-
-        if (strstr(vendor, "Mesa")) {
+        } else if (strstr(vendor, "Mesa")) {
            // Seen on
            //  [Mesa],
            //  [llvmpipe (LLVM 17.0.6, 256 bits)],
@@ -578,6 +562,8 @@ void OpenGLContext::initBugs(Bugs* bugs, Extensions const& exts,
            //  [4.50]
            // not known which version are affected
            bugs->rebind_buffer_after_deletion = true;
+        } else if (strstr(renderer, "Mozilla")) {
+            bugs->disable_invalidate_framebuffer = true;
        }
    } else {
        // When running under ANGLE, it's a different set of workaround that we need.
@@ -589,19 +575,6 @@ void OpenGLContext::initBugs(Bugs* bugs, Extensions const& exts,
        }
    }

-    if (strstr(vendor, "Mozilla")) {
-        // Seen on
-        //  [Mozilla],
-        //  [GeForce GTX 980, or similar]
-        //    or [ANGLE (NVIDIA, NVIDIA GeForce GTX 980 Direct3D11 vs_5_0 ps_5_0), or similar]
-        //    or anything else,
-        //  [OpenGL ES 3.0 (WebGL 2.0)],
-        //  [OpenGL ES GLSL ES 3.00 (WebGL GLSL ES 3.00)]
-        // For Mozilla, the issue appears to be observed regardless of whether the renderer is
-        // ANGLE or not. (b/376125497)
-        bugs->rebind_buffer_after_deletion = true;
-    }
-
 #ifdef BACKEND_OPENGL_VERSION_GLES
 #   ifndef FILAMENT_IOS // FILAMENT_IOS is guaranteed to have ES3.x
    if (UTILS_UNLIKELY(major == 2)) {
@@ -203,10 +203,6 @@ public:
        GLint max_renderbuffer_size;
        GLint max_samples;
        GLint max_texture_image_units;
-        GLint max_texture_size;
-        GLint max_cubemap_texture_size;
-        GLint max_3d_texture_size;
-        GLint max_array_texture_layers;
        GLint max_transform_feedback_separate_attribs;
        GLint max_uniform_block_size;
        GLint max_uniform_buffer_bindings;
@@ -320,8 +316,8 @@ public:
        // a glFinish. So we must delay the destruction until we know the GPU is finished.
        bool delay_fbo_destruction;

-        // Mesa and Mozilla(web) sometimes clear the generic buffer binding when *another* buffer
-        // is destroyed, if that other buffer is bound on an *indexed* buffer binding.
+        // Mesa sometimes clears the generic buffer binding when *another* buffer is destroyed,
+        // if that other buffer is bound on an *indexed* buffer binding.
        bool rebind_buffer_after_deletion;

        // Force feature level 0. Typically used for low end ES3 devices with significant driver
@@ -148,8 +148,8 @@ using namespace utils;
 namespace filament::backend {

 Driver* OpenGLDriverFactory::create(
-        OpenGLPlatform* platform,
-        void* sharedGLContext,
+        OpenGLPlatform* const platform,
+        void* const sharedGLContext,
        const Platform::DriverConfig& driverConfig) noexcept {
    return OpenGLDriver::create(platform, sharedGLContext, driverConfig);
 }
@@ -159,10 +159,10 @@ using namespace GLUtils;
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

 UTILS_NOINLINE
-OpenGLDriver* OpenGLDriver::create(OpenGLPlatform* platform,
-        void* /*sharedGLContext*/, const Platform::DriverConfig& driverConfig) noexcept {
+OpenGLDriver* OpenGLDriver::create(OpenGLPlatform* const platform,
+        void* const /*sharedGLContext*/, const Platform::DriverConfig& driverConfig) noexcept {
    assert_invariant(platform);
-    OpenGLPlatform* ec = platform;
+    OpenGLPlatform* const ec = platform;

 #if 0
    // this is useful for development, but too verbose even for debug builds
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ OpenGLDriver* OpenGLDriver::create(OpenGLPlatform* platform,
    constexpr size_t defaultSize = FILAMENT_OPENGL_HANDLE_ARENA_SIZE_IN_MB * 1024U * 1024U;
    Platform::DriverConfig validConfig{ driverConfig };
    validConfig.handleArenaSize = std::max(driverConfig.handleArenaSize, defaultSize);
-    OpenGLDriver* driver = new(std::nothrow) OpenGLDriver(ec, validConfig);
+    OpenGLDriver* const driver = new(std::nothrow) OpenGLDriver(ec, validConfig);
    return driver;
 }

@@ -2460,26 +2460,6 @@ size_t OpenGLDriver::getMaxUniformBufferSize() {
    return mContext.gets.max_uniform_block_size;
 }

-size_t OpenGLDriver::getMaxTextureSize(SamplerType target) {
-    switch (target) {
-        case SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D:
-        case SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D_ARRAY:
-        case SamplerType::SAMPLER_EXTERNAL:
-            return mContext.gets.max_texture_size;
-        case SamplerType::SAMPLER_CUBEMAP:
-            return mContext.gets.max_cubemap_texture_size;
-        case SamplerType::SAMPLER_3D:
-            return mContext.gets.max_3d_texture_size;
-        case SamplerType::SAMPLER_CUBEMAP_ARRAY:
-            return mContext.gets.max_cubemap_texture_size;
-    }
-    return 0;
-}
-
-size_t OpenGLDriver::getMaxArrayTextureLayers() {
-    return mContext.gets.max_array_texture_layers;
-}
-
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // Swap chains
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ PlatformCocoaTouchGL::~PlatformCocoaTouchGL() noexcept {
    delete pImpl;
 }

-Driver* PlatformCocoaTouchGL::createDriver(void* sharedGLContext, const Platform::DriverConfig& driverConfig) noexcept {
+Driver* PlatformCocoaTouchGL::createDriver(void* const sharedGLContext, const Platform::DriverConfig& driverConfig) noexcept {
    EAGLSharegroup* sharegroup = (__bridge EAGLSharegroup*) sharedGLContext;

    EAGLContext *context = [[EAGLContext alloc] initWithAPI:kEAGLRenderingAPIOpenGLES3 sharegroup:sharegroup];
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
 #include <backend/platforms/PlatformEGL.h>
 #include <backend/platforms/PlatformEGLAndroid.h>

-#include <private/backend/BackendUtilsAndroid.h>
 #include <private/backend/VirtualMachineEnv.h>

 #include "opengl/GLUtils.h"
@@ -35,8 +34,6 @@
 #include <utils/ostream.h>
 #include <utils/Panic.h>
 #include <utils/Log.h>
-#include <utils/compiler.h>
-#include <utils/ostream.h>

 #include <EGL/egl.h>
 #include <EGL/eglext.h>
@@ -234,133 +231,26 @@ Driver* PlatformEGLAndroid::createDriver(void* sharedContext,
    return driver;
 }

-PlatformEGLAndroid::ExternalImageEGLAndroid::~ExternalImageEGLAndroid() {
-    if (__builtin_available(android 26, *)) {
-        if (aHardwareBuffer) {
-            AHardwareBuffer_release(aHardwareBuffer);
-        }
-    }
-}
+PlatformEGLAndroid::ExternalImageEGLAndroid::~ExternalImageEGLAndroid() = default;

-Platform::ExternalImageHandle PlatformEGLAndroid::createExternalImage(AHardwareBuffer const* buffer,
-        bool sRGB) noexcept {
-    if (__builtin_available(android 26, *)) {
-        auto* const p = new (std::nothrow) ExternalImageEGLAndroid;
-        auto hardwareBuffer = const_cast<AHardwareBuffer*>(buffer);
-        AHardwareBuffer_acquire(hardwareBuffer);
-        p->aHardwareBuffer = hardwareBuffer;
-        p->sRGB = sRGB;
-        AHardwareBuffer_Desc hardwareBufferDescription = {};
-        AHardwareBuffer_describe(hardwareBuffer, &hardwareBufferDescription);
-        p->height = hardwareBufferDescription.height;
-        p->width = hardwareBufferDescription.width;
-        auto textureFormat = mapToFilamentFormat(hardwareBufferDescription.format, sRGB);
-        p->usage = mapToFilamentUsage(hardwareBufferDescription.usage, textureFormat);
-        return ExternalImageHandle{ p };
-    }
-
-    return Platform::ExternalImageHandle{};
-}
-
-PlatformEGLAndroid::ExternalImageDescAndroid PlatformEGLAndroid::getExternalImageDesc(
-        ExternalImageHandle externalImage) noexcept {
-    auto const* const eglExternalImage =
-            static_cast<ExternalImageEGLAndroid const*>(externalImage.get());
-    ExternalImageDescAndroid metadata = {};
-    if (!eglExternalImage) {
-        return metadata;
-    }
-    metadata.height = eglExternalImage->height;
-    metadata.width = eglExternalImage->width;
-    metadata.format = eglExternalImage->format;
-    metadata.usage = eglExternalImage->usage;
-    return metadata;
+Platform::ExternalImageHandle PlatformEGLAndroid::createExternalImage(AHardwareBuffer const* buffer, bool sRGB) noexcept {
+    auto* const p = new(std::nothrow) ExternalImageEGLAndroid;
+    p->aHardwareBuffer = const_cast<AHardwareBuffer*>(buffer);
+    p->sRGB = sRGB;
+    return ExternalImageHandle{ p };
 }

 bool PlatformEGLAndroid::setExternalImage(ExternalImageHandleRef externalImage,
        UTILS_UNUSED_IN_RELEASE ExternalTexture* texture) noexcept {
-    auto const* const eglExternalImage =
-            static_cast<ExternalImageEGLAndroid const*>(externalImage.get());
+    auto const* const eglExternalImage = static_cast<ExternalImageEGLAndroid const*>(externalImage.get());
    if (eglExternalImage->aHardwareBuffer) {
-        return PlatformEGLAndroid::setImage(eglExternalImage, texture);
+        // TODO: implement PlatformEGLAndroid::setExternalImage w/ AHardwareBuffer
+        return true;
    }
    // not a AHardwareBuffer, fallback to the inherited version
    return PlatformEGL::setExternalImage(externalImage, texture);
 }

-OpenGLPlatform::ExternalTexture* PlatformEGLAndroid::createExternalImageTexture() noexcept {
-    ExternalTexture* outTexture = new (std::nothrow) ExternalTexture{};
-    glGenTextures(1, &outTexture->id);
-    return outTexture;
-}
-
-void PlatformEGLAndroid::destroyExternalImageTexture(ExternalTexture* texture) noexcept {
-    glDeleteTextures(1, &texture->id);
-    delete texture;
-}
-
-bool PlatformEGLAndroid::setImage(ExternalImageEGLAndroid const* eglExternalImage,
-        UTILS_UNUSED_IN_RELEASE ExternalTexture* texture) noexcept {
-    AHardwareBuffer* hardwareBuffer = eglExternalImage->aHardwareBuffer;
-
-    // Get the EGL client buffer from AHardwareBuffer
-    EGLClientBuffer clientBuffer = eglGetNativeClientBufferANDROID(hardwareBuffer);
-    EGLint imageAttrs[] = {
-        EGL_IMAGE_PRESERVED_KHR, EGL_TRUE,
-        EGL_NONE, EGL_NONE,  // Reserve space
-        EGL_NONE, EGL_NONE,  // Reserve space
-        EGL_NONE             // Ensure the list always ends with EGL_NONE
-    };
-    int attrIndex = 2;
-    if (eglExternalImage->sRGB) {
-        imageAttrs[attrIndex++] = EGL_GL_COLORSPACE;
-        imageAttrs[attrIndex++] = EGL_GL_COLORSPACE_SRGB;
-    }
-
-    if (static_cast<bool>(eglExternalImage->usage & TextureUsage::PROTECTED)) {
-        imageAttrs[attrIndex++] = EGL_PROTECTED_CONTENT_EXT;
-        imageAttrs[attrIndex++] = EGL_TRUE;
-    }
-    // Create an EGLImage from the client buffer
-    EGLImageKHR eglImage = eglCreateImageKHR(eglGetCurrentDisplay(), EGL_NO_CONTEXT,
-            EGL_NATIVE_BUFFER_ANDROID, clientBuffer, imageAttrs);
-    if (eglImage == EGL_NO_IMAGE_KHR) {
-        // Handle error
-        slog.e << "Failed to create EGL image" << io::endl;
-        glDeleteTextures(1, &texture->id);
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    // Create and bind the OpenGL texture
-    GLint prevActiveTexture, prevTexture;
-    glGetIntegerv(GL_ACTIVE_TEXTURE, &prevActiveTexture);
-    glGetIntegerv(GL_TEXTURE_BINDING_2D, &prevTexture);
-    glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
-    glBindTexture(texture->target, texture->id);
-    GLenum error = glGetError();
-    if (UTILS_UNLIKELY(error != GL_NO_ERROR)) {
-        slog.e << "Error after glBindTexture: " << error << io::endl;
-        glDeleteTextures(1, &texture->id);
-        eglDestroyImageKHR(eglGetCurrentDisplay(), eglImage);
-        glActiveTexture(prevActiveTexture);
-        glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, prevTexture);
-        return false;
-    }
-    glEGLImageTargetTexture2DOES(texture->target, static_cast<GLeglImageOES>(eglImage));
-    error = glGetError();
-    if (UTILS_UNLIKELY(error != GL_NO_ERROR)) {
-        slog.e << "Error after glEGLImageTargetTexture2DOES: " << error << io::endl;
-        glDeleteTextures(1, &texture->id);
-        eglDestroyImageKHR(eglGetCurrentDisplay(), eglImage);
-        glActiveTexture(prevActiveTexture);
-        glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, prevTexture);
-        return false;
-    }
-    glActiveTexture(prevActiveTexture);
-    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, prevTexture);
-    return true;
-}
-
 void PlatformEGLAndroid::setPresentationTime(int64_t presentationTimeInNanosecond) noexcept {
    EGLSurface currentDrawSurface = eglGetCurrentSurface(EGL_DRAW);
    if (currentDrawSurface != EGL_NO_SURFACE) {
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ namespace filament::backend {

 using namespace backend;

-Driver* PlatformGLX::createDriver(void* sharedGLContext,
+Driver* PlatformGLX::createDriver(void* const sharedGLContext,
        const DriverConfig& driverConfig) noexcept {
    loadLibraries();
    // Get the display device
@@ -22,11 +22,9 @@
 #include <dlfcn.h>
 #include <memory>

-#if defined(__linux__)
 // This is to ensure that linking during compilation will not fail even if
 // OSMesaGetProcAddress is not linked.
 __attribute__((weak)) OSMESAproc OSMesaGetProcAddress(char const*);
-#endif

 namespace filament::backend {

@@ -50,27 +48,20 @@ struct OSMesaSwapchain {

 struct OSMesaAPI {
 private:
-    using CreateContextAttribsFunc = OSMesaContext (*)(const int *, OSMesaContext);
+    using CreateContextFunc = OSMesaContext (*)(GLenum format, OSMesaContext);
    using DestroyContextFunc = GLboolean (*)(OSMesaContext);
    using MakeCurrentFunc = GLboolean (*)(OSMesaContext ctx, void* buffer, GLenum type,
            GLsizei width, GLsizei height);
    using GetProcAddressFunc = OSMESAproc (*)(const char* funcName);

 public:
-    CreateContextAttribsFunc fOSMesaCreateContextAttribs;
+    CreateContextFunc fOSMesaCreateContext;
    DestroyContextFunc fOSMesaDestroyContext;
    MakeCurrentFunc fOSMesaMakeCurrent;
    GetProcAddressFunc fOSMesaGetProcAddress;

    OSMesaAPI() {
-        static constexpr char const* libraryNames[] = {
-#if defined(__linux__)
-            "libOSMesa.so",
-            "libosmesa.so",
-#elif defined(__APPLE__)
-            "libOSMesa.dylib",
-#endif
-        };
+        constexpr char const* libraryNames[] = {"libOSMesa.so", "libosmesa.so"};
        for (char const* libName: libraryNames) {
            mLib = dlopen(libName, RTLD_GLOBAL | RTLD_NOW);
            if (mLib) {
@@ -80,24 +71,22 @@ public:
        if (mLib) {
            // Loading from a libosmesa.os
            fOSMesaGetProcAddress = (GetProcAddressFunc) dlsym(mLib, "OSMesaGetProcAddress");
-        }
-#if defined(__linux__)
-        else {
+        } else {
            // Filament is built into a .so
            fOSMesaGetProcAddress = (GetProcAddressFunc) dlsym(RTLD_LOCAL, "OSMesaGetProcAddress");
        }
+
        if (!fOSMesaGetProcAddress) {
            // Statically linking osmesa
            fOSMesaGetProcAddress = OSMesaGetProcAddress;
        }
-#endif // __linux__

        FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(fOSMesaGetProcAddress)
                << "Unable to link against libOSMesa to create a software GL context";

-        fOSMesaCreateContextAttribs =
-                (CreateContextAttribsFunc) fOSMesaGetProcAddress("OSMesaCreateContextAttribs");
-        fOSMesaDestroyContext = (DestroyContextFunc) fOSMesaGetProcAddress("OSMesaDestroyContext");
+        fOSMesaCreateContext = (CreateContextFunc) fOSMesaGetProcAddress("OSMesaCreateContext");
+        fOSMesaDestroyContext =
+                (DestroyContextFunc) fOSMesaGetProcAddress("OSMesaDestroyContext");
        fOSMesaMakeCurrent = (MakeCurrentFunc) fOSMesaGetProcAddress("OSMesaMakeCurrent");
    }

@@ -112,24 +101,14 @@ private:

 }// anonymous namespace

-Driver* PlatformOSMesa::createDriver(void* sharedGLContext,
+Driver* PlatformOSMesa::createDriver(void* const sharedGLContext,
        const DriverConfig& driverConfig) noexcept {
-
    OSMesaAPI* api = new OSMesaAPI();
    mOsMesaApi = api;

-    static constexpr int attribs[] = {
-        OSMESA_FORMAT, GL_RGBA,
-        OSMESA_DEPTH_BITS, 24,
-        OSMESA_STENCIL_BITS, 8,
-        OSMESA_ACCUM_BITS, 0,
-        OSMESA_PROFILE, OSMESA_CORE_PROFILE,
-        0,
-    };
-
    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(sharedGLContext == nullptr)
            << "shared GL context is not supported with PlatformOSMesa";
-    mContext = api->fOSMesaCreateContextAttribs(attribs, NULL);
+    mContext = api->fOSMesaCreateContext(GL_RGBA, NULL);

    // We need to do a no-op makecurrent here so that the context will be in a correct state before
    // any GL calls.
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ struct WGLSwapChain {

 static PFNWGLCREATECONTEXTATTRIBSARBPROC wglCreateContextAttribs = nullptr;

-Driver* PlatformWGL::createDriver(void* sharedGLContext,
+Driver* PlatformWGL::createDriver(void* const sharedGLContext,
        const Platform::DriverConfig& driverConfig) noexcept {
    int result = 0;
    int pixelFormat = 0;
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ namespace filament::backend {

 using namespace backend;

-Driver* PlatformWebGL::createDriver(void* sharedGLContext,
+Driver* PlatformWebGL::createDriver(void* const sharedGLContext,
        const Platform::DriverConfig& driverConfig) noexcept {
    return OpenGLPlatform::createDefaultDriver(this, sharedGLContext, driverConfig);
 }
@@ -1,110 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2025 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#include "VulkanDescriptorSetLayoutCache.h"
-
-#include "VulkanHandles.h"
-
-namespace filament::backend {
-
-namespace {
-
-using BitmaskGroup = VulkanDescriptorSetLayout::Bitmask;
-
-template<typename Bitmask>
-uint32_t appendBindings(VkDescriptorSetLayoutBinding* toBind, VkDescriptorType type,
-        Bitmask const& mask) {
-    uint32_t count = 0;
-    Bitmask alreadySeen;
-    mask.forEachSetBit([&](size_t index) {
-        VkShaderStageFlags stages = 0;
-        uint32_t binding = 0;
-        if (index < fvkutils::getFragmentStageShift<Bitmask>()) {
-            binding = (uint32_t) index;
-            stages |= VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT;
-            auto fragIndex = index + fvkutils::getFragmentStageShift<Bitmask>();
-            if (mask.test(fragIndex)) {
-                stages |= VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT;
-                alreadySeen.set(fragIndex);
-            }
-        } else if (!alreadySeen.test(index)) {
-            // We are in fragment stage bits
-            binding = (uint32_t) (index - fvkutils::getFragmentStageShift<Bitmask>());
-            stages |= VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT;
-        }
-
-        if (stages) {
-            toBind[count++] = {
-                .binding = binding,
-                .descriptorType = type,
-                .descriptorCount = 1,
-                .stageFlags = stages,
-            };
-        }
-    });
-    return count;
-}
-
-} // anonymous namespace
-
-VulkanDescriptorSetLayoutCache::VulkanDescriptorSetLayoutCache(VkDevice device,
-        fvkmemory::ResourceManager* resourceManager)
-    : mDevice(device),
-      mResourceManager(resourceManager) {}
-
-VulkanDescriptorSetLayoutCache::~VulkanDescriptorSetLayoutCache() = default;
-
-void VulkanDescriptorSetLayoutCache::terminate() noexcept {
-    for (auto& itr: mVkLayouts) {
-        vkDestroyDescriptorSetLayout(mDevice, itr.second, VKALLOC);
-    }
-}
-
-fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanDescriptorSetLayout> VulkanDescriptorSetLayoutCache::createLayout(
-        Handle<HwDescriptorSetLayout> handle, backend::DescriptorSetLayout&& info) {
-    auto layout = fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanDescriptorSetLayout>::make(mResourceManager, handle,
-            info);
-    VkDescriptorSetLayout vklayout = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
-    auto const& bitmasks = layout->bitmask;
-    if (auto itr = mVkLayouts.find(bitmasks); itr != mVkLayouts.end()) {
-        vklayout = itr->second;
-    } else {
-        VkDescriptorSetLayoutBinding toBind[VulkanDescriptorSetLayout::MAX_BINDINGS];
-        uint32_t count = 0;
-        count += appendBindings(&toBind[count], VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER_DYNAMIC,
-                bitmasks.dynamicUbo);
-        count += appendBindings(&toBind[count], VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER, bitmasks.ubo);
-        count += appendBindings(&toBind[count], VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER,
-                bitmasks.sampler);
-        count += appendBindings(&toBind[count], VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_INPUT_ATTACHMENT,
-                bitmasks.inputAttachment);
-
-        assert_invariant(count != 0 && "Need at least one binding for descriptor set layout.");
-        VkDescriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo dlinfo = {
-            .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_SET_LAYOUT_CREATE_INFO,
-            .pNext = nullptr,
-            .bindingCount = count,
-            .pBindings = toBind,
-        };
-
-        vkCreateDescriptorSetLayout(mDevice, &dlinfo, VKALLOC, &vklayout);
-        mVkLayouts[bitmasks] = vklayout;
-    }
-    layout->setVkLayout(vklayout);
-    return layout;
-}
-
-} // namespace filament::backend
@@ -1,63 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2025 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#ifndef TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_CACHING_VULKANDESCRIPTORSETLAYOUTCACHE_H
-#define TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_CACHING_VULKANDESCRIPTORSETLAYOUTCACHE_H
-
-#include "VulkanHandles.h"
-
-#include "vulkan/memory/ResourcePointer.h"
-
-#include <backend/DriverEnums.h>
-#include <backend/Program.h>
-#include <backend/TargetBufferInfo.h>
-
-#include <utils/bitset.h>
-
-#include <bluevk/BlueVK.h>
-#include <tsl/robin_map.h>
-
-#include <memory>
-
-namespace filament::backend {
-
-class VulkanDescriptorSetLayoutCache {
-public:
-    VulkanDescriptorSetLayoutCache(VkDevice device, fvkmemory::ResourceManager* resourceManager);
-    ~VulkanDescriptorSetLayoutCache();
-
-    void terminate() noexcept;
-
-    fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanDescriptorSetLayout> createLayout(
-            Handle<HwDescriptorSetLayout> handle, backend::DescriptorSetLayout&& info);
-
-private:
-    VkDevice mDevice;
-    fvkmemory::ResourceManager* mResourceManager;
-
-    using BitmaskGroup = VulkanDescriptorSetLayout::Bitmask;
-    using BitmaskGroupHashFn = utils::hash::MurmurHashFn<BitmaskGroup>;
-    struct BitmaskGroupEqual {
-        bool operator()(BitmaskGroup const& k1, BitmaskGroup const& k2) const { return k1 == k2; }
-    };
-
-    tsl::robin_map<BitmaskGroup, VkDescriptorSetLayout, BitmaskGroupHashFn, BitmaskGroupEqual>
-            mVkLayouts;
-};
-
-} // namespace filament::backend
-
-#endif// TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_CACHING_VULKANDESCRIPTORSETLAYOUTCACHE_H
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 #include "VulkanDriver.h"

 #include "CommandStreamDispatcher.h"
+#include "DataReshaper.h"
 #include "SystraceProfile.h"
 #include "VulkanAsyncHandles.h"
 #include "VulkanBuffer.h"
@@ -34,6 +35,7 @@
 #include <backend/platforms/VulkanPlatform.h>

 #include <utils/CString.h>
+#include <utils/FixedCapacityVector.h>
 #include <utils/Panic.h>

 #ifndef NDEBUG
@@ -42,6 +44,8 @@

 using namespace bluevk;

+using utils::FixedCapacityVector;
+
 #if defined(__clang__)
 // Vulkan functions often immediately dereference pointers, so it's fine to pass in a pointer
 // to a stack-allocated variable.
@@ -215,8 +219,7 @@ VulkanDriver::VulkanDriver(VulkanPlatform* platform, VulkanContext const& contex
      mSamplerCache(mPlatform->getDevice()),
      mBlitter(mPlatform->getPhysicalDevice(), &mCommands),
      mReadPixels(mPlatform->getDevice()),
-      mDescriptorSetLayoutCache(mPlatform->getDevice(), &mResourceManager),
-      mDescriptorSetCache(mPlatform->getDevice(), &mResourceManager),
+      mDescriptorSetManager(mPlatform->getDevice(), &mResourceManager),
      mQueryManager(mPlatform->getDevice()),
      mIsSRGBSwapChainSupported(mPlatform->getCustomization().isSRGBSwapChainSupported),
      mStereoscopicType(driverConfig.stereoscopicType) {
@@ -326,8 +329,7 @@ void VulkanDriver::terminate() {
    mPipelineCache.terminate();
    mFramebufferCache.reset();
    mSamplerCache.terminate();
-    mDescriptorSetLayoutCache.terminate();
-    mDescriptorSetCache.terminate();
+    mDescriptorSetManager.terminate();
    mPipelineLayoutCache.terminate();

    // Before terminating ResourceManager, we must make sure all of the resource_ptrs have been unset.
@@ -363,7 +365,7 @@ void VulkanDriver::collectGarbage() {
    FVK_SYSTRACE_SCOPE();
    // Command buffers need to be submitted and completed before other resources can be gc'd.
    mCommands.gc();
-    mDescriptorSetCache.clearHistory();
+    mDescriptorSetManager.clearHistory();
    mStagePool.gc();
    mFramebufferCache.gc();
    mPipelineCache.gc();
@@ -406,7 +408,7 @@ void VulkanDriver::updateDescriptorSetBuffer(
    FVK_SYSTRACE_SCOPE();
    auto set = resource_ptr<VulkanDescriptorSet>::cast(&mResourceManager, dsh);
    auto buffer = resource_ptr<VulkanBufferObject>::cast(&mResourceManager, boh);
-    mDescriptorSetCache.updateBuffer(set, binding, buffer, offset, size);
+    mDescriptorSetManager.updateBuffer(set, binding, buffer, offset, size);
 }

 void VulkanDriver::updateDescriptorSetTexture(
@@ -419,7 +421,7 @@ void VulkanDriver::updateDescriptorSetTexture(
    auto texture = resource_ptr<VulkanTexture>::cast(&mResourceManager, th);

    VkSampler const vksampler = mSamplerCache.getSampler(params);
-    mDescriptorSetCache.updateSampler(set, binding, texture, vksampler);
+    mDescriptorSetManager.updateSampler(set, binding, texture, vksampler);
 }

 void VulkanDriver::flush(int) {
@@ -552,43 +554,26 @@ void VulkanDriver::createTextureViewSwizzleR(Handle<HwTexture> th, Handle<HwText
   texture.inc();
 }

-void VulkanDriver::createTextureExternalImage2R(Handle<HwTexture> th, backend::SamplerType target,
-        backend::TextureFormat format, uint32_t width, uint32_t height, backend::TextureUsage usage,
+void VulkanDriver::createTextureExternalImage2R(Handle<HwTexture> th,
+        backend::SamplerType target,  backend::TextureFormat format,
+        uint32_t width, uint32_t height, backend::TextureUsage usage,
        Platform::ExternalImageHandleRef externalImage) {
    FVK_SYSTRACE_SCOPE();
+
    const auto& metadata = mPlatform->getExternalImageMetadata(externalImage);
    if (metadata.isProtected) {
        usage |= backend::TextureUsage::PROTECTED;
    }

-    VkImageUsageFlags vkUsage = metadata.usage;
-    if (any(usage & TextureUsage::BLIT_SRC)) {
-        vkUsage |= VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT;
-    }
-
-    if (any(usage & (TextureUsage::BLIT_DST & TextureUsage::UPLOADABLE))) {
-        vkUsage |= VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT;
-    }
-
    assert_invariant(width == metadata.width);
    assert_invariant(height == metadata.height);
    assert_invariant(fvkutils::getVkFormat(format) == metadata.format);

-    VkMemoryPropertyFlags const requiredMemoryFlags = any(usage & TextureUsage::UPLOADABLE)
-                                                              ? VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT
-                                                              : VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT;
-    uint32_t const memoryTypeIndex =
-            mContext.selectMemoryType(metadata.memoryTypeBits, requiredMemoryFlags);
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(memoryTypeIndex != VK_MAX_MEMORY_TYPES)
-            << "failed to find a valid memory type for external image memory.";
+    const auto& data = mPlatform->createExternalImageData(externalImage, metadata);

-    const auto& data =
-            mPlatform->createExternalImageData(externalImage, metadata, memoryTypeIndex, vkUsage);
-
-    auto texture = resource_ptr<VulkanTexture>::make(&mResourceManager, th, mPlatform->getDevice(),
-            mAllocator, &mResourceManager, &mCommands, data.first, data.second, metadata.format,
-            metadata.samples, metadata.width, metadata.height, metadata.layerCount, usage,
-            mStagePool);
+    auto texture = resource_ptr<VulkanTexture>::make(&mResourceManager, th,
+            mPlatform->getDevice(), mAllocator, &mResourceManager, &mCommands, data.first, data.second, metadata.format,
+            1, metadata.width, metadata.height, /*depth=*/1, usage, mStagePool);

    texture.inc();
 }
@@ -776,7 +761,8 @@ void VulkanDriver::createTimerQueryR(Handle<HwTimerQuery> tqh, int) {

 void VulkanDriver::createDescriptorSetLayoutR(Handle<HwDescriptorSetLayout> dslh,
        backend::DescriptorSetLayout&& info) {
-    auto layout = mDescriptorSetLayoutCache.createLayout(dslh, std::move(info));
+    auto layout = resource_ptr<VulkanDescriptorSetLayout>::make(&mResourceManager, dslh, info);
+    mDescriptorSetManager.initVkLayout(layout);
    layout.inc();
 }

@@ -785,7 +771,7 @@ void VulkanDriver::createDescriptorSetR(Handle<HwDescriptorSet> dsh,
    FVK_SYSTRACE_SCOPE();
    fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanDescriptorSetLayout> layout =
            fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanDescriptorSetLayout>::cast(&mResourceManager, dslh);
-    auto set = mDescriptorSetCache.createSet(dsh, layout);
+    auto set = mDescriptorSetManager.createSet(dsh, layout);
    set.inc();
 }

@@ -1057,7 +1043,7 @@ bool VulkanDriver::isDepthStencilBlitSupported(TextureFormat format) {
           formats.end();
 }

-bool VulkanDriver::isProtectedTexturesSupported() { return isProtectedContentSupported(); }
+bool VulkanDriver::isProtectedTexturesSupported() { return false; }

 bool VulkanDriver::isDepthClampSupported() {
    return mContext.isDepthClampSupported();
@@ -1134,28 +1120,14 @@ math::float2 VulkanDriver::getClipSpaceParams() {
 }

 uint8_t VulkanDriver::getMaxDrawBuffers() {
-    return mContext.getPhysicalDeviceLimits().maxColorAttachments;
+    return MRT::MIN_SUPPORTED_RENDER_TARGET_COUNT; // TODO: query real value
 }

 size_t VulkanDriver::getMaxUniformBufferSize() {
-    return mContext.getPhysicalDeviceLimits().maxUniformBufferRange;
-}
-
-size_t VulkanDriver::getMaxTextureSize(SamplerType type) {
-    switch (type) {
-        case SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D:
-            return mContext.getPhysicalDeviceLimits().maxImageDimension2D;
-        case SamplerType::SAMPLER_3D:
-            return mContext.getPhysicalDeviceLimits().maxImageDimension3D;
-        case SamplerType::SAMPLER_CUBEMAP:
-            return mContext.getPhysicalDeviceLimits().maxImageDimensionCube;
-        default:
-            return mContext.getPhysicalDeviceLimits().maxImageDimension1D;
-    }
-}
-
-size_t VulkanDriver::getMaxArrayTextureLayers() {
-    return mContext.getPhysicalDeviceLimits().maxImageArrayLayers;
+    // TODO: return the actual size instead of hardcoded value
+    // TODO: devices that return less than 32768 should be rejected. This represents only 3%
+    //       of android devices.
+    return 32768;
 }

 void VulkanDriver::setVertexBufferObject(Handle<HwVertexBuffer> vbh, uint32_t index,
@@ -1494,7 +1466,7 @@ void VulkanDriver::nextSubpass(int) {

    if (mCurrentRenderPass.params.subpassMask & 0x1) {
        VulkanAttachment& subpassInput = renderTarget->getColor0();
-        mDescriptorSetCache.updateInputAttachment({}, subpassInput);
+        mDescriptorSetManager.updateInputAttachment({}, subpassInput);
    }
 }

@@ -1821,9 +1793,9 @@ void VulkanDriver::bindDescriptorSet(
        backend::DescriptorSetOffsetArray&& offsets) {
    if (dsh) {
        auto set = resource_ptr<VulkanDescriptorSet>::cast(&mResourceManager, dsh);
-        mDescriptorSetCache.bind(setIndex, set, std::move(offsets));
+        mDescriptorSetManager.bind(setIndex, set, std::move(offsets));
    } else {
-        mDescriptorSetCache.unbind(setIndex);
+        mDescriptorSetManager.unbind(setIndex);
    }
 }

@@ -1831,7 +1803,7 @@ void VulkanDriver::draw2(uint32_t indexOffset, uint32_t indexCount, uint32_t ins
    FVK_SYSTRACE_SCOPE();
    VkCommandBuffer cmdbuffer = mCurrentRenderPass.commandBuffer->buffer();

-    mDescriptorSetCache.commit(mCurrentRenderPass.commandBuffer,
+    mDescriptorSetManager.commit(mCurrentRenderPass.commandBuffer,
            mBoundPipeline.pipelineLayout,
            mBoundPipeline.descriptorSetMask);

@@ -27,9 +27,8 @@
 #include "VulkanSamplerCache.h"
 #include "VulkanStagePool.h"
 #include "VulkanQueryManager.h"
-#include "vulkan/VulkanDescriptorSetCache.h"
-#include "vulkan/VulkanDescriptorSetLayoutCache.h"
-#include "vulkan/VulkanPipelineLayoutCache.h"
+#include "vulkan/caching/VulkanDescriptorSetManager.h"
+#include "vulkan/caching/VulkanPipelineLayoutCache.h"
 #include "vulkan/memory/ResourceManager.h"
 #include "vulkan/memory/ResourcePointer.h"
 #include "vulkan/utils/Definitions.h"
@@ -138,8 +137,7 @@ private:
    VulkanSamplerCache mSamplerCache;
    VulkanBlitter mBlitter;
    VulkanReadPixels mReadPixels;
-    VulkanDescriptorSetLayoutCache mDescriptorSetLayoutCache;
-    VulkanDescriptorSetCache mDescriptorSetCache;
+    VulkanDescriptorSetManager mDescriptorSetManager;
    VulkanQueryManager mQueryManager;

    // This is necessary for us to write to push constants after binding a pipeline.
@@ -15,12 +15,15 @@
 */

 #include "VulkanPipelineCache.h"
+#include "VulkanMemory.h"
+#include "caching/VulkanDescriptorSetManager.h"

 #include <utils/Log.h>
 #include <utils/Panic.h>

 #include "VulkanConstants.h"
 #include "VulkanHandles.h"
+#include "VulkanTexture.h"
 #include "vulkan/utils/Conversion.h"

 #if defined(__clang__)
@@ -23,6 +23,79 @@ using namespace bluevk;

 namespace filament::backend {

+constexpr inline VkSamplerAddressMode getWrapMode(SamplerWrapMode mode) noexcept {
+    switch (mode) {
+        case SamplerWrapMode::REPEAT:
+            return VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_REPEAT;
+        case SamplerWrapMode::CLAMP_TO_EDGE:
+            return VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_CLAMP_TO_EDGE;
+        case SamplerWrapMode::MIRRORED_REPEAT:
+            return VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_MIRRORED_REPEAT;
+    }
+}
+
+constexpr inline VkFilter getFilter(SamplerMinFilter filter) noexcept {
+    switch (filter) {
+        case SamplerMinFilter::NEAREST:
+            return VK_FILTER_NEAREST;
+        case SamplerMinFilter::LINEAR:
+            return VK_FILTER_LINEAR;
+        case SamplerMinFilter::NEAREST_MIPMAP_NEAREST:
+            return VK_FILTER_NEAREST;
+        case SamplerMinFilter::LINEAR_MIPMAP_NEAREST:
+            return VK_FILTER_LINEAR;
+        case SamplerMinFilter::NEAREST_MIPMAP_LINEAR:
+            return VK_FILTER_NEAREST;
+        case SamplerMinFilter::LINEAR_MIPMAP_LINEAR:
+            return VK_FILTER_LINEAR;
+    }
+}
+
+constexpr inline VkFilter getFilter(SamplerMagFilter filter) noexcept {
+    switch (filter) {
+        case SamplerMagFilter::NEAREST:
+            return VK_FILTER_NEAREST;
+        case SamplerMagFilter::LINEAR:
+            return VK_FILTER_LINEAR;
+    }
+}
+
+constexpr inline VkSamplerMipmapMode getMipmapMode(SamplerMinFilter filter) noexcept {
+    switch (filter) {
+        case SamplerMinFilter::NEAREST:
+            return VK_SAMPLER_MIPMAP_MODE_NEAREST;
+        case SamplerMinFilter::LINEAR:
+            return VK_SAMPLER_MIPMAP_MODE_NEAREST;
+        case SamplerMinFilter::NEAREST_MIPMAP_NEAREST:
+            return VK_SAMPLER_MIPMAP_MODE_NEAREST;
+        case SamplerMinFilter::LINEAR_MIPMAP_NEAREST:
+            return VK_SAMPLER_MIPMAP_MODE_NEAREST;
+        case SamplerMinFilter::NEAREST_MIPMAP_LINEAR:
+            return VK_SAMPLER_MIPMAP_MODE_LINEAR;
+        case SamplerMinFilter::LINEAR_MIPMAP_LINEAR:
+            return VK_SAMPLER_MIPMAP_MODE_LINEAR;
+    }
+}
+
+constexpr inline float getMaxLod(SamplerMinFilter filter) noexcept {
+    switch (filter) {
+        case SamplerMinFilter::NEAREST:
+        case SamplerMinFilter::LINEAR:
+            // The Vulkan spec recommends a max LOD of 0.25 to "disable" mipmapping.
+            // See "Mapping of OpenGL to Vulkan filter modes" in the VK Spec.
+            return 0.25f;
+        case SamplerMinFilter::NEAREST_MIPMAP_NEAREST:
+        case SamplerMinFilter::LINEAR_MIPMAP_NEAREST:
+        case SamplerMinFilter::NEAREST_MIPMAP_LINEAR:
+        case SamplerMinFilter::LINEAR_MIPMAP_LINEAR:
+            return VK_LOD_CLAMP_NONE;
+    }
+}
+
+constexpr inline VkBool32 getCompareEnable(SamplerCompareMode mode) noexcept {
+    return mode == SamplerCompareMode::NONE ? VK_FALSE : VK_TRUE;
+}
+
 VulkanSamplerCache::VulkanSamplerCache(VkDevice device)
    : mDevice(device) {}

@@ -33,18 +106,18 @@ VkSampler VulkanSamplerCache::getSampler(SamplerParams params) noexcept {
    }
    VkSamplerCreateInfo samplerInfo {
        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SAMPLER_CREATE_INFO,
-        .magFilter = fvkutils::getFilter(params.filterMag),
-        .minFilter = fvkutils::getFilter(params.filterMin),
-        .mipmapMode = fvkutils::getMipmapMode(params.filterMin),
-        .addressModeU = fvkutils::getWrapMode(params.wrapS),
-        .addressModeV = fvkutils::getWrapMode(params.wrapT),
-        .addressModeW = fvkutils::getWrapMode(params.wrapR),
-        .anisotropyEnable = params.anisotropyLog2 == 0 ? VK_FALSE : VK_TRUE,
+        .magFilter = getFilter(params.filterMag),
+        .minFilter = getFilter(params.filterMin),
+        .mipmapMode = getMipmapMode(params.filterMin),
+        .addressModeU = getWrapMode(params.wrapS),
+        .addressModeV = getWrapMode(params.wrapT),
+        .addressModeW = getWrapMode(params.wrapR),
+        .anisotropyEnable = params.anisotropyLog2 == 0 ? 0u : 1u,
        .maxAnisotropy = (float)(1u << params.anisotropyLog2),
-        .compareEnable = fvkutils::getCompareEnable(params.compareMode),
+        .compareEnable = getCompareEnable(params.compareMode),
        .compareOp = fvkutils::getCompareOp(params.compareFunc),
        .minLod = 0.0f,
-        .maxLod = fvkutils::getMaxLod(params.filterMin),
+        .maxLod = getMaxLod(params.filterMin),
        .borderColor = VK_BORDER_COLOR_INT_OPAQUE_BLACK,
        .unnormalizedCoordinates = VK_FALSE
    };
@@ -55,61 +55,63 @@ VkComponentMapping composeSwizzle(VkComponentMapping const& prev, VkComponentMap
        VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_A,
    };

-    auto const compose = [](VkComponentMapping const& prev,
-                                 VkComponentMapping const& next) -> VkComponentMapping {
-        VkComponentSwizzle vals[4] = { next.r, next.g, next.b, next.a };
-        for (auto& out: vals) {
-            switch (out) {
-                case VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_R:
-                    out = prev.r;
-                    break;
-                case VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_G:
-                    out = prev.g;
-                    break;
-                case VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_B:
-                    out = prev.b;
-                    break;
-                case VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_A:
-                    out = prev.a;
-                    break;
-                // Do not modify the value
-                case VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY:
-                case VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_ZERO:
-                case VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_ONE:
-                // Below is not exposed in Vulkan's API, but needs to be there for compilation.
-                case VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_MAX_ENUM:
-                    break;
-            }
+    auto const compose = [](VkComponentSwizzle out, VkComponentMapping const& prev,
+                                 uint8_t channelIndex) {
+        // We need to first change all identities to its equivalent channel.
+        if (out == VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY) {
+            out = IDENTITY[channelIndex];
        }
-        return { vals[0], vals[1], vals[2], vals[3] };
+        switch (out) {
+            case VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_R:
+                out = prev.r;
+                break;
+            case VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_G:
+                out = prev.g;
+                break;
+            case VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_B:
+                out = prev.b;
+                break;
+            case VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_A:
+                out = prev.a;
+                break;
+            case VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY:
+            case VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_ZERO:
+            case VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_ONE:
+                return out;
+            // Below is not exposed in Vulkan's API, but needs to be there for compilation.
+            case VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_MAX_ENUM:
+                break;
+        }
+        // If the result correctly corresponds to the identity, just return identity.
+        if (IDENTITY[channelIndex] == out) {
+            return VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY;
+        }
+        return out;
    };

-    auto const identityToChannel = [](VkComponentMapping const& mapping) -> VkComponentMapping {
-        VkComponentSwizzle vals[4] = { mapping.r, mapping.g, mapping.b, mapping.a };
-        for (uint8_t i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
-            if (vals[i] != VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY) {
-                continue;
-            }
-            vals[i] = IDENTITY[i];
+    auto const identityToChannel = [](VkComponentSwizzle val, uint8_t channelIndex) {
+        if (val != VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY) {
+            return val;
        }
-        return { vals[0], vals[1], vals[2], vals[3] };
-    };
-    auto const channelToIdentity = [](VkComponentMapping const& mapping) -> VkComponentMapping {
-        VkComponentSwizzle vals[4] = { mapping.r, mapping.g, mapping.b, mapping.a };
-        for (uint8_t i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
-            if (IDENTITY[i] != vals[i]) {
-                continue;
-            }
-            vals[i] = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY;
-        }
-        return { vals[0], vals[1], vals[2], vals[3] };
+        return IDENTITY[channelIndex];
    };

    // We make sure all all identities are mapped into respective channels so that actual channel
    // mapping will be passed onto the output.
-    VkComponentMapping const prevExplicit = identityToChannel(prev);
-    VkComponentMapping const nextExplicit = identityToChannel(next);
-    return channelToIdentity(compose(prevExplicit, nextExplicit));
+    VkComponentMapping const prevExplicit = {
+            identityToChannel(prev.r, 0),
+            identityToChannel(prev.g, 1),
+            identityToChannel(prev.b, 2),
+            identityToChannel(prev.a, 3),
+    };
+
+    // Note that the channel index corresponds to the VkComponentMapping struct layout.
+    return {
+        compose(next.r, prevExplicit, 0),
+        compose(next.g, prevExplicit, 1),
+        compose(next.b, prevExplicit, 2),
+        compose(next.a, prevExplicit, 3),
+    };
 }

 inline VulkanLayout getDefaultLayoutImpl(TextureUsage usage) {
@@ -151,6 +153,7 @@ uint8_t getLayerCountFromDepth(uint32_t const depth) {
    return getLayerCount(getSamplerTypeFromDepth(depth), depth);
 }

+
 } // anonymous namespace

 VulkanTextureState::VulkanTextureState(VkDevice device, VmaAllocator allocator,
@@ -246,19 +249,12 @@ VulkanTexture::VulkanTexture(VkDevice device, VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice,

    // Determine if we can use the transient usage flag combined with lazily allocated memory.
    const bool useTransientAttachment =
-            // Lazily allocated memory is available.
-            context.isLazilyAllocatedMemorySupported() &&
-            // Usage consists of attachment flags only.
-            none(tusage & ~TextureUsage::ALL_ATTACHMENTS) &&
-            // Usage contains at least one attachment flag.
-            any(tusage & TextureUsage::ALL_ATTACHMENTS) &&
-            // Depth resolve cannot use transient attachment because it uses a custom shader.
-            // TODO: see VulkanDriver::isDepthStencilResolveSupported() to know when to remove this
-            // restriction.
-            // Note that the custom shader does not resolve stencil. We do need to move to vk 1.2
-            // and above to be able to support stencil resolve (along with depth).
-            !(any(usage & TextureUsage::DEPTH_ATTACHMENT) && samples > 1);
-
+        // Lazily allocated memory is available.
+        context.isLazilyAllocatedMemorySupported() &&
+        // Usage consists of attachment flags only.
+        none(tusage & ~TextureUsage::ALL_ATTACHMENTS) &&
+        // Usage contains at least one attachment flag.
+        any(tusage & TextureUsage::ALL_ATTACHMENTS);
    mState->mIsTransientAttachment = useTransientAttachment;

    const VkImageUsageFlags transientFlag =
@@ -14,25 +14,35 @@
 * limitations under the License.
 */

-#include "VulkanDescriptorSetCache.h"
+#include "VulkanDescriptorSetManager.h"

-#include "VulkanCommands.h"
-#include "VulkanHandles.h"
-#include "VulkanConstants.h"
+#include "vulkan/VulkanCommands.h"
+#include "vulkan/VulkanHandles.h"
+#include "vulkan/VulkanConstants.h"

 #include <utils/FixedCapacityVector.h>
 #include <utils/Panic.h>

+#include <math.h>
+
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <memory>
+#include <type_traits>
 #include <vector>

 namespace filament::backend {

 namespace {

+using BitmaskGroup = VulkanDescriptorSetLayout::Bitmask;
 using DescriptorCount = VulkanDescriptorSetLayout::Count;
-using DescriptorSetLayoutArray = VulkanDescriptorSetCache::DescriptorSetLayoutArray;
+using DescriptorSetLayoutArray = VulkanDescriptorSetManager::DescriptorSetLayoutArray;
+using BitmaskGroupHashFn = utils::hash::MurmurHashFn<BitmaskGroup>;
+struct BitmaskGroupEqual {
+    bool operator()(BitmaskGroup const& k1, BitmaskGroup const& k2) const {
+        return k1 == k2;
+    }
+};

 // We create a pool for each layout as defined by the number of descriptors of each type. For
 // example, a layout of
@@ -189,12 +199,72 @@ struct Equal {
    }
 };

+template<typename Bitmask>
+uint32_t createBindings(VkDescriptorSetLayoutBinding* toBind, uint32_t count, VkDescriptorType type,
+        Bitmask const& mask) {
+    Bitmask alreadySeen;
+    mask.forEachSetBit([&](size_t index) {
+        VkShaderStageFlags stages = 0;
+        uint32_t binding = 0;
+        if (index < fvkutils::getFragmentStageShift<Bitmask>()) {
+            binding = (uint32_t) index;
+            stages |= VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT;
+            auto fragIndex = index + fvkutils::getFragmentStageShift<Bitmask>();
+            if (mask.test(fragIndex)) {
+                stages |= VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT;
+                alreadySeen.set(fragIndex);
+            }
+        } else if (!alreadySeen.test(index)) {
+            // We are in fragment stage bits
+            binding = (uint32_t) (index - fvkutils::getFragmentStageShift<Bitmask>());
+            stages |= VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT;
+        }
+
+        if (stages) {
+            toBind[count++] = {
+                .binding = binding,
+                .descriptorType = type,
+                .descriptorCount = 1,
+                .stageFlags = stages,
+            };
+        }
+    });
+    return count;
+}
+
+inline VkDescriptorSetLayout createLayout(VkDevice device, BitmaskGroup const& bitmaskGroup) {
+    // Note that the following *needs* to be static so that VkDescriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo will not
+    // refer to stack memory.
+    VkDescriptorSetLayoutBinding toBind[VulkanDescriptorSetLayout::MAX_BINDINGS];
+    uint32_t count = 0;
+
+    count = createBindings(toBind, count, VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER_DYNAMIC,
+            bitmaskGroup.dynamicUbo);
+    count = createBindings(toBind, count, VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER, bitmaskGroup.ubo);
+    count = createBindings(toBind, count, VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER,
+            bitmaskGroup.sampler);
+    count = createBindings(toBind, count, VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_INPUT_ATTACHMENT,
+            bitmaskGroup.inputAttachment);
+
+    assert_invariant(count != 0 && "Need at least one binding for descriptor set layout.");
+    VkDescriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo dlinfo = {
+            .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_SET_LAYOUT_CREATE_INFO,
+            .pNext = nullptr,
+            .bindingCount = count,
+            .pBindings = toBind,
+    };
+
+    VkDescriptorSetLayout layout;
+    vkCreateDescriptorSetLayout(device, &dlinfo, VKALLOC, &layout);
+    return layout;
+}
+
 } // anonymous namespace

 // This is an ever-expanding pool of sets where it
 //    1. Keeps a list of smaller pools of different layout-dimensions.
 //    2. Will add a pool if existing pool are not compatible with the requested layout o runs out.
-class VulkanDescriptorSetCache::DescriptorInfinitePool {
+class VulkanDescriptorSetManager::DescriptorInfinitePool {
 private:
    static constexpr uint16_t EXPECTED_SET_COUNT = 10;
    static constexpr float SET_COUNT_GROWTH_FACTOR = 1.5;
@@ -249,34 +319,61 @@ private:
    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<DescriptorPool>> mPools;
 };

+class VulkanDescriptorSetManager::DescriptorSetLayoutManager {
+public:
+    DescriptorSetLayoutManager(VkDevice device)
+        : mDevice(device) {}

-VulkanDescriptorSetCache::VulkanDescriptorSetCache(VkDevice device,
+    VkDescriptorSetLayout getVkLayout(VulkanDescriptorSetLayout::Bitmask const& bitmasks) {
+        if (auto itr = mVkLayouts.find(bitmasks); itr != mVkLayouts.end()) {
+            return itr->second;
+        }
+        auto vklayout = createLayout(mDevice, bitmasks);
+        mVkLayouts[bitmasks] = vklayout;
+        return vklayout;
+    }
+
+    ~DescriptorSetLayoutManager() {
+        for (auto& itr: mVkLayouts) {
+            vkDestroyDescriptorSetLayout(mDevice, itr.second, VKALLOC);
+        }
+    }
+
+private:
+    VkDevice mDevice;
+    tsl::robin_map<BitmaskGroup, VkDescriptorSetLayout, BitmaskGroupHashFn, BitmaskGroupEqual>
+            mVkLayouts;
+};
+
+VulkanDescriptorSetManager::VulkanDescriptorSetManager(VkDevice device,
        fvkmemory::ResourceManager* resourceManager)
    : mDevice(device),
      mResourceManager(resourceManager),
+      mLayoutManager(std::make_unique<DescriptorSetLayoutManager>(device)),
      mDescriptorPool(std::make_unique<DescriptorInfinitePool>(device)) {}

-VulkanDescriptorSetCache::~VulkanDescriptorSetCache() = default;
+VulkanDescriptorSetManager::~VulkanDescriptorSetManager() = default;

-void VulkanDescriptorSetCache::terminate() noexcept{
+void VulkanDescriptorSetManager::terminate() noexcept{
+    mLayoutManager.reset();
    mDescriptorPool.reset();
    clearHistory();
 }

 // bind() is not really binding the set but just stashing until we have all the info
 // (pipelinelayout).
-void VulkanDescriptorSetCache::bind(uint8_t setIndex,
+void VulkanDescriptorSetManager::bind(uint8_t setIndex,
        fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanDescriptorSet> set,
        backend::DescriptorSetOffsetArray&& offsets) {
    set->setOffsets(std::move(offsets));
    mStashedSets[setIndex] = set;
 }

-void VulkanDescriptorSetCache::unbind(uint8_t setIndex) {
+void VulkanDescriptorSetManager::unbind(uint8_t setIndex) {
    mStashedSets[setIndex] = {};
 }

-void VulkanDescriptorSetCache::commit(VulkanCommandBuffer* commands,
+void VulkanDescriptorSetManager::commit(VulkanCommandBuffer* commands,
        VkPipelineLayout pipelineLayout, fvkutils::DescriptorSetMask const& setMask) {
    // setMask indicates the set of descriptor sets the driver wants to bind, curMask is the
    // actual set of sets that *needs* to be bound.
@@ -315,7 +412,7 @@ void VulkanDescriptorSetCache::commit(VulkanCommandBuffer* commands,
    };
 }

-void VulkanDescriptorSetCache::updateBuffer(fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanDescriptorSet> set,
+void VulkanDescriptorSetManager::updateBuffer(fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanDescriptorSet> set,
        uint8_t binding, fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanBufferObject> bufferObject,
        VkDeviceSize offset, VkDeviceSize size) noexcept {
    VkDescriptorBufferInfo const info = {
@@ -341,7 +438,7 @@ void VulkanDescriptorSetCache::updateBuffer(fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanDescri
    set->acquire(bufferObject);
 }

-void VulkanDescriptorSetCache::updateSampler(fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanDescriptorSet> set,
+void VulkanDescriptorSetManager::updateSampler(fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanDescriptorSet> set,
        uint8_t binding, fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanTexture> texture,
        VkSampler sampler) noexcept {
    VkDescriptorImageInfo info{
@@ -373,13 +470,13 @@ void VulkanDescriptorSetCache::updateSampler(fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanDescr
    set->acquire(texture);
 }

-void VulkanDescriptorSetCache::updateInputAttachment(
+void VulkanDescriptorSetManager::updateInputAttachment(
        fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanDescriptorSet> set,
        VulkanAttachment const& attachment) noexcept {
-    // TOOD: fill this in.
+    // TOOD: fill-in this region
 }

-fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanDescriptorSet> VulkanDescriptorSetCache::createSet(
+fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanDescriptorSet> VulkanDescriptorSetManager::createSet(
        Handle<HwDescriptorSet> handle, fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanDescriptorSetLayout> layout) {
    auto const vkSet = mDescriptorPool->obtainSet(layout);
    auto const& count = layout->count;
@@ -395,7 +492,12 @@ fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanDescriptorSet> VulkanDescriptorSetCache::createSet
            });
 }

-void VulkanDescriptorSetCache::clearHistory() {
+void VulkanDescriptorSetManager::initVkLayout(
+        fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanDescriptorSetLayout> layout) {
+    layout->setVkLayout(mLayoutManager->getVkLayout(layout->bitmask));
+}
+
+void VulkanDescriptorSetManager::clearHistory() {
    mStashedSets = {};
 }

@@ -14,10 +14,10 @@
 * limitations under the License.
 */

-#ifndef TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_CACHING_VULKANDESCRIPTORSETCACHE_H
-#define TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_CACHING_VULKANDESCRIPTORSETCACHE_H
+#ifndef TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_CACHING_VULKANDESCRIPTORSETMANAGER_H
+#define TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_CACHING_VULKANDESCRIPTORSETMANAGER_H

-#include "VulkanHandles.h"
+#include "vulkan/VulkanHandles.h"
 #include "vulkan/memory/ResourcePointer.h"
 #include "vulkan/utils/Definitions.h"  // For DescriptorSetMask

@@ -34,16 +34,20 @@

 namespace filament::backend {

-// Abstraction over the descriptor set pool.
-class VulkanDescriptorSetCache {
+// [GDSR]: Great-Descriptor-Set-Refactor: As of 03/20/24, the Filament frontend is planning to
+// introduce descriptor set. This PR will arrive before that change is complete. As such, some of
+// the methods introduced here will be obsolete, and certain logic will be generalized.
+
+// Abstraction over the pool and the layout cache.
+class VulkanDescriptorSetManager {
 public:
    static constexpr uint8_t UNIQUE_DESCRIPTOR_SET_COUNT =
            VulkanDescriptorSetLayout::UNIQUE_DESCRIPTOR_SET_COUNT;

    using DescriptorSetLayoutArray = VulkanDescriptorSetLayout::DescriptorSetLayoutArray;

-    VulkanDescriptorSetCache(VkDevice device, fvkmemory::ResourceManager* resourceManager);
-    ~VulkanDescriptorSetCache();
+    VulkanDescriptorSetManager(VkDevice device, fvkmemory::ResourceManager* resourceManager);
+    ~VulkanDescriptorSetManager();

    void terminate() noexcept;

@@ -68,9 +72,12 @@ public:
    fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanDescriptorSet> createSet(Handle<HwDescriptorSet> handle,
            fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanDescriptorSetLayout> layout);

+    void initVkLayout(fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanDescriptorSetLayout> layout);
+
    void clearHistory();

 private:
+    class DescriptorSetLayoutManager;
    class DescriptorInfinitePool;

    using DescriptorSetArray =
@@ -78,6 +85,7 @@ private:

    VkDevice mDevice;
    fvkmemory::ResourceManager* mResourceManager;
+    std::unique_ptr<DescriptorSetLayoutManager> mLayoutManager;
    std::unique_ptr<DescriptorInfinitePool> mDescriptorPool;
    std::pair<VulkanAttachment, VkDescriptorImageInfo> mInputAttachment;
    DescriptorSetArray mStashedSets = {};
@@ -91,4 +99,4 @@ private:

 }// namespace filament::backend

-#endif// TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_CACHING_VULKANDESCRIPTORSETCACHE_H
+#endif// TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_CACHING_VULKANDESCRIPTORSETMANAGER_H
@@ -17,8 +17,7 @@
 #ifndef TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_VULKANPIPELINELAYOUTCACHE_H
 #define TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_VULKANPIPELINELAYOUTCACHE_H

-#include "VulkanHandles.h"
-
+#include <vulkan/VulkanHandles.h>
 #include <bluevk/BlueVK.h>

 #include <utils/Hash.h>
@@ -736,6 +736,10 @@ Driver* VulkanPlatform::createDriver(void* sharedContext,
    chainStruct(&context.mPhysicalDeviceFeatures, &queryProtectedMemoryFeatures);
    chainStruct(&context.mPhysicalDeviceProperties, &protectedMemoryProperties);

+    // We know we need to allocate the protected version of the VK objects
+    context.mProtectedMemorySupported =
+            static_cast<bool>(queryProtectedMemoryFeatures.protectedMemory);
+
    // Initialize the following fields: physicalDeviceProperties, memoryProperties,
    // physicalDeviceFeatures, graphicsQueueFamilyIndex.
    vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties2(mImpl->mPhysicalDevice, &context.mPhysicalDeviceProperties);
@@ -755,10 +759,6 @@ Driver* VulkanPlatform::createDriver(void* sharedContext,
        mImpl->mGraphicsQueueIndex = 0;
    }

-    // We know we need to allocate the protected version of the VK objects
-    context.mProtectedMemorySupported =
-            static_cast<bool>(queryProtectedMemoryFeatures.protectedMemory);
-
    if (context.mProtectedMemorySupported) {
        mImpl->mProtectedGraphicsQueueFamilyIndex = identifyGraphicsQueueFamilyIndex(
                mImpl->mPhysicalDevice, (VK_QUEUE_GRAPHICS_BIT | VK_QUEUE_PROTECTED_BIT));
@@ -983,32 +983,10 @@ VulkanPlatform::ExternalImageMetadata VulkanPlatform::getExternalImageMetadata(
 }

 VulkanPlatform::ImageData VulkanPlatform::createExternalImageData(
-        ExternalImageHandleRef externalImage, const ExternalImageMetadata& metadata,
-        uint32_t memoryTypeIndex, VkImageUsageFlags usage) {
-    return createExternalImageDataImpl(externalImage, mImpl->mDevice, metadata, memoryTypeIndex,
-            usage);
+        ExternalImageHandleRef externalImage, const ExternalImageMetadata& metadata) {
+    return createExternalImageDataImpl(externalImage, mImpl->mDevice, metadata);
 }

-VkSampler VulkanPlatform::createExternalSampler(SamplerYcbcrConversion chroma,
-        SamplerParams sampler, uint32_t internalFormat) {
-    return createExternalSamplerImpl(mImpl->mDevice, chroma, sampler, internalFormat);
-}
-
-VkImageView VulkanPlatform::createExternalImageView(SamplerYcbcrConversion chroma,
-        uint32_t internalFormat, VkImage image, VkImageSubresourceRange range,
-        VkImageViewType viewType, VkComponentMapping swizzle) {
-    return createExternalImageViewImpl(mImpl->mDevice, chroma, internalFormat, image, range,
-            viewType, swizzle);
-}
-
-ExtensionSet VulkanPlatform::getSwapchainInstanceExtensions() const {
-    return getSwapchainInstanceExtensionsImpl();
-}
-
-VulkanPlatform::SurfaceBundle VulkanPlatform::createVkSurfaceKHR(void* nativeWindow,
-        VkInstance instance, uint64_t flags) const noexcept {
-    return createVkSurfaceKHRImpl(nativeWindow, instance, flags);
-}
 #undef SWAPCHAIN_RET_FUNC

 }// namespace filament::backend
@@ -13,16 +13,15 @@
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */
-#include <backend/platforms/VulkanPlatformAndroid.h>
+#include <backend/platforms/VulkanPlatform.h>

 #include <backend/DriverEnums.h>
+#include <backend/platforms/VulkanPlatformAndroid.h>
 #include <private/backend/BackendUtilsAndroid.h>

 #include "vulkan/VulkanConstants.h"

 #include <utils/Panic.h>
-#include "vulkan/utils/Image.h"
-#include "vulkan/utils/Conversion.h"

 #include <bluevk/BlueVK.h>

@@ -137,8 +136,7 @@ std::pair<VkFormat, VkImageUsageFlags> getVKFormatAndUsage(const AHardwareBuffer
 }

 VulkanPlatform::ImageData allocateExternalImage(AHardwareBuffer* buffer, VkDevice device,
-        VulkanPlatform::ExternalImageMetadata const& metadata, uint32_t memoryTypeIndex,
-        VkImageUsageFlags usage) {
+        VulkanPlatform::ExternalImageMetadata const& metadata) {
    VulkanPlatform::ImageData data;

    // if external format we need to specifiy it in the allocation
@@ -147,8 +145,8 @@ VulkanPlatform::ImageData allocateExternalImage(AHardwareBuffer* buffer, VkDevic
    const VkExternalFormatANDROID externalFormat = {
        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_EXTERNAL_FORMAT_ANDROID,
        .pNext = nullptr,
-        // pass down the format (external means we don't have it VK defined)
-        .externalFormat = metadata.externalFormat,
+        .externalFormat = metadata
+                .externalFormat,// pass down the format (external means we don't have it VK defined)
    };
    const VkExternalMemoryImageCreateInfo externalCreateInfo = {
        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_IMAGE_CREATE_INFO,
@@ -156,7 +154,7 @@ VulkanPlatform::ImageData allocateExternalImage(AHardwareBuffer* buffer, VkDevic
        .handleTypes = VK_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_HANDLE_TYPE_ANDROID_HARDWARE_BUFFER_BIT_ANDROID,
    };

-    VkImageCreateInfo imageInfo{ .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_CREATE_INFO };
+    VkImageCreateInfo imageInfo{.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_CREATE_INFO};
    imageInfo.pNext = &externalCreateInfo;
    imageInfo.format = metadata.format;
    imageInfo.imageType = VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D;
@@ -167,8 +165,10 @@ VulkanPlatform::ImageData allocateExternalImage(AHardwareBuffer* buffer, VkDevic
    };
    imageInfo.mipLevels = 1;
    imageInfo.arrayLayers = metadata.layers;
-    imageInfo.samples = metadata.samples;
-    imageInfo.usage = usage;
+    imageInfo.usage = metadata.usage;
+    // In the unprotected case add R/W capabilities
+    if (metadata.isProtected == false)
+        imageInfo.usage |= VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT;

    VkResult result = vkCreateImage(device, &imageInfo, VKALLOC, &data.first);
    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(result == VK_SUCCESS)
@@ -186,12 +186,10 @@ VulkanPlatform::ImageData allocateExternalImage(AHardwareBuffer* buffer, VkDevic
        .image = data.first,
        .buffer = VK_NULL_HANDLE,
    };
-    VkMemoryAllocateInfo allocInfo = {
-        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_ALLOCATE_INFO,
+    VkMemoryAllocateInfo allocInfo = {.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_ALLOCATE_INFO,
        .pNext = &memoryDedicatedAllocateInfo,
        .allocationSize = metadata.allocationSize,
-        .memoryTypeIndex = memoryTypeIndex,
-    };
+        .memoryTypeIndex = metadata.memoryTypeBits};
    result = vkAllocateMemory(device, &allocInfo, VKALLOC, &data.second);
    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(result == VK_SUCCESS)
            << "vkAllocateMemory failed with error=" << static_cast<int32_t>(result);
@@ -199,12 +197,14 @@ VulkanPlatform::ImageData allocateExternalImage(AHardwareBuffer* buffer, VkDevic
    return data;
 }

-}// namespace
+} // namespace

-VulkanPlatformAndroid::ExternalImageVulkanAndroid::~ExternalImageVulkanAndroid() = default;
+namespace fvkandroid {

-Platform::ExternalImageHandle VulkanPlatformAndroid::createExternalImage(
-        AHardwareBuffer const* buffer, bool sRGB) noexcept {
+ExternalImageVulkanAndroid::~ExternalImageVulkanAndroid() = default;
+
+Platform::ExternalImageHandle createExternalImage(AHardwareBuffer const* buffer,
+        bool sRGB) noexcept {
    if (__builtin_available(android 26, *)) {
        AHardwareBuffer_Desc hardwareBufferDescription = {};
        AHardwareBuffer_describe(buffer, &hardwareBufferDescription);
@@ -223,23 +223,12 @@ Platform::ExternalImageHandle VulkanPlatformAndroid::createExternalImage(
    return Platform::ExternalImageHandle{};
 }

-VulkanPlatformAndroid::ExternalImageDescAndroid VulkanPlatformAndroid::getExternalImageDesc(
-        ExternalImageHandleRef externalImage) const noexcept {
-    auto const* fvkExternalImage =
-            static_cast<ExternalImageVulkanAndroid const*>(externalImage.get());
+} // namespace fvkandroid

-    return {
-        .width = fvkExternalImage->width,
-        .height = fvkExternalImage->height,
-        .format = fvkExternalImage->format,
-        .usage = fvkExternalImage->usage,
-    };
-}
-
-VulkanPlatform::ExternalImageMetadata VulkanPlatformAndroid::getExternalImageMetadata(
-        ExternalImageHandleRef externalImage) {
+VulkanPlatform::ExternalImageMetadata VulkanPlatform::getExternalImageMetadataImpl(
+        ExternalImageHandleRef externalImage, VkDevice device) {
    auto const* fvkExternalImage =
-            static_cast<ExternalImageVulkanAndroid const*>(externalImage.get());
+            static_cast<fvkandroid::ExternalImageVulkanAndroid const*>(externalImage.get());

    ExternalImageMetadata metadata;
    AHardwareBuffer* buffer = fvkExternalImage->aHardwareBuffer;
@@ -253,8 +242,10 @@ VulkanPlatform::ExternalImageMetadata VulkanPlatformAndroid::getExternalImageMet
        std::tie(metadata.format, metadata.usage) =
                getVKFormatAndUsage(bufferDesc, fvkExternalImage->sRGB);
    }
-
-    metadata.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
+    // In the unprotected case add R/W capabilities
+    if (metadata.isProtected == false) {
+        metadata.usage |= VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT;
+    }

    VkAndroidHardwareBufferFormatPropertiesANDROID formatInfo = {
        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_ANDROID_HARDWARE_BUFFER_FORMAT_PROPERTIES_ANDROID,
@@ -264,11 +255,11 @@ VulkanPlatform::ExternalImageMetadata VulkanPlatformAndroid::getExternalImageMet
        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_ANDROID_HARDWARE_BUFFER_PROPERTIES_ANDROID,
        .pNext = &formatInfo,
    };
-    VkResult result = vkGetAndroidHardwareBufferPropertiesANDROID(getDevice(), buffer, &properties);
+    VkResult result = vkGetAndroidHardwareBufferPropertiesANDROID(device, buffer, &properties);
    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(result == VK_SUCCESS)
-            << "vkGetAndroidHardwareBufferProperties failed with error="
-            << static_cast<int32_t>(result);
-
+        << "vkGetAndroidHardwareBufferProperties failed with error="
+        << static_cast<int32_t>(result);
+                            
    VkFormat bufferPropertiesFormat = transformVkFormat(formatInfo.format, fvkExternalImage->sRGB);
    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(metadata.format == bufferPropertiesFormat)
            << "mismatched image format( " << metadata.format << ") and queried format("
@@ -279,140 +270,26 @@ VulkanPlatform::ExternalImageMetadata VulkanPlatformAndroid::getExternalImageMet
    return metadata;
 }

-VulkanPlatformAndroid::ImageData VulkanPlatformAndroid::createExternalImageData(
-        ExternalImageHandleRef externalImage, const ExternalImageMetadata& metadata,
-        uint32_t memoryTypeIndex, VkImageUsageFlags usage) {
+VulkanPlatform::ImageData VulkanPlatform::createExternalImageDataImpl(
+        ExternalImageHandleRef externalImage, VkDevice device,
+        const ExternalImageMetadata& metadata) {
    auto const* fvkExternalImage =
-            static_cast<ExternalImageVulkanAndroid const*>(externalImage.get());
-    ImageData data = allocateExternalImage(fvkExternalImage->aHardwareBuffer, getDevice(), metadata,
-            memoryTypeIndex, usage);
-    VkResult result = vkBindImageMemory(getDevice(), data.first, data.second, 0);
+            static_cast<fvkandroid::ExternalImageVulkanAndroid const*>(externalImage.get());
+    ImageData data = allocateExternalImage(fvkExternalImage->aHardwareBuffer, device, metadata);
+    VkResult result = vkBindImageMemory(device, data.first, data.second, 0);
    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(result == VK_SUCCESS)
-        << "vkBindImageMemory error=" << static_cast<int32_t>(result);
+            << "vkBindImageMemory error=" << static_cast<int32_t>(result);
    return data;
 }

-VkImageView VulkanPlatform::createExternalImageViewImpl(VkDevice device, SamplerYcbcrConversion chroma,
-            uint32_t internalFormat, VkImage image, VkImageSubresourceRange range,
-            VkImageViewType viewType, VkComponentMapping swizzle){
-        VkExternalFormatANDROID externalFormat = {
-        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_EXTERNAL_FORMAT_ANDROID,
-        .pNext = nullptr,
-        .externalFormat = internalFormat,
-    };
-
-    TextureSwizzle const swizzleArray[] = {chroma.r, chroma.g, chroma.b, chroma.a};
-    VkSamplerYcbcrConversionCreateInfo conversionInfo = {
-        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SAMPLER_YCBCR_CONVERSION_CREATE_INFO,
-        .pNext = &externalFormat,
-        .format = VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED,
-        .ycbcrModel = fvkutils::getYcbcrModelConversion(chroma.ycbcrModel),
-        .ycbcrRange = fvkutils::getYcbcrRange(chroma.ycbcrRange),
-        .components = fvkutils::getSwizzleMap(swizzleArray),
-        .xChromaOffset = fvkutils::getChromaLocation(chroma.xChromaOffset),
-        .yChromaOffset = fvkutils::getChromaLocation(chroma.yChromaOffset),
-        .chromaFilter = fvkutils::getFilter(chroma.chromaFilter),
-    };
-    VkSamplerYcbcrConversion conversion = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
-    VkResult result = vkCreateSamplerYcbcrConversion(device, &conversionInfo,
-                                                     nullptr, &conversion);
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(result == VK_SUCCESS)
-        << "Unable to create Ycbcr Conversion."
-        << " error=" << static_cast<int32_t>(result);
-
-    VkSamplerYcbcrConversionInfo samplerYcbcrConversionInfo = {
-        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SAMPLER_YCBCR_CONVERSION_INFO,
-        .pNext = nullptr,
-        .conversion = conversion,
-    };
-
-    VkImageViewCreateInfo viewInfo = {
-        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_VIEW_CREATE_INFO,
-        .pNext = &samplerYcbcrConversionInfo,
-        .flags = 0,
-        .image = image,
-        .viewType = viewType,
-        .format = VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED,
-        .components = swizzle,
-        .subresourceRange = range,
-    };
-    VkImageView imageView;
-    result = vkCreateImageView(device, &viewInfo, VKALLOC, &imageView);
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(result == VK_SUCCESS)
-        << "Unable to create VkImageView."
-        << " error=" << static_cast<int32_t>(result);
-
-    return imageView;
-}
-
-VkSampler VulkanPlatform::createExternalSamplerImpl(
-        VkDevice device, SamplerYcbcrConversion chroma, SamplerParams params,
-        uint32_t internalFormat) {
-    VkExternalFormatANDROID externalFormat = {
-        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_EXTERNAL_FORMAT_ANDROID,
-        .pNext = nullptr,
-        .externalFormat = internalFormat,
-    };
-
-    TextureSwizzle const swizzleArray[] = {chroma.r, chroma.g, chroma.b, chroma.a};
-    VkSamplerYcbcrConversionCreateInfo conversionInfo = {
-        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SAMPLER_YCBCR_CONVERSION_CREATE_INFO,
-        .pNext = &externalFormat,
-        .format = VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED,
-        .ycbcrModel = fvkutils::getYcbcrModelConversion(chroma.ycbcrModel),
-        .ycbcrRange = fvkutils::getYcbcrRange(chroma.ycbcrRange),
-        .components = fvkutils::getSwizzleMap(swizzleArray),
-        .xChromaOffset = fvkutils::getChromaLocation(chroma.xChromaOffset),
-        .yChromaOffset = fvkutils::getChromaLocation(chroma.yChromaOffset),
-        .chromaFilter = fvkutils::getFilter(chroma.chromaFilter),
-    };
-    VkSamplerYcbcrConversion conversion = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
-    VkResult result = vkCreateSamplerYcbcrConversion(device, &conversionInfo,
-                                                     nullptr, &conversion);
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(result == VK_SUCCESS)
-        << "Unable to create Ycbcr Conversion."
-        << " error=" << static_cast<int32_t>(result);
-
-    VkSamplerYcbcrConversionInfo samplerYcbcrConversionInfo = {
-        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SAMPLER_YCBCR_CONVERSION_INFO,
-        .pNext = nullptr,
-        .conversion = conversion,
-    };
-
-    VkSamplerCreateInfo samplerInfo = {
-        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SAMPLER_CREATE_INFO,
-        .pNext = &samplerYcbcrConversionInfo,
-        .magFilter = fvkutils::getFilter(params.filterMag),
-        .minFilter = fvkutils::getFilter(params.filterMin),
-        .mipmapMode = fvkutils::getMipmapMode(params.filterMin),
-        .addressModeU = fvkutils::getWrapMode(params.wrapS),
-        .addressModeV = fvkutils::getWrapMode(params.wrapT),
-        .addressModeW = fvkutils::getWrapMode(params.wrapR),
-        .anisotropyEnable = params.anisotropyLog2 == 0 ? VK_FALSE : VK_TRUE,
-        .maxAnisotropy = (float)(1u << params.anisotropyLog2),
-        .compareEnable = fvkutils::getCompareEnable(params.compareMode),
-        .compareOp = fvkutils::getCompareOp(params.compareFunc),
-        .minLod = 0.0f,
-        .maxLod = fvkutils::getMaxLod(params.filterMin),
-        .borderColor = VK_BORDER_COLOR_INT_OPAQUE_BLACK,
-        .unnormalizedCoordinates = VK_FALSE,
-    };
-    VkSampler sampler;
-    result = vkCreateSampler(device, &samplerInfo, VKALLOC, &sampler);
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(result == VK_SUCCESS)
-        << "Unable to create sampler."
-        << " error=" << static_cast<int32_t>(result);
-    return sampler;
-}
-
-VulkanPlatform::ExtensionSet VulkanPlatformAndroid::getSwapchainInstanceExtensions() const {
+VulkanPlatform::ExtensionSet VulkanPlatform::getSwapchainInstanceExtensions() {
    return {
        VK_KHR_ANDROID_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME,
    };
 }

-VulkanPlatform::SurfaceBundle VulkanPlatformAndroid::createVkSurfaceKHR(void* nativeWindow,
-        VkInstance instance, uint64_t flags) const noexcept {
+VulkanPlatform::SurfaceBundle VulkanPlatform::createVkSurfaceKHR(void* nativeWindow,
+    VkInstance instance, uint64_t flags) noexcept {
    VkSurfaceKHR surface;
    VkExtent2D extent;

@@ -424,26 +301,6 @@ VulkanPlatform::SurfaceBundle VulkanPlatformAndroid::createVkSurfaceKHR(void* na
            vkCreateAndroidSurfaceKHR(instance, &createInfo, VKALLOC, (VkSurfaceKHR*) &surface);
    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(result == VK_SUCCESS)
            << "vkCreateAndroidSurfaceKHR with error=" << static_cast<int32_t>(result);
-    return { surface, extent };
+    return {surface, extent};
 }
-
-// Deprecated platform dependent helper methods
-VulkanPlatform::ExtensionSet VulkanPlatform::getSwapchainInstanceExtensionsImpl() { return {}; }
-
-VulkanPlatform::ExternalImageMetadata VulkanPlatform::getExternalImageMetadataImpl(
-        ExternalImageHandleRef externalImage, VkDevice device) {
-    return ExternalImageMetadata{};
 }
-
-VulkanPlatform::ImageData VulkanPlatform::createExternalImageDataImpl(
-        ExternalImageHandleRef externalImage, VkDevice device,
-        const ExternalImageMetadata& metadata, uint32_t memoryTypeIndex, VkImageUsageFlags usage) {
-    return ImageData{};
-}
-
-VulkanPlatform::SurfaceBundle VulkanPlatform::createVkSurfaceKHRImpl(void* nativeWindow,
-        VkInstance instance, uint64_t flags) noexcept {
-    return SurfaceBundle{};
-}
-
-}// namespace filament::backend
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ using namespace bluevk;

 namespace filament::backend {

-VulkanPlatform::ExtensionSet VulkanPlatform::getSwapchainInstanceExtensionsImpl() {
+VulkanPlatform::ExtensionSet VulkanPlatform::getSwapchainInstanceExtensions() {
    ExtensionSet const ret = {
    #if defined(__APPLE__)
        VK_MVK_MACOS_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME,  // TODO: replace with VK_EXT_metal_surface
@@ -70,24 +70,11 @@ VulkanPlatform::ExternalImageMetadata VulkanPlatform::getExternalImageMetadataIm

 VulkanPlatform::ImageData VulkanPlatform::createExternalImageDataImpl(
        ExternalImageHandleRef externalImage, VkDevice device,
-        const ExternalImageMetadata& metadata, uint32_t memoryTypeIndex, VkImageUsageFlags usage) {
+        const ExternalImageMetadata& metadata) {
    return {};
 }

-VkSampler VulkanPlatform::createExternalSamplerImpl(VkDevice device,
-    SamplerYcbcrConversion chroma,
-    SamplerParams sampler,
-    uint32_t internalFormat) {
-    return VK_NULL_HANDLE;
-}
-
-VkImageView VulkanPlatform::createExternalImageViewImpl(VkDevice device,
-        SamplerYcbcrConversion chroma, uint32_t internalFormat, VkImage image,
-        VkImageSubresourceRange range, VkImageViewType viewType, VkComponentMapping swizzle) {
-    return VK_NULL_HANDLE;
-}
-
-VulkanPlatform::SurfaceBundle VulkanPlatform::createVkSurfaceKHRImpl(void* nativeWindow,
+VulkanPlatform::SurfaceBundle VulkanPlatform::createVkSurfaceKHR(void* nativeWindow,
        VkInstance instance, uint64_t flags) noexcept {
    VkSurfaceKHR surface;
    #if defined(__APPLE__)
@@ -91,24 +91,11 @@ VulkanPlatform::ExternalImageMetadata VulkanPlatform::getExternalImageMetadataIm

 VulkanPlatform::ImageData VulkanPlatform::createExternalImageDataImpl(
        ExternalImageHandleRef externalImage, VkDevice device,
-        const ExternalImageMetadata& metadata, uint32_t memoryTypeIndex, VkImageUsageFlags usage) {
+        const ExternalImageMetadata& metadata) {
    return {};
 }

-VkSampler VulkanPlatform::createExternalSamplerImpl(VkDevice device,
-    SamplerYcbcrConversion chroma,
-    SamplerParams sampler,
-    uint32_t internalFormat) {
-    return VK_NULL_HANDLE;
-}
-
-VkImageView VulkanPlatform::createExternalImageViewImpl(VkDevice device,
-        SamplerYcbcrConversion chroma, uint32_t internalFormat, VkImage image,
-        VkImageSubresourceRange range, VkImageViewType viewType, VkComponentMapping swizzle) {
-    return VK_NULL_HANDLE;
-}
-
-VulkanPlatform::ExtensionSet VulkanPlatform::getSwapchainInstanceExtensionsImpl() {
+VulkanPlatform::ExtensionSet VulkanPlatform::getSwapchainInstanceExtensions() {
    VulkanPlatform::ExtensionSet const ret = {
 #if defined(__linux__) && defined(FILAMENT_SUPPORTS_WAYLAND)
        VK_KHR_WAYLAND_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME,
@@ -126,7 +113,7 @@ VulkanPlatform::ExtensionSet VulkanPlatform::getSwapchainInstanceExtensionsImpl(
    return ret;
 }

-VulkanPlatform::SurfaceBundle VulkanPlatform::createVkSurfaceKHRImpl(void* nativeWindow,
+VulkanPlatform::SurfaceBundle VulkanPlatform::createVkSurfaceKHR(void* nativeWindow,
        VkInstance instance, uint64_t flags) noexcept {
    VkSurfaceKHR surface;

@@ -588,79 +588,6 @@ VkComponentMapping getSwizzleMap(TextureSwizzle const swizzle[4]) {
    return map;
 }

-VkFilter getFilter(SamplerMinFilter filter) {
-    switch (filter) {
-    case SamplerMinFilter::NEAREST:
-        return VK_FILTER_NEAREST;
-    case SamplerMinFilter::LINEAR:
-        return VK_FILTER_LINEAR;
-    case SamplerMinFilter::NEAREST_MIPMAP_NEAREST:
-        return VK_FILTER_NEAREST;
-    case SamplerMinFilter::LINEAR_MIPMAP_NEAREST:
-        return VK_FILTER_LINEAR;
-    case SamplerMinFilter::NEAREST_MIPMAP_LINEAR:
-        return VK_FILTER_NEAREST;
-    case SamplerMinFilter::LINEAR_MIPMAP_LINEAR:
-        return VK_FILTER_LINEAR;
-    }
-}
-
-VkFilter getFilter(SamplerMagFilter filter) {
-    switch (filter) {
-    case SamplerMagFilter::NEAREST:
-        return VK_FILTER_NEAREST;
-    case SamplerMagFilter::LINEAR:
-        return VK_FILTER_LINEAR;
-    }
-}
-
-VkSamplerMipmapMode getMipmapMode(SamplerMinFilter filter) {
-    switch (filter) {
-    case SamplerMinFilter::NEAREST:
-        return VK_SAMPLER_MIPMAP_MODE_NEAREST;
-    case SamplerMinFilter::LINEAR:
-        return VK_SAMPLER_MIPMAP_MODE_NEAREST;
-    case SamplerMinFilter::NEAREST_MIPMAP_NEAREST:
-        return VK_SAMPLER_MIPMAP_MODE_NEAREST;
-    case SamplerMinFilter::LINEAR_MIPMAP_NEAREST:
-        return VK_SAMPLER_MIPMAP_MODE_NEAREST;
-    case SamplerMinFilter::NEAREST_MIPMAP_LINEAR:
-        return VK_SAMPLER_MIPMAP_MODE_LINEAR;
-    case SamplerMinFilter::LINEAR_MIPMAP_LINEAR:
-        return VK_SAMPLER_MIPMAP_MODE_LINEAR;
-    }
-}
-
-VkSamplerAddressMode getWrapMode(SamplerWrapMode mode) {
-    switch (mode) {
-    case SamplerWrapMode::REPEAT:
-        return VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_REPEAT;
-    case SamplerWrapMode::CLAMP_TO_EDGE:
-        return VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_CLAMP_TO_EDGE;
-    case SamplerWrapMode::MIRRORED_REPEAT:
-        return VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_MIRRORED_REPEAT;
-    }
-}
-
-VkBool32 getCompareEnable(SamplerCompareMode mode) {
-    return mode == SamplerCompareMode::NONE ? VK_FALSE : VK_TRUE;
-}
-
-float getMaxLod(SamplerMinFilter filter) {
-    switch (filter) {
-    case SamplerMinFilter::NEAREST:
-    case SamplerMinFilter::LINEAR:
-        // The Vulkan spec recommends a max LOD of 0.25 to "disable" mipmapping.
-        // See "Mapping of OpenGL to Vulkan filter modes" in the VK Spec.
-        return 0.25f;
-    case SamplerMinFilter::NEAREST_MIPMAP_NEAREST:
-    case SamplerMinFilter::LINEAR_MIPMAP_NEAREST:
-    case SamplerMinFilter::NEAREST_MIPMAP_LINEAR:
-    case SamplerMinFilter::LINEAR_MIPMAP_LINEAR:
-        return VK_LOD_CLAMP_NONE;
-    }
-}
-
 VkShaderStageFlags getShaderStageFlags(ShaderStageFlags stageFlags) {
    VkShaderStageFlags flags = 0x0;
    if (any(stageFlags & ShaderStageFlags::VERTEX))     flags |= VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT;
@@ -56,19 +56,6 @@ uint32_t getComponentCount(VkFormat format);
 VkComponentMapping getSwizzleMap(TextureSwizzle const swizzle[4]);
 VkShaderStageFlags getShaderStageFlags(ShaderStageFlags stageFlags);

-// Needed by the Platform for external sampler creation
-VkFilter getFilter(SamplerMinFilter filter);
-VkFilter getFilter(SamplerMagFilter filter);
-VkSamplerMipmapMode getMipmapMode(SamplerMinFilter filter);
-VkSamplerAddressMode getWrapMode(SamplerWrapMode mode);
-VkBool32 getCompareEnable(SamplerCompareMode mode);
-float getMaxLod(SamplerMinFilter filter);
-
-// Ycbcr related functions
-VkSamplerYcbcrModelConversion getYcbcrModelConversion(SamplerYcbcrModelConversion model);
-VkSamplerYcbcrRange getYcbcrRange(SamplerYcbcrRange range);
-VkChromaLocation getChromaLocation(ChromaLocation loc);
-
 inline VkImageViewType getViewType(SamplerType target) {
    switch (target) {
        case SamplerType::SAMPLER_CUBEMAP:
@@ -193,49 +193,6 @@ uint8_t reduceSampleCount(uint8_t sampleCount, VkSampleCountFlags mask) {
    return mostSignificantBit((sampleCount - 1) & mask);
 }

-VkSamplerYcbcrModelConversion getYcbcrModelConversion(
-    SamplerYcbcrModelConversion model) {
-    switch (model) {
-    case SamplerYcbcrModelConversion::RGB_IDENTITY:
-        return VK_SAMPLER_YCBCR_MODEL_CONVERSION_RGB_IDENTITY;
-    case SamplerYcbcrModelConversion::YCBCR_IDENTITY:
-        return VK_SAMPLER_YCBCR_MODEL_CONVERSION_YCBCR_IDENTITY;
-    case SamplerYcbcrModelConversion::YCBCR_709:
-        return VK_SAMPLER_YCBCR_MODEL_CONVERSION_YCBCR_709;
-    case SamplerYcbcrModelConversion::YCBCR_601:
-        return VK_SAMPLER_YCBCR_MODEL_CONVERSION_YCBCR_601;
-    case SamplerYcbcrModelConversion::YCBCR_2020:
-        return VK_SAMPLER_YCBCR_MODEL_CONVERSION_YCBCR_2020;
-    default:
-        assert_invariant(false &&
-            "Unknown data type, conversion is not supported.");
-    }
-}
-
-VkSamplerYcbcrRange getYcbcrRange(SamplerYcbcrRange range) {
-    switch (range) {
-    case SamplerYcbcrRange::ITU_FULL:
-        return VK_SAMPLER_YCBCR_RANGE_ITU_FULL;
-    case SamplerYcbcrRange::ITU_NARROW:
-        return VK_SAMPLER_YCBCR_RANGE_ITU_NARROW;
-    default:
-        assert_invariant(false &&
-            "Unknown data type, conversion is not supported.");
-    }
-}
-
-VkChromaLocation getChromaLocation(ChromaLocation loc) {
-    switch (loc) {
-    case ChromaLocation::COSITED_EVEN:
-        return VK_CHROMA_LOCATION_COSITED_EVEN;
-    case ChromaLocation::MIDPOINT:
-        return VK_CHROMA_LOCATION_MIDPOINT;
-    default:
-        assert_invariant(false &&
-            "Unknown data type, conversion is not supported.");
-    }
-}
-
 } // namespace filament::backend::fvkutils

 bool operator<(const VkImageSubresourceRange& a, const VkImageSubresourceRange& b) {
@@ -1,66 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2025 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#ifndef TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_WEBGPUCONSTANTS_H
-#define TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_WEBGPUCONSTANTS_H
-
-#include <utils/Log.h>
-
-#include <cstdint>
-
-// FWGPU is short for Filament WebGPU
-
-// turn on runtime validation, namely for debugging, that would normally not run (for release)
-#define FWGPU_DEBUG_VALIDATION     0x00000001
-// print/log system component details to the console, e.g. about the
-// instance, surface, adapter, device, etc.
-#define FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM         0x00000002
-
-// Set this to enable logging "only" to one output stream. This is useful in the case where we want
-// to debug with print statements and want ordered logging (e.g slog.i and slog.e will not appear in
-// order of calls).
-#define FWGPU_DEBUG_FORCE_LOG_TO_I 0x00000004
-
-// Useful default combinations
-#define FWGPU_DEBUG_EVERYTHING     0xFFFFFFFF
-
-#if defined(FILAMENT_BACKEND_DEBUG_FLAG)
-    #define FWGPU_DEBUG_FORWARDED_FLAG (FILAMENT_BACKEND_DEBUG_FLAG & FWGPU_DEBUG_EVERYTHING)
-#else
-    #define FWGPU_DEBUG_FORWARDED_FLAG 0
-#endif
-
-#ifndef NDEBUG
-    #define FWGPU_DEBUG_FLAGS FWGPU_DEBUG_FORWARDED_FLAG
-#else
-    #define FWGPU_DEBUG_FLAGS 0
-#endif
-
-#define FWGPU_ENABLED(flags) (((FWGPU_DEBUG_FLAGS) & (flags)) == (flags))
-
-#if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_DEBUG_FORCE_LOG_TO_I)
-    #define FWGPU_LOGI (utils::slog.i)
-    #define FWGPU_LOGD FWGPU_LOGI
-    #define FWGPU_LOGE FWGPU_LOGI
-    #define FWGPU_LOGW FWGPU_LOGI
-#else
-    #define FWGPU_LOGE (utils::slog.e)
-    #define FWGPU_LOGW (utils::slog.w)
-    #define FWGPU_LOGD (utils::slog.d)
-    #define FWGPU_LOGI (utils::slog.i)
-#endif
-
-#endif// TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_WEBGPUCONSTANTS_H
@@ -14,254 +14,21 @@
 * limitations under the License.
 */

-#include "webgpu/WebGPUDriver.h"
-
-#include "webgpu/WebGPUConstants.h"
-#include <backend/platforms/WebGPUPlatform.h>
-
-#include "CommandStreamDispatcher.h"
-#include "DriverBase.h"
-#include "private/backend/Dispatcher.h"
 #include <backend/DriverEnums.h>
 #include <backend/Handle.h>

-#include <math/mat3.h>
-#include <utils/CString.h>
-#include <utils/ostream.h>
+#include "webgpu/WebGPUDriver.h"
+#include "CommandStreamDispatcher.h"

-#include <dawn/webgpu_cpp_print.h>
-#include <webgpu/webgpu_cpp.h>
-
-#include <algorithm>
-#include <cstddef>
-#include <cstdint>
-#include <sstream>
-#include <string_view>
-#include <utility>
-#include <variant>
+#include <stdint.h>

 namespace filament::backend {

-namespace {
-
-#if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
-void printInstanceDetails(wgpu::Instance const& instance) {
-    wgpu::SupportedWGSLLanguageFeatures supportedWGSLLanguageFeatures{};
-    if (!instance.GetWGSLLanguageFeatures(&supportedWGSLLanguageFeatures)) {
-        FWGPU_LOGW << "Failed to get WebGPU instance supported WGSL language features"
-                   << utils::io::endl;
-    } else {
-        FWGPU_LOGI << "WebGPU instance supported WGSL language features ("
-                   << supportedWGSLLanguageFeatures.featureCount << "):" << utils::io::endl;
-        if (supportedWGSLLanguageFeatures.featureCount > 0 &&
-                supportedWGSLLanguageFeatures.features != nullptr) {
-            std::for_each(supportedWGSLLanguageFeatures.features,
-                    supportedWGSLLanguageFeatures.features +
-                            supportedWGSLLanguageFeatures.featureCount,
-                    [](wgpu::WGSLLanguageFeatureName const featureName) {
-                        std::stringstream nameStream{};
-                        nameStream << featureName;
-                        FWGPU_LOGI << "  " << nameStream.str() << utils::io::endl;
-                    });
-        }
-    }
-}
-#endif
-
-#if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
-void printLimit(std::string_view name, const std::variant<uint32_t, uint64_t> value) {
-    FWGPU_LOGI << "  " << name.data() << ": ";
-    bool undefined = true;
-    if (std::holds_alternative<uint32_t>(value)) {
-        if (std::get<uint32_t>(value) != WGPU_LIMIT_U32_UNDEFINED) {
-            undefined = false;
-            FWGPU_LOGI << std::get<uint32_t>(value);
-        }
-    } else if (std::holds_alternative<uint64_t>(value)) {
-        if (std::get<uint64_t>(value) != WGPU_LIMIT_U64_UNDEFINED) {
-            undefined = false;
-            FWGPU_LOGI << std::get<uint64_t>(value);
-        }
-    }
-    if (undefined) {
-        FWGPU_LOGI << "UNDEFINED";
-    }
-    FWGPU_LOGI << utils::io::endl;
-}
-#endif
-
-#if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
-void printLimits(wgpu::Limits const& limits) {
-    printLimit("maxTextureDimension1D", limits.maxTextureDimension1D);
-    printLimit("maxTextureDimension2D", limits.maxTextureDimension2D);
-    printLimit("maxTextureDimension3D", limits.maxTextureDimension3D);
-    printLimit("maxTextureArrayLayers", limits.maxTextureArrayLayers);
-    printLimit("maxBindGroups", limits.maxBindGroups);
-    printLimit("maxBindGroupsPlusVertexBuffers", limits.maxBindGroupsPlusVertexBuffers);
-    printLimit("maxBindingsPerBindGroup", limits.maxBindingsPerBindGroup);
-    printLimit("maxDynamicUniformBuffersPerPipelineLayout",
-            limits.maxDynamicUniformBuffersPerPipelineLayout);
-    printLimit("maxDynamicStorageBuffersPerPipelineLayout",
-            limits.maxDynamicStorageBuffersPerPipelineLayout);
-    printLimit("maxSampledTexturesPerShaderStage", limits.maxSampledTexturesPerShaderStage);
-    printLimit("maxSamplersPerShaderStage", limits.maxSamplersPerShaderStage);
-    printLimit("maxStorageBuffersPerShaderStage", limits.maxStorageBuffersPerShaderStage);
-    printLimit("maxStorageTexturesPerShaderStage", limits.maxStorageTexturesPerShaderStage);
-    printLimit("maxUniformBuffersPerShaderStage", limits.maxUniformBuffersPerShaderStage);
-    printLimit("maxUniformBufferBindingSize", limits.maxUniformBufferBindingSize);
-    printLimit("maxStorageBufferBindingSize", limits.maxStorageBufferBindingSize);
-    printLimit("minUniformBufferOffsetAlignment", limits.minUniformBufferOffsetAlignment);
-    printLimit("minStorageBufferOffsetAlignment", limits.minStorageBufferOffsetAlignment);
-    printLimit("maxVertexBuffers", limits.maxVertexBuffers);
-    printLimit("maxBufferSize", limits.maxBufferSize);
-    printLimit("maxVertexAttributes", limits.maxVertexAttributes);
-    printLimit("maxVertexBufferArrayStride", limits.maxVertexBufferArrayStride);
-    printLimit("maxInterStageShaderComponents", limits.maxInterStageShaderComponents);
-    printLimit("maxInterStageShaderVariables", limits.maxInterStageShaderVariables);
-    printLimit("maxColorAttachments", limits.maxColorAttachments);
-    printLimit("maxColorAttachmentBytesPerSample", limits.maxColorAttachmentBytesPerSample);
-    printLimit("maxComputeWorkgroupStorageSize", limits.maxComputeWorkgroupStorageSize);
-    printLimit("maxComputeInvocationsPerWorkgroup", limits.maxComputeInvocationsPerWorkgroup);
-    printLimit("maxComputeWorkgroupSizeX", limits.maxComputeWorkgroupSizeX);
-    printLimit("maxComputeWorkgroupSizeY", limits.maxComputeWorkgroupSizeY);
-    printLimit("maxComputeWorkgroupSizeZ", limits.maxComputeWorkgroupSizeZ);
-    printLimit("maxComputeWorkgroupsPerDimension", limits.maxComputeWorkgroupsPerDimension);
-    printLimit("maxStorageBuffersInVertexStage", limits.maxStorageBuffersInVertexStage);
-    printLimit("maxStorageTexturesInVertexStage", limits.maxStorageTexturesInVertexStage);
-    printLimit("maxStorageBuffersInFragmentStage", limits.maxStorageBuffersInFragmentStage);
-    printLimit("maxStorageTexturesInFragmentStage", limits.maxStorageTexturesInFragmentStage);
-}
-#endif
-
-#if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
-void printAdapterDetails(wgpu::Adapter const& adapter) {
-    wgpu::DawnAdapterPropertiesPowerPreference powerPreferenceProperties{};
-    wgpu::AdapterInfo adapterInfo{};
-    adapterInfo.nextInChain = &powerPreferenceProperties;
-    if (!adapter.GetInfo(&adapterInfo)) {
-        FWGPU_LOGW << "Failed to get WebGPU adapter info" << utils::io::endl;
-    } else {
-        std::stringstream backendTypeStream{};
-        backendTypeStream << adapterInfo.backendType;
-        std::stringstream adapterTypeStream{};
-        adapterTypeStream << adapterInfo.adapterType;
-        std::stringstream powerPreferenceStream{};
-        powerPreferenceStream << powerPreferenceProperties.powerPreference;
-        FWGPU_LOGI << "WebGPU adapter info:" << utils::io::endl;
-        FWGPU_LOGI << "  vendor: " << adapterInfo.vendor.data << utils::io::endl;
-        FWGPU_LOGI << "  architecture: " << adapterInfo.architecture.data << utils::io::endl;
-        FWGPU_LOGI << "  device: " << adapterInfo.device.data << utils::io::endl;
-        FWGPU_LOGI << "  description: " << adapterInfo.description.data << utils::io::endl;
-        FWGPU_LOGI << "  backend type: " << backendTypeStream.str().data() << utils::io::endl;
-        FWGPU_LOGI << "  adapter type: " << adapterTypeStream.str().data() << utils::io::endl;
-        FWGPU_LOGI << "  device ID: " << adapterInfo.deviceID << utils::io::endl;
-        FWGPU_LOGI << "  vendor ID: " << adapterInfo.vendorID << utils::io::endl;
-        FWGPU_LOGI << "  subgroup min size: " << adapterInfo.subgroupMinSize << utils::io::endl;
-        FWGPU_LOGI << "  subgroup max size: " << adapterInfo.subgroupMaxSize << utils::io::endl;
-        FWGPU_LOGI << "  compatibility mode: " << bool(adapterInfo.compatibilityMode)
-                   << utils::io::endl;
-        FWGPU_LOGI << "  power preference: " << powerPreferenceStream.str() << utils::io::endl;
-    }
-    wgpu::SupportedFeatures supportedFeatures{};
-    adapter.GetFeatures(&supportedFeatures);
-    FWGPU_LOGI << "WebGPU adapter supported features (" << supportedFeatures.featureCount
-               << "):" << utils::io::endl;
-    if (supportedFeatures.featureCount > 0 && supportedFeatures.features != nullptr) {
-        std::for_each(supportedFeatures.features,
-                supportedFeatures.features + supportedFeatures.featureCount,
-                [](wgpu::FeatureName const name) {
-                    std::stringstream nameStream{};
-                    nameStream << name;
-                    FWGPU_LOGI << "  " << nameStream.str().data() << utils::io::endl;
-                });
-    }
-    wgpu::SupportedLimits supportedLimits{};
-    if (!adapter.GetLimits(&supportedLimits)) {
-        FWGPU_LOGW << "Failed to get WebGPU adapter supported limits" << utils::io::endl;
-    } else {
-        FWGPU_LOGI << "WebGPU adapter supported limits:" << utils::io::endl;
-        printLimits(supportedLimits.limits);
-    }
-}
-#endif
-
-#if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
-void printSurfaceCapabilitiesDetails(wgpu::SurfaceCapabilities const& capabilities) {
-    std::stringstream usages_stream{};
-    usages_stream << capabilities.usages;
-    FWGPU_LOGI << "WebGPU surface capabilities:" << utils::io::endl;
-    FWGPU_LOGI << "  surface usages: " << usages_stream.str().data() << utils::io::endl;
-    FWGPU_LOGI << "  surface formats (" << capabilities.formatCount << "):" << utils::io::endl;
-    if (capabilities.formatCount > 0 && capabilities.formats != nullptr) {
-        std::for_each(capabilities.formats, capabilities.formats + capabilities.formatCount,
-                [](wgpu::TextureFormat const format) {
-                    std::stringstream format_stream{};
-                    format_stream << format;
-                    FWGPU_LOGI << "    " << format_stream.str().data() << utils::io::endl;
-                });
-    }
-    FWGPU_LOGI << "  surface present modes (" << capabilities.presentModeCount
-               << "):" << utils::io::endl;
-    if (capabilities.presentModeCount > 0 && capabilities.presentModes != nullptr) {
-        std::for_each(capabilities.presentModes,
-                capabilities.presentModes + capabilities.presentModeCount,
-                [](wgpu::PresentMode const presentMode) {
-                    std::stringstream present_mode_stream{};
-                    present_mode_stream << presentMode;
-                    FWGPU_LOGI << "    " << present_mode_stream.str().data() << utils::io::endl;
-                });
-    }
-    FWGPU_LOGI << "  surface alpha modes (" << capabilities.alphaModeCount
-               << "):" << utils::io::endl;
-    if (capabilities.alphaModeCount > 0 && capabilities.alphaModes != nullptr) {
-        std::for_each(capabilities.alphaModes,
-                capabilities.alphaModes + capabilities.alphaModeCount,
-                [](wgpu::CompositeAlphaMode const alphaMode) {
-                    std::stringstream alpha_mode_stream{};
-                    alpha_mode_stream << alphaMode;
-                    FWGPU_LOGI << "    " << alpha_mode_stream.str().data() << utils::io::endl;
-                });
-    }
-}
-#endif
-
-#if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
-void printDeviceDetails(wgpu::Device const& device) {
-    wgpu::SupportedFeatures supportedFeatures{};
-    device.GetFeatures(&supportedFeatures);
-    FWGPU_LOGI << "WebGPU device supported features (" << supportedFeatures.featureCount
-               << "):" << utils::io::endl;
-    if (supportedFeatures.featureCount > 0 && supportedFeatures.features != nullptr) {
-        std::for_each(supportedFeatures.features,
-                supportedFeatures.features + supportedFeatures.featureCount,
-                [](wgpu::FeatureName const name) {
-                    std::stringstream nameStream{};
-                    nameStream << name;
-                    FWGPU_LOGI << "  " << nameStream.str().data() << utils::io::endl;
-                });
-    }
-    wgpu::SupportedLimits supportedLimits{};
-    if (!device.GetLimits(&supportedLimits)) {
-        FWGPU_LOGW << "Failed to get WebGPU supported device limits" << utils::io::endl;
-    } else {
-        FWGPU_LOGI << "WebGPU device supported limits:" << utils::io::endl;
-        printLimits(supportedLimits.limits);
-    }
-}
-#endif
-
-}// namespace
-
-Driver* WebGPUDriver::create(WebGPUPlatform& platform) noexcept {
-    return new WebGPUDriver(platform);
+Driver* WebGPUDriver::create() {
+    return new WebGPUDriver();
 }

-WebGPUDriver::WebGPUDriver(WebGPUPlatform& platform) noexcept
-    : mPlatform(platform) {
-#if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
-    printInstanceDetails(mPlatform.getInstance());
-#endif
-}
+WebGPUDriver::WebGPUDriver() noexcept = default;

 WebGPUDriver::~WebGPUDriver() noexcept = default;

@@ -356,188 +123,6 @@ void WebGPUDriver::destroyDescriptorSetLayout(Handle<HwDescriptorSetLayout> tqh)
 void WebGPUDriver::destroyDescriptorSet(Handle<HwDescriptorSet> tqh) {
 }

-Handle<HwSwapChain> WebGPUDriver::createSwapChainS() noexcept {
-    return Handle<HwSwapChain>((Handle<HwSwapChain>::HandleId) mNextFakeHandle++);
-}
-
-Handle<HwSwapChain> WebGPUDriver::createSwapChainHeadlessS() noexcept {
-    return Handle<HwSwapChain>((Handle<HwSwapChain>::HandleId) mNextFakeHandle++);
-}
-
-Handle<HwTexture> WebGPUDriver::createTextureS() noexcept {
-    return Handle<HwTexture>((Handle<HwTexture>::HandleId) mNextFakeHandle++);
-}
-
-Handle<HwTexture> WebGPUDriver::importTextureS() noexcept {
-    return Handle<HwTexture>((Handle<HwTexture>::HandleId) mNextFakeHandle++);
-}
-
-Handle<HwProgram> WebGPUDriver::createProgramS() noexcept {
-    return Handle<HwProgram>((Handle<HwProgram>::HandleId) mNextFakeHandle++);
-}
-
-Handle<HwFence> WebGPUDriver::createFenceS() noexcept {
-    return Handle<HwFence>((Handle<HwFence>::HandleId) mNextFakeHandle++);
-}
-
-Handle<HwTimerQuery> WebGPUDriver::createTimerQueryS() noexcept {
-    return Handle<HwTimerQuery>((Handle<HwTimerQuery>::HandleId) mNextFakeHandle++);
-}
-
-Handle<HwIndexBuffer> WebGPUDriver::createIndexBufferS() noexcept {
-    return Handle<HwIndexBuffer>((Handle<HwIndexBuffer>::HandleId) mNextFakeHandle++);
-}
-
-Handle<HwTexture> WebGPUDriver::createTextureViewS() noexcept {
-    return Handle<HwTexture>((Handle<HwTexture>::HandleId) mNextFakeHandle++);
-}
-
-Handle<HwBufferObject> WebGPUDriver::createBufferObjectS() noexcept {
-    return Handle<HwBufferObject>((Handle<HwBufferObject>::HandleId) mNextFakeHandle++);
-}
-
-Handle<HwRenderTarget> WebGPUDriver::createRenderTargetS() noexcept {
-    return Handle<HwRenderTarget>((Handle<HwRenderTarget>::HandleId) mNextFakeHandle++);
-}
-
-Handle<HwVertexBuffer> WebGPUDriver::createVertexBufferS() noexcept {
-    return Handle<HwVertexBuffer>((Handle<HwVertexBuffer>::HandleId) mNextFakeHandle++);
-}
-
-Handle<HwDescriptorSet> WebGPUDriver::createDescriptorSetS() noexcept {
-    return Handle<HwDescriptorSet>((Handle<HwDescriptorSet>::HandleId) mNextFakeHandle++);
-}
-
-Handle<HwRenderPrimitive> WebGPUDriver::createRenderPrimitiveS() noexcept {
-    return Handle<HwRenderPrimitive>((Handle<HwRenderPrimitive>::HandleId) mNextFakeHandle++);
-}
-
-Handle<HwVertexBufferInfo> WebGPUDriver::createVertexBufferInfoS() noexcept {
-    return Handle<HwVertexBufferInfo>((Handle<HwVertexBufferInfo>::HandleId) mNextFakeHandle++);
-}
-
-Handle<HwTexture> WebGPUDriver::createTextureViewSwizzleS() noexcept {
-    return Handle<HwTexture>((Handle<HwTexture>::HandleId) mNextFakeHandle++);
-}
-
-Handle<HwRenderTarget> WebGPUDriver::createDefaultRenderTargetS() noexcept {
-    return Handle<HwRenderTarget>((Handle<HwRenderTarget>::HandleId) mNextFakeHandle++);
-}
-
-Handle<HwDescriptorSetLayout> WebGPUDriver::createDescriptorSetLayoutS() noexcept {
-    return Handle<HwDescriptorSetLayout>(
-            (Handle<HwDescriptorSetLayout>::HandleId) mNextFakeHandle++);
-}
-
-Handle<HwTexture> WebGPUDriver::createTextureExternalImageS() noexcept {
-    return Handle<HwTexture>((Handle<HwTexture>::HandleId) mNextFakeHandle++);
-}
-
-Handle<HwTexture> WebGPUDriver::createTextureExternalImage2S() noexcept {
-    return Handle<HwTexture>((Handle<HwTexture>::HandleId) mNextFakeHandle++);
-}
-
-Handle<HwTexture> WebGPUDriver::createTextureExternalImagePlaneS() noexcept {
-    return Handle<HwTexture>((Handle<HwTexture>::HandleId) mNextFakeHandle++);
-}
-
-void WebGPUDriver::createSwapChainR(Handle<HwSwapChain> sch, void* nativeWindow, uint64_t flags) {
-    mSurface= mPlatform.createSurface(nativeWindow, flags);
-    mAdapter = mPlatform.requestAdapter(mSurface);
-#if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
-    printAdapterDetails(mAdapter);
-    wgpu::SurfaceCapabilities surfaceCapabilities{};
-    if (!mSurface.GetCapabilities(mAdapter, &surfaceCapabilities)) {
-        FWGPU_LOGW << "Failed to get WebGPU surface capabilities" << utils::io::endl;
-    } else {
-        printSurfaceCapabilitiesDetails(surfaceCapabilities);
-    }
-#endif
-    mDevice = mPlatform.requestDevice(mAdapter);
-#if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
-    printDeviceDetails(mDevice);
-#endif
-    mQueue = mDevice.GetQueue();
-    // TODO configure the surface (maybe before or after creating the swapchain?
-    //                             how do we get the surface extent?)
-    // TODO actually create the swapchain
-    FWGPU_LOGW << "WebGPU support is still essentially a no-op at this point in development (only "
-                  "background components have been instantiated/selected, such as surface/screen, "
-                  "graphics device/GPU, etc.), thus nothing is being drawn to the screen."
-               << utils::io::endl;
-#if !FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM) && !defined(NDEBUG)
-    FWGPU_LOGI << "If the FILAMENT_BACKEND_DEBUG_FLAG variable were set with the " << utils::io::hex
-               << FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM << utils::io::dec
-               << " bit flag on during build time the application would print system details "
-                  "about the selected graphics device, surface, etc. To see this try "
-                  "rebuilding Filament with that flag, e.g. ./build.sh -x "
-               << FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM << " ..." << utils::io::endl;
-#endif
-}
-
-void WebGPUDriver::createSwapChainHeadlessR(Handle<HwSwapChain> sch, uint32_t width,
-        uint32_t height, uint64_t flags) {}
-
-void WebGPUDriver::createVertexBufferInfoR(Handle<HwVertexBufferInfo> vbih, uint8_t bufferCount,
-        uint8_t attributeCount, AttributeArray attributes) {}
-
-void WebGPUDriver::createVertexBufferR(Handle<HwVertexBuffer> vbh, uint32_t vertexCount,
-        Handle<HwVertexBufferInfo> vbih) {}
-
-void WebGPUDriver::createIndexBufferR(Handle<HwIndexBuffer> ibh, ElementType elementType,
-        uint32_t indexCount, BufferUsage usage) {}
-
-void WebGPUDriver::createBufferObjectR(Handle<HwBufferObject> boh, uint32_t byteCount,
-        BufferObjectBinding bindingType, BufferUsage usage) {}
-
-void WebGPUDriver::createTextureR(Handle<HwTexture> th, SamplerType target, uint8_t levels,
-        TextureFormat format, uint8_t samples, uint32_t w, uint32_t h, uint32_t depth,
-        TextureUsage usage) {}
-
-void WebGPUDriver::createTextureViewR(Handle<HwTexture> th, Handle<HwTexture> srch,
-        uint8_t baseLevel, uint8_t levelCount) {}
-
-void WebGPUDriver::createTextureViewSwizzleR(Handle<HwTexture> th, Handle<HwTexture> srch,
-        backend::TextureSwizzle r, backend::TextureSwizzle g, backend::TextureSwizzle b,
-        backend::TextureSwizzle a) {}
-
-void WebGPUDriver::createTextureExternalImage2R(Handle<HwTexture> th, backend::SamplerType target,
-        backend::TextureFormat format, uint32_t width, uint32_t height, backend::TextureUsage usage,
-        Platform::ExternalImageHandleRef externalImage) {}
-
-void WebGPUDriver::createTextureExternalImageR(Handle<HwTexture> th, backend::SamplerType target,
-        backend::TextureFormat format, uint32_t width, uint32_t height, backend::TextureUsage usage,
-        void* externalImage) {}
-
-void WebGPUDriver::createTextureExternalImagePlaneR(Handle<HwTexture> th,
-        backend::TextureFormat format, uint32_t width, uint32_t height, backend::TextureUsage usage,
-        void* image, uint32_t plane) {}
-
-void WebGPUDriver::importTextureR(Handle<HwTexture> th, intptr_t id, SamplerType target,
-        uint8_t levels, TextureFormat format, uint8_t samples, uint32_t w, uint32_t h,
-        uint32_t depth, TextureUsage usage) {}
-
-void WebGPUDriver::createRenderPrimitiveR(Handle<HwRenderPrimitive> rph, Handle<HwVertexBuffer> vbh,
-        Handle<HwIndexBuffer> ibh, PrimitiveType pt) {}
-
-void WebGPUDriver::createProgramR(Handle<HwProgram> ph, Program&& program) {}
-
-void WebGPUDriver::createDefaultRenderTargetR(Handle<HwRenderTarget> rth, int) {}
-
-void WebGPUDriver::createRenderTargetR(Handle<HwRenderTarget> rth, TargetBufferFlags targets,
-        uint32_t width, uint32_t height, uint8_t samples, uint8_t layerCount, MRT color,
-        TargetBufferInfo depth, TargetBufferInfo stencil) {}
-
-void WebGPUDriver::createFenceR(Handle<HwFence> fh, int) {}
-
-void WebGPUDriver::createTimerQueryR(Handle<HwTimerQuery> tqh, int) {}
-
-void WebGPUDriver::createDescriptorSetLayoutR(Handle<HwDescriptorSetLayout> dslh,
-        backend::DescriptorSetLayout&& info) {}
-
-void WebGPUDriver::createDescriptorSetR(Handle<HwDescriptorSet> dsh,
-        Handle<HwDescriptorSetLayout> dslh) {}
-
 Handle<HwStream> WebGPUDriver::createStreamNative(void* nativeStream) {
    return {};
 }
@@ -655,14 +240,6 @@ size_t WebGPUDriver::getMaxUniformBufferSize() {
    return 16384u;
 }

-size_t WebGPUDriver::getMaxTextureSize(SamplerType target) {
-    return 2048u;
-}
-
-size_t WebGPUDriver::getMaxArrayTextureLayers() {
-    return 256u;
-}
-
 void WebGPUDriver::updateIndexBuffer(Handle<HwIndexBuffer> ibh, BufferDescriptor&& p,
        uint32_t byteOffset) {
    scheduleDestroy(std::move(p));
@@ -17,44 +17,26 @@
 #ifndef TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_WEBGPUDRIVER_H
 #define TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_WEBGPUDRIVER_H

-#include <backend/platforms/WebGPUPlatform.h>
-
-#include "DriverBase.h"
-#include "private/backend/Dispatcher.h"
 #include "private/backend/Driver.h"
-#include <backend/DriverEnums.h>
+#include "DriverBase.h"

 #include <utils/compiler.h>

-#include <webgpu/webgpu_cpp.h>
-
-#include <cstdint>
-
 namespace filament::backend {

-/**
- * WebGPU backend (driver) implementation
- */
 class WebGPUDriver final : public DriverBase {
-public:
+    WebGPUDriver() noexcept;
    ~WebGPUDriver() noexcept override;
+    Dispatcher getDispatcher() const noexcept final;

-    [[nodiscard]] Dispatcher getDispatcher() const noexcept final;
-    [[nodiscard]] static Driver* create(WebGPUPlatform& platform) noexcept;
+public:
+    static Driver* create();

 private:
-    explicit WebGPUDriver(WebGPUPlatform& platform) noexcept;
-    [[nodiscard]] ShaderModel getShaderModel() const noexcept final;
-    [[nodiscard]] ShaderLanguage getShaderLanguage() const noexcept final;
+    ShaderModel getShaderModel() const noexcept final;
+    ShaderLanguage getShaderLanguage() const noexcept final;

-    // the platform (e.g. OS) specific aspects of the WebGPU backend are strictly only
-    // handled in the WebGPUPlatform
-    WebGPUPlatform& mPlatform;
-    wgpu::Surface mSurface = nullptr;
-    wgpu::Adapter mAdapter = nullptr;
-    wgpu::Device mDevice = nullptr;
-    wgpu::Queue mQueue = nullptr;
-    uint64_t mNextFakeHandle = 1;
+    uint64_t nextFakeHandle = 1;

    /*
     * Driver interface
@@ -63,19 +45,20 @@ private:
    template<typename T>
    friend class ConcreteDispatcher;

-#define DECL_DRIVER_API(methodName, paramsDecl, params)                                            \
+#define DECL_DRIVER_API(methodName, paramsDecl, params) \
    UTILS_ALWAYS_INLINE inline void methodName(paramsDecl);

-#define DECL_DRIVER_API_SYNCHRONOUS(RetType, methodName, paramsDecl, params)                       \
+#define DECL_DRIVER_API_SYNCHRONOUS(RetType, methodName, paramsDecl, params) \
    RetType methodName(paramsDecl) override;

-#define DECL_DRIVER_API_RETURN(RetType, methodName, paramsDecl, params)                            \
-    RetType methodName##S() noexcept override;                                                     \
-    UTILS_ALWAYS_INLINE inline void methodName##R(RetType, paramsDecl);
+#define DECL_DRIVER_API_RETURN(RetType, methodName, paramsDecl, params) \
+    RetType methodName##S() noexcept override { \
+        return RetType((RetType::HandleId)nextFakeHandle++); } \
+    UTILS_ALWAYS_INLINE inline void methodName##R(RetType, paramsDecl) { }

 #include "private/backend/DriverAPI.inc"
 };

-}// namespace filament::backend
+} // namespace filament

-#endif// TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_WEBGPUDRIVER_H
+#endif // TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_WEBGPUDRIVER_H
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2025 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include "webgpu/WebGPUPlatform.h"
+#include "webgpu/WebGPUDriver.h"
+
+#include "utils/Log.h"
+
+namespace filament::backend {
+
+Driver* WebGPUPlatform::createDriver(void* const sharedContext , const Platform::DriverConfig& driverConfig) noexcept {
+    wgpu::InstanceDescriptor instance_descriptor {};
+    wgpu::Instance instance = wgpu::CreateInstance(&instance_descriptor);
+    if (instance) {
+        utils::slog.i << " WebGPU instance created\n";
+    } else {
+        utils::slog.e << " WebGPU instance failed to create\n";
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+    return WebGPUDriver::create();
+}
+
+} // namespace filament
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2025 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#ifndef TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_WEBGPUPLATFORM_H
+#define TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_WEBGPUPLATFORM_H
+
+#include <backend/DriverEnums.h>
+#include <backend/Platform.h>
+
+#include "webgpu/webgpu_cpp.h"
+
+namespace filament::backend {
+
+class WebGPUPlatform
+    final : public Platform {
+public:
+
+    int getOSVersion() const noexcept final { return 0; }
+
+    ~WebGPUPlatform() noexcept override = default;
+
+protected:
+
+    Driver* createDriver(void* sharedContext, const Platform::DriverConfig& driverConfig) noexcept override;
+};
+
+} // namespace filament
+
+#endif // TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_WEBGPUPLATFORM_H
@@ -1,159 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2025 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#include <backend/platforms/WebGPUPlatform.h>
-
-#include "webgpu/WebGPUConstants.h"
-#include "webgpu/WebGPUDriver.h"
-
-#include <backend/Platform.h>
-#include <utils/Panic.h>
-#include <utils/ostream.h>
-
-#include <dawn/webgpu_cpp_print.h>
-#include <webgpu/webgpu_cpp.h>
-
-#include <cstdint>
-#include <sstream>
-
-/**
- * WebGPU Backend implementation common across platforms or operating systems (at least for now).
- * Some of these functions may likely be refactored to platform/OS-specific implementations
- * over time as needed. The caller of the WebGPUPlatform doesn't need to care which is the case.
- */
-
-namespace filament::backend {
-
-namespace {
-
-//either returns a valid instance or panics
-[[nodiscard]] wgpu::Instance createInstance() {
-    wgpu::DawnTogglesDescriptor dawnTogglesDescriptor{};
-#if defined(FILAMENT_WEBGPU_IMMEDIATE_ERROR_HANDLING)
-#if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
-    FWGPU_LOGI << "setting on toggle enable_immediate_error_handling" << utils::io::endl;
-#endif
-    /**
-     * Have the un-captured error callback invoked immediately when an error occurs, rather than
-     * waiting for the next Tick. This enables using the stack trace in which the un-captured error
-     * occurred when breaking into the un-captured error callback.
-     * https://crbug.com/dawn/1789
-     */
-    static const char* toggleName = "enable_immediate_error_handling";
-    dawnTogglesDescriptor.enabledToggleCount = 1;
-    dawnTogglesDescriptor.enabledToggles = &toggleName;
-#endif
-    wgpu::InstanceDescriptor instanceDescriptor{
-        .nextInChain = &dawnTogglesDescriptor,
-        .capabilities = {
-            .timedWaitAnyEnable = true// TODO consider using pure async instead
-        }
-    };
-    wgpu::Instance instance = wgpu::CreateInstance(&instanceDescriptor);
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(instance != nullptr) << "Unable to create webgpu instance.";
-    return instance;
-}
-
-}// namespace
-
-wgpu::Adapter WebGPUPlatform::requestAdapter(wgpu::Surface const& surface) {
-    // TODO consider power preference etc. (can be custom preferences passed to the platform or
-    //                                      based on whether this is a Mobile or Desktop system,
-    //                                      etc...)
-    wgpu::RequestAdapterOptions adaptorOptions{ .compatibleSurface = surface };
-    // note this just gets the first adapter
-    wgpu::Adapter adapter = nullptr;
-    wgpu::WaitStatus status = mInstance.WaitAny(
-            mInstance.RequestAdapter(&adaptorOptions, wgpu::CallbackMode::WaitAnyOnly,
-                    [&adapter](wgpu::RequestAdapterStatus const status,
-                            wgpu::Adapter const& readyAdapter, wgpu::StringView const message) {
-                        // TODO consider more robust error handling
-                        FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(status == wgpu::RequestAdapterStatus::Success)
-                                << "Unable to request a WebGPU adapter. Status "
-                                << static_cast<uint32_t>(status)
-                                << " with message: " << message.data;
-                        adapter = readyAdapter;
-                    }),
-            UINT16_MAX);// TODO define reasonable timeout (or do this asynchronously)
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(status == wgpu::WaitStatus::Success)
-            << "Non-successful wait status requesting a WebGPU adapter "
-            << static_cast<uint32_t>(status);
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(adapter != nullptr)
-            << "Failed to get a WebGPU adapter for the platform";
-    // TODO consider validating adapter has required features and/or limits
-    return adapter;
-}
-
-wgpu::Device WebGPUPlatform::requestDevice(wgpu::Adapter const& adapter) {
-    // TODO consider passing required features and/or limits
-    wgpu::DeviceDescriptor deviceDescriptor{};
-    deviceDescriptor.label = "graphics_device";
-    deviceDescriptor.defaultQueue.label = "default_queue";
-    deviceDescriptor.SetDeviceLostCallback(wgpu::CallbackMode::AllowSpontaneous,
-            [](wgpu::Device const&, wgpu::DeviceLostReason const& reason,
-                    wgpu::StringView message) {
-                if (reason == wgpu::DeviceLostReason::Destroyed) {
-                    FWGPU_LOGD << "WebGPU device lost due to being destroyed (expected)"
-                               << utils::io::endl;
-                    return;
-                }
-                // TODO try recreating the device instead of just panicking
-                std::stringstream reasonStream{};
-                reasonStream << reason;
-                FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(reason != wgpu::DeviceLostReason::Destroyed)
-                        << "WebGPU device lost: " << reasonStream.str() << " " << message.data;
-            });
-    deviceDescriptor.SetUncapturedErrorCallback(
-            [](wgpu::Device const&, wgpu::ErrorType errorType, wgpu::StringView message) {
-                std::stringstream typeStream{};
-                typeStream << errorType;
-                FWGPU_LOGE << "WebGPU device error: " << typeStream.str() << " " << message.data
-                           << utils::io::endl;
-            });
-    wgpu::Device device = nullptr;
-    wgpu::WaitStatus status = mInstance.WaitAny(
-            adapter.RequestDevice(&deviceDescriptor, wgpu::CallbackMode::WaitAnyOnly,
-                    [&device](wgpu::RequestDeviceStatus const status,
-                            wgpu::Device const& readyDevice, wgpu::StringView const message) {
-                        FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(status == wgpu::RequestDeviceStatus::Success)
-                                << "Unable to request a WebGPU device. Status: "
-                                << static_cast<uint32_t>(status)
-                                << " with message: " << message.data;
-                        device = readyDevice;
-                    }),
-            UINT64_MAX);// TODO define reasonable timeout (or do this asynchronously)
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(status == wgpu::WaitStatus::Success)
-            << "Non-successful wait status requesting a WebGPU device "
-            << static_cast<uint32_t>(status);
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(device != nullptr)
-            << "Failed to get a WebGPU device for the platform.";
-    return device;
-}
-
-Driver* WebGPUPlatform::createDriver(void* sharedContext,
-        const Platform::DriverConfig& /*driverConfig*/) noexcept {
-    if (sharedContext) {
-        FWGPU_LOGW << "sharedContext is ignored/unused in the WebGPU backend. A non-null "
-                      "sharedContext was provided, but it will be ignored."
-                   << utils::io::endl;
-    }
-    return WebGPUDriver::create(*this);
-}
-
-WebGPUPlatform::WebGPUPlatform()
-    : mInstance(createInstance()) {}
-
-}// namespace filament::backend
@@ -1,43 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2025 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#include <backend/platforms/WebGPUPlatform.h>
-
-#include <utils/Panic.h>
-
-#include <webgpu/webgpu_cpp.h>
-
-#include <cstdint>
-
-/**
- * Android OS specific implementation aspects of the WebGPU backend
- */
-
-namespace filament::backend {
-
-wgpu::Surface WebGPUPlatform::createSurface(void* nativeWindow, uint64_t /*flags*/) {
-    wgpu::SurfaceSourceAndroidNativeWindow surfaceSourceAndroidWindow{};
-    surfaceSourceAndroidWindow.window = nativeWindow;
-    wgpu::SurfaceDescriptor surfaceDescriptor{
-        .nextInChain = &surfaceSourceAndroidWindow,
-        .label = "android_surface"
-    };
-    wgpu::Surface surface = mInstance.CreateSurface(&surfaceDescriptor);
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(surface != nullptr) << "Unable to create Android-backed surface.";
-    return surface;
-}
-
-}// namespace filament::backend
@@ -1,81 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2025 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#include <backend/platforms/WebGPUPlatform.h>
-
-#include <utils/Panic.h>
-#include <utils/ostream.h>
-
-#include <webgpu/webgpu_cpp.h>
-
-#include <cstdint>
-
-// Platform specific includes and defines
-#if defined(__APPLE__)
-    #include <Cocoa/Cocoa.h>
-    #import <QuartzCore/CAMetalLayer.h>
-#elif defined(FILAMENT_IOS)
-    // Metal is not available when building for the iOS simulator on Desktop.
-    #define METAL_AVAILABLE __has_include(<QuartzCore/CAMetalLayer.h>)
-    #if METAL_AVAILABLE
-        #import <Metal/Metal.h>
-        #import <QuartzCore/CAMetalLayer.h>
-    #endif
-    // is this needed?
-    #define METALVIEW_TAG 255
-#else
-    #error Not a supported Apple + WebGPU platform
-#endif
-
-/**
- * Apple (Mac OS and IOS) specific implementation aspects of the WebGPU backend
- */
-
-namespace filament::backend {
-
-wgpu::Surface WebGPUPlatform::createSurface(void* nativeWindow, uint64_t /*flags*/) {
-    wgpu::Surface surface = nullptr;
-#if defined(__APPLE__)
-    auto nsView = (__bridge NSView*) nativeWindow;
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(nsView) << "Unable to obtain Metal-backed NSView.";
-    [nsView setWantsLayer:YES];
-    id metalLayer = [CAMetalLayer layer];
-    [nsView setLayer:metalLayer];
-    wgpu::SurfaceSourceMetalLayer surfaceSourceMetalLayer{};
-    surfaceSourceMetalLayer.layer = (__bridge void*) metalLayer;
-    wgpu::SurfaceDescriptor surfaceDescriptor = {
-        .nextInChain = &surfaceSourceMetalLayer,
-        .label = "metal_surface",
-    };
-    surface = mInstance.CreateSurface(&surfaceDescriptor);
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(surface != nullptr) << "Unable to create Metal-backed surface.";
-#elif defined(FILAMENT_IOS)
-    CAMetalLayer* metalLayer = (CAMetalLayer*) nativeWindow;
-    wgpu::SurfaceSourceMetalLayer surfaceSourceMetalLayer{};
-    surfaceSourceMetalLayer.layer = (__bridge void*) metalLayer;
-    wgpu::SurfaceDescriptor surfaceDescriptor = {
-        .nextInChain = &surfaceSourceMetalLayer,
-        .label = "metal_surface",
-    };
-    surface = mInstance.CreateSurface(&surfaceDescriptor);
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(surface != nullptr) << "Unable to create Metal-backed surface.";
-#else
-    #error Not a supported Apple + WebGPU platform
-#endif
-    return surface;
-}
-
-}// namespace filament::backend
@@ -1,163 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2025 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-#include <backend/platforms/WebGPUPlatform.h>
-
-#include <backend/DriverEnums.h>
-
-#include <utils/Panic.h>
-
-#include <webgpu/webgpu_cpp.h>
-
-#include <cstddef>
-#include <cstdint>
-
-#if defined(__linux__) || defined(__FreeBSD__)
-    #define LINUX_OR_FREEBSD 1
-#endif
-
-// Platform specific includes and defines
-#if defined(__linux__) && defined(FILAMENT_SUPPORTS_WAYLAND)
-    #include <dlfcn.h>
-    namespace {
-    typedef struct _wl {
-        struct wl_display* display;
-        struct wl_surface* surface;
-        uint32_t width;
-        uint32_t height;
-    } wl;
-    }// namespace
-#elif defined(LINUX_OR_FREEBSD) && defined(FILAMENT_SUPPORTS_X11)
-    // TODO: we should allow for headless on Linux explicitly. Right now this is the headless path
-    // (with no FILAMENT_SUPPORTS_XCB or FILAMENT_SUPPORTS_XLIB).
-    #include <dlfcn.h>
-    #if defined(FILAMENT_SUPPORTS_XCB)
-        #include <xcb/xcb.h>
-        namespace {
-        typedef xcb_connection_t* (*XCB_CONNECT)(const char* displayname, int* screenp);
-        }// namespace
-    #endif
-    #if defined(FILAMENT_SUPPORTS_XLIB)
-        #include <X11/Xlib.h>
-        namespace {
-        typedef Display* (*X11_OPEN_DISPLAY)(const char*);
-        }// namespace
-    #endif
-    static constexpr const char* LIBRARY_X11 = "libX11.so.6";
-    namespace {
-    struct XEnv {
-    #if defined(FILAMENT_SUPPORTS_XCB)
-        XCB_CONNECT xcbConnect;
-        xcb_connection_t* connection;
-    #endif
-    #if defined(FILAMENT_SUPPORTS_XLIB)
-        X11_OPEN_DISPLAY openDisplay;
-        Display* display;
-    #endif
-        void* library = nullptr;
-    } g_x11;
-    }// namespace
-#else
-    #error Not a supported Linux or FeeBSD + WebGPU platform
-#endif
-
-/**
- * Linux OS specific implementation aspects of the WebGPU Backend
- */
-
-namespace filament::backend {
-
-wgpu::Surface WebGPUPlatform::createSurface(void* nativeWindow, uint64_t flags) {
-    wgpu::Surface surface = nullptr;
-#if defined(__linux__) && defined(FILAMENT_SUPPORTS_WAYLAND)
-    wl* ptrval = reinterpret_cast<wl*>(nativeWindow);
-    wgpu::SurfaceSourceWaylandSurface surfaceSourceWayland{};
-    surfaceSourceWayland.display = ptrval->display;
-    surfaceSourceWayland.surface = ptrval->surface;
-    wgpu::SurfaceDescriptor surfaceDescriptor{
-        .nextInChain = &surfaceSourceWayland,
-        .label = "linux_wayland_surface"
-    };
-    surface = mInstance.CreateSurface(&surfaceDescriptor);
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(surface != nullptr)
-            << "Unable to create Linux Wayland-backed surface.";
-#elif defined(LINUX_OR_FREEBSD) && defined(FILAMENT_SUPPORTS_X11)
-    if (g_x11.library == nullptr) {
-        g_x11.library = dlopen(LIBRARY_X11, RTLD_LOCAL | RTLD_NOW);
-        FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(g_x11.library) << "Unable to open X11 library.";
-        #if defined(FILAMENT_SUPPORTS_XCB)
-            g_x11.xcbConnect = (XCB_CONNECT) dlsym(g_x11.library, "xcb_connect");
-            int screen = 0;
-            g_x11.connection = g_x11.xcbConnect(nullptr, &screen);
-        #endif
-        #if defined(FILAMENT_SUPPORTS_XLIB)
-            g_x11.openDisplay = (X11_OPEN_DISPLAY) dlsym(g_x11.library, "XOpenDisplay");
-            g_x11.display = g_x11.openDisplay(NULL);
-            FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(g_x11.display) << "Unable to open X11 display.";
-        #endif
-    }
-    #if defined(FILAMENT_SUPPORTS_XCB) || defined(FILAMENT_SUPPORTS_XLIB)
-        bool useXcb = false;
-    #endif
-    #if defined(FILAMENT_SUPPORTS_XCB)
-        #if defined(FILAMENT_SUPPORTS_XLIB)
-            useXcb = (flags & SWAP_CHAIN_CONFIG_ENABLE_XCB) != 0;
-        #else
-            useXcb = true;
-        #endif
-        if (useXcb) {
-            wgpu::SurfaceSourceXCBWindow surfaceSourceXcb{};
-            surfaceSourceXcb.connection = g_x11.connection;
-
-            // TODO: this looks really wrong, please fix!!
-            surfaceSourceXcb.window = *((uint32_t*) nativeWindow);
-            wgpu::SurfaceDescriptor surfaceDescriptor{
-                .nextInChain = &surfaceSourceXcb,
-                .label = "linux_xcb_surface"
-            };
-            surface = mInstance.CreateSurface(&surfaceDescriptor);
-            FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(surface != nullptr)
-                    << "Unable to create Linux (or FreeBSD) XCB-backed surface.";
-        }
-    #endif
-    #if defined(FILAMENT_SUPPORTS_XLIB)
-        if (!useXcb) {
-            wgpu::SurfaceSourceXlibWindow surfaceSourceXlib{};
-            surfaceSourceXlib.display = g_x11.display;
-            surfaceSourceXlib.window = reinterpret_cast<uint64_t>(nativeWindow);
-            wgpu::SurfaceDescriptor surfaceDescriptor{
-                .nextInChain = &surfaceSourceXlib,
-                .label = "linux_xlib_surface"
-            };
-            surface = mInstance.CreateSurface(&surfaceDescriptor);
-            FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(surface != nullptr)
-                    << "Unable to create Linux (or FreeBSD) XLib-backed surface.";
-        }
-    #endif
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(surface != nullptr)
-            << "Cannot create WebGPU X11 surface for Linux (or FreeBSD) OS "
-               "(not built with support for XCB or XLIB?)";
-#elif defined(__linux__)
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(surface != nullptr)
-            << "Cannot create WebGPU surface for Linux (or FreeBSD) OS "
-               "(not built with support for Wayland or X11?)";
-#else
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(surface != nullptr)
-            << "Not a supported (Linux) OS + WebGPU platform";
-#endif
-    return surface;
-}
-
-}// namespace filament::backend
@@ -1,53 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2025 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#include <backend/platforms/WebGPUPlatform.h>
-
-#include <utils/Panic.h>
-
-#include <webgpu/webgpu_cpp.h>
-
-#include <cstdint>
-
-/**
- * Windows OS specific implementation aspects of the WebGPU backend
- */
-
-namespace filament::backend {
-
-wgpu::Surface WebGPUPlatform::createSurface(void* nativeWindow, uint64_t /*flags*/) {
-    // TODO verify this is necessary for Dawn implementation as well:
-    // On (at least) NVIDIA drivers, the Vulkan implementation (specifically the call to
-    // vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR()) does not correctly handle the fact that
-    // each native window has its own DPI_AWARENESS_CONTEXT, and erroneously uses the context
-    // of the calling thread. As a workaround, we set the current thread's DPI_AWARENESS_CONTEXT
-    // to that of the native window we've been given. This isn't a perfect solution, because an
-    // application could create swap chains on multiple native windows with varying DPI-awareness,
-    // but even then, at least one of the windows would be guaranteed to work correctly.
-    SetThreadDpiAwarenessContext(GetWindowDpiAwarenessContext((HWND) nativeWindow));
-    wgpu::SurfaceSourceWindowsHWND surfaceSourceWin{};
-    surfaceSourceWin.hinstance = GetModuleHandle(nullptr);
-    surfaceSourceWin.hwnd = nativeWindow;
-    wgpu::SurfaceDescriptor surfaceDescriptor{
-        .nextInChain = &surfaceSourceWin,
-        .label = "windows_surface"
-    };
-    wgpu::Surface surface = mInstance.CreateSurface(&surfaceDescriptor);
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(surface != nullptr) << "Unable to create Windows-backed surface.";
-    return surface;
-}
-
-}// namespace filament::backend
@@ -1,172 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2025 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#include "ImageExpectations.h"
-
-#include "gtest/gtest.h"
-#include "gmock/gmock.h"
-#include "absl/strings/str_format.h"
-#include "utils/Hash.h"
-#include <fstream>
-
-#include "backend/PixelBufferDescriptor.h"
-#include "private/backend/DriverApi.h"
-
-#ifndef FILAMENT_IOS
-
-#include <imageio/ImageEncoder.h>
-#include <image/ColorTransform.h>
-
-#endif
-
-ScreenshotParams::ScreenshotParams(int width, int height, std::string fileName,
-        uint32_t expectedPixelHash)
-        : mWidth(width), mHeight(height), mFileName(std::move(fileName)),
-          mExpectedPixelHash(expectedPixelHash) {}
-
-int ScreenshotParams::width() const {
-    return mWidth;
-}
-
-int ScreenshotParams::height() const {
-    return mHeight;
-}
-
-uint32_t ScreenshotParams::expectedHash() const {
-    return mExpectedPixelHash;
-}
-
-std::string ScreenshotParams::outputDirectoryPath() const {
-    return ".";
-}
-
-std::string ScreenshotParams::generatedActualFileName() const {
-    return absl::StrFormat("%s_actual.png", mFileName);
-}
-
-std::string ScreenshotParams::generatedActualFilePath() const {
-    return absl::StrFormat("%s/%s", outputDirectoryPath(), generatedActualFileName());
-}
-
-std::string ScreenshotParams::goldenFileName() const {
-    return absl::StrFormat("%s_golden.png", mFileName);
-}
-
-std::string ScreenshotParams::goldenFilePath() const {
-    return absl::StrFormat("%s/%s", outputDirectoryPath(), goldenFileName());
-}
-
-ImageExpectation::ImageExpectation(const char* fileName, int lineNumber,
-        filament::backend::DriverApi& api, ScreenshotParams params,
-        filament::backend::RenderTargetHandle renderTarget)
-        : mFileName(fileName), mLineNumber(lineNumber), mParams(std::move(params)),
-          mResult(api, renderTarget, mParams) {}
-
-void ImageExpectation::evaluate() {
-    // Ensure this is only evaluated once.
-    if (mEvaluated) {
-        return;
-    }
-    mEvaluated = true;
-
-    // Do the actual image comparison inside a scoped trace with the stored file and line.
-    {
-        testing::ScopedTrace trace(mFileName, mLineNumber, "");
-        compareImage();
-    }
-}
-
-void ImageExpectation::compareImage() const {
-    bool bytesFilled = mResult.bytesFilled();
-    EXPECT_THAT(bytesFilled, testing::IsTrue())
-                        << "Render target wasn't copied to the buffer for " << mFileName;
-    if (bytesFilled) {
-        uint32_t actualHash = mResult.hash();
-        EXPECT_THAT(actualHash, testing::Eq(mParams.expectedHash()));
-    }
-}
-
-ImageExpectations::ImageExpectations(filament::backend::DriverApi& api) : mApi(api) {}
-
-ImageExpectations::~ImageExpectations() {
-    // Guarantee that all expectations are evaluated when this leaves scope even if the caller
-    // forgot to manually evaluate them.
-    evaluate();
-}
-
-void ImageExpectations::addExpectation(const char* fileName, int lineNumber,
-        filament::backend::RenderTargetHandle renderTarget, ScreenshotParams params) {
-    mExpectations.emplace_back(fileName, lineNumber, mApi, std::move(params), renderTarget);
-}
-
-void ImageExpectations::evaluate() {
-    for (auto& expectation: mExpectations) {
-        expectation.evaluate();
-    }
-    mExpectations.clear();
-}
-
-RenderTargetDump::RenderTargetDump(filament::backend::DriverApi& api,
-        filament::backend::RenderTargetHandle renderTarget, const ScreenshotParams& params)
-        : mInternal(std::make_unique<RenderTargetDump::Internal>(params)) {
-#ifdef FILAMENT_IOS
-    bytesFilled_ = true;
-    bytes_.resize(size);
-    std::fill(bytes_.begin(), bytes_.end(), 0);
-#else
-    const size_t size = mInternal->params.width() * mInternal->params.height() * 4;
-    mInternal->bytes.resize(size);
-
-    auto cb = [](void* buffer, size_t size, void* user) {
-        auto* internal = static_cast<RenderTargetDump::Internal*>(user);
-        image::LinearImage image(internal->params.width(), internal->params.width(), 4);
-        image = image::toLinearWithAlpha<uint8_t>(internal->params.width(),
-                internal->params.height(),
-                internal->params.width() * 4, (uint8_t*)buffer);
-        std::string filePath = internal->params.generatedActualFilePath();
-        std::ofstream pngStream(filePath, std::ios::binary | std::ios::trunc);
-        image::ImageEncoder::encode(pngStream, image::ImageEncoder::Format::PNG, image, "",
-                filePath);
-        internal->bytesFilled = true;
-    };
-    filament::backend::PixelBufferDescriptor pb(mInternal->bytes.data(), size,
-            filament::backend::PixelDataFormat::RGBA, filament::backend::PixelDataType::UBYTE, cb,
-            (void*)mInternal.get());
-    api.readPixels(renderTarget, 0, 0, mInternal->params.width(), mInternal->params.height(),
-            std::move(pb));
-#endif
-}
-
-RenderTargetDump::~RenderTargetDump() {
-    // If the GPU callback hasn't been made yet then there's a callback elsewhere that has a copy of
-    // the internal pointer. But there's no guarantee that the callback will be ever made if the GPU
-    // pipeline wasn't run for some reason. So it is necessary to leak the memory.
-    // It would be possible to try to coordinate with the callback to have it clean up the memory,
-    // but if this condition happens there's already an issue with the test case so there's no need.
-    if (!bytesFilled()) {
-        mInternal.release();
-    }
-}
-
-uint32_t RenderTargetDump::hash() const {
-    return utils::hash::murmur3((uint32_t*)mInternal->bytes.data(), mInternal->bytes.size() / 4, 0);
-}
-
-bool RenderTargetDump::bytesFilled() const {
-    return mInternal->bytesFilled;
-}
-
-RenderTargetDump::Internal::Internal(const ScreenshotParams& params) : params(params) {}
@@ -1,136 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2025 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#ifndef TNT_IMAGE_EXPECTATIONS_H
-#define TNT_IMAGE_EXPECTATIONS_H
-
-#include <vector>
-
-#include "gtest/gtest.h"
-
-#include "backend/Handle.h"
-#include "backend/DriverApiForward.h"
-
-// Arguments are (RenderTargetHandle renderTarget, ImageExpectations& expectations,
-// ScreenshotParams screenshotParams)
-#define EXPECT_IMAGE(renderTarget, expectations, screenshotParams)  \
-do {                                                                \
-    expectations.addExpectation(                                    \
-        __FILE__,                                                   \
-        __LINE__,                                                   \
-        renderTarget,                                               \
-        screenshotParams);                                          \
-} while (0)
-
-/**
- * Stores user-provided configuration values for an image expectation
- */
-class ScreenshotParams {
-public:
-    ScreenshotParams(int width, int height, std::string fileName, uint32_t expectedPixelHash);
-
-    int width() const;
-    int height() const;
-    uint32_t expectedHash() const;
-
-    std::string outputDirectoryPath() const;
-    std::string generatedActualFileName() const;
-    std::string generatedActualFilePath() const;
-    std::string goldenFileName() const;
-    std::string goldenFilePath() const;
-
-private:
-    int mWidth;
-    int mHeight;
-    uint32_t mExpectedPixelHash;
-    std::string mFileName;
-};
-
-/**
- * When created adds a command to the GPU pipeline to copy the render target into a buffer and
- * stores the result.
- * If this object is destroyed before the GPU pipeline is flushed it will leak memory in order to
- * avoid the GPU pipeline callback being a use-after-free.
- */
-class RenderTargetDump {
-public:
-    RenderTargetDump(filament::backend::DriverApi& api,
-            filament::backend::RenderTargetHandle renderTarget, const ScreenshotParams& params);
-    RenderTargetDump(RenderTargetDump&& other) = default;
-    RenderTargetDump& operator=(RenderTargetDump&& other) = default;
-    ~RenderTargetDump();
-
-    /**
-     * Should only bue used if BytesFilled returns true.
-     * @return The hash of the stored bytes.
-     */
-    uint32_t hash() const;
-    /**
-     * Thread safe as this is backed by an atomic.
-     * Once this returns true it will never return false.
-     * @return Whether the bytes have actually been copied from the GPU to the buffer.
-     */
-    bool bytesFilled() const;
-
-private:
-    struct Internal {
-        explicit Internal(const ScreenshotParams& params);
-        ScreenshotParams params;
-        std::atomic<bool> bytesFilled = false;
-        std::vector<unsigned char> bytes;
-    };
-
-    // We need a memory location that won't be invalidated to pass to GPU callbacks as they can't
-    // be canceled during the destructor.
-    std::unique_ptr<Internal> mInternal;
-};
-
-class ImageExpectation {
-public:
-    ImageExpectation(const char* fileName, int lineNumber, filament::backend::DriverApi& api,
-            ScreenshotParams params, filament::backend::RenderTargetHandle renderTarget);
-
-    void evaluate();
-
-private:
-    void compareImage() const;
-
-    bool mEvaluated = false;
-    const char* mFileName;
-    int mLineNumber;
-    ScreenshotParams mParams;
-    RenderTargetDump mResult;
-};
-
-class ImageExpectations {
-public:
-    explicit ImageExpectations(filament::backend::DriverApi& api);
-    ~ImageExpectations();
-
-    /**
-     * Not meant to be called directly, use EXPECT_IMAGE to get the file name and line number
-     */
-    void addExpectation(const char* fileName, int lineNumber,
-            filament::backend::RenderTargetHandle renderTarget, ScreenshotParams params);
-
-    void evaluate();
-
-private:
-    filament::backend::DriverApi& mApi;
-    std::vector<ImageExpectation> mExpectations;
-};
-
-#endif //TNT_IMAGE_EXPECTATIONS_H
@@ -1,64 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2025 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#include "Shader.h"
-
-#include "BackendTest.h"
-#include "ShaderGenerator.h"
-
-namespace test {
-
-using namespace filament::backend;
-
-Shader::Shader(DriverApi& api, Cleanup& cleanup, ShaderConfig config) {
-    utils::FixedCapacityVector<DescriptorSetLayoutBinding> kLayouts(config.uniformNames.size());
-    for (unsigned char i = 0; i < config.uniformNames.size(); ++i) {
-        kLayouts[i] =
-                { DescriptorType::UNIFORM_BUFFER, ShaderStageFlags::ALL_SHADER_STAGE_FLAGS, i };
-    };
-
-    filamat::DescriptorSets descriptors;
-    for (unsigned char i = 0; i < config.uniformNames.size(); ++i) {
-        descriptors[i + 1] = {{ config.uniformNames[i], kLayouts[i], {}}};
-    }
-    ShaderGenerator shaderGen(
-            std::move(config.vertexShader), std::move(config.fragmentShader), BackendTest::sBackend,
-            BackendTest::sIsMobilePlatform, std::move(descriptors));
-    Program prog = shaderGen.getProgram(api);
-    for (unsigned char i = 0; i < config.uniformNames.size(); ++i) {
-        prog.descriptorBindings(1, {{ config.uniformNames[i], DescriptorType::UNIFORM_BUFFER, i }});
-    }
-    mProgram = cleanup.add(api.createProgram(std::move(prog)));
-
-    mDescriptorSetLayout = cleanup.add(
-            api.createDescriptorSetLayout(DescriptorSetLayout{ kLayouts }));
-
-    mDescriptorSet = cleanup.add(api.createDescriptorSet(mDescriptorSetLayout));
-}
-
-filament::backend::ProgramHandle Shader::getProgram() const {
-    return mProgram;
-}
-
-filament::backend::DescriptorSetLayoutHandle Shader::getDescriptorSetLayout() const {
-    return mDescriptorSetLayout;
-}
-
-filament::backend::DescriptorSetHandle Shader::getDescriptorSet() const {
-    return mDescriptorSet;
-}
-
-} // namespace test
@@ -1,143 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2025 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#ifndef TNT_SHADER_H
-#define TNT_SHADER_H
-
-#include "Lifetimes.h"
-
-namespace test {
-
-// All describing a shader that should be created.
-struct ShaderConfig {
-    std::string vertexShader;
-    std::string fragmentShader;
-    std::vector<utils::CString> uniformNames;
-};
-
-// All values describing a uniform.
-struct ResolvedUniformBindingConfig {
-    size_t dataSize;
-    size_t bufferSize;
-    uint32_t byteOffset;
-    filament::backend::descriptor_set_t set;
-    filament::backend::descriptor_binding_t binding;
-};
-
-// An equivalent to ResolvedUniformBindingConfig with all fields optional.
-// resolve can be called to create a ResolvedBindingConfig with default values
-// use in place of nullopt values.
-struct UniformBindingConfig {
-    std::optional<size_t> dataSize;
-    std::optional<size_t> bufferSize;
-    std::optional<uint32_t> byteOffset;
-    std::optional<filament::backend::descriptor_set_t> set;
-    std::optional<filament::backend::descriptor_binding_t> binding;
-
-    template<typename UniformType>
-    ResolvedUniformBindingConfig resolve();
-};
-
-class Shader {
-public:
-    // All graphics resources have their lifetime controlled by the Cleanup and not this object.
-    // Shader must not outlive either the DriverApi or the Cleanup.
-    Shader(filament::backend::DriverApi& api, Cleanup& cleanup, ShaderConfig config);
-
-    // Uploads a uniform with the default config.
-    template<typename UniformType>
-    void uploadUniform(filament::backend::DriverApi& api,
-            filament::backend::Handle<filament::backend::HwBufferObject> hwBuffer,
-            UniformType uniforms) const;
-    // Binds a uniform with the default config.
-    template<typename UniformType>
-    void bindUniform(filament::backend::DriverApi& api,
-            filament::backend::Handle<filament::backend::HwBufferObject> hwBuffer) const;
-    // Uploads a uniform, with UniformBindingConfig providing the arguments.
-    template<typename UniformType>
-    void uploadUniform(filament::backend::DriverApi& api,
-            filament::backend::Handle<filament::backend::HwBufferObject> hwBuffer,
-            UniformBindingConfig config, UniformType uniforms) const;
-    // Binds a uniform, with UniformBindingConfig providing the arguments.
-    template<typename UniformType>
-    void bindUniform(filament::backend::DriverApi& api,
-            filament::backend::Handle<filament::backend::HwBufferObject> hwBuffer,
-            UniformBindingConfig config) const;
-
-    filament::backend::ProgramHandle getProgram() const;
-    filament::backend::DescriptorSetLayoutHandle getDescriptorSetLayout() const;
-    filament::backend::DescriptorSetHandle getDescriptorSet() const;
-
-protected:
-    filament::backend::ProgramHandle mProgram;
-    filament::backend::DescriptorSetLayoutHandle mDescriptorSetLayout;
-    filament::backend::DescriptorSetHandle mDescriptorSet;
-};
-
-template<typename UniformType>
-ResolvedUniformBindingConfig UniformBindingConfig::resolve() {
-    auto resolvedDataSize = dataSize.value_or(sizeof(UniformType));
-    return ResolvedUniformBindingConfig{
-            .dataSize = resolvedDataSize,
-            .bufferSize = bufferSize.value_or(resolvedDataSize),
-            .byteOffset = byteOffset.value_or(0),
-            .set = set.value_or(1),
-            .binding = binding.value_or(0)
-    };
-}
-
-template<typename UniformType>
-void Shader::uploadUniform(filament::backend::DriverApi& api,
-        filament::backend::Handle<filament::backend::HwBufferObject> hwBuffer,
-        UniformBindingConfig config, UniformType uniforms) const {
-    auto resolvedConfig = config.resolve<UniformType>();
-
-    UniformType* tmp = new UniformType(uniforms);
-    auto cb = [](void* buffer, size_t size, void* user) {
-        UniformType* sp = (UniformType*)buffer;
-        delete sp;
-    };
-    filament::backend::BufferDescriptor bd(tmp, resolvedConfig.dataSize, cb);
-    api.updateBufferObject(hwBuffer, std::move(bd), resolvedConfig.byteOffset);
-}
-
-template<typename UniformType>
-void Shader::bindUniform(filament::backend::DriverApi& api,
-        filament::backend::Handle<filament::backend::HwBufferObject> hwBuffer,
-        UniformBindingConfig config) const {
-    auto resolvedConfig = config.resolve<UniformType>();
-
-    api.updateDescriptorSetBuffer(getDescriptorSet(), resolvedConfig.binding, hwBuffer, 0,
-            resolvedConfig.bufferSize);
-    api.bindDescriptorSet(getDescriptorSet(), resolvedConfig.set, {});
-}
-
-template<typename UniformType>
-void Shader::uploadUniform(filament::backend::DriverApi& api,
-        filament::backend::Handle<filament::backend::HwBufferObject> hwBuffer,
-        UniformType uniforms) const {
-    uploadUniform(api, hwBuffer, UniformBindingConfig{}, uniforms);
-}
-
-template<typename UniformType>
-void Shader::bindUniform(filament::backend::DriverApi& api,
-        filament::backend::Handle<filament::backend::HwBufferObject> hwBuffer) const {
-    bindUniform<UniformType>(api, hwBuffer, UniformBindingConfig{});
-}
-
-} // namespace test
-
-#endif //TNT_SHADER_H
@@ -16,9 +16,8 @@

 #include "BackendTest.h"

-#include "ImageExpectations.h"
 #include "Lifetimes.h"
-#include "Shader.h"
+#include "ShaderGenerator.h"
 #include "TrianglePrimitive.h"

 #include <utils/Hash.h>
@@ -27,10 +26,8 @@
 #include <fstream>

 #ifndef FILAMENT_IOS
-
 #include <imageio/ImageEncoder.h>
 #include <image/ColorTransform.h>
-
 #endif

 namespace test {
@@ -40,21 +37,6 @@ using namespace filament::backend;
 using namespace filament::math;
 using namespace utils;

-struct MaterialParams {
-    float4 color;
-    float4 scale;
-};
-
-class BlitTest : public BackendTest {
-public:
-    BlitTest() : mCleanup(getDriverApi()) {}
-
-protected:
-    Shader createShader();
-
-    Cleanup mCleanup;
-};
-
 static const char* const triangleVs = R"(#version 450 core
 layout(location = 0) in vec4 mesh_position;
 layout(binding = 0, set = 1) uniform Params { highp vec4 color; highp vec4 scale; } params;
@@ -74,12 +56,49 @@ void main() {
    fragColor = params.color;
 })";

-Shader BlitTest::createShader() {
-    return Shader(getDriverApi(), mCleanup, ShaderConfig{
-            .vertexShader = triangleVs,
-            .fragmentShader = triangleFs,
-            .uniformNames = { "Params" },
-    });
+struct MaterialParams {
+    float4 color;
+    float4 scale;
+};
+
+struct ScreenshotParams {
+    int width;
+    int height;
+    const char* filename;
+    uint32_t pixelHashResult;
+};
+
+#ifdef FILAMENT_IOS
+static void dumpScreenshot(DriverApi& dapi, Handle<HwRenderTarget> rt, ScreenshotParams* params) {}
+#else
+static void dumpScreenshot(DriverApi& dapi, Handle<HwRenderTarget> rt, ScreenshotParams* params) {
+    using namespace image;
+    const size_t size = params->width * params->height * 4;
+    void* buffer = calloc(1, size);
+    auto cb = [](void* buffer, size_t size, void* user) {
+        ScreenshotParams* params = (ScreenshotParams*) user;
+        int w = params->width, h = params->height;
+        const uint32_t* texels = (uint32_t*) buffer;
+        params->pixelHashResult = utils::hash::murmur3(texels, size / 4, 0);
+        LinearImage image(w, h, 4);
+        image = toLinearWithAlpha<uint8_t>(w, h, w * 4, (uint8_t*) buffer);
+        std::ofstream pngstrm(params->filename, std::ios::binary | std::ios::trunc);
+        ImageEncoder::encode(pngstrm, ImageEncoder::Format::PNG, image, "", params->filename);
+    };
+    PixelBufferDescriptor pb(buffer, size, PixelDataFormat::RGBA, PixelDataType::UBYTE, cb,
+            (void*) params);
+    dapi.readPixels(rt, 0, 0, params->width, params->height, std::move(pb));
+}
+#endif
+
+static void uploadUniforms(DriverApi& dapi, Handle<HwBufferObject> ubh, MaterialParams params) {
+    MaterialParams* tmp = new MaterialParams(params);
+    auto cb = [](void* buffer, size_t size, void* user) {
+        MaterialParams* sp = (MaterialParams*) buffer;
+        delete sp;
+    };
+    BufferDescriptor bd(tmp, sizeof(MaterialParams), cb);
+    dapi.updateBufferObject(ubh, std::move(bd), 0);
 }

 static uint32_t toUintColor(float4 color) {
@@ -97,7 +116,7 @@ static void createBitmap(DriverApi& dapi, Handle<HwTexture> texture, int baseWid
    const int width = baseWidth >> level;
    const int height = baseHeight >> level;
    const size_t size0 = height * width * 4;
-    uint8_t* buffer0 = (uint8_t*)calloc(size0, 1);
+    uint8_t* buffer0 = (uint8_t*) calloc(size0, 1);
    PixelBufferDescriptor pb(buffer0, size0, PixelDataFormat::RGBA, PixelDataType::UBYTE, cb);

    const float3 foreground = color;
@@ -121,7 +140,7 @@ static void createBitmap(DriverApi& dapi, Handle<HwTexture> texture, int baseWid
    // |   ........
    // low addresses
    // This is because OpenGL automatically flips image data when uploading into the texture.
-    uint32_t* texels = (uint32_t*)buffer0;
+    uint32_t* texels = (uint32_t*) buffer0;
    for (int row = 0; row < height; row++) {
        for (int col = 0; col < width; col++) {
            float2 uv = { (col - width / 2.0f) / width, (row - height / 2.0f) / height };
@@ -149,7 +168,7 @@ static void createFaces(DriverApi& dapi, Handle<HwTexture> texture, int baseWidt
    const int width = baseWidth >> level;
    const int height = baseHeight >> level;
    const size_t size0 = height * width * 4 * 6;
-    uint8_t* buffer0 = (uint8_t*)calloc(size0, 1);
+    uint8_t* buffer0 = (uint8_t*) calloc(size0, 1);
    PixelBufferDescriptor pb(buffer0, size0, PixelDataFormat::RGBA, PixelDataType::UBYTE, cb);

    const float3 foreground = color;
@@ -157,7 +176,7 @@ static void createFaces(DriverApi& dapi, Handle<HwTexture> texture, int baseWidt
    const float radius = 0.25f;

    // Draw a circle on a yellow background.
-    uint32_t* texels = (uint32_t*)buffer0;
+    uint32_t* texels = (uint32_t*) buffer0;
    for (int face = 0; face < 6; face++) {
        for (int row = 0; row < height; row++) {
            for (int col = 0; col < width; col++) {
@@ -175,9 +194,10 @@ static void createFaces(DriverApi& dapi, Handle<HwTexture> texture, int baseWidt
    dapi.update3DImage(texture, level, 0, 0, 0, width, height, 6, std::move(pb));
 }

-TEST_F(BlitTest, ColorMagnify) {
+TEST_F(BackendTest, ColorMagnify) {
    auto& api = getDriverApi();
-    mCleanup.addPostCall([&]() { executeCommands(); });
+    Cleanup cleanup(getDriverApi());
+    cleanup.addPostCall([&]() { executeCommands(); });

    constexpr int kSrcTexWidth = 256;
    constexpr int kSrcTexHeight = 256;
@@ -188,40 +208,37 @@ TEST_F(BlitTest, ColorMagnify) {
    constexpr int kNumLevels = 3;

    // Create a SwapChain and make it current. We don't really use it so the res doesn't matter.
-    auto swapChain = mCleanup.add(api.createSwapChainHeadless(256, 256, 0));
+    auto swapChain = cleanup.add(api.createSwapChainHeadless(256, 256, 0));
    api.makeCurrent(swapChain, swapChain);

    // Create a source texture.
-    Handle<HwTexture> const srcTexture = mCleanup.add(api.createTexture(
-            SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D, kNumLevels, kSrcTexFormat, 1, kSrcTexWidth, kSrcTexHeight, 1,
-            TextureUsage::SAMPLEABLE | TextureUsage::UPLOADABLE | TextureUsage::COLOR_ATTACHMENT));
+    Handle<HwTexture> const srcTexture = cleanup.add(api.createTexture(
+        SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D, kNumLevels, kSrcTexFormat, 1, kSrcTexWidth, kSrcTexHeight, 1,
+        TextureUsage::SAMPLEABLE | TextureUsage::UPLOADABLE | TextureUsage::COLOR_ATTACHMENT));
    const bool flipY = sBackend == Backend::OPENGL;
    createBitmap(api, srcTexture, kSrcTexWidth, kSrcTexHeight, 0, float3(0.5, 0, 0), flipY);
    createBitmap(api, srcTexture, kSrcTexWidth, kSrcTexHeight, 1, float3(0, 0, 0.5), flipY);

    // Create a destination texture.
-    Handle<HwTexture> const dstTexture = mCleanup.add(api.createTexture(
-            SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D, kNumLevels, kDstTexFormat, 1, kDstTexWidth, kDstTexHeight, 1,
-            TextureUsage::SAMPLEABLE | TextureUsage::COLOR_ATTACHMENT));
+    Handle<HwTexture> const dstTexture = cleanup.add(api.createTexture(
+        SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D, kNumLevels, kDstTexFormat, 1, kDstTexWidth, kDstTexHeight, 1,
+        TextureUsage::SAMPLEABLE | TextureUsage::COLOR_ATTACHMENT));

    // Create a RenderTarget for each texture's miplevel.
    Handle<HwRenderTarget> srcRenderTargets[kNumLevels];
    Handle<HwRenderTarget> dstRenderTargets[kNumLevels];
    for (uint8_t level = 0; level < kNumLevels; level++) {
-        srcRenderTargets[level] = mCleanup.add(api.createRenderTarget(TargetBufferFlags::COLOR,
-                kSrcTexWidth >> level, kSrcTexHeight >> level, 1, 0, { srcTexture, level, 0 }, {},
-                {}));
-        dstRenderTargets[level] = mCleanup.add(api.createRenderTarget(TargetBufferFlags::COLOR,
-                kDstTexWidth >> level, kDstTexHeight >> level, 1, 0, { dstTexture, level, 0 }, {},
-                {}));
+        srcRenderTargets[level] = cleanup.add(api.createRenderTarget( TargetBufferFlags::COLOR,
+                kSrcTexWidth >> level, kSrcTexHeight >> level, 1, 0, { srcTexture, level, 0 }, {}, {}));
+        dstRenderTargets[level] = cleanup.add(api.createRenderTarget( TargetBufferFlags::COLOR,
+                kDstTexWidth >> level, kDstTexHeight >> level, 1, 0, { dstTexture, level, 0 }, {}, {}));
    }

    // Do a "magnify" blit from level 1 of the source RT to the level 0 of the destination RT.
    const int srcLevel = 1;
    api.blitDEPRECATED(TargetBufferFlags::COLOR0, dstRenderTargets[0],
-            { 0, 0, kDstTexWidth, kDstTexHeight }, srcRenderTargets[srcLevel],
-            { 0, 0, kSrcTexWidth >> srcLevel, kSrcTexHeight >> srcLevel },
-            SamplerMagFilter::LINEAR);
+            {0, 0, kDstTexWidth, kDstTexHeight}, srcRenderTargets[srcLevel],
+            {0, 0, kSrcTexWidth >> srcLevel, kSrcTexHeight >> srcLevel}, SamplerMagFilter::LINEAR);

    // Push through an empty frame to allow the texture to upload and the blit to execute.
    {
@@ -229,23 +246,29 @@ TEST_F(BlitTest, ColorMagnify) {
        api.commit(swapChain);
    }

+    // Grab a screenshot.
+    ScreenshotParams params { kDstTexWidth, kDstTexHeight, "ColorMagnify.png" };
    {
-        ImageExpectations expectations(api);
-
-        {
-            RenderFrame frame(api);
-            EXPECT_IMAGE(dstRenderTargets[0], expectations,
-                    ScreenshotParams(kDstTexWidth, kDstTexHeight, "ColorMagnify", 0x410bdd31));
-            api.commit(swapChain);
-        }
-
-        flushAndWait();
+        RenderFrame frame(api);
+        dumpScreenshot(api, dstRenderTargets[0], &params);
+        api.commit(swapChain);
    }
+
+    // Wait for the ReadPixels result to come back.
+    api.finish();
+    executeCommands();
+    getDriver().purge();
+
+    // Check if the image matches perfectly to our golden run.
+    const uint32_t expected = 0x410bdd31;
+    printf("Computed hash is 0x%8.8x, Expected 0x%8.8x\n", params.pixelHashResult, expected);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(params.pixelHashResult == expected);
 }

-TEST_F(BlitTest, ColorMinify) {
+TEST_F(BackendTest, ColorMinify) {
    auto& api = getDriverApi();
-    mCleanup.addPostCall([&]() { executeCommands(); });
+    Cleanup cleanup(getDriverApi());
+    cleanup.addPostCall([&]() { executeCommands(); });

    constexpr int kSrcTexWidth = 1024;
    constexpr int kSrcTexHeight = 1024;
@@ -256,55 +279,57 @@ TEST_F(BlitTest, ColorMinify) {
    constexpr int kNumLevels = 3;

    // Create a SwapChain and make it current. We don't really use it so the res doesn't matter.
-    auto swapChain = mCleanup.add(api.createSwapChainHeadless(256, 256, 0));
+    auto swapChain = cleanup.add(api.createSwapChainHeadless(256, 256, 0));
    api.makeCurrent(swapChain, swapChain);

    // Create a source texture.
-    Handle<HwTexture> const srcTexture = mCleanup.add(api.createTexture(
-            SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D, kNumLevels, kSrcTexFormat, 1, kSrcTexWidth, kSrcTexHeight, 1,
-            TextureUsage::SAMPLEABLE | TextureUsage::UPLOADABLE | TextureUsage::COLOR_ATTACHMENT));
+    Handle<HwTexture> const srcTexture = cleanup.add(api.createTexture(
+        SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D, kNumLevels, kSrcTexFormat, 1, kSrcTexWidth, kSrcTexHeight, 1,
+        TextureUsage::SAMPLEABLE | TextureUsage::UPLOADABLE | TextureUsage::COLOR_ATTACHMENT));
    const bool flipY = sBackend == Backend::OPENGL;
    createBitmap(api, srcTexture, kSrcTexWidth, kSrcTexHeight, 0, float3(0.5, 0, 0), flipY);
    createBitmap(api, srcTexture, kSrcTexWidth, kSrcTexHeight, 1, float3(0, 0, 0.5), flipY);

    // Create a destination texture.
-    Handle<HwTexture> const dstTexture = mCleanup.add(api.createTexture(
-            SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D, kNumLevels, kDstTexFormat, 1, kDstTexWidth, kDstTexHeight, 1,
-            TextureUsage::SAMPLEABLE | TextureUsage::COLOR_ATTACHMENT));
+    Handle<HwTexture> const dstTexture = cleanup.add(api.createTexture(
+        SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D, kNumLevels, kDstTexFormat, 1, kDstTexWidth, kDstTexHeight, 1,
+        TextureUsage::SAMPLEABLE | TextureUsage::COLOR_ATTACHMENT));

    // Create a RenderTarget for each texture's miplevel.
    Handle<HwRenderTarget> srcRenderTargets[kNumLevels];
    Handle<HwRenderTarget> dstRenderTargets[kNumLevels];
    for (uint8_t level = 0; level < kNumLevels; level++) {
-        srcRenderTargets[level] = mCleanup.add(api.createRenderTarget(TargetBufferFlags::COLOR,
-                kSrcTexWidth >> level, kSrcTexHeight >> level, 1, 0, { srcTexture, level, 0 }, {},
-                {}));
-        dstRenderTargets[level] = mCleanup.add(api.createRenderTarget(TargetBufferFlags::COLOR,
-                kDstTexWidth >> level, kDstTexHeight >> level, 1, 0, { dstTexture, level, 0 }, {},
-                {}));
+        srcRenderTargets[level] = cleanup.add(api.createRenderTarget( TargetBufferFlags::COLOR,
+                kSrcTexWidth >> level, kSrcTexHeight >> level, 1, 0, { srcTexture, level, 0 }, {}, {}));
+        dstRenderTargets[level] = cleanup.add(api.createRenderTarget( TargetBufferFlags::COLOR,
+                kDstTexWidth >> level, kDstTexHeight >> level, 1, 0, { dstTexture, level, 0 }, {}, {}));
    }

    // Do a "minify" blit from level 1 of the source RT to the level 0 of the destination RT.
    const int srcLevel = 1;

    api.blitDEPRECATED(TargetBufferFlags::COLOR0,
-            dstRenderTargets[0], { 0, 0, kDstTexWidth, kDstTexHeight },
-            srcRenderTargets[srcLevel],
-            { 0, 0, kSrcTexWidth >> srcLevel, kSrcTexHeight >> srcLevel },
+            dstRenderTargets[0], {0, 0, kDstTexWidth, kDstTexHeight},
+            srcRenderTargets[srcLevel], {0, 0, kSrcTexWidth >> srcLevel, kSrcTexHeight >> srcLevel},
            SamplerMagFilter::LINEAR);

-    {
-        ImageExpectations expectations(api);

-        EXPECT_IMAGE(dstRenderTargets[0], expectations,
-                ScreenshotParams(kDstTexWidth, kDstTexHeight, "ColorMinify", 0xf3d9c53f));
+    // Grab a screenshot.
+    ScreenshotParams params { kDstTexWidth, kDstTexHeight, "ColorMinify.png" };
+    dumpScreenshot(api, dstRenderTargets[0], &params);

-        flushAndWait();
-    }
+    // Wait for the ReadPixels result to come back.
+    flushAndWait();
+
+    // Check if the image matches perfectly to our golden run.
+    const uint32_t expected = 0xf3d9c53f;
+    printf("Computed hash is 0x%8.8x, Expected 0x%8.8x\n", params.pixelHashResult, expected);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(params.pixelHashResult == expected);
 }

-TEST_F(BlitTest, ColorResolve) {
+TEST_F(BackendTest, ColorResolve) {
    auto& api = getDriverApi();
+    Cleanup cleanup(getDriverApi());

    constexpr int kSrcTexWidth = 256;
    constexpr int kSrcTexHeight = 256;
@@ -313,29 +338,49 @@ TEST_F(BlitTest, ColorResolve) {
    constexpr auto kColorTexFormat = TextureFormat::RGBA8;
    constexpr int kSampleCount = 4;

-    Shader shader = createShader();
+    // Create a program.
+    ProgramHandle program;
+    {
+        filamat::DescriptorSets descriptors;
+        descriptors[1] = { { "Params",
+                { DescriptorType::UNIFORM_BUFFER, ShaderStageFlags::ALL_SHADER_STAGE_FLAGS, 0 },
+                {} } };
+        ShaderGenerator shaderGen(
+                triangleVs, triangleFs, sBackend, sIsMobilePlatform, std::move(descriptors));
+        Program prog = shaderGen.getProgram(api);
+        prog.descriptorBindings(1, {{ "Params", DescriptorType::UNIFORM_BUFFER, 0 }});
+        program = cleanup.add(api.createProgram(std::move(prog)));
+    }
+
+    DescriptorSetLayoutHandle descriptorSetLayout = cleanup.add(api.createDescriptorSetLayout({
+            {{
+                     DescriptorType::UNIFORM_BUFFER,
+                     ShaderStageFlags::ALL_SHADER_STAGE_FLAGS, 0,
+                     DescriptorFlags::NONE, 0
+             }}}));
+
+    DescriptorSetHandle descriptorSet = cleanup.add(api.createDescriptorSet(descriptorSetLayout));

    // Create a VertexBuffer, IndexBuffer, and RenderPrimitive.
    TrianglePrimitive const triangle(api);

    // Create 4-sample texture.
-    Handle<HwTexture> const srcColorTexture = mCleanup.add(api.createTexture(
-            SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D, 1, kColorTexFormat, kSampleCount, kSrcTexWidth, kSrcTexHeight,
-            1,
-            TextureUsage::COLOR_ATTACHMENT));
+    Handle<HwTexture> const srcColorTexture = cleanup.add(api.createTexture(
+        SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D, 1, kColorTexFormat, kSampleCount, kSrcTexWidth, kSrcTexHeight, 1,
+        TextureUsage::COLOR_ATTACHMENT));

    // Create 1-sample texture.
-    Handle<HwTexture> const dstColorTexture = mCleanup.add(api.createTexture(
-            SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D, 1, kColorTexFormat, 1, kDstTexWidth, kDstTexHeight, 1,
-            TextureUsage::SAMPLEABLE | TextureUsage::COLOR_ATTACHMENT));
+    Handle<HwTexture> const dstColorTexture = cleanup.add(api.createTexture(
+        SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D, 1, kColorTexFormat, 1, kDstTexWidth, kDstTexHeight, 1,
+        TextureUsage::SAMPLEABLE | TextureUsage::COLOR_ATTACHMENT));

    // Create a 4-sample render target with the 4-sample texture.
-    Handle<HwRenderTarget> const srcRenderTarget = mCleanup.add(api.createRenderTarget(
+    Handle<HwRenderTarget> const srcRenderTarget = cleanup.add(api.createRenderTarget(
            TargetBufferFlags::COLOR, kSrcTexWidth, kSrcTexHeight, kSampleCount, 0,
            {{ srcColorTexture }}, {}, {}));

    // Create a 1-sample render target with the 1-sample texture.
-    Handle<HwRenderTarget> const dstRenderTarget = mCleanup.add(api.createRenderTarget(
+    Handle<HwRenderTarget> const dstRenderTarget = cleanup.add(api.createRenderTarget(
            TargetBufferFlags::COLOR, kDstTexWidth, kDstTexHeight, 1, 0,
            {{ dstColorTexture }}, {}, {}));

@@ -349,52 +394,58 @@ TEST_F(BlitTest, ColorResolve) {
    params.viewport.height = kSrcTexHeight;

    PipelineState state = {};
-    state.program = shader.getProgram();
-    state.pipelineLayout.setLayout[1] = { shader.getDescriptorSetLayout() };
+    state.program = program;
+    state.pipelineLayout.setLayout[1] = { descriptorSetLayout };
    state.rasterState.colorWrite = true;
    state.rasterState.depthWrite = false;
    state.rasterState.depthFunc = RasterState::DepthFunc::A;
    state.rasterState.culling = CullingMode::NONE;

-    auto ubuffer = mCleanup.add(api.createBufferObject(sizeof(MaterialParams),
+    auto ubuffer = cleanup.add(api.createBufferObject(sizeof(MaterialParams),
            BufferObjectBinding::UNIFORM, BufferUsage::STATIC));
    // Draw red triangle into srcRenderTarget.
-    shader.uploadUniform(api, ubuffer, MaterialParams{
-            .color = float4(1, 0, 0, 1),
-            .scale = float4(1, 1, 0.5, 0),
+    uploadUniforms(api, ubuffer, {
+        .color = float4(1, 0, 0, 1),
+        .scale = float4(1, 1, 0.5, 0),
    });
-    shader.bindUniform<MaterialParams>(api, ubuffer);
+
+    api.updateDescriptorSetBuffer(descriptorSet, 0, ubuffer, 0, sizeof(MaterialParams));
+    api.bindDescriptorSet(descriptorSet, 1, {});

    // FIXME: on Metal this triangle is not drawn. Can't understand why.
    {
        RenderFrame frame(api);
        api.beginRenderPass(srcRenderTarget, params);
-        api.draw(state, triangle.getRenderPrimitive(), 0, 3, 1);
+            api.draw(state, triangle.getRenderPrimitive(), 0, 3, 1);
        api.endRenderPass();
    }

    // Resolve the MSAA render target into the single-sample render target.
    api.blitDEPRECATED(TargetBufferFlags::COLOR,
-            dstRenderTarget, { 0, 0, kDstTexWidth, kDstTexHeight },
-            srcRenderTarget, { 0, 0, kSrcTexWidth, kSrcTexHeight },
+            dstRenderTarget, {0, 0, kDstTexWidth, kDstTexHeight},
+            srcRenderTarget, {0, 0, kSrcTexWidth, kSrcTexHeight},
            SamplerMagFilter::NEAREST);

-    {
-        ImageExpectations expectations(api);
+    // Grab a screenshot.
+    ScreenshotParams sparams{ kDstTexWidth, kDstTexHeight, "ColorResolve.png" };
+    dumpScreenshot(api, dstRenderTarget, &sparams);

-        EXPECT_IMAGE(dstRenderTarget, expectations,
-                ScreenshotParams(kDstTexWidth, kDstTexHeight, "ColorResolve", 0xebfac2ef));
+    // Wait for the ReadPixels result to come back.
+    flushAndWait();

-        flushAndWait();
-    }
+    // Check if the image matches perfectly to our golden run.
+    const uint32_t expected = 0xebfac2ef;
+    printf("Computed hash is 0x%8.8x, Expected 0x%8.8x\n", sparams.pixelHashResult, expected);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(sparams.pixelHashResult == expected);
 }

-TEST_F(BlitTest, Blit2DTextureArray) {
+TEST_F(BackendTest, Blit2DTextureArray) {
    auto& api = getDriverApi();
-    mCleanup.addPostCall([&]() { executeCommands(); });
+    Cleanup cleanup(getDriverApi());
+    cleanup.addPostCall([&]() { executeCommands(); });

    api.startCapture(0);
-    mCleanup.addPostCall([&]() { api.stopCapture(0); });
+    cleanup.addPostCall([&]() { api.stopCapture(0); });

    constexpr int kSrcTexWidth = 256;
    constexpr int kSrcTexHeight = 256;
@@ -409,40 +460,33 @@ TEST_F(BlitTest, Blit2DTextureArray) {
    constexpr int kDstTexLayer = 0;

    // Create a SwapChain and make it current. We don't really use it so the res doesn't matter.
-    auto swapChain = mCleanup.add(api.createSwapChainHeadless(256, 256, 0));
+    auto swapChain = cleanup.add(api.createSwapChainHeadless(256, 256, 0));
    api.makeCurrent(swapChain, swapChain);

    // Create a source texture.
-    Handle<HwTexture> srcTexture = mCleanup.add(api.createTexture(
-            SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D_ARRAY, kNumLevels, kSrcTexFormat, 1, kSrcTexWidth,
-            kSrcTexHeight, kSrcTexDepth,
+    Handle<HwTexture> srcTexture = cleanup.add(api.createTexture(
+            SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D_ARRAY, kNumLevels, kSrcTexFormat, 1, kSrcTexWidth, kSrcTexHeight, kSrcTexDepth,
            TextureUsage::SAMPLEABLE | TextureUsage::UPLOADABLE | TextureUsage::COLOR_ATTACHMENT));
    const bool flipY = sBackend == Backend::OPENGL;
-    createBitmap(api, srcTexture, kSrcTexWidth, kSrcTexHeight, 0, kSrcTexLayer, float3(0.5, 0, 0),
-            flipY);
+    createBitmap(api, srcTexture, kSrcTexWidth, kSrcTexHeight, 0, kSrcTexLayer, float3(0.5, 0, 0), flipY);

    // Create a destination texture.
-    Handle<HwTexture> dstTexture = mCleanup.add(api.createTexture(
+    Handle<HwTexture> dstTexture = cleanup.add(api.createTexture(
            SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D, kNumLevels, kDstTexFormat, 1, kDstTexWidth, kDstTexHeight, 1,
            TextureUsage::SAMPLEABLE | TextureUsage::COLOR_ATTACHMENT));

    // Create two RenderTargets.
    const int level = 0;
-    Handle<HwRenderTarget> srcRenderTarget = mCleanup.add(
-            api.createRenderTarget(TargetBufferFlags::COLOR,
-                    kSrcTexWidth >> level, kSrcTexHeight >> level, 1, 0,
-                    { srcTexture, level, kSrcTexLayer }, {}, {}));
-    Handle<HwRenderTarget> dstRenderTarget = mCleanup.add(
-            api.createRenderTarget(TargetBufferFlags::COLOR,
-                    kDstTexWidth >> level, kDstTexHeight >> level, 1, 0,
-                    { dstTexture, level, kDstTexLayer }, {}, {}));
+    Handle<HwRenderTarget> srcRenderTarget = cleanup.add(api.createRenderTarget( TargetBufferFlags::COLOR,
+            kSrcTexWidth >> level, kSrcTexHeight >> level, 1, 0, { srcTexture, level, kSrcTexLayer }, {}, {}));
+    Handle<HwRenderTarget> dstRenderTarget = cleanup.add(api.createRenderTarget( TargetBufferFlags::COLOR,
+            kDstTexWidth >> level, kDstTexHeight >> level, 1, 0, { dstTexture, level, kDstTexLayer }, {}, {}));

    // Do a blit from kSrcTexLayer of the source RT to kDstTexLayer of the destination RT.
    const int srcLevel = 0;
    api.blitDEPRECATED(TargetBufferFlags::COLOR0, dstRenderTarget,
-            { 0, 0, kDstTexWidth, kDstTexHeight }, srcRenderTarget,
-            { 0, 0, kSrcTexWidth >> srcLevel, kSrcTexHeight >> srcLevel },
-            SamplerMagFilter::LINEAR);
+            {0, 0, kDstTexWidth, kDstTexHeight}, srcRenderTarget,
+            {0, 0, kSrcTexWidth >> srcLevel, kSrcTexHeight >> srcLevel}, SamplerMagFilter::LINEAR);

    // Push through an empty frame to allow the texture to upload and the blit to execute.
    {
@@ -450,24 +494,29 @@ TEST_F(BlitTest, Blit2DTextureArray) {
        api.commit(swapChain);
    }

+    // Grab a screenshot.
+    ScreenshotParams params { kDstTexWidth, kDstTexHeight, "Blit2DTextureArray.png" };
    {
-        ImageExpectations expectations(api);
-
-        {
-            RenderFrame frame(api);
-            EXPECT_IMAGE(dstRenderTarget, expectations,
-                    ScreenshotParams(kDstTexWidth, kDstTexHeight, "Blit2DTextureArray",
-                            0x8de7d55b));
-            api.commit(swapChain);
-        }
-
-        flushAndWait();
+        RenderFrame frame(api);
+        dumpScreenshot(api, dstRenderTarget, &params);
+        api.commit(swapChain);
    }
+
+    // Wait for the ReadPixels result to come back.
+    api.finish();
+    executeCommands();
+    getDriver().purge();
+
+    // Check if the image matches perfectly to our golden run.
+    const uint32_t expected = 0x8de7d55b;
+    printf("Computed hash is 0x%8.8x, Expected 0x%8.8x\n", params.pixelHashResult, expected);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(params.pixelHashResult == expected);
 }

-TEST_F(BlitTest, BlitRegion) {
+TEST_F(BackendTest, BlitRegion) {
    auto& api = getDriverApi();
-    mCleanup.addPostCall([&]() { executeCommands(); });
+    Cleanup cleanup(getDriverApi());
+    cleanup.addPostCall([&]() { executeCommands(); });

    constexpr int kSrcTexWidth = 1024;
    constexpr int kSrcTexHeight = 1024;
@@ -480,48 +529,47 @@ TEST_F(BlitTest, BlitRegion) {
    constexpr int kDstLevel = 0;

    // Create a SwapChain and make it current. We don't really use it so the res doesn't matter.
-    auto swapChain = mCleanup.add(api.createSwapChainHeadless(256, 256, 0));
+    auto swapChain = cleanup.add(api.createSwapChainHeadless(256, 256, 0));
    api.makeCurrent(swapChain, swapChain);

    // Create a source texture.
-    Handle<HwTexture> srcTexture = mCleanup.add(api.createTexture(
-            SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D, kNumLevels, kSrcTexFormat, 1, kSrcTexWidth, kSrcTexHeight, 1,
-            TextureUsage::SAMPLEABLE | TextureUsage::UPLOADABLE | TextureUsage::COLOR_ATTACHMENT));
+    Handle<HwTexture> srcTexture = cleanup.add(api.createTexture(
+        SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D, kNumLevels, kSrcTexFormat, 1, kSrcTexWidth, kSrcTexHeight, 1,
+        TextureUsage::SAMPLEABLE | TextureUsage::UPLOADABLE | TextureUsage::COLOR_ATTACHMENT));
    const bool flipY = sBackend == Backend::OPENGL;
    createBitmap(api, srcTexture, kSrcTexWidth, kSrcTexHeight, 0, float3(0.5, 0, 0), flipY);
    createBitmap(api, srcTexture, kSrcTexWidth, kSrcTexHeight, 1, float3(0, 0, 0.5), flipY);

    // Create a destination texture.
-    Handle<HwTexture> dstTexture = mCleanup.add(api.createTexture(
-            SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D, kNumLevels, kDstTexFormat, 1, kDstTexWidth, kDstTexHeight, 1,
-            TextureUsage::SAMPLEABLE | TextureUsage::COLOR_ATTACHMENT));
+    Handle<HwTexture> dstTexture = cleanup.add(api.createTexture(
+        SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D, kNumLevels, kDstTexFormat, 1, kDstTexWidth, kDstTexHeight, 1,
+        TextureUsage::SAMPLEABLE | TextureUsage::COLOR_ATTACHMENT));

    // Blit one-quarter of src level 1 to dst level 0.
    Viewport srcRect = {
-            .left = 0,
-            .bottom = 0,
-            .width = (kSrcTexWidth >> kSrcLevel) / 2,
-            .height = (kSrcTexHeight >> kSrcLevel) / 2,
+        .left = 0,
+        .bottom = 0,
+        .width = (kSrcTexWidth >> kSrcLevel) / 2,
+        .height = (kSrcTexHeight >> kSrcLevel) / 2,
    };
    Viewport dstRect = {
-            .left = 10,
-            .bottom = 10,
-            .width = kDstTexWidth - 10,
-            .height = kDstTexHeight - 10,
+        .left = 10,
+        .bottom = 10,
+        .width = kDstTexWidth - 10,
+        .height = kDstTexHeight - 10,
    };

    // Create a RenderTarget for each texture's miplevel.
    // We purposely set the render target width and height to smaller than the texture, to check
    // that this case is handled correctly.
    Handle<HwRenderTarget> srcRenderTarget =
-            mCleanup.add(api.createRenderTarget(TargetBufferFlags::COLOR, srcRect.width,
-                    srcRect.height, 1, 0, { srcTexture, kSrcLevel, 0 }, {}, {}));
+            cleanup.add(api.createRenderTarget(TargetBufferFlags::COLOR, srcRect.width,
+                    srcRect.height, 1, 0, {srcTexture, kSrcLevel, 0}, {}, {}));
    Handle<HwRenderTarget> dstRenderTarget =
-            mCleanup.add(api.createRenderTarget(TargetBufferFlags::COLOR, kDstTexWidth >> kDstLevel,
-                    kDstTexHeight >> kDstLevel, 1, 0, { dstTexture, kDstLevel, 0 }, {}, {}));
+            cleanup.add(api.createRenderTarget(TargetBufferFlags::COLOR, kDstTexWidth >> kDstLevel,
+                    kDstTexHeight >> kDstLevel, 1, 0, {dstTexture, kDstLevel, 0}, {}, {}));

-    api.blitDEPRECATED(TargetBufferFlags::COLOR0, dstRenderTarget, dstRect, srcRenderTarget,
-            srcRect,
+    api.blitDEPRECATED(TargetBufferFlags::COLOR0, dstRenderTarget, dstRect, srcRenderTarget, srcRect,
            SamplerMagFilter::LINEAR);

    // Push through an empty frame to allow the texture to upload and the blit to execute.
@@ -530,25 +578,33 @@ TEST_F(BlitTest, BlitRegion) {
        api.commit(swapChain);
    }

+    // Grab a screenshot.
+    ScreenshotParams params { kDstTexWidth, kDstTexHeight, "BlitRegion.png" };
    {
-        ImageExpectations expectations(api);
-
-        {
-            RenderFrame frame(api);
-            // TODO: for some reason, this test has very, very slight (as in one pixel) differences
-            // between OpenGL and Metal. So disable golden checking for now.
-            // EXPECT_IMAGE(dstRenderTarget, expectations, ScreenshotParams(kDstTexWidth,
-            //         kDstTexHeight, "BlitRegion", 0x74fa34ed));
-            api.commit(swapChain);
-        }
-
-        flushAndWait();
+        RenderFrame frame(api);
+        dumpScreenshot(api, dstRenderTarget, &params);
+        api.commit(swapChain);
    }
+
+    // Wait for the ReadPixels result to come back.
+    api.finish();
+    executeCommands();
+    getDriver().purge();
+
+    // TODO: for some reason, this test has very, very slight (as in one pixel) differences between
+    // OpenGL and Metal. So disable golden checking for now.
+    // Use the compare tool from ImageMagick to see visual differences:
+    // compare -verbose -metric mae BlitRegion_Metal.png BlitRegion_OpenGL.png difference.png
+    //
+    // const uint32_t expected = 0x74fa34ed;
+    // printf("Computed hash is 0x%8.8x, Expected 0x%8.8x\n", params.pixelHashResult, expected);
+    // EXPECT_TRUE(params.pixelHashResult == expected);
 }

-TEST_F(BlitTest, BlitRegionToSwapChain) {
+TEST_F(BackendTest, BlitRegionToSwapChain) {
    auto& api = getDriverApi();
-    mCleanup.addPostCall([&]() { executeCommands(); });
+    Cleanup cleanup(getDriverApi());
+    cleanup.addPostCall([&]() { executeCommands(); });

    constexpr int kSrcTexWidth = 1024;
    constexpr int kSrcTexHeight = 1024;
@@ -558,15 +614,15 @@ TEST_F(BlitTest, BlitRegionToSwapChain) {
    constexpr int kNumLevels = 3;

    // Create a SwapChain and make it current.
-    auto swapChain = mCleanup.add(createSwapChain());
+    auto swapChain = cleanup.add(createSwapChain());
    api.makeCurrent(swapChain, swapChain);

-    Handle<HwRenderTarget> dstRenderTarget = mCleanup.add(api.createDefaultRenderTarget());
+    Handle<HwRenderTarget> dstRenderTarget = cleanup.add(api.createDefaultRenderTarget());

    // Create a source texture.
-    Handle<HwTexture> srcTexture = mCleanup.add(api.createTexture(
-            SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D, kNumLevels, kSrcTexFormat, 1, kSrcTexWidth, kSrcTexHeight, 1,
-            TextureUsage::SAMPLEABLE | TextureUsage::UPLOADABLE | TextureUsage::COLOR_ATTACHMENT));
+    Handle<HwTexture> srcTexture = cleanup.add(api.createTexture(
+        SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D, kNumLevels, kSrcTexFormat, 1, kSrcTexWidth, kSrcTexHeight, 1,
+        TextureUsage::SAMPLEABLE | TextureUsage::UPLOADABLE | TextureUsage::COLOR_ATTACHMENT));
    const bool flipY = sBackend == Backend::OPENGL;
    createBitmap(api, srcTexture, kSrcTexWidth, kSrcTexHeight, 0, float3(0.5, 0, 0), flipY);
    createBitmap(api, srcTexture, kSrcTexWidth, kSrcTexHeight, 1, float3(0, 0, 0.5), flipY);
@@ -574,46 +630,42 @@ TEST_F(BlitTest, BlitRegionToSwapChain) {
    // Create a RenderTarget for each texture's miplevel.
    Handle<HwRenderTarget> srcRenderTargets[kNumLevels];
    for (uint8_t level = 0; level < kNumLevels; level++) {
-        srcRenderTargets[level] = mCleanup.add(api.createRenderTarget(TargetBufferFlags::COLOR,
-                kSrcTexWidth >> level, kSrcTexHeight >> level, 1, 0, { srcTexture, level, 0 }, {},
-                {}));
+        srcRenderTargets[level] = cleanup.add(api.createRenderTarget( TargetBufferFlags::COLOR,
+                kSrcTexWidth >> level, kSrcTexHeight >> level, 1, 0, { srcTexture, level, 0 }, {}, {}));
    }

    // Blit one-quarter of src level 1 to dst level 0.
    const int srcLevel = 1;
    Viewport srcRect = {
-            .left = (kSrcTexWidth >> srcLevel) / 2,
-            .bottom = (kSrcTexHeight >> srcLevel) / 2,
-            .width = (kSrcTexWidth >> srcLevel) / 2,
-            .height = (kSrcTexHeight >> srcLevel) / 2,
+        .left = (kSrcTexWidth >> srcLevel) / 2,
+        .bottom = (kSrcTexHeight >> srcLevel) / 2,
+        .width = (kSrcTexWidth >> srcLevel) / 2,
+        .height = (kSrcTexHeight >> srcLevel) / 2,
    };
    Viewport dstRect = {
-            .left = 10,
-            .bottom = 10,
-            .width = kDstTexWidth - 10,
-            .height = kDstTexHeight - 10,
+        .left = 10,
+        .bottom = 10,
+        .width = kDstTexWidth - 10,
+        .height = kDstTexHeight - 10,
    };

    {
-        ImageExpectations expectations(api);
-        {
-            {
-                RenderFrame frame(api);
+        RenderFrame frame(api);

-                api.blitDEPRECATED(TargetBufferFlags::COLOR0, dstRenderTarget,
-                        dstRect, srcRenderTargets[srcLevel],
-                        srcRect, SamplerMagFilter::LINEAR);
+        api.blitDEPRECATED(TargetBufferFlags::COLOR0, dstRenderTarget,
+                dstRect, srcRenderTargets[srcLevel],
+                srcRect, SamplerMagFilter::LINEAR);

-                api.commit(swapChain);
-            }
+        ScreenshotParams params { kDstTexWidth, kDstTexHeight, "BlitRegionToSwapChain.png" };
+        dumpScreenshot(api, dstRenderTarget, &params);

-            // TODO: for some reason, this test has been disabled. It needs to be tested on all
-            // machines.
-            // EXPECT_IMAGE(dstRenderTarget, expectations,
-            //         ScreenshotParams(kDstTexWidth, kDstTexHeight, "BlitRegionToSwapChain", 0x0));
-        }
-        flushAndWait();
+        api.commit(swapChain);
    }
+
+    // Wait for the ReadPixels result to come back.
+    api.finish();
+    executeCommands();
+    getDriver().purge();
 }

 } // namespace test
@@ -16,8 +16,6 @@

 #include "BackendTest.h"

-#include "Lifetimes.h"
-#include "Shader.h"
 #include "ShaderGenerator.h"
 #include "TrianglePrimitive.h"

@@ -80,28 +78,8 @@ struct MaterialParams {
    math::float4 offset;
 };
 static_assert(sizeof(MaterialParams) == 8 * sizeof(float));
-// Uniform config for writing MaterialParams to the shader uniform with 64 bytes of padding.
-const UniformBindingConfig kBindingConfig = {
-        .dataSize = sizeof(MaterialParams),
-        .bufferSize = sizeof(MaterialParams) + 64,
-        .byteOffset = 64
-};

-class BufferUpdatesTest : public BackendTest {
-public:
-    BufferUpdatesTest() : mCleanup(getDriverApi()) {}
-
-protected:
-    Shader createShader() {
-        return Shader(getDriverApi(), mCleanup, ShaderConfig{
-           vertex, fragment, {"Params"}
-        });
-    }
-
-    Cleanup mCleanup;
-};
-
-TEST_F(BufferUpdatesTest, VertexBufferUpdate) {
+TEST_F(BackendTest, VertexBufferUpdate) {
    const bool largeBuffers = false;

    // If updateIndices is true, then even-numbered triangles will have their indices set to
@@ -112,15 +90,31 @@ TEST_F(BufferUpdatesTest, VertexBufferUpdate) {
    // executeCommands().
    {
        auto& api = getDriverApi();
-        Cleanup cleanup(api);

        // Create a platform-specific SwapChain and make it current.
-        auto swapChain = cleanup.add(createSwapChain());
+        auto swapChain = createSwapChain();
        api.makeCurrent(swapChain, swapChain);

-        Shader shader = createShader();
+        // Create a program.
+        filamat::DescriptorSets descriptors;
+        descriptors[1] = { { "Params",
+                { DescriptorType::UNIFORM_BUFFER, ShaderStageFlags::FRAGMENT, 0 }, {} } };
+        ShaderGenerator shaderGen(
+                vertex, fragment, sBackend, sIsMobilePlatform, std::move(descriptors));
+        Program p = shaderGen.getProgram(api);
+        p.descriptorBindings(1, {{ "Params", DescriptorType::UNIFORM_BUFFER, 0 }});
+        auto program = api.createProgram(std::move(p));

-        auto defaultRenderTarget = cleanup.add(api.createDefaultRenderTarget(0));
+        DescriptorSetLayoutHandle descriptorSetLayout = api.createDescriptorSetLayout({
+                {{
+                         DescriptorType::UNIFORM_BUFFER,
+                         ShaderStageFlags::ALL_SHADER_STAGE_FLAGS, 0,
+                         DescriptorFlags::NONE, 0
+                 }}});
+
+        DescriptorSetHandle descriptorSet = api.createDescriptorSet(descriptorSetLayout);
+
+        auto defaultRenderTarget = api.createDefaultRenderTarget(0);

        // To test large buffers (which exercise a different code path) create an extra large
        // buffer. Only the first 3 vertices will be used.
@@ -134,29 +128,38 @@ TEST_F(BufferUpdatesTest, VertexBufferUpdate) {
        params.flags.discardEnd = TargetBufferFlags::NONE;

        PipelineState state;
-        state.program = shader.getProgram();
-        state.pipelineLayout.setLayout[1] = { shader.getDescriptorSetLayout() };
+        state.program = program;
+        state.pipelineLayout.setLayout[1] = { descriptorSetLayout };
        state.rasterState.colorWrite = true;
        state.rasterState.depthWrite = false;
        state.rasterState.depthFunc = RasterState::DepthFunc::A;
        state.rasterState.culling = CullingMode::NONE;

        // Create a uniform buffer.
-        // We use STATIC here, even though the buffer is updated, to force the Metal backend to use
-        // a GPU buffer, which is more interesting to test.
-        auto ubuffer = cleanup.add(api.createBufferObject(sizeof(MaterialParams) + 64,
-                BufferObjectBinding::UNIFORM, BufferUsage::STATIC));
+        // We use STATIC here, even though the buffer is updated, to force the Metal backend to use a
+        // GPU buffer, which is more interesting to test.
+        auto ubuffer = api.createBufferObject(sizeof(MaterialParams) + 64,
+                BufferObjectBinding::UNIFORM, BufferUsage::STATIC);

-        shader.bindUniform<MaterialParams>(api, ubuffer, kBindingConfig);
+        api.updateDescriptorSetBuffer(descriptorSet, 0, ubuffer, 0, sizeof(MaterialParams) + 64);
+        api.bindDescriptorSet(descriptorSet, 1, {});

        api.startCapture(0);

-        // Upload the uniform, but with an offset to accommodate the padding in the shader's
-        // uniform definition.
-        shader.uploadUniform(api, ubuffer, kBindingConfig, MaterialParams{
-                .color = { 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f },
-                .offset = { 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f }
-        });
+        // Upload uniforms.
+        {
+            MaterialParams params {
+                    .color = { 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f },
+                    .offset = { 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f }
+            };
+            auto* tmp = new MaterialParams(params);
+            auto cb = [](void* buffer, size_t size, void* user) {
+                auto* sp = (MaterialParams*) buffer;
+                delete sp;
+            };
+            BufferDescriptor bd(tmp, sizeof(MaterialParams), cb);
+            api.updateBufferObject(ubuffer, std::move(bd), 64);
+        }

        api.makeCurrent(swapChain, swapChain);
        api.beginFrame(0, 0, 0);
@@ -199,6 +202,13 @@ TEST_F(BufferUpdatesTest, VertexBufferUpdate) {
        api.endFrame(0);

        api.stopCapture(0);
+
+        api.destroyProgram(program);
+        api.destroySwapChain(swapChain);
+        api.destroyDescriptorSet(descriptorSet);
+        api.destroyDescriptorSetLayout(descriptorSetLayout);
+        api.destroyBufferObject(ubuffer);
+        api.destroyRenderTarget(defaultRenderTarget);
    }

    executeCommands();
@@ -206,38 +216,62 @@ TEST_F(BufferUpdatesTest, VertexBufferUpdate) {

 // This test renders two triangles in two separate draw calls. Between the draw calls, a uniform
 // buffer object is partially updated.
-TEST_F(BufferUpdatesTest, BufferObjectUpdateWithOffset) {
+TEST_F(BackendTest, BufferObjectUpdateWithOffset) {
    auto& api = getDriverApi();
-    Cleanup cleanup(api);

    // Create a platform-specific SwapChain and make it current.
-    auto swapChain = cleanup.add(createSwapChain());
+    auto swapChain = createSwapChain();
    api.makeCurrent(swapChain, swapChain);

    // Create a program.
-    Shader shader = createShader();
+    filamat::DescriptorSets descriptors;
+    descriptors[1] = { { "Params",
+            { DescriptorType::UNIFORM_BUFFER, ShaderStageFlags::FRAGMENT, 0 }, {} } };
+    ShaderGenerator shaderGen(
+            vertex, fragment, sBackend, sIsMobilePlatform, std::move(descriptors));
+    Program p = shaderGen.getProgram(api);
+    p.descriptorBindings(1, {{ "Params", DescriptorType::UNIFORM_BUFFER, 0 }});
+    auto program = api.createProgram(std::move(p));
+
+    DescriptorSetLayoutHandle descriptorSetLayout = api.createDescriptorSetLayout({
+            {{
+                     DescriptorType::UNIFORM_BUFFER,
+                     ShaderStageFlags::ALL_SHADER_STAGE_FLAGS, 0,
+                     DescriptorFlags::NONE, 0
+             }}});
+
+    DescriptorSetHandle descriptorSet = api.createDescriptorSet(descriptorSetLayout);
+

    // Create a uniform buffer.
    // We use STATIC here, even though the buffer is updated, to force the Metal backend to use a
    // GPU buffer, which is more interesting to test.
-    auto ubuffer = cleanup.add(api.createBufferObject(sizeof(MaterialParams) + 64,
-            BufferObjectBinding::UNIFORM, BufferUsage::STATIC));
+    auto ubuffer = api.createBufferObject(sizeof(MaterialParams) + 64,
+            BufferObjectBinding::UNIFORM, BufferUsage::STATIC);

-    shader.bindUniform<MaterialParams>(api, ubuffer, kBindingConfig);
+    api.updateDescriptorSetBuffer(descriptorSet, 0, ubuffer, 0, sizeof(MaterialParams) + 64);
+    api.bindDescriptorSet(descriptorSet, 1, {});

    // Create a render target.
-    auto colorTexture = cleanup.add(api.createTexture(SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D, 1,
-            TextureFormat::RGBA8, 1, 512, 512, 1, TextureUsage::COLOR_ATTACHMENT));
-    auto renderTarget = cleanup.add(api.createRenderTarget(
-            TargetBufferFlags::COLOR0, 512, 512, 1, 0, {{colorTexture}}, {}, {}));
+    auto colorTexture = api.createTexture(SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D, 1,
+            TextureFormat::RGBA8, 1, 512, 512, 1, TextureUsage::COLOR_ATTACHMENT);
+    auto renderTarget = api.createRenderTarget(
+            TargetBufferFlags::COLOR0, 512, 512, 1, 0, {{colorTexture}}, {}, {});

    // Upload uniforms for the first triangle.
-    // Upload the uniform, but with an offset to accommodate the padding in the shader's
-    // uniform definition.
-    shader.uploadUniform(api, ubuffer, kBindingConfig, MaterialParams{
+    {
+        MaterialParams params {
            .color = { 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.5f, 1.0f },
            .offset = { 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f }
-    });
+        };
+        auto* tmp = new MaterialParams(params);
+        auto cb = [](void* buffer, size_t size, void* user) {
+            auto* sp = (MaterialParams*) buffer;
+            delete sp;
+        };
+        BufferDescriptor bd(tmp, sizeof(MaterialParams), cb);
+        api.updateBufferObject(ubuffer, std::move(bd), 64);
+    }

    RenderPassParams params = {};
    params.flags.clear = TargetBufferFlags::COLOR;
@@ -246,27 +280,29 @@ TEST_F(BufferUpdatesTest, BufferObjectUpdateWithOffset) {
    params.flags.discardEnd = TargetBufferFlags::NONE;
    params.viewport.height = 512;
    params.viewport.width = 512;
-    renderTriangle({{ DescriptorSetLayoutHandle{}, shader.getDescriptorSetLayout() }},
-            renderTarget, swapChain, shader.getProgram(), params);
+    renderTriangle({{ DescriptorSetLayoutHandle{}, descriptorSetLayout }},
+            renderTarget, swapChain, program, params);

    // Upload uniforms for the second triangle. To test partial buffer updates, we'll only update
    // color.b, color.a, offset.x, and offset.y.
-    shader.uploadUniform(api, ubuffer, UniformBindingConfig{
-                    .dataSize = sizeof(std::array<float, 4>),
-                    .bufferSize = kBindingConfig.bufferSize,
-                    .byteOffset = *kBindingConfig.byteOffset + offsetof(MaterialParams, color.b),
-            },
-            std::array<float, 4>{
-                    // color.b, color.a
-                    1.0f, 1.0f,
-                    // offset.x, offset.y
-                    0.5f, 0.5f }
-    );
+    {
+        MaterialParams params {
+                .color = { 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f },
+                .offset = { 0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f }
+        };
+        auto* tmp = new MaterialParams(params);
+        auto cb = [](void* buffer, size_t size, void* user) {
+            auto* sp = (MaterialParams*) ((char*)buffer - offsetof(MaterialParams, color.b));
+            delete sp;
+        };
+        BufferDescriptor bd((char*)tmp + offsetof(MaterialParams, color.b), sizeof(float) * 4, cb);
+        api.updateBufferObject(ubuffer, std::move(bd), 64 + offsetof(MaterialParams, color.b));
+    }

    params.flags.clear = TargetBufferFlags::NONE;
    params.flags.discardStart = TargetBufferFlags::NONE;
-    renderTriangle({{ DescriptorSetLayoutHandle{}, shader.getDescriptorSetLayout() }},
-            renderTarget, swapChain, shader.getProgram(), params);
+    renderTriangle({{ DescriptorSetLayoutHandle{}, descriptorSetLayout }},
+            renderTarget, swapChain, program, params);

    static const uint32_t expectedHash = 91322442;
    readPixelsAndAssertHash(
@@ -276,6 +312,14 @@ TEST_F(BufferUpdatesTest, BufferObjectUpdateWithOffset) {
    api.commit(swapChain);
    api.endFrame(0);

+    api.destroyProgram(program);
+    api.destroySwapChain(swapChain);
+    api.destroyDescriptorSet(descriptorSet);
+    api.destroyDescriptorSetLayout(descriptorSetLayout);
+    api.destroyBufferObject(ubuffer);
+    api.destroyRenderTarget(renderTarget);
+    api.destroyTexture(colorTexture);
+
    // This ensures all driver commands have finished before exiting the test.
    api.finish();

@@ -16,8 +16,6 @@

 #include "BackendTest.h"

-#include "Lifetimes.h"
-
 using namespace filament;
 using namespace filament::backend;

@@ -25,14 +23,13 @@ namespace test {

 TEST_F(BackendTest, FrameScheduledCallback) {
    auto& api = getDriverApi();
-    Cleanup cleanup(api);

    // Create a SwapChain.
    // In order for the frameScheduledCallback to be called, this must be a real SwapChain (not
    // headless) so we obtain a drawable.
-    auto swapChain = cleanup.add(createSwapChain());
+    auto swapChain = createSwapChain();

-    Handle<HwRenderTarget> renderTarget = cleanup.add(api.createDefaultRenderTarget());
+    Handle<HwRenderTarget> renderTarget = api.createDefaultRenderTarget();

    int callbackCountA = 0;
    api.setFrameScheduledCallback(swapChain, nullptr, [&callbackCountA](PresentCallable callable) {
@@ -82,10 +79,9 @@ TEST_F(BackendTest, FrameScheduledCallback) {

 TEST_F(BackendTest, FrameCompletedCallback) {
    auto& api = getDriverApi();
-    Cleanup cleanup(api);

    // Create a SwapChain.
-    auto swapChain = cleanup.add(api.createSwapChainHeadless(256, 256, 0));
+    auto swapChain = api.createSwapChainHeadless(256, 256, 0);

    int callbackCountA = 0;
    api.setFrameCompletedCallback(swapChain, nullptr,
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@

 #include "BackendTest.h"

-#include "Lifetimes.h"
 #include "ShaderGenerator.h"
 #include "TrianglePrimitive.h"

@@ -130,13 +129,12 @@ static void dumpScreenshot(DriverApi& dapi, Handle<HwRenderTarget> rt) {
 // backend's readPixels does not work correctly with textures that have image data uploaded.
 TEST_F(BackendTest, FeedbackLoops) {
    auto& api = getDriverApi();
-    Cleanup cleanup(api);

    // The test is executed within this block scope to force destructors to run before
    // executeCommands().
    {
        // Create a platform-specific SwapChain and make it current.
-        auto swapChain = cleanup.add(createSwapChain());
+        auto swapChain = createSwapChain();
        api.makeCurrent(swapChain, swapChain);

        // Create a program.
@@ -157,10 +155,10 @@ TEST_F(BackendTest, FeedbackLoops) {
                    { "test_tex", DescriptorType::SAMPLER, 0 },
                    { "Params", DescriptorType::UNIFORM_BUFFER, 1 }
            });
-            program = cleanup.add(api.createProgram(std::move(prog)));
+            program = api.createProgram(std::move(prog));
        }

-        DescriptorSetLayoutHandle descriptorSetLayout = cleanup.add(api.createDescriptorSetLayout({
+        DescriptorSetLayoutHandle descriptorSetLayout = api.createDescriptorSetLayout({
                {{
                         DescriptorType::SAMPLER,
                         ShaderStageFlags::ALL_SHADER_STAGE_FLAGS, 0,
@@ -170,27 +168,27 @@ TEST_F(BackendTest, FeedbackLoops) {
                         DescriptorType::UNIFORM_BUFFER,
                         ShaderStageFlags::ALL_SHADER_STAGE_FLAGS, 1,
                         DescriptorFlags::NONE, 0
-                 }}}));
+                 }}});


        TrianglePrimitive const triangle(getDriverApi());

        // Create a texture.
        auto usage = TextureUsage::COLOR_ATTACHMENT | TextureUsage::SAMPLEABLE;
-        Handle<HwTexture> const texture = cleanup.add(api.createTexture(
-            SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D, kNumLevels, kTexFormat, 1, kTexWidth, kTexHeight, 1, usage));
+        Handle<HwTexture> const texture = api.createTexture(
+            SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D, kNumLevels, kTexFormat, 1, kTexWidth, kTexHeight, 1, usage);

        // Create ubo
-        auto ubuffer = cleanup.add(api.createBufferObject(sizeof(MaterialParams),
-                BufferObjectBinding::UNIFORM, BufferUsage::STATIC));
+        auto ubuffer = api.createBufferObject(sizeof(MaterialParams),
+                BufferObjectBinding::UNIFORM, BufferUsage::STATIC);

        // Create a RenderTarget for each miplevel.
        Handle<HwRenderTarget> renderTargets[kNumLevels];
        for (uint8_t level = 0; level < kNumLevels; level++) {
            slog.i << "Level " << int(level) << ": " <<
                    (kTexWidth >> level) << "x" << (kTexHeight >> level) << io::endl;
-            renderTargets[level] = cleanup.add(api.createRenderTarget( TargetBufferFlags::COLOR,
-                    kTexWidth >> level, kTexHeight >> level, 1, 0, { texture, level, 0 }, {}, {}));
+            renderTargets[level] = api.createRenderTarget( TargetBufferFlags::COLOR,
+                    kTexWidth >> level, kTexHeight >> level, 1, 0, { texture, level, 0 }, {}, {});
        }

        // Fill the base level of the texture with interesting colors.
@@ -228,13 +226,12 @@ TEST_F(BackendTest, FeedbackLoops) {
            params.flags.discardStart = TargetBufferFlags::ALL;
            state.rasterState.disableBlending();
            for (int targetLevel = 1; targetLevel < kNumLevels; targetLevel++) {
-                Cleanup passCleanup(api);
                const uint32_t sourceLevel = targetLevel - 1;
                params.viewport.width = kTexWidth >> targetLevel;
                params.viewport.height = kTexHeight >> targetLevel;

-                auto textureView = passCleanup.add(api.createTextureView(texture, sourceLevel, 1));
-                DescriptorSetHandle descriptorSet = passCleanup.add(api.createDescriptorSet(descriptorSetLayout));
+                auto textureView = api.createTextureView(texture, sourceLevel, 1);
+                DescriptorSetHandle descriptorSet = api.createDescriptorSet(descriptorSetLayout);
                api.updateDescriptorSetTexture(descriptorSet, 0, textureView, {
                        .filterMag = SamplerMagFilter::LINEAR,
                        .filterMin = SamplerMinFilter::LINEAR_MIPMAP_NEAREST
@@ -250,6 +247,8 @@ TEST_F(BackendTest, FeedbackLoops) {
                api.beginRenderPass(renderTargets[targetLevel], params);
                api.draw(state, triangle.getRenderPrimitive(), 0, 3, 1);
                api.endRenderPass();
+                api.destroyTexture(textureView);
+                api.destroyDescriptorSet(descriptorSet);
            }

            // Upsample passes
@@ -257,13 +256,12 @@ TEST_F(BackendTest, FeedbackLoops) {
            state.rasterState.blendFunctionSrcRGB = BlendFunction::ONE;
            state.rasterState.blendFunctionDstRGB = BlendFunction::ONE;
            for (int targetLevel = kNumLevels - 2; targetLevel >= 0; targetLevel--) {
-                Cleanup passCleanup(api);
                const uint32_t sourceLevel = targetLevel + 1;
                params.viewport.width = kTexWidth >> targetLevel;
                params.viewport.height = kTexHeight >> targetLevel;

-                auto textureView = passCleanup.add(api.createTextureView(texture, sourceLevel, 1));
-                DescriptorSetHandle descriptorSet = passCleanup.add(api.createDescriptorSet(descriptorSetLayout));
+                auto textureView = api.createTextureView(texture, sourceLevel, 1);
+                DescriptorSetHandle descriptorSet = api.createDescriptorSet(descriptorSetLayout);
                api.updateDescriptorSetTexture(descriptorSet, 0, textureView, {
                        .filterMag = SamplerMagFilter::LINEAR,
                        .filterMin = SamplerMinFilter::LINEAR_MIPMAP_NEAREST
@@ -279,6 +277,8 @@ TEST_F(BackendTest, FeedbackLoops) {
                api.beginRenderPass(renderTargets[targetLevel], params);
                api.draw(state, triangle.getRenderPrimitive(), 0, 3, 1);
                api.endRenderPass();
+                api.destroyTexture(textureView);
+                api.destroyDescriptorSet(descriptorSet);
            }

            // Read back the render target corresponding to the base level.
@@ -296,6 +296,15 @@ TEST_F(BackendTest, FeedbackLoops) {
            executeCommands();
            getDriver().purge();
        }
+
+        api.destroyDescriptorSetLayout(descriptorSetLayout);
+        api.destroyProgram(program);
+        api.destroySwapChain(swapChain);
+        api.destroyTexture(texture);
+        api.destroyBufferObject(ubuffer);
+        for (auto rt : renderTargets)  {
+            api.destroyRenderTarget(rt);
+        }
    }

    const uint32_t expected = 0x70695aa1;
@@ -16,10 +16,9 @@

 #include "BackendTest.h"

-#include "BackendTestUtils.h"
-#include "Lifetimes.h"
 #include "ShaderGenerator.h"
 #include "TrianglePrimitive.h"
+#include "BackendTestUtils.h"

 #include <backend/DriverEnums.h>
 #include <backend/Handle.h>
@@ -296,12 +295,10 @@ TEST_F(BackendTest, UpdateImage2D) {
    // The test is executed within this block scope to force destructors to run before
    // executeCommands().
    for (const auto& t : testCases) {
-        Cleanup cleanup(api);
-
        // Create a platform-specific SwapChain and make it current.
-        auto swapChain = cleanup.add(createSwapChain());
+        auto swapChain = createSwapChain();
        api.makeCurrent(swapChain, swapChain);
-        auto defaultRenderTarget = cleanup.add(api.createDefaultRenderTarget(0));
+        auto defaultRenderTarget = api.createDefaultRenderTarget(0);

        // Create a program.
        filament::SamplerInterfaceBlock::SamplerInfo samplerInfo { "test", "tex", 0,
@@ -318,21 +315,21 @@ TEST_F(BackendTest, UpdateImage2D) {
        Program prog = shaderGen.getProgram(api);
        prog.descriptorBindings(1, {{"test_tex", DescriptorType::SAMPLER, 0}});

-        ProgramHandle const program = cleanup.add(api.createProgram(std::move(prog)));
+        ProgramHandle const program = api.createProgram(std::move(prog));

-        DescriptorSetLayoutHandle descriptorSetLayout = cleanup.add(api.createDescriptorSetLayout({
+        DescriptorSetLayoutHandle descriptorSetLayout = api.createDescriptorSetLayout({
                {{
                         DescriptorType::SAMPLER,
                         ShaderStageFlags::ALL_SHADER_STAGE_FLAGS, 0,
                         DescriptorFlags::NONE, 0
-                 }}}));
+                 }}});

-        DescriptorSetHandle descriptorSet = cleanup.add(api.createDescriptorSet(descriptorSetLayout));
+        DescriptorSetHandle descriptorSet = api.createDescriptorSet(descriptorSetLayout);

        // Create a Texture.
        auto usage = TextureUsage::SAMPLEABLE | TextureUsage::UPLOADABLE;
-        Handle<HwTexture> const texture = cleanup.add(api.createTexture(SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D, 1,
-                t.textureFormat, 1, 512, 512, 1u, usage));
+        Handle<HwTexture> const texture = api.createTexture(SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D, 1,
+                t.textureFormat, 1, 512, 512, 1u, usage);

        // Upload some pixel data.
        if (t.uploadSubregions) {
@@ -362,6 +359,13 @@ TEST_F(BackendTest, UpdateImage2D) {

        api.commit(swapChain);
        api.endFrame(0);
+
+        api.destroyDescriptorSet(descriptorSet);
+        api.destroyDescriptorSetLayout(descriptorSetLayout);
+        api.destroyProgram(program);
+        api.destroySwapChain(swapChain);
+        api.destroyRenderTarget(defaultRenderTarget);
+        api.destroyTexture(texture);
    }

    api.finish();
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@

 #include "BackendTest.h"

-#include "Lifetimes.h"
 #include "ShaderGenerator.h"
 #include "TrianglePrimitive.h"

@@ -61,28 +60,25 @@ using namespace filament;
 using namespace filament::backend;

 TEST_F(BackendTest, MRT) {
-    DriverApi& api = getDriverApi();
-    Cleanup cleanup(api);
-
    // The test is executed within this block scope to force destructors to run before
    // executeCommands().
    {
        // Create a platform-specific SwapChain and make it current.
-        auto swapChain = cleanup.add(createSwapChain());
-        api.makeCurrent(swapChain, swapChain);
+        auto swapChain = createSwapChain();
+        getDriverApi().makeCurrent(swapChain, swapChain);

        // Create a program.
        ShaderGenerator shaderGen(vertex, fragment, sBackend, sIsMobilePlatform);
-        Program p = shaderGen.getProgram(api);
-        auto program = cleanup.add(api.createProgram(std::move(p)));
+        Program p = shaderGen.getProgram(getDriverApi());
+        auto program = getDriverApi().createProgram(std::move(p));

-        TrianglePrimitive triangle(api);
+        TrianglePrimitive triangle(getDriverApi());

-        auto defaultRenderTarget = cleanup.add(api.createDefaultRenderTarget(0));
+        auto defaultRenderTarget = getDriverApi().createDefaultRenderTarget(0);

        // Create two Textures.
        auto usage = TextureUsage::COLOR_ATTACHMENT | TextureUsage::SAMPLEABLE;
-        Handle<HwTexture> textureA = cleanup.add(api.createTexture(
+        Handle<HwTexture> textureA = getDriverApi().createTexture(
                    SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D,            // target
                    1,                                  // levels
                    TextureFormat::RGBA8,               // format
@@ -90,8 +86,8 @@ TEST_F(BackendTest, MRT) {
                    512,                                // width
                    512,                                // height
                    1,                                  // depth
-                    usage));                             // usage
-        Handle<HwTexture> textureB = cleanup.add(api.createTexture(
+                    usage);                             // usage
+        Handle<HwTexture> textureB = getDriverApi().createTexture(
                    SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D,            // target
                    1,                                  // levels
                    TextureFormat::RGBA8,               // format
@@ -99,10 +95,10 @@ TEST_F(BackendTest, MRT) {
                    512,                                // width
                    512,                                // height
                    1,                                  // depth
-                    usage));                             // usage
+                    usage);                             // usage

        // Create a RenderTarget with two attachments.
-        Handle<HwRenderTarget> renderTarget = cleanup.add(api.createRenderTarget(
+        Handle<HwRenderTarget> renderTarget = getDriverApi().createRenderTarget(
                TargetBufferFlags::COLOR0 | TargetBufferFlags::COLOR1,
                // The width and height must match the width and height of the respective mip
                // level (at least for OpenGL).
@@ -112,7 +108,7 @@ TEST_F(BackendTest, MRT) {
                0,                                         // layerCount
                {{textureA },{textureB }},                 // color
                {},                                        // depth
-                {}));                                       // stencil
+                {});                                       // stencil

        RenderPassParams params = {};
        fullViewport(params);
@@ -128,21 +124,25 @@ TEST_F(BackendTest, MRT) {
        state.rasterState.depthFunc = RasterState::DepthFunc::A;
        state.rasterState.culling = CullingMode::NONE;

-        api.startCapture(0);
+        getDriverApi().startCapture(0);

-        api.makeCurrent(swapChain, swapChain);
-        api.beginFrame(0, 0, 0);
+        getDriverApi().makeCurrent(swapChain, swapChain);
+        getDriverApi().beginFrame(0, 0, 0);

        // Draw a triangle.
-        api.beginRenderPass(renderTarget, params);
-        api.draw(state, triangle.getRenderPrimitive(), 0, 3, 1);
-        api.endRenderPass();
+        getDriverApi().beginRenderPass(renderTarget, params);
+        getDriverApi().draw(state, triangle.getRenderPrimitive(), 0, 3, 1);
+        getDriverApi().endRenderPass();

-        api.flush();
-        api.commit(swapChain);
-        api.endFrame(0);
+        getDriverApi().flush();
+        getDriverApi().commit(swapChain);
+        getDriverApi().endFrame(0);

-        api.stopCapture(0);
+        getDriverApi().stopCapture(0);
+
+        getDriverApi().destroyProgram(program);
+        getDriverApi().destroySwapChain(swapChain);
+        getDriverApi().destroyRenderTarget(defaultRenderTarget);
    }

    executeCommands();
@@ -17,10 +17,9 @@

 #include "BackendTest.h"

-#include "BackendTestUtils.h"
-#include "Lifetimes.h"
 #include "ShaderGenerator.h"
 #include "TrianglePrimitive.h"
+#include "BackendTestUtils.h"

 #include <backend/DriverEnums.h>
 #include <backend/Handle.h>
@@ -79,13 +78,12 @@ using namespace filament::backend;
 TEST_F(BackendTest, TextureViewLod) {
    auto& api = getDriverApi();
    api.startCapture(0);
-    Cleanup cleanup(api);

    // The test is executed within this block scope to force destructors to run before
    // executeCommands().
    {
        // Create a SwapChain and make it current.
-        auto swapChain = cleanup.add(createSwapChain());
+        auto swapChain = createSwapChain();
        api.makeCurrent(swapChain, swapChain);

        // Create a program that draws only white.
@@ -94,7 +92,7 @@ TEST_F(BackendTest, TextureViewLod) {
            ShaderGenerator shaderGen(vertex, whiteFragment, sBackend, sIsMobilePlatform);
            Program p = shaderGen.getProgram(api);
            p.descriptorBindings(0, {{"backend_test_sib_tex", DescriptorType::SAMPLER, 0}});
-            whiteProgram = cleanup.add(api.createProgram(std::move(p)));
+            whiteProgram = api.createProgram(std::move(p));
        }

        // Create a program that samples a texture.
@@ -108,19 +106,19 @@ TEST_F(BackendTest, TextureViewLod) {
            ShaderGenerator shaderGen(vertex, fragment, sBackend, sIsMobilePlatform, std::move(descriptors));
            Program p = shaderGen.getProgram(api);
            p.descriptorBindings(0, {{"backend_test_sib_tex", DescriptorType::SAMPLER, 0}});
-            textureProgram = cleanup.add(api.createProgram(std::move(p)));
+            textureProgram = api.createProgram(std::move(p));
        }

-        DescriptorSetLayoutHandle descriptorSetLayout = cleanup.add(api.createDescriptorSetLayout({
+        DescriptorSetLayoutHandle descriptorSetLayout = api.createDescriptorSetLayout({
                {{
                         DescriptorType::SAMPLER,
                         ShaderStageFlags::ALL_SHADER_STAGE_FLAGS, 0,
                         DescriptorFlags::NONE, 0
-                 }}}));
+                 }}});

        DescriptorSetHandle descriptorSet[2];
-        descriptorSet[0] = cleanup.add(api.createDescriptorSet(descriptorSetLayout));
-        descriptorSet[1] = cleanup.add(api.createDescriptorSet(descriptorSetLayout));
+        descriptorSet[0] = api.createDescriptorSet(descriptorSetLayout);
+        descriptorSet[1] = api.createDescriptorSet(descriptorSetLayout);

        // Create a texture that has 4 mip levels. Each level is a different color.
        // Level 0: 128x128 (red)
@@ -129,9 +127,9 @@ TEST_F(BackendTest, TextureViewLod) {
        // Level 3:   16x16 (yellow)
        const size_t kTextureSize = 128;
        const size_t kMipLevels = 4;
-        Handle<HwTexture> texture = cleanup.add(api.createTexture(SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D, kMipLevels,
+        Handle<HwTexture> texture = api.createTexture(SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D, kMipLevels,
                TextureFormat::RGBA8, 1, kTextureSize, kTextureSize, 1,
-                TextureUsage::SAMPLEABLE | TextureUsage::COLOR_ATTACHMENT | TextureUsage::UPLOADABLE));
+                TextureUsage::SAMPLEABLE | TextureUsage::COLOR_ATTACHMENT | TextureUsage::UPLOADABLE);

        // Create image data.
        auto pixelFormat = PixelDataFormat::RGBA;
@@ -165,13 +163,13 @@ TEST_F(BackendTest, TextureViewLod) {
        // Level 1:   64x64 (green)             <-- base
        // Level 2:   32x32 (blue)              <--- white triangle rendered
        // Level 3:   16x16 (yellow)            <-- max
-        auto texture13 = cleanup.add(api.createTextureView(texture, 1, 3));
+        auto texture13 = api.createTextureView(texture, 1, 3);

        // Render a white triangle into level 2.
        // We specify mip level 2, because minMaxLevels has no effect when rendering into a texture.
-        Handle<HwRenderTarget> renderTarget = cleanup.add(api.createRenderTarget(
+        Handle<HwRenderTarget> renderTarget = api.createRenderTarget(
                TargetBufferFlags::COLOR, 32, 32, 1, 0,
-                {texture, 2 /* level */, 0 /* layer */}, {}, {}));
+                {texture, 2 /* level */, 0 /* layer */}, {}, {});
        {
            RenderPassParams params = {};
            fullViewport(params);
@@ -187,7 +185,7 @@ TEST_F(BackendTest, TextureViewLod) {
            api.endRenderPass();
        }

-        backend::Handle<HwRenderTarget> defaultRenderTarget = cleanup.add(api.createDefaultRenderTarget(0));
+        backend::Handle<HwRenderTarget> defaultRenderTarget = api.createDefaultRenderTarget(0);

        RenderPassParams params = {};
        fullViewport(params);
@@ -219,7 +217,7 @@ TEST_F(BackendTest, TextureViewLod) {
        api.endRenderPass();

        // Adjust the base mip to 2.
-        auto texture22 = cleanup.add(api.createTextureView(texture, 2, 2));
+        auto texture22 = api.createTextureView(texture, 2, 2);

        api.updateDescriptorSetTexture(descriptorSet[1], 0, texture22, {
                .filterMag = SamplerMagFilter::NEAREST,
@@ -246,6 +244,18 @@ TEST_F(BackendTest, TextureViewLod) {
        api.endFrame(0);

        api.stopCapture(0);
+
+        // Cleanup.
+        api.destroySwapChain(swapChain);
+        api.destroyRenderTarget(renderTarget);
+        api.destroyDescriptorSet(descriptorSet[0]);
+        api.destroyDescriptorSet(descriptorSet[1]);
+        api.destroyDescriptorSetLayout(descriptorSetLayout);
+        api.destroyTexture(texture);
+        api.destroyTexture(texture13);
+        api.destroyTexture(texture22);
+        api.destroyProgram(whiteProgram);
+        api.destroyProgram(textureProgram);
    }

    api.finish();
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@

 #include "BackendTest.h"

-#include "Lifetimes.h"
 #include "ShaderGenerator.h"
 #include "TrianglePrimitive.h"

@@ -71,20 +70,18 @@ TEST_F(BackendTest, MissingRequiredAttributes) {
    // The test is executed within this block scope to force destructors to run before
    // executeCommands().
    {
-        DriverApi& api = getDriverApi();
-        Cleanup cleanup(api);
        // Create a platform-specific SwapChain and make it current.
-        auto swapChain = cleanup.add(createSwapChain());
-        api.makeCurrent(swapChain, swapChain);
+        auto swapChain = createSwapChain();
+        getDriverApi().makeCurrent(swapChain, swapChain);

        // Create a program.
        ShaderGenerator shaderGen(vertex, fragment, sBackend, sIsMobilePlatform);
-        Program p = shaderGen.getProgram(api);
-        auto program = cleanup.add(api.createProgram(std::move(p)));
+        Program p = shaderGen.getProgram(getDriverApi());
+        auto program = getDriverApi().createProgram(std::move(p));

-        auto defaultRenderTarget = cleanup.add(api.createDefaultRenderTarget(0));
+        auto defaultRenderTarget = getDriverApi().createDefaultRenderTarget(0);

-        TrianglePrimitive triangle(api);
+        TrianglePrimitive triangle(getDriverApi());

        RenderPassParams params = {};
        fullViewport(params);
@@ -100,21 +97,25 @@ TEST_F(BackendTest, MissingRequiredAttributes) {
        state.rasterState.depthFunc = RasterState::DepthFunc::A;
        state.rasterState.culling = CullingMode::NONE;

-        api.startCapture(0);
+        getDriverApi().startCapture(0);

-        api.makeCurrent(swapChain, swapChain);
-        api.beginFrame(0, 0, 0);
+        getDriverApi().makeCurrent(swapChain, swapChain);
+        getDriverApi().beginFrame(0, 0, 0);

        // Render a triangle.
-        api.beginRenderPass(defaultRenderTarget, params);
-        api.draw(state, triangle.getRenderPrimitive(), 0, 3, 1);
-        api.endRenderPass();
+        getDriverApi().beginRenderPass(defaultRenderTarget, params);
+        getDriverApi().draw(state, triangle.getRenderPrimitive(), 0, 3, 1);
+        getDriverApi().endRenderPass();

-        api.flush();
-        api.commit(swapChain);
-        api.endFrame(0);
+        getDriverApi().flush();
+        getDriverApi().commit(swapChain);
+        getDriverApi().endFrame(0);

-        api.stopCapture(0);
+        getDriverApi().stopCapture(0);
+
+        getDriverApi().destroyProgram(program);
+        getDriverApi().destroySwapChain(swapChain);
+        getDriverApi().destroyRenderTarget(defaultRenderTarget);
    }

    executeCommands();
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@

 #include "BackendTest.h"

-#include "Lifetimes.h"
 #include "ShaderGenerator.h"
 #include "TrianglePrimitive.h"

@@ -81,21 +80,20 @@ TEST_F(BackendTest, PushConstants) {
    auto& api = getDriverApi();

    api.startCapture(0);
-    Cleanup cleanup(api);

    // The test is executed within this block scope to force destructors to run before
    // executeCommands().
    {
        // Create a SwapChain and make it current.
-        auto swapChain = cleanup.add(createSwapChain());
+        auto swapChain = createSwapChain();
        api.makeCurrent(swapChain, swapChain);

        // Create a program.
        ShaderGenerator shaderGen(triangleVs, triangleFs, sBackend, sIsMobilePlatform);
        Program p = shaderGen.getProgram(api);
-        ProgramHandle program = cleanup.add(api.createProgram(std::move(p)));
+        ProgramHandle program = api.createProgram(std::move(p));

-        Handle<HwRenderTarget> renderTarget = cleanup.add(api.createDefaultRenderTarget());
+        Handle<HwRenderTarget> renderTarget = api.createDefaultRenderTarget();

        TrianglePrimitive triangle(api);

@@ -152,6 +150,10 @@ TEST_F(BackendTest, PushConstants) {

        api.commit(swapChain);
        api.endFrame(0);
+
+        // Cleanup.
+        api.destroySwapChain(swapChain);
+        api.destroyRenderTarget(renderTarget);
    }

    api.stopCapture(0);
@@ -16,10 +16,9 @@

 #include "BackendTest.h"

-#include "BackendTestUtils.h"
-#include "Lifetimes.h"
 #include "ShaderGenerator.h"
 #include "TrianglePrimitive.h"
+#include "BackendTestUtils.h"

 #include <utils/Hash.h>

@@ -237,20 +236,17 @@ TEST_F(ReadPixelsTest, ReadPixels) {

    TestCase const testCases[] = { t0, t2, t3, t4, t5, t6, t7, t8 };

-    DriverApi& api = getDriverApi();
-    Cleanup cleanup(api);
-
    // Create programs.
    Handle<HwProgram> programFloat, programUint;
    {
        ShaderGenerator shaderGen(vertex, fragmentFloat, sBackend, sIsMobilePlatform);
-        Program p = shaderGen.getProgram(api);
-        programFloat = cleanup.add(api.createProgram(std::move(p)));
+        Program p = shaderGen.getProgram(getDriverApi());
+        programFloat = getDriverApi().createProgram(std::move(p));
    }
    {
        ShaderGenerator shaderGen(vertex, fragmentUint, sBackend, sIsMobilePlatform);
-        Program p = shaderGen.getProgram(api);
-        programUint = cleanup.add(api.createProgram(std::move(p)));
+        Program p = shaderGen.getProgram(getDriverApi());
+        programUint = getDriverApi().createProgram(std::move(p));
    }


@@ -259,35 +255,35 @@ TEST_F(ReadPixelsTest, ReadPixels) {
        // Create a platform-specific SwapChain and make it current.
        Handle<HwSwapChain> swapChain;
        if (t.useDefaultRT) {
-            swapChain = cleanup.add(createSwapChain());
+            swapChain = createSwapChain();
        } else {
-            swapChain = cleanup.add(api.createSwapChainHeadless(t.getRenderTargetSize(),
-                    t.getRenderTargetSize(), 0));
+            swapChain = getDriverApi().createSwapChainHeadless(t.getRenderTargetSize(),
+                    t.getRenderTargetSize(), 0);
        }

-        api.makeCurrent(swapChain, swapChain);
+        getDriverApi().makeCurrent(swapChain, swapChain);

        // Create a Texture and RenderTarget to render into.
        auto usage = TextureUsage::COLOR_ATTACHMENT | TextureUsage::SAMPLEABLE;
-        Handle<HwTexture> const texture = cleanup.add(api.createTexture(SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D,
+        Handle<HwTexture> const texture = getDriverApi().createTexture(SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D,
                t.mipLevels, t.textureFormat, 1, renderTargetBaseSize, renderTargetBaseSize, 1,
-                usage));
+                usage);

        Handle<HwRenderTarget> renderTarget;
        if (t.useDefaultRT) {
            // The width and height must match the width and height of the respective mip
            // level (at least for OpenGL).
-            renderTarget = cleanup.add(api.createDefaultRenderTarget());
+            renderTarget = getDriverApi().createDefaultRenderTarget();
        } else {
            // The width and height must match the width and height of the respective mip
            // level (at least for OpenGL).
-            renderTarget = cleanup.add(api.createRenderTarget(
+            renderTarget = getDriverApi().createRenderTarget(
                    TargetBufferFlags::COLOR, t.getRenderTargetSize(),
                    t.getRenderTargetSize(), t.samples, 0, {{ texture, uint8_t(t.mipLevel) }}, {},
-                    {}));
+                    {});
        }

-        TrianglePrimitive const triangle(api);
+        TrianglePrimitive const triangle(getDriverApi());

        RenderPassParams params = {};
        fullViewport(params);
@@ -298,11 +294,11 @@ TEST_F(ReadPixelsTest, ReadPixels) {
        params.viewport.height = t.getRenderTargetSize();
        params.viewport.width = t.getRenderTargetSize();

-        api.makeCurrent(swapChain, swapChain);
-        api.beginFrame(0, 0, 0);
+        getDriverApi().makeCurrent(swapChain, swapChain);
+        getDriverApi().beginFrame(0, 0, 0);

        // Render a white triangle over blue.
-        api.beginRenderPass(renderTarget, params);
+        getDriverApi().beginRenderPass(renderTarget, params);

        PipelineState state;
        state.program = programFloat;
@@ -313,21 +309,21 @@ TEST_F(ReadPixelsTest, ReadPixels) {
        state.rasterState.depthWrite = false;
        state.rasterState.depthFunc = RasterState::DepthFunc::A;
        state.rasterState.culling = CullingMode::NONE;
-        api.draw(state, triangle.getRenderPrimitive(), 0, 3, 1);
+        getDriverApi().draw(state, triangle.getRenderPrimitive(), 0, 3, 1);

-        api.endRenderPass();
+        getDriverApi().endRenderPass();

        if (t.mipLevel > 0) {
-            Cleanup localCleanup(api);
            // Render red to the first mip level to check that the backend is actually reading the
            // correct mip.
            RenderPassParams p = params;
-            Handle<HwRenderTarget> mipLevelOneRT = localCleanup.add(api.createRenderTarget(
+            Handle<HwRenderTarget> mipLevelOneRT = getDriverApi().createRenderTarget(
                    TargetBufferFlags::COLOR, renderTargetBaseSize, renderTargetBaseSize, 1, 0,
-                    {{ texture }}, {}, {}));
+                    {{ texture }}, {}, {});
            p.clearColor = {1.f, 0.f, 0.f, 1.f};
-            api.beginRenderPass(mipLevelOneRT, p);
-            api.endRenderPass();
+            getDriverApi().beginRenderPass(mipLevelOneRT, p);
+            getDriverApi().endRenderPass();
+            getDriverApi().destroyRenderTarget(mipLevelOneRT);
        }

        // Read pixels.
@@ -351,19 +347,26 @@ TEST_F(ReadPixelsTest, ReadPixels) {
                    free(buffer);
                }, (void*) &t);

-        api.readPixels(renderTarget, t.readRect.x, t.readRect.y, t.readRect.width,
+        getDriverApi().readPixels(renderTarget, t.readRect.x, t.readRect.y, t.readRect.width,
                t.readRect.height, std::move(descriptor));

        // Now render red over what was just rendered. This ensures that readPixels captures the
        // state of rendering between render passes.
        params.clearColor = {1.f, 0.f, 0.f, 1.f};
-        api.beginRenderPass(renderTarget, params);
-        api.endRenderPass();
+        getDriverApi().beginRenderPass(renderTarget, params);
+        getDriverApi().endRenderPass();

-        api.commit(swapChain);
-        api.endFrame(0);
+        getDriverApi().commit(swapChain);
+        getDriverApi().endFrame(0);
+
+        getDriverApi().destroySwapChain(swapChain);
+        getDriverApi().destroyRenderTarget(renderTarget);
+        getDriverApi().destroyTexture(texture);
    }

+    getDriverApi().destroyProgram(programFloat);
+    getDriverApi().destroyProgram(programUint);
+
    // This ensures all driver commands have finished before exiting the test.
    flushAndWait();
 }
@@ -372,21 +375,18 @@ TEST_F(ReadPixelsTest, ReadPixelsPerformance) {
    const size_t renderTargetSize = 2000;
    const int iterationCount = 100;

-    DriverApi& api = getDriverApi();
-    Cleanup cleanup(api);
-
    // Create a platform-specific SwapChain and make it current.
-    auto swapChain = cleanup.add(api.createSwapChainHeadless(renderTargetSize, renderTargetSize, 0));
-    api.makeCurrent(swapChain, swapChain);
+    auto swapChain = getDriverApi().createSwapChainHeadless(renderTargetSize, renderTargetSize, 0);
+    getDriverApi().makeCurrent(swapChain, swapChain);

    // Create a program.
    ShaderGenerator shaderGen(vertex, fragmentFloat, sBackend, sIsMobilePlatform);
-    Program p = shaderGen.getProgram(api);
-    auto program = cleanup.add(api.createProgram(std::move(p)));
+    Program p = shaderGen.getProgram(getDriverApi());
+    auto program = getDriverApi().createProgram(std::move(p));

    // Create a Texture and RenderTarget to render into.
    auto usage = TextureUsage::COLOR_ATTACHMENT | TextureUsage::SAMPLEABLE;
-    Handle<HwTexture> texture = cleanup.add(api.createTexture(
+    Handle<HwTexture> texture = getDriverApi().createTexture(
                SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D,            // target
                1,                                  // levels
                TextureFormat::RGBA8,               // format
@@ -394,9 +394,9 @@ TEST_F(ReadPixelsTest, ReadPixelsPerformance) {
                renderTargetSize,                   // width
                renderTargetSize,                   // height
                1,                                  // depth
-                usage));                             // usage
+                usage);                             // usage

-    Handle<HwRenderTarget> renderTarget = cleanup.add(api.createRenderTarget(
+    Handle<HwRenderTarget> renderTarget = getDriverApi().createRenderTarget(
            TargetBufferFlags::COLOR,
            renderTargetSize,                          // width
            renderTargetSize,                          // height
@@ -404,9 +404,9 @@ TEST_F(ReadPixelsTest, ReadPixelsPerformance) {
            0,                                         // layerCount
            {{ texture }},                             // color
            {},                                        // depth
-            {}));                                       // stencil
+            {});                                       // stencil

-    TrianglePrimitive triangle(api);
+    TrianglePrimitive triangle(getDriverApi());

    RenderPassParams params = {};
    fullViewport(params);
@@ -433,13 +433,13 @@ TEST_F(ReadPixelsTest, ReadPixelsPerformance) {
            printf("Executing test %d / %d\n", iteration, iterationCount);
        }

-        api.makeCurrent(swapChain, swapChain);
-        api.beginFrame(0, 0, 0);
+        getDriverApi().makeCurrent(swapChain, swapChain);
+        getDriverApi().beginFrame(0, 0, 0);

        // Render some content, just so we don't read back uninitialized data.
-        api.beginRenderPass(renderTarget, params);
-        api.draw(state, triangle.getRenderPrimitive(), 0, 3, 1);
-        api.endRenderPass();
+        getDriverApi().beginRenderPass(renderTarget, params);
+        getDriverApi().draw(state, triangle.getRenderPrimitive(), 0, 3, 1);
+        getDriverApi().endRenderPass();

        PixelBufferDescriptor descriptor(buffer, renderTargetSize * renderTargetSize * 4,
                PixelDataFormat::RGBA, PixelDataType::UBYTE, 1, 0, 0, renderTargetSize,
@@ -448,9 +448,9 @@ TEST_F(ReadPixelsTest, ReadPixelsPerformance) {
                    test->readPixelsFinished = true;
                }, this);

-        api.readPixels(renderTarget, 0, 0, renderTargetSize, renderTargetSize, std::move(descriptor));
-        api.commit(swapChain);
-        api.endFrame(0);
+        getDriverApi().readPixels(renderTarget, 0, 0, renderTargetSize, renderTargetSize, std::move(descriptor));
+        getDriverApi().commit(swapChain);
+        getDriverApi().endFrame(0);

        flushAndWait();
        getDriver().purge();
@@ -460,7 +460,11 @@ TEST_F(ReadPixelsTest, ReadPixelsPerformance) {

    free(buffer);

-    api.finish();
+    getDriverApi().destroyProgram(program);
+    getDriverApi().destroySwapChain(swapChain);
+    getDriverApi().destroyRenderTarget(renderTarget);
+    getDriverApi().destroyTexture(texture);
+    getDriverApi().finish();
    executeCommands();
 }

@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@

 #include "BackendTest.h"

-#include "Lifetimes.h"
 #include "ShaderGenerator.h"
 #include "TrianglePrimitive.h"

@@ -67,11 +66,10 @@ using namespace filament::backend;
 // Rendering an external image without setting any data should not crash.
 TEST_F(BackendTest, RenderExternalImageWithoutSet) {
    auto& api = getDriverApi();
-    Cleanup cleanup(api);

    TrianglePrimitive triangle(api);

-    auto swapChain = cleanup.add(createSwapChain());
+    auto swapChain = createSwapChain();

    filament::SamplerInterfaceBlock::SamplerInfo samplerInfo { "test", "tex", 0,
        SamplerType::SAMPLER_EXTERNAL, SamplerFormat::FLOAT, Precision::HIGH, false };
@@ -84,22 +82,22 @@ TEST_F(BackendTest, RenderExternalImageWithoutSet) {
    // Create a program that samples a texture.
    Program p = shaderGen.getProgram(api);
    p.descriptorBindings(1, {{"test_tex", DescriptorType::SAMPLER, 0}});
-    backend::Handle<HwProgram> program = cleanup.add(api.createProgram(std::move(p)));
-    DescriptorSetLayoutHandle descriptorSetLayout = cleanup.add(api.createDescriptorSetLayout({
+    backend::Handle<HwProgram> program = api.createProgram(std::move(p));
+    DescriptorSetLayoutHandle descriptorSetLayout = api.createDescriptorSetLayout({
            {{
                     DescriptorType::SAMPLER,
                     ShaderStageFlags::ALL_SHADER_STAGE_FLAGS, 0,
                     DescriptorFlags::NONE, 0
-             }}}));
+             }}});

-    DescriptorSetHandle descriptorSet = cleanup.add(api.createDescriptorSet(descriptorSetLayout));
+    DescriptorSetHandle descriptorSet = api.createDescriptorSet(descriptorSetLayout);

-    backend::Handle<HwRenderTarget> defaultRenderTarget = cleanup.add(api.createDefaultRenderTarget(0));
+    backend::Handle<HwRenderTarget> defaultRenderTarget = api.createDefaultRenderTarget(0);

    // Create a texture that will be backed by an external image.
    auto usage = TextureUsage::COLOR_ATTACHMENT | TextureUsage::SAMPLEABLE;
    const NativeView& view = getNativeView();
-    backend::Handle<HwTexture> texture = cleanup.add(api.createTexture(
+    backend::Handle<HwTexture> texture = api.createTexture(
                SamplerType::SAMPLER_EXTERNAL,      // target
                1,                                  // levels
                TextureFormat::RGBA8,               // format
@@ -107,7 +105,7 @@ TEST_F(BackendTest, RenderExternalImageWithoutSet) {
                view.width,                         // width
                view.height,                        // height
                1,                                  // depth
-                usage));                             // usage
+                usage);                             // usage

    RenderPassParams params = {};
    fullViewport(params);
@@ -142,6 +140,15 @@ TEST_F(BackendTest, RenderExternalImageWithoutSet) {

    api.stopCapture(0);

+    // Delete our resources.
+    api.destroyDescriptorSet(descriptorSet);
+    api.destroyDescriptorSetLayout(descriptorSetLayout);
+    api.destroyTexture(texture);
+
+    // Destroy frame resources.
+    api.destroyProgram(program);
+    api.destroyRenderTarget(defaultRenderTarget);
+
    api.finish();

    executeCommands();
@@ -149,11 +156,10 @@ TEST_F(BackendTest, RenderExternalImageWithoutSet) {

 TEST_F(BackendTest, RenderExternalImage) {
    auto& api = getDriverApi();
-    Cleanup cleanup(api);

    TrianglePrimitive triangle(api);

-    auto swapChain = cleanup.add(createSwapChain());
+    auto swapChain = createSwapChain();

    filament::SamplerInterfaceBlock::SamplerInfo samplerInfo { "test", "tex", 0,
        SamplerType::SAMPLER_EXTERNAL, SamplerFormat::FLOAT, Precision::HIGH, false };
@@ -166,18 +172,18 @@ TEST_F(BackendTest, RenderExternalImage) {
    // Create a program that samples a texture.
    Program p = shaderGen.getProgram(api);
    p.descriptorBindings(1, {{"test_tex", DescriptorType::SAMPLER, 0}});
-    auto program = cleanup.add(api.createProgram(std::move(p)));
+    auto program = api.createProgram(std::move(p));

-    DescriptorSetLayoutHandle descriptorSetLayout = cleanup.add(api.createDescriptorSetLayout({
+    DescriptorSetLayoutHandle descriptorSetLayout = api.createDescriptorSetLayout({
            {{
                     DescriptorType::SAMPLER,
                     ShaderStageFlags::ALL_SHADER_STAGE_FLAGS, 0,
                     DescriptorFlags::NONE, 0
-             }}}));
+             }}});

-    DescriptorSetHandle descriptorSet = cleanup.add(api.createDescriptorSet(descriptorSetLayout));
+    DescriptorSetHandle descriptorSet = api.createDescriptorSet(descriptorSetLayout);

-    backend::Handle<HwRenderTarget> defaultRenderTarget = cleanup.add(api.createDefaultRenderTarget(0));
+    backend::Handle<HwRenderTarget> defaultRenderTarget = api.createDefaultRenderTarget(0);

    // require users to create two Filament textures and have two material parameters
    // add a "plane" parameter to setExternalImage
@@ -221,8 +227,8 @@ TEST_F(BackendTest, RenderExternalImage) {

    api.setupExternalImage(pixBuffer);
    backend::Handle<HwTexture> texture =
-            cleanup.add(api.createTextureExternalImage(SamplerType::SAMPLER_EXTERNAL,
-                    TextureFormat::RGBA8, 1024, 1024, usage, pixBuffer));
+            api.createTextureExternalImage(SamplerType::SAMPLER_EXTERNAL,
+                    TextureFormat::RGBA8, 1024, 1024, usage, pixBuffer);

    // We're now free to release the buffer.
    CVBufferRelease(pixBuffer);
@@ -263,6 +269,15 @@ TEST_F(BackendTest, RenderExternalImage) {

    api.stopCapture(0);

+    // Delete our resources.
+    api.destroyDescriptorSet(descriptorSet);
+    api.destroyDescriptorSetLayout(descriptorSetLayout);
+    api.destroyTexture(texture);
+
+    // Destroy frame resources.
+    api.destroyProgram(program);
+    api.destroyRenderTarget(defaultRenderTarget);
+
    api.finish();

    executeCommands();
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@

 #include "BackendTest.h"

-#include "Lifetimes.h"
 #include "ShaderGenerator.h"
 #include "TrianglePrimitive.h"

@@ -56,7 +55,6 @@ TEST_F(BackendTest, ScissorViewportRegion) {
    constexpr int kSrcRtHeight = 384;

    api.startCapture(0);
-    Cleanup cleanup(api);

    //    color texture (mip level 1) 512x512           depth texture (mip level 0) 512x512
    // +----------------------------------------+   +------------------------------------------+
@@ -82,21 +80,21 @@ TEST_F(BackendTest, ScissorViewportRegion) {
    // executeCommands().
    {
        // Create a SwapChain and make it current. We don't really use it so the res doesn't matter.
-        auto swapChain = cleanup.add(api.createSwapChainHeadless(256, 256, 0));
+        auto swapChain = api.createSwapChainHeadless(256, 256, 0);
        api.makeCurrent(swapChain, swapChain);

        // Create a program.
        ShaderGenerator shaderGen(triangleVs, triangleFs, sBackend, sIsMobilePlatform);
        Program p = shaderGen.getProgram(api);
-        ProgramHandle program = cleanup.add(api.createProgram(std::move(p)));
+        ProgramHandle program = api.createProgram(std::move(p));

        // Create source color and depth textures.
-        Handle<HwTexture> srcTexture = cleanup.add(api.createTexture(SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D, kNumLevels,
+        Handle<HwTexture> srcTexture = api.createTexture(SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D, kNumLevels,
                kSrcTexFormat, 1, kSrcTexWidth, kSrcTexHeight, 1,
-                TextureUsage::SAMPLEABLE | TextureUsage::COLOR_ATTACHMENT));
-        Handle<HwTexture> depthTexture = cleanup.add(api.createTexture(SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D, 1,
+                TextureUsage::SAMPLEABLE | TextureUsage::COLOR_ATTACHMENT);
+        Handle<HwTexture> depthTexture = api.createTexture(SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D, 1,
                TextureFormat::DEPTH16, 1, 512, 512, 1,
-                TextureUsage::DEPTH_ATTACHMENT));
+                TextureUsage::DEPTH_ATTACHMENT);

        // Render into the bottom-left quarter of the texture.
        Viewport srcRect = {
@@ -114,13 +112,13 @@ TEST_F(BackendTest, ScissorViewportRegion) {

        // We purposely set the render target width and height to smaller than the texture, to check
        // that this case is handled correctly.
-        Handle<HwRenderTarget> srcRenderTarget = cleanup.add(api.createRenderTarget(
+        Handle<HwRenderTarget> srcRenderTarget = api.createRenderTarget(
                TargetBufferFlags::COLOR | TargetBufferFlags::DEPTH, kSrcRtHeight, kSrcRtHeight, 1, 0,
-                {srcTexture, kSrcLevel, 0}, {depthTexture, 0, 0}, {}));
+                {srcTexture, kSrcLevel, 0}, {depthTexture, 0, 0}, {});

-        Handle<HwRenderTarget> fullRenderTarget = cleanup.add(api.createRenderTarget(TargetBufferFlags::COLOR,
+        Handle<HwRenderTarget> fullRenderTarget = api.createRenderTarget(TargetBufferFlags::COLOR,
                kSrcTexHeight >> kSrcLevel, kSrcTexWidth >> kSrcLevel, 1, 0,
-                {srcTexture, kSrcLevel, 0}, {}, {}));
+                {srcTexture, kSrcLevel, 0}, {}, {});

        TrianglePrimitive triangle(api);

@@ -152,6 +150,11 @@ TEST_F(BackendTest, ScissorViewportRegion) {
        api.endFrame(0);

        api.stopCapture(0);
+
+        // Cleanup.
+        api.destroyTexture(srcTexture);
+        api.destroySwapChain(swapChain);
+        api.destroyRenderTarget(srcRenderTarget);
    }

    // Wait for the ReadPixels result to come back.
@@ -166,24 +169,23 @@ TEST_F(BackendTest, ScissorViewportEdgeCases) {
    auto& api = getDriverApi();

    api.startCapture(0);
-    Cleanup cleanup(api);

    // The test is executed within this block scope to force destructors to run before
    // executeCommands().
    {
        // Create a SwapChain and make it current. We don't really use it so the res doesn't matter.
-        auto swapChain = cleanup.add(api.createSwapChainHeadless(256, 256, 0));
+        auto swapChain = api.createSwapChainHeadless(256, 256, 0);
        api.makeCurrent(swapChain, swapChain);

        // Create a program.
        ShaderGenerator shaderGen(triangleVs, triangleFs, sBackend, sIsMobilePlatform);
        Program p = shaderGen.getProgram(api);
-        ProgramHandle program = cleanup.add(api.createProgram(std::move(p)));
+        ProgramHandle program = api.createProgram(std::move(p));

        // Create a source color textures.
-        Handle<HwTexture> srcTexture = cleanup.add(api.createTexture(SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D, 1,
+        Handle<HwTexture> srcTexture = api.createTexture(SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D, 1,
                TextureFormat::RGBA8, 1, 512, 512, 1,
-                TextureUsage::SAMPLEABLE | TextureUsage::COLOR_ATTACHMENT));
+                TextureUsage::SAMPLEABLE | TextureUsage::COLOR_ATTACHMENT);

        // Render into the bottom-left quarter of the texture, checking 3 special cases.
        // 1. negative viewport left/bottom
@@ -205,9 +207,9 @@ TEST_F(BackendTest, ScissorViewportEdgeCases) {
        Viewport scissor = {0, 0, (uint32_t)std::numeric_limits<int32_t>::max(),
                (uint32_t)std::numeric_limits<int32_t>::max()};

-        Handle<HwRenderTarget> renderTarget = cleanup.add(api.createRenderTarget(
+        Handle<HwRenderTarget> renderTarget = api.createRenderTarget(
                TargetBufferFlags::COLOR, 512, 512, 1, 0,
-                {srcTexture, 0, 0}, {}, {}));
+                {srcTexture, 0, 0}, {}, {});

        TrianglePrimitive triangle(api);

@@ -247,6 +249,11 @@ TEST_F(BackendTest, ScissorViewportEdgeCases) {
        api.endFrame(0);

        api.stopCapture(0);
+
+        // Cleanup.
+        api.destroyTexture(srcTexture);
+        api.destroySwapChain(swapChain);
+        api.destroyRenderTarget(renderTarget);
    }

    // Wait for the ReadPixels result to come back.
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@

 #include "BackendTest.h"

-#include "Lifetimes.h"
 #include "ShaderGenerator.h"
 #include "TrianglePrimitive.h"

@@ -64,23 +63,20 @@ namespace test {
 class BasicStencilBufferTest : public BackendTest {
 public:

-    Handle<HwSwapChain> mSwapChain;
-    ProgramHandle mProgram;
-    Cleanup mCleanup;
-
-    BasicStencilBufferTest() : mCleanup(getDriverApi()) {}
+    Handle<HwSwapChain> swapChain;
+    ProgramHandle program;

    void SetUp() override {
        auto& api = getDriverApi();

        // Create a platform-specific SwapChain and make it current.
-        mSwapChain = mCleanup.add(createSwapChain());
-        api.makeCurrent(mSwapChain, mSwapChain);
+        swapChain = createSwapChain();
+        api.makeCurrent(swapChain, swapChain);

        // Create a program.
        ShaderGenerator shaderGen(vertex, fragment, sBackend, sIsMobilePlatform);
        Program p = shaderGen.getProgram(api);
-        mProgram = mCleanup.add(api.createProgram(std::move(p)));
+        program = api.createProgram(std::move(p));
    }

    void RunTest(Handle<HwRenderTarget> renderTarget) {
@@ -107,13 +103,13 @@ public:
        params.flags.discardEnd = TargetBufferFlags::NONE;

        PipelineState ps = {};
-        ps.program = mProgram;
+        ps.program = program;
        ps.rasterState.colorWrite = false;
        ps.rasterState.depthWrite = false;
        ps.stencilState.stencilWrite = true;
        ps.stencilState.front.stencilOpDepthStencilPass = StencilOperation::INCR;

-        api.makeCurrent(mSwapChain, mSwapChain);
+        api.makeCurrent(swapChain, swapChain);
        api.beginFrame(0, 0, 0);

        api.beginRenderPass(renderTarget, params);
@@ -133,27 +129,29 @@ public:
        api.draw(ps, triangle.getRenderPrimitive(), 0, 3, 1);
        api.endRenderPass();

-        api.commit(mSwapChain);
+        api.commit(swapChain);
        api.endFrame(0);
    }

    void TearDown() override {
+        auto& api = getDriverApi();
+        api.destroyProgram(program);
+        api.destroySwapChain(swapChain);
        flushAndWait();
    }
 };

 TEST_F(BasicStencilBufferTest, StencilBuffer) {
    auto& api = getDriverApi();
-    Cleanup cleanup(api);

    // Create two textures: a color and a stencil, and an associated RenderTarget.
-    auto colorTexture = cleanup.add(api.createTexture(SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D, 1,
-            TextureFormat::RGBA8, 1, 512, 512, 1, TextureUsage::COLOR_ATTACHMENT));
-    auto stencilTexture = cleanup.add(api.createTexture(SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D, 1,
-            TextureFormat::STENCIL8, 1, 512, 512, 1, TextureUsage::STENCIL_ATTACHMENT));
-    auto renderTarget = cleanup.add(api.createRenderTarget(
+    auto colorTexture = api.createTexture(SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D, 1,
+            TextureFormat::RGBA8, 1, 512, 512, 1, TextureUsage::COLOR_ATTACHMENT);
+    auto stencilTexture = api.createTexture(SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D, 1,
+            TextureFormat::STENCIL8, 1, 512, 512, 1, TextureUsage::STENCIL_ATTACHMENT);
+    auto renderTarget = getDriverApi().createRenderTarget(
            TargetBufferFlags::COLOR0 | TargetBufferFlags::STENCIL, 512, 512, 1, 0,
-            {{colorTexture}}, {}, {{stencilTexture}}));
+            {{colorTexture}}, {}, {{stencilTexture}});

    RunTest(renderTarget);

@@ -161,20 +159,23 @@ TEST_F(BasicStencilBufferTest, StencilBuffer) {

    flushAndWait();
    getDriver().purge();
+
+    api.destroyTexture(colorTexture);
+    api.destroyTexture(stencilTexture);
+    api.destroyRenderTarget(renderTarget);
 }

 TEST_F(BasicStencilBufferTest, DepthAndStencilBuffer) {
    auto& api = getDriverApi();
-    Cleanup cleanup(api);

    // Create two textures: a color and a stencil, and an associated RenderTarget.
-    auto colorTexture = cleanup.add(api.createTexture(SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D, 1,
-            TextureFormat::RGBA8, 1, 512, 512, 1, TextureUsage::COLOR_ATTACHMENT));
-    auto depthStencilTexture = cleanup.add(api.createTexture(SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D, 1,
-            TextureFormat::DEPTH24_STENCIL8, 1, 512, 512, 1, TextureUsage::STENCIL_ATTACHMENT | TextureUsage::DEPTH_ATTACHMENT));
-    auto renderTarget = cleanup.add(api.createRenderTarget(
+    auto colorTexture = api.createTexture(SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D, 1,
+            TextureFormat::RGBA8, 1, 512, 512, 1, TextureUsage::COLOR_ATTACHMENT);
+    auto depthStencilTexture = api.createTexture(SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D, 1,
+            TextureFormat::DEPTH24_STENCIL8, 1, 512, 512, 1, TextureUsage::STENCIL_ATTACHMENT | TextureUsage::DEPTH_ATTACHMENT);
+    auto renderTarget = getDriverApi().createRenderTarget(
            TargetBufferFlags::COLOR0 | TargetBufferFlags::STENCIL, 512, 512, 1, 0,
-            {{colorTexture}}, {depthStencilTexture}, {{depthStencilTexture}}));
+            {{colorTexture}}, {depthStencilTexture}, {{depthStencilTexture}});

    RunTest(renderTarget);

@@ -182,27 +183,30 @@ TEST_F(BasicStencilBufferTest, DepthAndStencilBuffer) {

    flushAndWait();
    getDriver().purge();
+
+    api.destroyTexture(colorTexture);
+    api.destroyTexture(depthStencilTexture);
+    api.destroyRenderTarget(renderTarget);
 }

 TEST_F(BasicStencilBufferTest, StencilBufferMSAA) {
    auto& api = getDriverApi();
-    Cleanup cleanup(api);

    // Create two textures: a single-sampled color and a MSAA stencil texture.
    // We also create two RenderTargets, one for each pass:
    // Pass 0: Render a triangle only into the MSAA stencil buffer.
    // Pass 1: Render a triangle into (an auto-created) MSAA color buffer using the stencil test.
    //         Performs an auto-resolve on the color.
-    auto colorTexture = cleanup.add(api.createTexture(SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D, 1,
-            TextureFormat::RGBA8, 1, 512, 512, 1, TextureUsage::COLOR_ATTACHMENT | TextureUsage::SAMPLEABLE));
-    auto depthStencilTextureMSAA = cleanup.add(api.createTexture(SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D, 1,
-            TextureFormat::DEPTH24_STENCIL8, 4, 512, 512, 1, TextureUsage::STENCIL_ATTACHMENT | TextureUsage::DEPTH_ATTACHMENT));
-    auto renderTarget0 = cleanup.add(api.createRenderTarget(
+    auto colorTexture = api.createTexture(SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D, 1,
+            TextureFormat::RGBA8, 1, 512, 512, 1, TextureUsage::COLOR_ATTACHMENT | TextureUsage::SAMPLEABLE);
+    auto depthStencilTextureMSAA = api.createTexture(SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D, 1,
+            TextureFormat::DEPTH24_STENCIL8, 4, 512, 512, 1, TextureUsage::STENCIL_ATTACHMENT | TextureUsage::DEPTH_ATTACHMENT);
+    auto renderTarget0 = getDriverApi().createRenderTarget(
            TargetBufferFlags::DEPTH_AND_STENCIL, 512, 512, 4, 0,
-            {{}}, {depthStencilTextureMSAA}, {depthStencilTextureMSAA}));
-    auto renderTarget1 = cleanup.add(api.createRenderTarget(
+            {{}}, {depthStencilTextureMSAA}, {depthStencilTextureMSAA});
+    auto renderTarget1 = getDriverApi().createRenderTarget(
            TargetBufferFlags::COLOR0 | TargetBufferFlags::DEPTH_AND_STENCIL, 512, 512, 4, 0,
-            {{colorTexture}}, {depthStencilTextureMSAA}, {depthStencilTextureMSAA}));
+            {{colorTexture}}, {depthStencilTextureMSAA}, {depthStencilTextureMSAA});

    api.startCapture(0);

@@ -226,13 +230,13 @@ TEST_F(BasicStencilBufferTest, StencilBufferMSAA) {
    params.flags.discardEnd = TargetBufferFlags::NONE;

    PipelineState ps = {};
-    ps.program = mProgram;
+    ps.program = program;
    ps.rasterState.colorWrite = false;
    ps.rasterState.depthWrite = false;
    ps.stencilState.stencilWrite = true;
    ps.stencilState.front.stencilOpDepthStencilPass = StencilOperation::INCR;

-    api.makeCurrent(mSwapChain, mSwapChain);
+    api.makeCurrent(swapChain, swapChain);
    api.beginFrame(0, 0, 0);

    api.beginRenderPass(renderTarget0, params);
@@ -254,7 +258,7 @@ TEST_F(BasicStencilBufferTest, StencilBufferMSAA) {
    api.draw(ps, triangle.getRenderPrimitive(), 0, 3, 1);
    api.endRenderPass();

-    api.commit(mSwapChain);
+    api.commit(swapChain);
    api.stopCapture(0);
    api.endFrame(0);

@@ -262,6 +266,11 @@ TEST_F(BasicStencilBufferTest, StencilBufferMSAA) {

    flushAndWait();
    getDriver().purge();
+
+    api.destroyTexture(colorTexture);
+    api.destroyTexture(depthStencilTextureMSAA);
+    api.destroyRenderTarget(renderTarget0);
+    api.destroyRenderTarget(renderTarget1);
 }

 } // namespace test
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@
 #include <backend/BufferDescriptor.h>

 #include <utils/compiler.h>
-#include <utils/StaticString.h>

 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stddef.h>
@@ -91,21 +90,9 @@ public:
         * @param name A string to identify this BufferObject
         * @param len Length of name, should be less than or equal to 128
         * @return This Builder, for chaining calls.
-         * @deprecated Use name(utils::StaticString const&) instead.
         */
-        UTILS_DEPRECATED
        Builder& name(const char* UTILS_NONNULL name, size_t len) noexcept;

-        /**
-         * Associate an optional name with this BufferObject for debugging purposes.
-         *
-         * name will show in error messages and should be kept as short as possible.
-         *
-         * @param name A string literal to identify this BufferObject
-         * @return This Builder, for chaining calls.
-         */
-        Builder& name(utils::StaticString const& name) noexcept;
-
        /**
         * Creates the BufferObject and returns a pointer to it. After creation, the buffer
         * object is uninitialized. Use BufferObject::setBuffer() to initialize it.
@@ -64,8 +64,9 @@ class ColorSpace;
 * Performance
 * ===========
 *
- * Creating a new ColorGrading object may be more expensive than other Filament objects as a LUT may
- * need to be generated. The generation of this LUT, if necessary, may happen on the CPU.
+ * Creating a new ColorGrading object may be more expensive than other Filament objects as a
+ * 3D LUT may need to be generated. The generation of a 3D LUT, if necessary, may happen on
+ * the CPU.
 *
 * Ordering
 * ========
@@ -154,9 +155,6 @@ public:
         * 3D texture. For instance, a low quality level will use a 16x16x16 10 bit LUT, a medium
         * quality level will use a 32x32x32 10 bit LUT, a high quality will use a 32x32x32 16 bit
         * LUT, and a ultra quality will use a 64x64x64 16 bit LUT.
-         *
-         * This setting has no effect if generating a 1D LUT.
-         *
         * This overrides the values set by format() and dimensions().
         *
         * The default quality is medium.
@@ -171,8 +169,6 @@ public:
         * When color grading is implemented using a 3D LUT, this sets the texture format of
         * of the LUT. This overrides the value set by quality().
         *
-         * This setting has no effect if generating a 1D LUT.
-         *
         * The default is INTEGER
         *
         * @param format The desired format of the 3D LUT.
@@ -185,8 +181,6 @@ public:
         * When color grading is implemented using a 3D LUT, this sets the dimension of the LUT.
         * This overrides the value set by quality().
         *
-         * This setting has no effect if generating a 1D LUT.
-         *
         * The default is 32
         *
         * @param dim The desired dimension of the LUT. Between 16 and 64.
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@
 #include <utils/compiler.h>
 #include <utils/PrivateImplementation.h>
 #include <utils/CString.h>
-#include <utils/StaticString.h>

 #include <stddef.h>

@@ -62,17 +61,11 @@ UTILS_PUBLIC void builderMakeName(utils::CString& outName, const char* name, siz
 template <typename Builder>
 class UTILS_PUBLIC BuilderNameMixin {
 public:
-    UTILS_DEPRECATED
    Builder& name(const char* name, size_t len) noexcept {
        builderMakeName(mName, name, len);
        return static_cast<Builder&>(*this);
    }

-    Builder& name(utils::StaticString const& name) noexcept {
-        builderMakeName(mName, name.data(), name.size());
-        return static_cast<Builder&>(*this);
-    }
-
    utils::CString const& getName() const noexcept { return mName; }

 private:
@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@
 #include <backend/BufferDescriptor.h>

 #include <utils/compiler.h>
-#include <utils/StaticString.h>

 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stddef.h>
@@ -96,21 +95,9 @@ public:
         * @param name A string to identify this IndexBuffer
         * @param len Length of name, should be less than or equal to 128
         * @return This Builder, for chaining calls.
-         * @deprecated Use name(utils::StaticString const&) instead.
         */
-        UTILS_DEPRECATED
        Builder& name(const char* UTILS_NONNULL name, size_t len) noexcept;

-        /**
-         * Associate an optional name with this IndexBuffer for debugging purposes.
-         *
-         * name will show in error messages and should be kept as short as possible.
-         *
-         * @param name A string literal to identify this IndexBuffer
-         * @return This Builder, for chaining calls.
-         */
-        Builder& name(utils::StaticString const& name) noexcept;
-
        /**
         * Creates the IndexBuffer object and returns a pointer to it. After creation, the index
         * buffer is uninitialized. Use IndexBuffer::setBuffer() to initialize the IndexBuffer.
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@
 #include <filament/Engine.h>

 #include <utils/compiler.h>
-#include <utils/StaticString.h>

 #include <math/mathfwd.h>

@@ -83,21 +82,9 @@ public:
         * @param name A string to identify this InstanceBuffer
         * @param len Length of name, should be less than or equal to 128
         * @return This Builder, for chaining calls.
-         * @deprecated Use name(utils::StaticString const&) instead.
         */
-        UTILS_DEPRECATED
        Builder& name(const char* UTILS_NONNULL name, size_t len) noexcept;

-        /**
-         * Associate an optional name with this InstanceBuffer for debugging purposes.
-         *
-         * name will show in error messages and should be kept as short as possible.
-         *
-         * @param name A string literal to identify this InstanceBuffer
-         * @return This Builder, for chaining calls.
-         */
-        Builder& name(utils::StaticString const& name) noexcept;
-
        /**
         * Creates the InstanceBuffer object and returns a pointer to it.
         */
@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@
 #include <filament/Engine.h>

 #include <utils/compiler.h>
-#include <utils/StaticString.h>

 #include <math/mathfwd.h>

@@ -76,21 +75,9 @@ public:
         * @param name A string to identify this MorphTargetBuffer
         * @param len Length of name, should be less than or equal to 128
         * @return This Builder, for chaining calls.
-         * @deprecated Use name(utils::StaticString const&) instead.
         */
-        UTILS_DEPRECATED
        Builder& name(const char* UTILS_NONNULL name, size_t len) noexcept;

-        /**
-         * Associate an optional name with this MorphTargetBuffer for debugging purposes.
-         *
-         * name will show in error messages and should be kept as short as possible.
-         *
-         * @param name A string literal to identify this MorphTargetBuffer
-         * @return This Builder, for chaining calls.
-         */
-        Builder& name(utils::StaticString const& name) noexcept;
-
        /**
         * Creates the MorphTargetBuffer object and returns a pointer to it.
         *
@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@
 #include <filament/RenderableManager.h>

 #include <utils/compiler.h>
-#include <utils/StaticString.h>

 #include <math/mathfwd.h>

@@ -82,21 +81,9 @@ public:
         * @param name A string to identify this SkinningBuffer
         * @param len Length of name, should be less than or equal to 128
         * @return This Builder, for chaining calls.
-         * @deprecated Use name(utils::StaticString const&) instead.
         */
-        UTILS_DEPRECATED
        Builder& name(const char* UTILS_NONNULL name, size_t len) noexcept;

-        /**
-         * Associate an optional name with this SkinningBuffer for debugging purposes.
-         *
-         * name will show in error messages and should be kept as short as possible.
-         *
-         * @param name A string literal to identify this SkinningBuffer
-         * @return This Builder, for chaining calls.
-         */
-        Builder& name(utils::StaticString const& name) noexcept;
-
        /**
         * Creates the SkinningBuffer object and returns a pointer to it.
         *
@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@
 #include <backend/CallbackHandler.h>

 #include <utils/compiler.h>
-#include <utils/StaticString.h>

 #include <math/mat3.h>

@@ -151,21 +150,9 @@ public:
         * @param name A string to identify this Stream
         * @param len Length of name, should be less than or equal to 128
         * @return This Builder, for chaining calls.
-         * @deprecated Use name(utils::StaticString const&) instead.
         */
-        UTILS_DEPRECATED
        Builder& name(const char* UTILS_NONNULL name, size_t len) noexcept;

-        /**
-         * Associate an optional name with this Stream for debugging purposes.
-         *
-         * name will show in error messages and should be kept as short as possible.
-         *
-         * @param name A string literal to identify this Stream
-         * @return This Builder, for chaining calls.
-         */
-        Builder& name(utils::StaticString const& name) noexcept;
-
        /**
         * Creates the Stream object and returns a pointer to it.
         *
@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@
 #include <backend/Platform.h>

 #include <utils/compiler.h>
-#include <utils/StaticString.h>

 #include <utility>

@@ -107,13 +106,6 @@ public:
    /** @return Whether a combination of texture format, pixel format and type is valid. */
    static bool validatePixelFormatAndType(InternalFormat internalFormat, Format format, Type type) noexcept;

-    /** @return the maximum size in texels of a texture of type \p type. At least 2048 for
-     * 2D textures, 256 for 3D textures. */
-    static size_t getMaxTextureSize(Engine& engine, Sampler type) noexcept;
-
-    /** @return the maximum number of layers supported by texture arrays. At least 256. */
-    static size_t getMaxArrayTextureLayers(Engine& engine) noexcept;
-
    /**
     * Options for environment prefiltering into reflection map
     *
@@ -230,20 +222,8 @@ public:
         * @param name A string to identify this Texture
         * @param len Length of name, should be less than or equal to 128
         * @return This Builder, for chaining calls.
-         * @deprecated Use name(utils::StaticString const&) instead.
         */
-        UTILS_DEPRECATED
-        Builder& name(const char* UTILS_NONNULL name, size_t len) noexcept;
-
-        /**
-         * Associate an optional name with this Texture for debugging purposes.
-         *
-         * name will show in error messages and should be kept as short as possible.
-         *
-         * @param name A string literal to identify this Texture
-         * @return This Builder, for chaining calls.
-         */
-        Builder& name(utils::StaticString const& name) noexcept;
+         Builder& name(const char* UTILS_NONNULL name, size_t len) noexcept;

        /**
         * Creates an external texture. The content must be set using setExternalImage().
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More