tmp - testing edge cases

2025-06-02 20:02:21 -07:00
243 changed files with 3883 additions and 8563 deletions
@@ -1,45 +0,0 @@
-name: 'Get commit message'
-outputs:
-  msg:
-    value: ${{ steps.action_output.outputs.msg }}
-runs:
-  using: "composite"
-  steps:
-    - name: Find commit message (on push)
-      if: github.event_name == 'push'
-      shell: bash
-      run: |
-        AUTHOR_NAME="${{ github.event.head_commit.author.name }}"
-        AUTHOR_EMAIL="${{ github.event.head_commit.author.email }}"
-        TSTAMP="${{ github.event.head_commit.timestamp }}"
-        echo "commit ${{ github.event.head_commit.id }}" >> /tmp/commit_msg.txt
-        echo "Author: ${AUTHOR_NAME}<${AUTHOR_EMAIL}>" >> /tmp/commit_msg.txt
-        echo "Date: ${TSTAMP}" >> /tmp/commit_msg.txt
-        echo "" >> /tmp/commit_msg.txt
-        echo "${{ github.event.head_commit.message }}" >> /tmp/commit_msg.txt
-    - name: Find commit message (PR)
-      shell: bash
-      id: checkout_code
-      if: github.event_name == 'pull_request'
-      run: |
-        echo "+++++ head commit message +++++"
-        echo "$(git log -1 --no-merges)"
-        echo "+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++"
-        echo "hash=$(git rev-parse HEAD)" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
-        git checkout ${{ github.event.pull_request.head.sha }}
-        echo "$(git log -1 --no-merges)" >> /tmp/commit_msg.txt
-    - shell: bash
-      id: action_output
-      run: |
-        DELIMITER="EOF_FILE_CONTENT_$(date +%s)" # Using timestamp to make it more unique
-        echo "msg<<$DELIMITER" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
-        cat /tmp/commit_msg.txt >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
-        echo "$DELIMITER" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
-        echo "----- got commit message ---"
-        cat /tmp/commit_msg.txt
-        echo "----------------------------"
-    - name: Cleanup Find commit message (PR)
-      shell: bash
-      if: github.event_name == 'pull_request'
-      run: |
-        git checkout ${{ steps.checkout_code.outputs.hash }}
@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
-name: 'Post-submit tasks'
-
-on:
-  push:
-    branches:
-      - main
-
-jobs:
-  update-renderdiff-goldens:
-    name: update-renderdiff-goldens
-    runs-on: 'ubuntu-24.04-4core'
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.6
-        with:
-          fetch-depth: 0
-      - uses: ./.github/actions/linux-prereq
-      - id: get_commit_msg
-        uses: ./.github/actions/get-commit-msg
-      - name: Prerequisites
-        run: pip install tifffile numpy
-      - name: Run update script
-        env:
-          GH_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.FILAMENTBOT_TOKEN }}
-        run: |
-          GOLDEN_BRANCH=$(echo "${{ steps.get_commit_msg.outputs.msg }}" | python3 test/renderdiff/src/commit_msg.py)
-          COMMIT_HASH=$(echo "${{ steps.get_commit_msg.outputs.msg }}" | head -n 1 | tr -d 'commit ')
-          if [[ "${GOLDEN_BRANCH}" != "main" ]]; then
-              git config --global user.email "filament.bot@gmail.com"
-              git config --global user.name "Filament Bot"
-              git config --global credential.helper cache
-              echo "branch==${GOLDEN_BRANCH}"
-              echo "hash==${COMMIT_HASH}"
-              python3 test/renderdiff/src/update_golden.py --branch=${GOLDEN_BRANCH} \
-                  --merge-to-main --filament-tag=${COMMIT_HASH} --golden-repo-token=${GH_TOKEN}
-          fi
@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@ name: Presubmit
 on:
  push:
    branches:
-      - main
+    - main
  pull_request:
    branches:
-      - main
+    - main

 jobs:
  build-desktop-mac:
@@ -41,7 +41,8 @@ jobs:

  build-windows:
    name: build-windows
-    runs-on: windows-2022-32core
+    runs-on: win-2019-16core
+
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.6
        with:
@@ -109,9 +110,9 @@ jobs:
          fetch-depth: 0
      - name: Check for manual edits to /docs
        run: |
-          echo "${{ github.event.pull_request.head.sha }} -- ${{ github.event.pull_request.head.sha }}"
-          # disable for now
-          # bash docs_src/build/presubmit_check.sh ${{ github.event.pull_request.head.sha }}
+           echo "${{ github.event.pull_request.head.sha }} -- ${{ github.event.pull_request.head.sha }}"
+           # disable for now
+           # bash docs_src/build/presubmit_check.sh ${{ github.event.pull_request.head.sha }}

  test-renderdiff:
    name: test-renderdiff
@@ -120,21 +121,20 @@ jobs:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.6
        with:
          fetch-depth: 0
-      - id: get_commit_msg
-        uses: ./.github/actions/get-commit-msg
      - uses: ./.github/actions/mac-prereq
      - name: Cache Mesa and deps
+        id: mesa-cache
        uses: actions/cache@v4
        with:
          path: mesa
          key: ${{ runner.os }}-mesa-deps-2-${{ vars.MESA_VERSION }}
      - name: Prerequisites
+        id: prereqs
        run: |
          bash build/common/get-mesa.sh
          pip install tifffile numpy
      - name: Run Test
-        run: |
-          echo "${{ steps.get_commit_msg.outputs.msg }}" | bash test/renderdiff/test.sh
+        run: bash test/renderdiff/test.sh
      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
        with:
          name: presubmit-renderdiff-result
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ jobs:

  build-windows:
    name: build-windows
-    runs-on: windows-2022-32core
+    runs-on: windows-2019-32core
    if: github.event_name == 'release' || github.event.inputs.platform == 'windows'

    steps:
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ on:
 jobs:
  build-windows:
    name: build-windows
-    runs-on: windows-2022-32core
+    runs-on: windows-2019-32core

    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.6
@@ -49,8 +49,6 @@ option(FILAMENT_SUPPORTS_OSMESA "Enable OSMesa (headless GL context) for Filamen

 option(FILAMENT_ENABLE_FGVIEWER "Enable the frame graph viewer" OFF)

-option(FILAMENT_USE_ABSEIL_LOGGING "Use Abseil to log, may increase binary size" OFF)
-
 # This is to disable GTAO for the short-term while we investigate a way to better manage size increases.
 # On the regular filament build (where size is of less concern), we enable GTAO by default.
 option(FILAMENT_DISABLE_GTAO "Disable GTAO" OFF)
@@ -593,10 +591,6 @@ if (CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE STREQUAL "Debug" AND NOT FILAMENT_BACKEND_DEBUG_FLAG STREQU
    unset(FILAMENT_BACKEND_DEBUG_FLAG)
 endif()

-if (FILAMENT_USE_ABSEIL_LOGGING)
-    add_definitions(-DFILAMENT_USE_ABSEIL_LOGGING)
-endif()
-
 # ==================================================================================================
 # Material compilation flags
 # ==================================================================================================
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 # Filament Release Notes log

 **If you are merging a PR into main**: please add the release note below, under the *Release notes
-We are chaning the way Vulkan buffers are handled. We need to switch over to a managed (or view-based) model where the data stored inside the object is a proxy to a Vulkan object that can dynamically be swapped around.
+for next branch cut* header.

 **If you are cherry-picking a commit into an rc/ branch**: add the release note under the
 appropriate header in [RELEASE_NOTES.md](./RELEASE_NOTES.md).

-## Release notes for next branch cut
+## Release notes for next branch cut
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ repositories {
 }

 dependencies {
-    implementation 'com.google.android.filament:filament-android:1.61.1'
+    implementation 'com.google.android.filament:filament-android:1.60.1'
 }
 ```

@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ Here are all the libraries available in the group `com.google.android.filament`:
 iOS projects can use CocoaPods to install the latest release:

 ```shell
-pod 'Filament', '~> 1.61.1'
+pod 'Filament', '~> 1.60.1'
 ```

 ## Documentation
@@ -7,13 +7,6 @@ A new header is inserted each time a *tag* is created.
 Instead, if you are authoring a PR for the main branch, add your release note to
 [NEW_RELEASE_NOTES.md](./NEW_RELEASE_NOTES.md).

-## v1.61.2
-
- samples: samples now have a CLI to select backend api
-
-## v1.61.1
-
-
 ## v1.61.0

 - materials: sampler now export their type in the material binary [⚠️ **New Material Version**]
@@ -59,10 +59,6 @@ add_library(smol-v STATIC IMPORTED)
 set_target_properties(smol-v PROPERTIES IMPORTED_LOCATION
        ${FILAMENT_DIR}/lib/${ANDROID_ABI}/libsmol-v.a)

-add_library(abseil STATIC IMPORTED)
-set_target_properties(abseil PROPERTIES IMPORTED_LOCATION
-        ${FILAMENT_DIR}/lib/${ANDROID_ABI}/libabseil.a)
-
 if (FILAMENT_ENABLE_FGVIEWER)
    add_library(fgviewer STATIC IMPORTED)
    set_target_properties(fgviewer PROPERTIES IMPORTED_LOCATION
@@ -132,7 +128,6 @@ target_link_libraries(filament-jni
    PRIVATE jnigraphics
    PRIVATE utils
    PRIVATE perfetto
-    PRIVATE abseil

    # libgeometry is PUBLIC because gltfio uses it.
    PUBLIC geometry
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 GROUP=com.google.android.filament
-VERSION_NAME=1.61.1
+VERSION_NAME=1.60.1

 POM_DESCRIPTION=Real-time physically based rendering engine for Android.

@@ -41,8 +41,6 @@ for cmd in "${NEEDED_PYTHON_DEPS[@]}"; do
 done
 deactivate

-LOCAL_PKG_CONFIG_PATH=
-
 # Install system deps
 if [[ "$OS_NAME" == "Linux" ]]; then
    if [[ "$GITHUB_WORKFLOW" ]]; then
@@ -84,9 +82,6 @@ elif [[ "$OS_NAME" == "Darwin" ]]; then
        fi
    fi
    HOMEBREW_NO_INSTALLED_DEPENDENTS_CHECK=true brew install autoconf automake libx11 libxext libxrandr llvm@${LLVM_VERSION} ninja meson pkg-config libxshmfence
-
-    # For reasons unknown, this is necessary for pkg-config to find homebrew's packages
-    LOCAL_PKG_CONFIG_PATH="/opt/homebrew/lib/pkgconfig:$PKG_CONFIG_PATH"
 fi # [[ "$OS_NAME" == x ]]

 LOCAL_LDFLAGS=${LDFLAGS}
@@ -139,11 +134,9 @@ fi
 # -Dgallium-drivers=swrast  => builds GL software rasterizer
 # -Dvulkan-drivers=swrast   => builds VK software rasterizer
 # -Dgallium-drivers=llvmpipe is needed for GL >= 4.1 pipe-screen (see src/gallium/auxiliary/target-helpers/inline_sw_helper.h)
-PKG_CONFIG_PATH=${LOCAL_PKG_CONFIG_PATH} PATH=${LOCAL_PATH} \
-CXX=${LOCAL_CXX} CC=${LOCAL_CC} LDFLAGS=${LOCAL_LDFLAGS} CPPFLAGS=${LOCAL_CPPFLAGS} \
+CXX=${LOCAL_CXX} CC=${LOCAL_CC} PATH=${LOCAL_PATH} LDFLAGS=${LOCAL_LDFLAGS} CPPFLAGS=${LOCAL_CPPFLAGS} \
   meson setup --wipe builddir/ -Dprefix="${MESA_DIR}/out" -Dglx=xlib -Dosmesa=true -Dgallium-drivers=llvmpipe,swrast -Dvulkan-drivers=swrast
-PKG_CONFIG_PATH=${LOCAL_PKG_CONFIG_PATH} PATH=${LOCAL_PATH} \
-CXX=${LOCAL_CXX} CC=${LOCAL_CC} LDFLAGS=${LOCAL_LDFLAGS} CPPFLAGS=${LOCAL_CPPFLAGS} \
+CXX=${LOCAL_CXX} CC=${LOCAL_CC} PATH=${LOCAL_PATH} LDFLAGS=${LOCAL_LDFLAGS} CPPFLAGS=${LOCAL_CPPFLAGS} \
   meson install -C builddir/

 # Disable python venv
@@ -204,10 +204,9 @@
      "license": "Apache-2.0"
    },
    "node_modules/brace-expansion": {
-      "version": "1.1.12",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/brace-expansion/-/brace-expansion-1.1.12.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-9T9UjW3r0UW5c1Q7GTwllptXwhvYmEzFhzMfZ9H7FQWt+uZePjZPjBP/W1ZEyZ1twGWom5/56TF4lPcqjnDHcg==",
-      "license": "MIT",
+      "version": "1.1.11",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/brace-expansion/-/brace-expansion-1.1.11.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-iCuPHDFgrHX7H2vEI/5xpz07zSHB00TpugqhmYtVmMO6518mCuRMoOYFldEBl0g187ufozdaHgWKcYFb61qGiA==",
      "dependencies": {
        "balanced-match": "^1.0.0",
        "concat-map": "0.0.1"
@@ -410,9 +409,9 @@
      "integrity": "sha512-Nik3Sc0ncrMK4UUdXQmAnRtzmNQTAAXmXIopizwZ1W1t8QmfJj+zL4OA2I7XPTPW5z5TDqv4hRo/JzouDJnX3A=="
    },
    "brace-expansion": {
-      "version": "1.1.12",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/brace-expansion/-/brace-expansion-1.1.12.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-9T9UjW3r0UW5c1Q7GTwllptXwhvYmEzFhzMfZ9H7FQWt+uZePjZPjBP/W1ZEyZ1twGWom5/56TF4lPcqjnDHcg==",
+      "version": "1.1.11",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/brace-expansion/-/brace-expansion-1.1.11.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-iCuPHDFgrHX7H2vEI/5xpz07zSHB00TpugqhmYtVmMO6518mCuRMoOYFldEBl0g187ufozdaHgWKcYFb61qGiA==",
      "requires": {
        "balanced-match": "^1.0.0",
        "concat-map": "0.0.1"
@@ -47,11 +47,7 @@ if "%RUNNING_LOCALLY%" == "1" (
    set "PATH=%PATH%;C:\Program Files\7-Zip"
 )

-:: Outdated windows-2019 pattern
-:: call "C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\2019\%VISUAL_STUDIO_VERSION%\VC\Auxiliary\Build\vcvars64.bat"
-
-call "C:\Program Files\Microsoft Visual Studio\2022\%VISUAL_STUDIO_VERSION%\VC\Auxiliary\Build\vcvars64.bat"
-echo Passed vcvars64.bat
+call "C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\2019\%VISUAL_STUDIO_VERSION%\VC\Auxiliary\Build\vcvars64.bat"
 if errorlevel 1 exit /b %errorlevel%

 msbuild /version
@@ -111,7 +107,7 @@ cd out\cmake-%variant%
 if errorlevel 1 exit /b %errorlevel%

 cmake ..\.. ^
-    -G "Visual Studio 17 2022" ^
+    -G "Visual Studio 16 2019" ^
    -A x64 ^
    %flag% ^
    -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=..\%variant% ^
@@ -601,10 +601,6 @@ target_link_libraries(${TARGET} PUBLIC filaflat)
 target_link_libraries(${TARGET} PUBLIC filabridge)
 target_link_libraries(${TARGET} PUBLIC ibl-lite)

-if (FILAMENT_USE_ABSEIL_LOGGING)
-    target_link_libraries(${TARGET} PUBLIC absl::log)
-endif()
-
 if (FILAMENT_ENABLE_FGVIEWER)
    target_link_libraries(${TARGET} PUBLIC fgviewer)
    add_definitions(-DFILAMENT_ENABLE_FGVIEWER=1)
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ Copy your platform's Makefile below into a `Makefile` inside the same directory.
 ### Linux

 ```make
-FILAMENT_LIBS=-lfilament -lbackend -lbluegl -lbluevk -lfilabridge -lfilaflat -lutils -lgeometry -lsmol-v -lvkshaders -libl -labseil
+FILAMENT_LIBS=-lfilament -lbackend -lbluegl -lbluevk -lfilabridge -lfilaflat -lutils -lgeometry -lsmol-v -lvkshaders -libl
 CC=clang++

 main: main.o
@@ -110,13 +110,12 @@ clean:
 ### macOS

 ```make
-FILAMENT_LIBS=-lfilament -lbackend -lbluegl -lbluevk -lfilabridge -lfilaflat -lutils -lgeometry -lsmol-v -lvkshaders -libl -labseil
+FILAMENT_LIBS=-lfilament -lbackend -lbluegl -lbluevk -lfilabridge -lfilaflat -lutils -lgeometry -lsmol-v -lvkshaders -libl
 FRAMEWORKS=-framework Cocoa -framework Metal -framework CoreVideo
 CC=clang++
-ARCH ?= $(shell uname -m)

 main: main.o
-	$(CC) -Llib/$(ARCH)/ main.o $(FILAMENT_LIBS) $(FRAMEWORKS) -o main
+	$(CC) -Llib/x86_64/ main.o $(FILAMENT_LIBS) $(FRAMEWORKS) -o main

 main.o: main.cpp
 	$(CC) -Iinclude/ -std=c++17 -c main.cpp
@@ -140,7 +139,7 @@ used to change the run-time library version.

 ```make
 FILAMENT_LIBS=filament.lib backend.lib bluegl.lib bluevk.lib filabridge.lib filaflat.lib \
-              utils.lib geometry.lib smol-v.lib ibl.lib vkshaders.lib abseil.lib
+              utils.lib geometry.lib smol-v.lib ibl.lib vkshaders.lib
 CC=cl.exe

 main.exe: main.obj
@@ -180,11 +180,8 @@ if (FILAMENT_SUPPORTS_VULKAN)
            src/vulkan/VulkanAsyncHandles.h
            src/vulkan/VulkanBlitter.cpp
            src/vulkan/VulkanBlitter.h
+            src/vulkan/VulkanBuffer.cpp
            src/vulkan/VulkanBuffer.h
-            src/vulkan/VulkanBufferCache.h
-            src/vulkan/VulkanBufferCache.cpp
-            src/vulkan/VulkanBufferProxy.h
-            src/vulkan/VulkanBufferProxy.cpp
            src/vulkan/VulkanCommands.cpp
            src/vulkan/VulkanCommands.h
            src/vulkan/VulkanConstants.h
@@ -257,38 +254,17 @@ if (FILAMENT_SUPPORTS_WEBGPU)
    list(APPEND SRCS
            include/backend/platforms/WebGPUPlatform.h
            src/webgpu/platform/WebGPUPlatform.cpp
-            src/webgpu/SpdMipmapGenerator/SpdMipmapGenerator.cpp
-            src/webgpu/WebGPUBufferBase.cpp
-            src/webgpu/WebGPUBufferBase.h
-            src/webgpu/WebGPUBufferObject.cpp
-            src/webgpu/WebGPUBufferObject.h
            src/webgpu/WebGPUConstants.h
-            src/webgpu/WebGPUDescriptorSet.cpp
-            src/webgpu/WebGPUDescriptorSet.h
-            src/webgpu/WebGPUDescriptorSetLayout.cpp
-            src/webgpu/WebGPUDescriptorSetLayout.h
            src/webgpu/WebGPUDriver.cpp
            src/webgpu/WebGPUDriver.h
-            src/webgpu/WebGPUIndexBuffer.cpp
-            src/webgpu/WebGPUIndexBuffer.h
+            src/webgpu/WebGPUHandles.cpp
+            src/webgpu/WebGPUHandles.h
            src/webgpu/WebGPUPipelineCreation.cpp
            src/webgpu/WebGPUPipelineCreation.h
-            src/webgpu/WebGPUProgram.cpp
-            src/webgpu/WebGPUProgram.h
-            src/webgpu/WebGPURenderPrimitive.h
-            src/webgpu/WebGPURenderTarget.cpp
-            src/webgpu/WebGPURenderTarget.h
            src/webgpu/WebGPUStrings.h
            src/webgpu/WebGPUSwapChain.cpp
            src/webgpu/WebGPUSwapChain.h
-            src/webgpu/WebGPUTexture.cpp
-            src/webgpu/WebGPUTexture.h
-            src/webgpu/WebGPUTimerQuery.cpp
-            src/webgpu/WebGPUTimerQuery.h
-            src/webgpu/WebGPUVertexBuffer.cpp
-            src/webgpu/WebGPUVertexBuffer.h
-            src/webgpu/WebGPUVertexBufferInfo.cpp
-            src/webgpu/WebGPUVertexBufferInfo.h
+            src/webgpu/WGPUProgram.cpp
    )
    if (WIN32)
        list(APPEND SRCS src/webgpu/platform/WebGPUPlatformWindows.cpp)
@@ -406,10 +382,6 @@ endif()
 target_link_libraries(${TARGET} PUBLIC math)
 target_link_libraries(${TARGET} PUBLIC utils)

-if (FILAMENT_USE_ABSEIL_LOGGING)
-    target_link_libraries(${TARGET} PRIVATE absl::log)
-endif()
-
 # Android, iOS, and WebGL do not use bluegl.
 if(FILAMENT_SUPPORTS_OPENGL AND NOT IOS AND NOT ANDROID AND NOT WEBGL)
    target_link_libraries(${TARGET} PRIVATE bluegl)
@@ -495,12 +495,18 @@ struct DescriptorSetLayoutBinding {
    DescriptorFlags flags = DescriptorFlags::NONE;
    uint16_t count = 0;

+    //  TODO: uncomment when needed.  Note that this class is used as hash key.  We need to ensure
+    //  no uninitialized padding bytes.
+    //    uint8_t externalSamplerDataIndex = EXTERNAL_SAMPLER_DATA_INDEX_UNUSED;
+
    friend bool operator==(DescriptorSetLayoutBinding const& lhs,
            DescriptorSetLayoutBinding const& rhs) noexcept {
        return lhs.type == rhs.type &&
               lhs.flags == rhs.flags &&
               lhs.count == rhs.count &&
               lhs.stageFlags == rhs.stageFlags;
+//               lhs.stageFlags == rhs.stageFlags &&
+//               lhs.externalSamplerDataIndex == rhs.externalSamplerDataIndex;
    }
 };

@@ -1248,6 +1254,26 @@ enum class SamplerCompareFunc : uint8_t {
    N           //!< Never. The depth / stencil test always fails.
 };

+//! this API is copied from (and only applies to) the Vulkan spec.
+//! These specify YUV to RGB conversions.
+enum class SamplerYcbcrModelConversion : uint8_t {
+    RGB_IDENTITY = 0,
+    YCBCR_IDENTITY = 1,
+    YCBCR_709 = 2,
+    YCBCR_601 = 3,
+    YCBCR_2020 = 4,
+};
+
+enum class SamplerYcbcrRange : uint8_t {
+    ITU_FULL = 0,
+    ITU_NARROW = 1,
+};
+
+enum class ChromaLocation : uint8_t {
+    COSITED_EVEN = 0,
+    MIDPOINT = 1,
+};
+
 //! Sampler parameters
 struct SamplerParams {             // NOLINT
    SamplerMagFilter filterMag      : 1;    //!< magnification filter (NEAREST)
@@ -1316,9 +1342,94 @@ static_assert(sizeof(SamplerParams) == 4);
 static_assert(sizeof(SamplerParams) <= sizeof(uint64_t),
        "SamplerParams must be no more than 64 bits");

+//! Sampler parameters
+struct SamplerYcbcrConversion {// NOLINT
+    SamplerYcbcrModelConversion ycbcrModel : 4;
+    TextureSwizzle r : 4;
+    TextureSwizzle g : 4;
+    TextureSwizzle b : 4;
+    TextureSwizzle a : 4;
+    SamplerYcbcrRange ycbcrRange : 1;
+    ChromaLocation xChromaOffset : 1;
+    ChromaLocation yChromaOffset : 1;
+    SamplerMagFilter chromaFilter : 1;
+    uint8_t padding;
+
+    struct Hasher {
+        size_t operator()(const SamplerYcbcrConversion p) const noexcept {
+            // we don't use std::hash<> here, so we don't have to include <functional>
+            return *reinterpret_cast<uint32_t const*>(reinterpret_cast<char const*>(&p));
+        }
+    };
+
+    struct EqualTo {
+        bool operator()(SamplerYcbcrConversion lhs, SamplerYcbcrConversion rhs) const noexcept {
+            assert_invariant(lhs.padding == 0);
+            auto* pLhs = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t const*>(reinterpret_cast<char const*>(&lhs));
+            auto* pRhs = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t const*>(reinterpret_cast<char const*>(&rhs));
+            return *pLhs == *pRhs;
+        }
+    };
+
+    struct LessThan {
+        bool operator()(SamplerYcbcrConversion lhs, SamplerYcbcrConversion rhs) const noexcept {
+            assert_invariant(lhs.padding == 0);
+            auto* pLhs = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t const*>(reinterpret_cast<char const*>(&lhs));
+            auto* pRhs = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t const*>(reinterpret_cast<char const*>(&rhs));
+            return *pLhs < *pRhs;
+        }
+    };
+
+private:
+    friend bool operator == (SamplerYcbcrConversion lhs, SamplerYcbcrConversion rhs)
+            noexcept {
+        return SamplerYcbcrConversion::EqualTo{}(lhs, rhs);
+    }
+    friend bool operator != (SamplerYcbcrConversion lhs, SamplerYcbcrConversion rhs)
+            noexcept {
+        return  !SamplerYcbcrConversion::EqualTo{}(lhs, rhs);
+    }
+    friend bool operator < (SamplerYcbcrConversion lhs, SamplerYcbcrConversion rhs)
+            noexcept {
+        return SamplerYcbcrConversion::LessThan{}(lhs, rhs);
+    }
+};
+
+static_assert(sizeof(SamplerYcbcrConversion) == 4);
+
+static_assert(sizeof(SamplerYcbcrConversion) <= sizeof(uint64_t),
+        "SamplerYcbcrConversion must be no more than 64 bits");
+
+struct ExternalSamplerDatum {
+    ExternalSamplerDatum(SamplerYcbcrConversion ycbcr, SamplerParams spm, uint32_t extFmt)
+        : YcbcrConversion(ycbcr),
+          samplerParams(spm),
+          externalFormat(extFmt) {}
+    bool operator==(ExternalSamplerDatum const& rhs) const {
+        return (YcbcrConversion == rhs.YcbcrConversion && samplerParams == rhs.samplerParams &&
+                externalFormat == rhs.externalFormat);
+    }
+    struct EqualTo {
+        bool operator()(const ExternalSamplerDatum& lhs,
+                const ExternalSamplerDatum& rhs) const noexcept {
+            return (lhs.YcbcrConversion == rhs.YcbcrConversion &&
+                lhs.samplerParams == rhs.samplerParams &&
+                lhs.externalFormat == rhs.externalFormat);
+        }
+    };
+    SamplerYcbcrConversion YcbcrConversion;
+    SamplerParams samplerParams;
+    uint32_t externalFormat;
+};
+// No implicit padding allowed due to it being a hash key.
+static_assert(sizeof(ExternalSamplerDatum) == 12);
+
 struct DescriptorSetLayout {
    std::variant<utils::StaticString, utils::CString, std::monostate> label;
    utils::FixedCapacityVector<DescriptorSetLayoutBinding> bindings;
+
+//  TODO: uncomment when needed
+//    utils::FixedCapacityVector<ExternalSamplerDatum> externalSamplerData;
 };

 //! blending equation function
@@ -149,13 +149,6 @@ public:
         *      - PlatformEGLAndroid
         */
        bool assertNativeWindowIsValid = false;
-
-        /**
-         * The action to take if a Drawable cannot be acquired. If true, the
-         * frame is aborted instead of panic. This is only supported for:
-         *      - PlatformMetal
-         */
-        bool metalDisablePanicOnDrawableFailure = false;
    };

    Platform() noexcept;
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ protected:
    bool setExternalImage(ExternalImageHandleRef externalImage, ExternalTexture* texture) noexcept override;

    /**
-     * Logs glGetError() to LOG(ERROR)
+     * Logs glGetError() to slog.e
     * @param name a string giving some context on the error. Typically __func__.
     */
    static void logEglError(const char* name) noexcept;
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@
 #define FILAMENT_DEBUG_COMMANDS_NONE         0x0
 // Command debugging enabled. No logging by default.
 #define FILAMENT_DEBUG_COMMANDS_ENABLE       0x1
-// Command debugging enabled. Every command logged to DLOG(INFO)
+// Command debugging enabled. Every command logged to slog.d
 #define FILAMENT_DEBUG_COMMANDS_LOG          0x2
 // Command debugging enabled. Every command logged to systrace
 #define FILAMENT_DEBUG_COMMANDS_SYSTRACE     0x4
@@ -222,6 +222,56 @@ public:
        return static_cast<Dp>(p);
    }

+    template<typename Dp, typename B>
+    inline std::enable_if_t<
+            std::is_pointer_v<Dp> && std::is_base_of_v<B, std::remove_pointer_t<Dp>>, int16_t>
+    handle_set_value(Handle<B>& handle, uint8_t v) {
+        assert_invariant(handle);
+        auto [p, tag] = handleToPointer(handle.getId());
+
+        if (isPoolHandle(handle.getId())) {
+            // check for pool handle use-after-free
+            if (UTILS_UNLIKELY(!mUseAfterFreeCheckDisabled)) {
+                auto const pNode = static_cast<typename Allocator::Node*>(p);
+                pNode[-1].test_value = v;
+                return 1;
+            }
+            return 0;
+        } else {
+            // check for heap handle use-after-free
+            if (UTILS_UNLIKELY(!mUseAfterFreeCheckDisabled)) {
+                return -1;
+            }
+            return -2;
+        }
+    }
+
+    template<typename Dp, typename B>
+    inline std::enable_if_t<
+            std::is_pointer_v<Dp> && std::is_base_of_v<B, std::remove_pointer_t<Dp>>, int16_t>
+    handle_get_value(Handle<B>& handle) {
+        assert_invariant(handle);
+        auto [p, tag] = handleToPointer(handle.getId());
+
+        if (isPoolHandle(handle.getId())) {
+            // check for pool handle use-after-free
+            if (UTILS_UNLIKELY(!mUseAfterFreeCheckDisabled)) {
+                auto const pNode = static_cast<typename Allocator::Node*>(p);
+                uint8_t age = pNode[-1].age;
+                uint8_t test_value = pNode[-1].test_value;
+                int16_t ret = (int16_t) ((age << 8) | test_value);
+                return ret;
+            }
+            return 0;
+        } else {
+            // check for heap handle use-after-free
+            if (UTILS_UNLIKELY(!mUseAfterFreeCheckDisabled)) {
+                return -1;
+            }
+            return -2;
+        }
+    }
+
    utils::CString getHandleTag(HandleBase::HandleId key) const noexcept;

    template<typename B>
@@ -276,7 +326,10 @@ private:
    class Allocator {
        friend class HandleAllocator;
        static constexpr size_t MIN_ALIGNMENT = alignof(std::max_align_t);
-        struct Node { uint8_t age; };
+        struct Node {
+            uint8_t age;
+            uint8_t test_value = 0xff;
+        };
        // Note: using the `extra` parameter of PoolAllocator<>, even with a 1-byte structure,
        // generally increases all pool allocations by 8-bytes because of alignment restrictions.
        template<size_t SIZE>
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@

 #include "private/backend/CircularBuffer.h"

-#include <utils/Logger.h>
+#include <utils/Log.h>
 #include <utils/Panic.h>
 #include <utils/architecture.h>
 #include <utils/ashmem.h>
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ void* CircularBuffer::alloc(size_t size) {
                "couldn't allocate " << (size * 2 / 1024) <<
                " KiB of virtual address space for the command buffer";

-        LOG(WARNING) << "Using 'soft' CircularBuffer (" << (size * 2 / 1024) << " KiB)";
+        slog.w << "Using 'soft' CircularBuffer (" << (size * 2 / 1024) << " KiB)" << io::endl;

        // guard page at the end
        void* guard = (void*)(uintptr_t(data) + size * 2);
@@ -20,12 +20,12 @@

 #include <private/utils/Tracing.h>

-#include <utils/Logger.h>
-#include <utils/Mutex.h>
-#include <utils/Panic.h>
 #include <utils/compiler.h>
-#include <utils/debug.h>
+#include <utils/Log.h>
+#include <utils/Mutex.h>
 #include <utils/ostream.h>
+#include <utils/Panic.h>
+#include <utils/debug.h>

 #include <algorithm>
 #include <mutex>
@@ -121,10 +121,11 @@ void CommandBufferQueue::flush() {

 #ifndef NDEBUG
        size_t const totalUsed = circularBuffer.size() - mFreeSpace;
-        DLOG(INFO) << "CommandStream used too much space (will block): "
-                   << "needed space " << requiredSize << " out of " << mFreeSpace
-                   << ", totalUsed=" << totalUsed << ", current=" << used
-                   << ", queue size=" << mCommandBuffersToExecute.size() << " buffers";
+        slog.d << "CommandStream used too much space (will block): "
+                << "needed space " << requiredSize << " out of " << mFreeSpace
+                << ", totalUsed=" << totalUsed << ", current=" << used
+                << ", queue size=" << mCommandBuffersToExecute.size() << " buffers"
+                << io::endl;

        mHighWatermark = std::max(mHighWatermark, totalUsed);
 #endif
@@ -22,13 +22,10 @@
 #include <utils/CallStack.h>
 #endif

-#include <private/utils/Tracing.h>
-
-#include <utils/Logger.h>
-#include <utils/Profiler.h>
 #include <utils/compiler.h>
+#include <utils/Log.h>
 #include <utils/ostream.h>
-#include <utils/sstream.h>
+#include <utils/Profiler.h>

 #include <cstddef>
 #include <functional>
@@ -132,10 +129,9 @@ void CommandType<void (Driver::*)(ARGS...)>::Command<METHOD>::log(std::index_seq
 #if DEBUG_COMMAND_STREAM
    static_assert(UTILS_HAS_RTTI, "DEBUG_COMMAND_STREAM can only be used with RTTI");
    std::string command = utils::CallStack::demangleTypeName(typeid(Command).name()).c_str();
-    DLOG(INFO) << extractMethodName(command) << " : size=" << sizeof(Command);
-    utils::io::sstream parameterPack;
-    printParameterPack(parameterPack, std::get<I>(mArgs)...);
-    DLOG(INFO) << "\t" << parameterPack.c_str();
+    slog.d << extractMethodName(command) << " : size=" << sizeof(Command) << "\n\t";
+    printParameterPack(slog.d, std::get<I>(mArgs)...);
+    slog.d << io::endl;
 #endif
 }

@@ -25,9 +25,9 @@

 #include <private/utils/Tracing.h>

-#include <utils/Logger.h>
 #include <utils/compiler.h>
 #include <utils/debug.h>
+#include <utils/Log.h>
 #include <utils/ostream.h>

 #include <math/half.h>
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ void DriverBase::scheduleRelease(AcquiredImage const& image) noexcept {
 void DriverBase::debugCommandBegin(CommandStream* cmds, bool synchronous, const char* methodName) noexcept {
    if constexpr (bool(FILAMENT_DEBUG_COMMANDS > FILAMENT_DEBUG_COMMANDS_NONE)) {
        if constexpr (bool(FILAMENT_DEBUG_COMMANDS & FILAMENT_DEBUG_COMMANDS_LOG)) {
-            DLOG(INFO) << methodName;
+            utils::slog.d << methodName << utils::io::endl;
        }
        if constexpr (bool(FILAMENT_DEBUG_COMMANDS & FILAMENT_DEBUG_COMMANDS_SYSTRACE)) {
            FILAMENT_TRACING_CONTEXT(FILAMENT_TRACING_CATEGORY_FILAMENT);
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@

 #include <utils/Allocator.h>
 #include <utils/CString.h>
-#include <utils/Logger.h>
+#include <utils/Log.h>
 #include <utils/Panic.h>
 #include <utils/compiler.h>
 #include <utils/debug.h>
@@ -57,8 +57,8 @@ HandleAllocator<P0, P1, P2>::Allocator::Allocator(AreaPolicy::HeapArea const& ar
    size_t const maxHeapSize = std::min(area.size(), HANDLE_INDEX_MASK * getAlignment());

    if (UTILS_UNLIKELY(maxHeapSize != area.size())) {
-        LOG(WARNING) << "HandleAllocator heap size reduced to " << maxHeapSize << " from "
-                     << area.size();
+        slog.w << "HandleAllocator heap size reduced to "
+               << maxHeapSize << " from " << area.size() << io::endl;
    }

    // make sure we start with a clean arena. This is needed to ensure that all blocks start
@@ -19,8 +19,8 @@
 #include "MetalContext.h"
 #include "MetalUtils.h"

-#include <utils/Logger.h>
 #include <utils/Panic.h>
+#include <utils/Log.h>

 namespace filament::backend {

@@ -323,7 +323,7 @@ id<MTLFunction> MetalBlitter::compileFragmentFunction(BlitFunctionKey key) const
    if (!library || !function) {
        if (error) {
            auto description = [error.localizedDescription cStringUsingEncoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding];
-            LOG(ERROR) << description;
+            utils::slog.e << description << utils::io::endl;
        }
    }
    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(library && function)
@@ -349,7 +349,7 @@ id<MTLFunction> MetalBlitter::getBlitVertexFunction() {
    if (!library || !function) {
        if (error) {
            auto description = [error.localizedDescription cStringUsingEncoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding];
-            LOG(ERROR) << description;
+            utils::slog.e << description << utils::io::endl;
        }
    }
    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(library && function)
@@ -18,8 +18,8 @@

 #include "MetalContext.h"

-#include <utils/Logger.h>
 #include <utils/Panic.h>
+#include <utils/Log.h>
 #include <utils/trap.h>

 #include <thread>
@@ -77,7 +77,8 @@ void MetalBufferPool::releaseBuffer(MetalBufferPoolEntry const *stage) noexcept

    auto iter = mUsedStages.find(stage);
    if (iter == mUsedStages.end()) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Unknown Metal buffer: " << stage->capacity << " bytes";
+        utils::slog.e << "Unknown Metal buffer: " << stage->capacity << " bytes"
+                << utils::io::endl;
        return;
    }
    stage->lastAccessed = mCurrentFrame;
@@ -18,9 +18,8 @@

 #include "MetalHandles.h"

-#include <utils/FixedCapacityVector.h>
-#include <utils/Logger.h>
 #include <utils/debug.h>
+#include <utils/FixedCapacityVector.h>

 #include <utility>

@@ -113,8 +112,8 @@ id<MTLCommandBuffer> getPendingCommandBuffer(MetalContext* context) {
        auto errorCode = (MTLCommandBufferError)buffer.error.code;
        if (@available(macOS 11.0, *)) {
            if (errorCode == MTLCommandBufferErrorMemoryless) {
-                LOG(WARNING) << "Metal: memoryless geometry limit reached. Continuing with private "
-                                "storage mode.";
+                utils::slog.w << "Metal: memoryless geometry limit reached. "
+                        "Continuing with private storage mode." << utils::io::endl;
                context->memorylessLimitsReached = true;
            }
        }
@@ -38,10 +38,10 @@
 #include <Metal/Metal.h>
 #include <QuartzCore/QuartzCore.h>

-#include <utils/Invocable.h>
-#include <utils/Logger.h>
+#include <utils/Log.h>
 #include <utils/Panic.h>
 #include <utils/sstream.h>
+#include <utils/Invocable.h>

 #include <algorithm>

@@ -78,18 +78,20 @@ Driver* MetalDriverFactory::create(PlatformMetal* const platform, const Platform
    //    MetalVertexBufferInfo        : 552       moderate
    // -- less than or equal to 552 bytes

-    DLOG(INFO) << "MetalSwapChain: " << sizeof(MetalSwapChain);
-    DLOG(INFO) << "MetalBufferObject: " << sizeof(MetalBufferObject);
-    DLOG(INFO) << "MetalVertexBuffer: " << sizeof(MetalVertexBuffer);
-    DLOG(INFO) << "MetalVertexBufferInfo: " << sizeof(MetalVertexBufferInfo);
-    DLOG(INFO) << "MetalIndexBuffer: " << sizeof(MetalIndexBuffer);
-    DLOG(INFO) << "MetalRenderPrimitive: " << sizeof(MetalRenderPrimitive);
-    DLOG(INFO) << "MetalTexture: " << sizeof(MetalTexture);
-    DLOG(INFO) << "MetalTimerQuery: " << sizeof(MetalTimerQuery);
-    DLOG(INFO) << "HwStream: " << sizeof(HwStream);
-    DLOG(INFO) << "MetalRenderTarget: " << sizeof(MetalRenderTarget);
-    DLOG(INFO) << "MetalFence: " << sizeof(MetalFence);
-    DLOG(INFO) << "MetalProgram: " << sizeof(MetalProgram);
+    utils::slog.d
+           << "\nMetalSwapChain: " << sizeof(MetalSwapChain)
+           << "\nMetalBufferObject: " << sizeof(MetalBufferObject)
+           << "\nMetalVertexBuffer: " << sizeof(MetalVertexBuffer)
+           << "\nMetalVertexBufferInfo: " << sizeof(MetalVertexBufferInfo)
+           << "\nMetalIndexBuffer: " << sizeof(MetalIndexBuffer)
+           << "\nMetalRenderPrimitive: " << sizeof(MetalRenderPrimitive)
+           << "\nMetalTexture: " << sizeof(MetalTexture)
+           << "\nMetalTimerQuery: " << sizeof(MetalTimerQuery)
+           << "\nHwStream: " << sizeof(HwStream)
+           << "\nMetalRenderTarget: " << sizeof(MetalRenderTarget)
+           << "\nMetalFence: " << sizeof(MetalFence)
+           << "\nMetalProgram: " << sizeof(MetalProgram)
+           << utils::io::endl;
 #endif
    return MetalDriver::create(platform, driverConfig);
 }
@@ -133,18 +135,19 @@ MetalDriver::MetalDriver(

    initializeSupportedGpuFamilies(mContext);

-    LOG(INFO) << "Supported GPU families: ";
+    utils::slog.v << "Supported GPU families: " << utils::io::endl;
    if (mContext->highestSupportedGpuFamily.common > 0) {
-        LOG(INFO) << "  MTLGPUFamilyCommon" << (int) mContext->highestSupportedGpuFamily.common;
+        utils::slog.v << "  MTLGPUFamilyCommon" << (int) mContext->highestSupportedGpuFamily.common << utils::io::endl;
    }
    if (mContext->highestSupportedGpuFamily.apple > 0) {
-        LOG(INFO) << "  MTLGPUFamilyApple" << (int) mContext->highestSupportedGpuFamily.apple;
+        utils::slog.v << "  MTLGPUFamilyApple" << (int) mContext->highestSupportedGpuFamily.apple << utils::io::endl;
    }
    if (mContext->highestSupportedGpuFamily.mac > 0) {
-        LOG(INFO) << "  MTLGPUFamilyMac" << (int) mContext->highestSupportedGpuFamily.mac;
+        utils::slog.v << "  MTLGPUFamilyMac" << (int) mContext->highestSupportedGpuFamily.mac << utils::io::endl;
    }
-    LOG(INFO) << "Features:";
-    LOG(INFO) << "  readWriteTextureSupport: " << (bool) mContext->device.readWriteTextureSupport;
+    utils::slog.v << "Features:" << utils::io::endl;
+    utils::slog.v << "  readWriteTextureSupport: " <<
+            (bool) mContext->device.readWriteTextureSupport << utils::io::endl;

    // In order to support texture swizzling, the GPU needs to support it and the system be running
    // iOS 13+.
@@ -585,7 +588,7 @@ void MetalDriver::createProgramR(Handle<HwProgram> rph, Program&& program) {
 #if FILAMENT_METAL_DEBUG_LOG
    auto handleId = rph.getId();
    DEBUG_LOG("createProgramR(rph = %d, program = ", handleId);
-    DLOG(INFO) << program;
+    utils::slog.d << program << utils::io::endl;
 #endif
    construct_handle<MetalProgram>(rph, *mContext, std::move(program));
 }
@@ -2074,7 +2077,7 @@ void MetalDriver::dispatchCompute(Handle<HwProgram> program, math::uint3 workGro
                                                            error:&error];
    if (error) {
        auto description = [error.localizedDescription cStringUsingEncoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding];
-        LOG(ERROR) << description;
+        utils::slog.e << description << utils::io::endl;
    }
    assert_invariant(!error);

@@ -20,14 +20,14 @@
 #include "MetalEnums.h"
 #include "MetalUtils.h"

-#include <utils/Logger.h>
 #include <utils/Panic.h>
+#include <utils/Log.h>
 #include <utils/trap.h>

 #define NSERROR_CHECK(message)                                                                     \
    if (error) {                                                                                   \
        auto description = [error.localizedDescription cStringUsingEncoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding]; \
-        LOG(ERROR) << description;                                                                 \
+        utils::slog.e << description << utils::io::endl;                                           \
    }                                                                                              \
    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(error == nil) << message;

@@ -27,11 +27,10 @@

 #include "private/backend/BackendUtils.h"

-#include <utils/Logger.h>
-#include <utils/Panic.h>
 #include <utils/compiler.h>
-#include <utils/debug.h>
+#include <utils/Panic.h>
 #include <utils/trap.h>
+#include <utils/debug.h>

 #include <math/scalar.h>

@@ -116,14 +115,14 @@ MetalSwapChain::MetalSwapChain(
      type(SwapChainType::CAMETALLAYER) {

    if (!(flags & SwapChain::CONFIG_TRANSPARENT) && !nativeWindow.opaque) {
-        LOG(WARNING) << "Warning: Filament SwapChain has no CONFIG_TRANSPARENT flag, but the "
-                        "CAMetaLayer("
-                     << (__bridge void*) nativeWindow << ") has .opaque set to NO.";
+        utils::slog.w << "Warning: Filament SwapChain has no CONFIG_TRANSPARENT flag, "
+                         "but the CAMetaLayer(" << (__bridge void*) nativeWindow << ")"
+                         " has .opaque set to NO." << utils::io::endl;
    }
    if ((flags & SwapChain::CONFIG_TRANSPARENT) && nativeWindow.opaque) {
-        LOG(WARNING) << "Warning: Filament SwapChain has the CONFIG_TRANSPARENT flag, but the "
-                        "CAMetaLayer("
-                     << (__bridge void*) nativeWindow << ") has .opaque set to YES.";
+        utils::slog.w << "Warning: Filament SwapChain has the CONFIG_TRANSPARENT flag, "
+                         "but the CAMetaLayer(" << (__bridge void*) nativeWindow << ")"
+                         " has .opaque set to YES." << utils::io::endl;
    }

    // Needed so we can use the SwapChain as a blit source.
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@
 #include <backend/Program.h>

 #include <utils/JobSystem.h>
-#include <utils/Logger.h>
 #include <utils/Mutex.h>

 #include <chrono>
@@ -148,7 +147,7 @@ bool MetalShaderCompiler::isParallelShaderCompileSupported() const noexcept {
            if (error) {
                auto description =
                        [error.localizedDescription cStringUsingEncoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding];
-                LOG(WARNING) << description;
+                utils::slog.w << description << utils::io::endl;
                errorMessage = error.localizedDescription;
            }
            PANIC_LOG("Failed to compile Metal program.");
@@ -179,7 +178,7 @@ bool MetalShaderCompiler::isParallelShaderCompileSupported() const noexcept {
            if (error) {
                auto description =
                        [error.localizedDescription cStringUsingEncoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding];
-                LOG(WARNING) << description;
+                utils::slog.w << description << utils::io::endl;
                errorMessage = error.localizedDescription;
            }
            PANIC_LOG("Failed to load main0 in Metal program.");
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@

 #include "MetalEnums.h"

-#include <utils/Logger.h>
+#include <utils/Log.h>

 namespace filament {
 namespace backend {
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ id<MTLRenderPipelineState> PipelineStateCreator::operator()(id<MTLDevice> device
            [NSString stringWithFormat:@"Could not create Metal pipeline state: %@",
                error ? error.localizedDescription : @"unknown error"];
        auto description = [errorMessage cStringUsingEncoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding];
-        LOG(ERROR) << description;
+        utils::slog.e << description << utils::io::endl;
        [[NSException exceptionWithName:@"MetalRenderPipelineFailure"
                                 reason:errorMessage
                               userInfo:nil] raise];
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ id<MTLSamplerState> SamplerStateCreator::operator()(id<MTLDevice> device,
    // MTLSamplerDescriptor.
    // In practice, this means shadows are not supported when running in the simulator.
    if (![device supportsFeatureSet:MTLFeatureSet_iOS_GPUFamily3_v1]) {
-        LOG(WARNING) << "Warning: sample comparison not supported by this GPU";
+        utils::slog.w << "Warning: sample comparison not supported by this GPU" << utils::io::endl;
        samplerDescriptor.compareFunction = MTLCompareFunctionNever;
    }
 #endif
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@

 #include "MetalDriverFactory.h"

-#include <utils/Logger.h>
+#include <utils/Log.h>

 #import <Foundation/Foundation.h>

@@ -53,9 +53,6 @@ PlatformMetal::~PlatformMetal() noexcept {
 }

 Driver* PlatformMetal::createDriver(void* /*sharedContext*/, const Platform::DriverConfig& driverConfig) noexcept {
-    pImpl->mDrawableFailureBehavior = driverConfig.metalDisablePanicOnDrawableFailure
-            ? DrawableFailureBehavior::ABORT_FRAME
-            : DrawableFailureBehavior::PANIC;
    return MetalDriverFactory::create(this, driverConfig);
 }

@@ -132,8 +129,9 @@ void PlatformMetalImpl::createDeviceImpl(MetalDevice& outDevice) {
        result = MTLCreateSystemDefaultDevice();
    }

-    LOG(INFO) << "Selected physical device '"
-              << [result.name cStringUsingEncoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding] << "'";
+    utils::slog.i << "Selected physical device '"
+                  << [result.name cStringUsingEncoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding] << "'"
+                  << utils::io::endl;

    outDevice.device = result;
    mDevice = result;
@@ -360,7 +360,7 @@ void GLDescriptorSet::bind(
            }
        }, entry.desc);
    });
-    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
 }

 void GLDescriptorSet::validate(HandleAllocatorGL& allocator,
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@

 #include "private/backend/Driver.h"

-#include <utils/Logger.h>
 #include <utils/compiler.h>
 #include <utils/ostream.h>
 #include <utils/trap.h>
@@ -26,7 +25,6 @@
 #include <string_view>

 #include <stddef.h>
-#include <cstdio>

 namespace filament::backend {

@@ -57,21 +55,19 @@ std::string_view getGLErrorString(GLenum error) noexcept {
 }

 UTILS_NOINLINE
-GLenum checkGLError(const char* function, size_t line) noexcept {
+GLenum checkGLError(io::ostream& out, const char* function, size_t line) noexcept {
    GLenum const error = glGetError();
    if (UTILS_VERY_UNLIKELY(error != GL_NO_ERROR)) {
        auto const string = getGLErrorString(error);
-        char hexError[16];
-        snprintf(hexError, sizeof(hexError), "%#x", error);
-        LOG(ERROR) << "OpenGL error " << hexError << " (" << string << ") in \"" << function
-                   << "\" at line " << line;
+        out << "OpenGL error " << io::hex << error << " (" << string << ") in \""
+            << function << "\" at line " << io::dec << line << io::endl;
    }
    return error;
 }

 UTILS_NOINLINE
-void assertGLError(const char* function, size_t line) noexcept {
-    GLenum const err = checkGLError(function, line);
+void assertGLError(io::ostream& out, const char* function, size_t line) noexcept {
+    GLenum const err = checkGLError(out, function, line);
    if (UTILS_VERY_UNLIKELY(err != GL_NO_ERROR)) {
        debug_trap();
    }
@@ -101,21 +97,19 @@ std::string_view getFramebufferStatusString(GLenum status) noexcept {
 }

 UTILS_NOINLINE
-GLenum checkFramebufferStatus(GLenum target, const char* function, size_t line) noexcept {
+GLenum checkFramebufferStatus(io::ostream& out, GLenum target, const char* function, size_t line) noexcept {
    GLenum const status = glCheckFramebufferStatus(target);
    if (UTILS_VERY_UNLIKELY(status != GL_FRAMEBUFFER_COMPLETE)) {
        auto const string = getFramebufferStatusString(status);
-        char hexStatus[16];
-        snprintf(hexStatus, sizeof(hexStatus), "%#x", status);
-        LOG(ERROR) << "OpenGL framebuffer error " << hexStatus << " (" << string << ") in \""
-                   << function << "\" at line " << line;
+        out << "OpenGL framebuffer error " << io::hex << status << " (" << string << ") in \""
+            << function << "\" at line " << io::dec << line << io::endl;
    }
    return status;
 }

 UTILS_NOINLINE
-void assertFramebufferStatus(GLenum target, const char* function, size_t line) noexcept {
-    GLenum const status = checkFramebufferStatus(target, function, line);
+void assertFramebufferStatus(io::ostream& out, GLenum target, const char* function, size_t line) noexcept {
+    GLenum const status = checkFramebufferStatus(out, target, function, line);
    if (UTILS_VERY_UNLIKELY(status != GL_FRAMEBUFFER_COMPLETE)) {
        debug_trap();
    }
@@ -33,21 +33,21 @@
 namespace filament::backend::GLUtils {

 std::string_view getGLErrorString(GLenum error) noexcept;
-GLenum checkGLError(const char* function, size_t line) noexcept;
-void assertGLError(const char* function, size_t line) noexcept;
+GLenum checkGLError(utils::io::ostream& out, const char* function, size_t line) noexcept;
+void assertGLError(utils::io::ostream& out, const char* function, size_t line) noexcept;

 std::string_view getFramebufferStatusString(GLenum err) noexcept;
-GLenum checkFramebufferStatus(GLenum target, const char* function, size_t line) noexcept;
-void assertFramebufferStatus(GLenum target, const char* function, size_t line) noexcept;
+GLenum checkFramebufferStatus(utils::io::ostream& out, GLenum target, const char* function, size_t line) noexcept;
+void assertFramebufferStatus(utils::io::ostream& out, GLenum target, const char* function, size_t line) noexcept;

 #ifdef NDEBUG
-#   define CHECK_GL_ERROR()
-#   define CHECK_GL_ERROR_NON_FATAL()
-#   define CHECK_GL_FRAMEBUFFER_STATUS(target)
+#   define CHECK_GL_ERROR(out)
+#   define CHECK_GL_ERROR_NON_FATAL(out)
+#   define CHECK_GL_FRAMEBUFFER_STATUS(out, target)
 #else
-#   define CHECK_GL_ERROR() { GLUtils::assertGLError(__func__, __LINE__); }
-#   define CHECK_GL_ERROR_NON_FATAL() { GLUtils::checkGLError(__func__, __LINE__); }
-#   define CHECK_GL_FRAMEBUFFER_STATUS(target) { GLUtils::checkFramebufferStatus( target, __func__, __LINE__); }
+#   define CHECK_GL_ERROR(out) { GLUtils::assertGLError(out, __func__, __LINE__); }
+#   define CHECK_GL_ERROR_NON_FATAL(out) { GLUtils::checkGLError(out, __func__, __LINE__); }
+#   define CHECK_GL_FRAMEBUFFER_STATUS(out, target) { GLUtils::checkFramebufferStatus(out, target, __func__, __LINE__); }
 #endif

 constexpr GLuint getComponentCount(ElementType const type) noexcept {
@@ -22,9 +22,9 @@
 #include <backend/platforms/OpenGLPlatform.h>
 #include <backend/DriverEnums.h>

-#include <utils/Logger.h>
 #include <utils/compiler.h>
 #include <utils/debug.h>
+#include <utils/Log.h>
 #include <utils/ostream.h>

 #include <functional>
@@ -77,8 +77,8 @@ OpenGLContext::OpenGLContext(OpenGLPlatform& platform,
    state.version  = (char const*)glGetString(GL_VERSION);
    state.shader   = (char const*)glGetString(GL_SHADING_LANGUAGE_VERSION);

-    LOG(INFO) << "[" << state.vendor << "], [" << state.renderer << "], "
-                 "[" << state.version << "], [" << state.shader << "]";
+    slog.v << "[" << state.vendor << "], [" << state.renderer << "], "
+              "[" << state.version << "], [" << state.shader << "]" << io::endl;

    /*
     * Figure out GL / GLES version, extensions and capabilities we need to
@@ -164,33 +164,51 @@ OpenGLContext::OpenGLContext(OpenGLPlatform& platform,
    }
 #endif

-    LOG(INFO) << "Feature level: " << +mFeatureLevel;
-    LOG(INFO) << "Active workarounds: ";
+    slog.v << "Feature level: " << +mFeatureLevel << '\n';
+    slog.v << "Active workarounds: " << '\n';
    UTILS_NOUNROLL
    for (auto [enabled, name, _] : mBugDatabase) {
        if (enabled) {
-            LOG(INFO) << name;
+            slog.v << name << '\n';
        }
    }
+    flush(slog.v);

 #ifndef NDEBUG
    // this is useful for development
-    LOG(INFO) << "GL_MAX_TEXTURE_MAX_ANISOTROPY_EXT = " << gets.max_anisotropy;
-    LOG(INFO) << "GL_MAX_COMBINED_TEXTURE_IMAGE_UNITS = " << gets.max_combined_texture_image_units;
-    LOG(INFO) << "GL_MAX_TEXTURE_SIZE = " << gets.max_texture_size;
-    LOG(INFO) << "GL_MAX_CUBE_MAP_TEXTURE_SIZE = " << gets.max_cubemap_texture_size;
-    LOG(INFO) << "GL_MAX_3D_TEXTURE_SIZE = " << gets.max_3d_texture_size;
-    LOG(INFO) << "GL_MAX_ARRAY_TEXTURE_LAYERS = " << gets.max_array_texture_layers;
-    LOG(INFO) << "GL_MAX_DRAW_BUFFERS = " << gets.max_draw_buffers;
-    LOG(INFO) << "GL_MAX_RENDERBUFFER_SIZE = " << gets.max_renderbuffer_size;
-    LOG(INFO) << "GL_MAX_SAMPLES = " << gets.max_samples;
-    LOG(INFO) << "GL_MAX_TEXTURE_IMAGE_UNITS = " << gets.max_texture_image_units;
-    LOG(INFO) << "GL_MAX_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_SEPARATE_ATTRIBS = "
-              << gets.max_transform_feedback_separate_attribs;
-    LOG(INFO) << "GL_MAX_UNIFORM_BLOCK_SIZE = " << gets.max_uniform_block_size;
-    LOG(INFO) << "GL_MAX_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BINDINGS = " << gets.max_uniform_buffer_bindings;
-    LOG(INFO) << "GL_NUM_PROGRAM_BINARY_FORMATS = " << gets.num_program_binary_formats;
-    LOG(INFO) << "GL_UNIFORM_BUFFER_OFFSET_ALIGNMENT = " << gets.uniform_buffer_offset_alignment;
+    slog.v
+            << "GL_MAX_TEXTURE_MAX_ANISOTROPY_EXT = "
+                    << gets.max_anisotropy << '\n'
+            << "GL_MAX_COMBINED_TEXTURE_IMAGE_UNITS = "
+                    << gets.max_combined_texture_image_units << '\n'
+            << "GL_MAX_TEXTURE_SIZE = "
+                    << gets.max_texture_size << '\n'
+            << "GL_MAX_CUBE_MAP_TEXTURE_SIZE = "
+                    << gets.max_cubemap_texture_size << '\n'
+            << "GL_MAX_3D_TEXTURE_SIZE = "
+                    << gets.max_3d_texture_size << '\n'
+            << "GL_MAX_ARRAY_TEXTURE_LAYERS = "
+                    << gets.max_array_texture_layers << '\n'
+            << "GL_MAX_DRAW_BUFFERS = "
+                    << gets.max_draw_buffers << '\n'
+            << "GL_MAX_RENDERBUFFER_SIZE = "
+                    << gets.max_renderbuffer_size << '\n'
+            << "GL_MAX_SAMPLES = "
+                    << gets.max_samples << '\n'
+            << "GL_MAX_TEXTURE_IMAGE_UNITS = "
+                    << gets.max_texture_image_units << '\n'
+            << "GL_MAX_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_SEPARATE_ATTRIBS = "
+                    << gets.max_transform_feedback_separate_attribs << '\n'
+            << "GL_MAX_UNIFORM_BLOCK_SIZE = "
+                    << gets.max_uniform_block_size << '\n'
+            << "GL_MAX_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BINDINGS = "
+                    << gets.max_uniform_buffer_bindings << '\n'
+            << "GL_NUM_PROGRAM_BINARY_FORMATS = "
+                    << gets.num_program_binary_formats << '\n'
+            << "GL_UNIFORM_BUFFER_OFFSET_ALIGNMENT = "
+                    << gets.uniform_buffer_offset_alignment << '\n'
+            ;
+    flush(slog.v);
 #endif

 #ifndef FILAMENT_SILENCE_NOT_SUPPORTED_BY_ES2
@@ -224,14 +242,15 @@ OpenGLContext::OpenGLContext(OpenGLPlatform& platform,
    if (ext.KHR_debug) {
        auto cb = +[](GLenum, GLenum type, GLuint, GLenum severity, GLsizei length,
                const GLchar* message, const void *) {
-            auto logSeverity = utils::LogSeverity::kInfo;
+            io::ostream* stream = &slog.i;
            switch (severity) {
-                case GL_DEBUG_SEVERITY_HIGH:    logSeverity = utils::LogSeverity::kError;   break;
-                case GL_DEBUG_SEVERITY_MEDIUM:  logSeverity = utils::LogSeverity::kWarning; break;
-                case GL_DEBUG_SEVERITY_LOW:     logSeverity = utils::LogSeverity::kInfo;    break;
+                case GL_DEBUG_SEVERITY_HIGH:    stream = &slog.e;   break;
+                case GL_DEBUG_SEVERITY_MEDIUM:  stream = &slog.w;   break;
+                case GL_DEBUG_SEVERITY_LOW:     stream = &slog.d;   break;
                case GL_DEBUG_SEVERITY_NOTIFICATION:
                default: break;
            }
+            io::ostream& out = *stream;
            const char* level = ": ";
            switch (type) {
                case GL_DEBUG_TYPE_ERROR:               level = "ERROR: ";               break;
@@ -243,7 +262,7 @@ OpenGLContext::OpenGLContext(OpenGLPlatform& platform,
                case GL_DEBUG_TYPE_MARKER:              level = "MARKER: ";              break;
                default: break;
            }
-            LOG(LEVEL(logSeverity)) << "KHR_debug " << level << std::string_view{ message, size_t(length) };
+            out << "KHR_debug " << level << std::string_view{ message, size_t(length) } << io::endl;
        };
        glEnable(GL_DEBUG_OUTPUT);
        glEnable(GL_DEBUG_OUTPUT_SYNCHRONOUS);
@@ -688,8 +707,9 @@ void OpenGLContext::initExtensionsGLES(Extensions* ext, GLint major, GLint minor
    GLUtils::unordered_string_set const exts = GLUtils::split(extensions);
    if constexpr (DEBUG_PRINT_EXTENSIONS) {
        for (auto extension: exts) {
-            DLOG(INFO) << "\"" << std::string_view(extension) << "\"";
+            slog.d << "\"" << std::string_view(extension) << "\"\n";
        }
+        flush(slog.d);
    }

    // figure out and initialize the extensions we need
@@ -763,8 +783,9 @@ void OpenGLContext::initExtensionsGL(Extensions* ext, GLint major, GLint minor)
    }
    if constexpr (DEBUG_PRINT_EXTENSIONS) {
        for (auto extension: exts) {
-            DLOG(INFO) << "\"" << std::string_view(extension) << "\"";
+            slog.d << "\"" << std::string_view(extension) << "\"\n";
        }
+        flush(slog.d);
    }

    using namespace std::literals;
@@ -1024,7 +1045,7 @@ GLuint OpenGLContext::getSamplerSlow(SamplerParams params) const noexcept {
                std::min(gets.max_anisotropy, anisotropy));
    }
 #endif
-    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
    mSamplerMap[params] = s;
    return s;
 }
@@ -48,13 +48,12 @@

 #include <type_traits>
 #include <utils/BitmaskEnum.h>
-#include <utils/CString.h>
 #include <utils/FixedCapacityVector.h>
+#include <utils/CString.h>
 #include <utils/Invocable.h>
-#include <utils/Logger.h>
+#include <utils/Log.h>
 #include <utils/Panic.h>
 #include <utils/Slice.h>
-#include <utils/Systrace.h>
 #include <utils/compiler.h>
 #include <utils/debug.h>
 #include <utils/ostream.h>
@@ -185,18 +184,20 @@ OpenGLDriver* OpenGLDriver::create(OpenGLPlatform* platform,
    //    GLVertexBufferInfo        : 132       moderate
    // -- less than or equal to 136 bytes

-    DLOG(INFO) << "GLSwapChain: " << sizeof(GLSwapChain);
-    DLOG(INFO) << "GLBufferObject: " << sizeof(GLBufferObject);
-    DLOG(INFO) << "GLVertexBuffer: " << sizeof(GLVertexBuffer);
-    DLOG(INFO) << "GLVertexBufferInfo: " << sizeof(GLVertexBufferInfo);
-    DLOG(INFO) << "GLIndexBuffer: " << sizeof(GLIndexBuffer);
-    DLOG(INFO) << "GLRenderPrimitive: " << sizeof(GLRenderPrimitive);
-    DLOG(INFO) << "GLTexture: " << sizeof(GLTexture);
-    DLOG(INFO) << "GLTimerQuery: " << sizeof(GLTimerQuery);
-    DLOG(INFO) << "GLStream: " << sizeof(GLStream);
-    DLOG(INFO) << "GLRenderTarget: " << sizeof(GLRenderTarget);
-    DLOG(INFO) << "GLFence: " << sizeof(GLFence);
-    DLOG(INFO) << "OpenGLProgram: " << sizeof(OpenGLProgram);
+    slog.d
+           << "\nGLSwapChain: " << sizeof(GLSwapChain)
+           << "\nGLBufferObject: " << sizeof(GLBufferObject)
+           << "\nGLVertexBuffer: " << sizeof(GLVertexBuffer)
+           << "\nGLVertexBufferInfo: " << sizeof(GLVertexBufferInfo)
+           << "\nGLIndexBuffer: " << sizeof(GLIndexBuffer)
+           << "\nGLRenderPrimitive: " << sizeof(GLRenderPrimitive)
+           << "\nGLTexture: " << sizeof(GLTexture)
+           << "\nGLTimerQuery: " << sizeof(GLTimerQuery)
+           << "\nGLStream: " << sizeof(GLStream)
+           << "\nGLRenderTarget: " << sizeof(GLRenderTarget)
+           << "\nGLFence: " << sizeof(GLFence)
+           << "\nOpenGLProgram: " << sizeof(OpenGLProgram)
+           << io::endl;
 #endif

    // here we check we're on a supported version of GL before initializing the driver
@@ -288,7 +289,7 @@ OpenGLDriver::OpenGLDriver(OpenGLPlatform* platform, const Platform::DriverConfi
    mStreamsWithPendingAcquiredImage.reserve(8);

 #ifndef NDEBUG
-    LOG(INFO) << "OS version: " << mPlatform.getOSVersion();
+    slog.i << "OS version: " << mPlatform.getOSVersion() << io::endl;
 #endif

    // Timer queries are core in GL 3.3, otherwise we need EXT_disjoint_timer_query
@@ -642,6 +643,25 @@ void OpenGLDriver::createVertexBufferInfoR(
        AttributeArray attributes) {
    DEBUG_MARKER()
    construct<GLVertexBufferInfo>(vbih, bufferCount, attributeCount, attributes);
+
+    // test ----
+    int16_t returned_value = handle_set_value<GLVertexBufferInfo*>(vbih, 90);
+    uint8_t age = (uint8_t) (returned_value >> 8);
+    uint8_t test_value = (returned_value & 0xff);
+    switch (test_value) {
+        case -2:
+        case -1:
+        case 0:
+            utils::slog.w << "@@@ createVertexBufferInfoR: unexpected result, age:" << (int) age
+                          << ", test_value:" << (int) test_value << utils::io::endl;
+            break;
+        default:
+            FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(test_value == 1)
+                    << "@@@ createVertexBufferInfoR: shouldn't happen, age:" << (int) age
+                    << ", test_value:" << (int) test_value << utils::io::endl;
+            break;
+    }
+    //----------
 }

 void OpenGLDriver::createVertexBufferR(
@@ -667,7 +687,7 @@ void OpenGLDriver::createIndexBufferR(
    gl.bindVertexArray(nullptr);
    gl.bindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, ib->gl.buffer);
    glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, size, nullptr, getBufferUsage(usage));
-    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
 }

 void OpenGLDriver::createBufferObjectR(Handle<HwBufferObject> boh,
@@ -692,7 +712,7 @@ void OpenGLDriver::createBufferObjectR(Handle<HwBufferObject> boh,
        glBufferData(bo->gl.binding, byteCount, nullptr, getBufferUsage(usage));
    }

-    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
 }

 void OpenGLDriver::createRenderPrimitiveR(Handle<HwRenderPrimitive> rph,
@@ -729,7 +749,7 @@ void OpenGLDriver::createRenderPrimitiveR(Handle<HwRenderPrimitive> rph,
    // this records the index buffer into the currently bound VAO
    gl.bindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, ib->gl.buffer);

-    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
 }

 void OpenGLDriver::createProgramR(Handle<HwProgram> ph, Program&& program) {
@@ -759,7 +779,26 @@ void OpenGLDriver::createProgramR(Handle<HwProgram> ph, Program&& program) {
    }

    construct<OpenGLProgram>(ph, *this, std::move(program));
-    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
+
+    // test ----
+    int16_t returned_value = handle_set_value<OpenGLProgram*>(ph, 100);
+    uint8_t age = (uint8_t) (returned_value >> 8);
+    uint8_t test_value = (returned_value & 0xff);
+    switch (test_value) {
+        case -2:
+        case -1:
+        case 0:
+            utils::slog.w << "@@@ createProgramR: unexpected result, age:" << (int)age << ", test_value:" << (int)test_value
+                          << utils::io::endl;
+            break;
+        default:
+            FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(test_value == 1)
+                    << "@@@ createProgramR: shouldn't happen, age:" << (int)age
+                    << ", test_value:" << (int)test_value << utils::io::endl;
+            break;
+    }
+    //----------
 }

 UTILS_NOINLINE
@@ -952,7 +991,7 @@ void OpenGLDriver::createTextureR(Handle<HwTexture> th, SamplerType target, uint
        renderBufferStorage(t->gl.id, internalFormat, w, h, samples);
    }

-    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
 }

 void OpenGLDriver::createTextureViewR(Handle<HwTexture> th,
@@ -998,7 +1037,7 @@ void OpenGLDriver::createTextureViewR(Handle<HwTexture> th,
    assert_invariant(ref);
    ref->count++;

-    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
 }

 void OpenGLDriver::createTextureViewSwizzleR(Handle<HwTexture> th, Handle<HwTexture> srch,
@@ -1061,7 +1100,7 @@ void OpenGLDriver::createTextureViewSwizzleR(Handle<HwTexture> th, Handle<HwText
    assert_invariant(ref);
    ref->count++;

-    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
 }

 void OpenGLDriver::createTextureExternalImage2R(Handle<HwTexture> th, SamplerType target,
@@ -1224,7 +1263,7 @@ void OpenGLDriver::importTextureR(Handle<HwTexture> th, intptr_t id,
 #endif
    }

-    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
 }

 void OpenGLDriver::updateVertexArrayObject(GLRenderPrimitive* rp, GLVertexBuffer const* vb) {
@@ -1484,7 +1523,7 @@ void OpenGLDriver::framebufferTexture(TargetBufferInfo const& binfo,
                // we shouldn't be here
                break;
        }
-        CHECK_GL_ERROR()
+        CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
    } else
 #ifndef __EMSCRIPTEN__
 #ifdef GL_EXT_multisampled_render_to_texture
@@ -1505,7 +1544,7 @@ void OpenGLDriver::framebufferTexture(TargetBufferInfo const& binfo,
            glFramebufferRenderbuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, attachment,
                    GL_RENDERBUFFER, t->gl.id);
        }
-        CHECK_GL_ERROR()
+        CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
    } else
 #endif // GL_EXT_multisampled_render_to_texture
 #endif // __EMSCRIPTEN__
@@ -1587,13 +1626,13 @@ void OpenGLDriver::framebufferTexture(TargetBufferInfo const& binfo,
                break;
        }

-        CHECK_GL_ERROR()
+        CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
    }

    rt->gl.resolve |= resolveFlags;

-    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
-    CHECK_GL_FRAMEBUFFER_STATUS(GL_FRAMEBUFFER)
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
+    CHECK_GL_FRAMEBUFFER_STATUS(utils::slog.e, GL_FRAMEBUFFER)
 }

 void OpenGLDriver::renderBufferStorage(GLuint rbo, GLenum internalformat, uint32_t width, // NOLINT(readability-convert-member-functions-to-static)
@@ -1622,7 +1661,7 @@ void OpenGLDriver::renderBufferStorage(GLuint rbo, GLenum internalformat, uint32
    // unbind the renderbuffer, to avoid any later confusion
    glBindRenderbuffer(GL_RENDERBUFFER, 0);

-    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
 }

 void OpenGLDriver::createDefaultRenderTargetR(
@@ -1719,7 +1758,7 @@ void OpenGLDriver::createRenderTargetR(Handle<HwRenderTarget> rth,
        if (UTILS_LIKELY(!getContext().isES2())) {
            glDrawBuffers((GLsizei)maxDrawBuffers, bufs);
        }
-        CHECK_GL_ERROR()
+        CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
    }
 #endif

@@ -1759,7 +1798,7 @@ void OpenGLDriver::createRenderTargetR(Handle<HwRenderTarget> rth,
    assert_invariant(any(targets & TargetBufferFlags::ALL));
    assert_invariant(tmin == tmax);

-    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
 }

 void OpenGLDriver::createFenceR(Handle<HwFence> fh, int) {
@@ -1917,6 +1956,25 @@ void OpenGLDriver::destroyRenderPrimitive(Handle<HwRenderPrimitive> rph) {
 void OpenGLDriver::destroyProgram(Handle<HwProgram> ph) {
    DEBUG_MARKER()
    if (ph) {
+        // test ----
+        int16_t returned_value = handle_set_value<OpenGLProgram*>(ph, 101);
+        uint8_t age = (uint8_t) (returned_value >> 8);
+        uint8_t test_value = (returned_value & 0xff);
+        switch (test_value) {
+            case -2:
+            case -1:
+            case 0:
+                utils::slog.w << "@@@ destroyProgram: unexpected result, age:" << (int) age
+                              << ", test_value:" << (int) test_value << utils::io::endl;
+                break;
+            default:
+                FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(test_value == 1)
+                        << "@@@ destroyProgram: shouldn't happen, age:" << (int) age
+                        << ", test_value:" << (int) test_value << utils::io::endl;
+                break;
+        }
+        //----------
+
        OpenGLProgram* p = handle_cast<OpenGLProgram*>(ph);
        destruct(ph, p);
    }
@@ -2110,7 +2168,7 @@ void OpenGLDriver::setAcquiredImage(Handle<HwStream> sh, void* hwbuffer, const m

    if (UTILS_UNLIKELY(glstream->user_thread.pending.image)) {
        scheduleRelease(glstream->user_thread.pending);
-        LOG(WARNING) << "Acquired image is set more than once per frame.";
+        slog.w << "Acquired image is set more than once per frame." << io::endl;
    }

    glstream->user_thread.pending = mPlatform.transformAcquiredImage({
@@ -2541,12 +2599,7 @@ void OpenGLDriver::makeCurrent(Handle<HwSwapChain> schDraw, Handle<HwSwapChain>
            [this](size_t index) {
                for (auto t: mTexturesWithStreamsAttached) {
                    if (t->hwStream->streamType == StreamType::NATIVE) {
-                        if (t->externalTexture) {
-                            glGenTextures(1, &t->externalTexture->id);
-                            t->gl.id = t->externalTexture->id;
-                        } else {
-                            glGenTextures(1, &t->gl.id);
-                        }
+                        glGenTextures(1, &t->gl.id);
                        mPlatform.attach(t->hwStream->stream, t->gl.id);
                        mContext.updateTexImage(GL_TEXTURE_EXTERNAL_OES, t->gl.id);
                    }
@@ -2559,7 +2612,7 @@ void OpenGLDriver::makeCurrent(Handle<HwSwapChain> schDraw, Handle<HwSwapChain>

                // OpenGL context has changed, resynchronize the state with the cache
                mContext.synchronizeStateAndCache(index);
-                DLOG(INFO) << "*** OpenGL context change : " << (index ? "protected" : "default");
+                slog.d << "*** OpenGL context change : " << (index ? "protected" : "default") << io::endl;
            });

    mCurrentDrawSwapChain = scDraw;
@@ -2600,7 +2653,7 @@ void OpenGLDriver::setVertexBufferObject(Handle<HwVertexBuffer> vbh,
        vb->bufferObjectsVersion = (version + 1) % kMaxVersion;
    }

-    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
 }

 void OpenGLDriver::updateIndexBuffer(
@@ -2617,7 +2670,7 @@ void OpenGLDriver::updateIndexBuffer(

    scheduleDestroy(std::move(p));

-    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
 }

 void OpenGLDriver::registerBufferObjectStreams(Handle<HwBufferObject> boh, BufferObjectStreamDescriptor&& streams) {
@@ -2697,7 +2750,7 @@ void OpenGLDriver::updateBufferObject(

    scheduleDestroy(std::move(bd));

-    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
 }

 void OpenGLDriver::updateBufferObjectUnsynchronized(
@@ -2744,7 +2797,7 @@ retry:
            scheduleDestroy(std::move(bd));
        }
    }
-    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
 #endif
 }

@@ -2794,7 +2847,7 @@ void OpenGLDriver::generateMipmaps(Handle<HwTexture> th) {

    glGenerateMipmap(t->gl.target);

-    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
 }

 void OpenGLDriver::setTextureData(GLTexture const* t, uint32_t level,
@@ -2903,7 +2956,7 @@ void OpenGLDriver::setTextureData(GLTexture const* t, uint32_t level,

    scheduleDestroy(std::move(p));

-    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
 }

 void OpenGLDriver::setCompressedTextureData(GLTexture const* t, uint32_t level,
@@ -2989,7 +3042,7 @@ void OpenGLDriver::setCompressedTextureData(GLTexture const* t, uint32_t level,

    scheduleDestroy(std::move(p));

-    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
 }

 void OpenGLDriver::setupExternalImage2(Platform::ExternalImageHandleRef image) {
@@ -3031,7 +3084,6 @@ void OpenGLDriver::attachStream(GLTexture* t, GLStream* hwStream) noexcept {
    switch (hwStream->streamType) {
        case StreamType::NATIVE:
            mPlatform.attach(hwStream->stream, t->gl.id);
-            mContext.updateTexImage(GL_TEXTURE_EXTERNAL_OES, t->gl.id);
            break;
        case StreamType::ACQUIRED:
            break;
@@ -3060,12 +3112,7 @@ void OpenGLDriver::detachStream(GLTexture* t) noexcept {
            break;
    }

-    if (t->externalTexture) {
-        glGenTextures(1, &t->externalTexture->id);
-        t->gl.id = t->externalTexture->id;
-    } else {
-        glGenTextures(1, &t->gl.id);
-    }
+    glGenTextures(1, &t->gl.id);

    t->hwStream = nullptr;
 }
@@ -3089,14 +3136,8 @@ void OpenGLDriver::replaceStream(GLTexture* texture, GLStream* newStream) noexce

    switch (newStream->streamType) {
        case StreamType::NATIVE:
-            if (texture->externalTexture) {
-                glGenTextures(1, &texture->externalTexture->id);
-                texture->gl.id = texture->externalTexture->id;
-            } else {
-                glGenTextures(1, &texture->gl.id);
-            }
+            glGenTextures(1, &texture->gl.id);
            mPlatform.attach(newStream->stream, texture->gl.id);
-            mContext.updateTexImage(GL_TEXTURE_EXTERNAL_OES, texture->gl.id);
            break;
        case StreamType::ACQUIRED:
            // Just re-use the old texture id.
@@ -3152,7 +3193,7 @@ void OpenGLDriver::beginRenderPass(Handle<HwRenderTarget> rth,
    TargetBufferFlags discardFlags = params.flags.discardStart & rt->targets;

    GLuint const fbo = gl.bindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, rt->gl.fbo);
-    CHECK_GL_FRAMEBUFFER_STATUS(GL_FRAMEBUFFER)
+    CHECK_GL_FRAMEBUFFER_STATUS(utils::slog.e, GL_FRAMEBUFFER)

    // each render-pass starts with a disabled scissor
    gl.disable(GL_SCISSOR_TEST);
@@ -3164,7 +3205,7 @@ void OpenGLDriver::beginRenderPass(Handle<HwRenderTarget> rth,
        if (attachmentCount) {
            gl.procs.invalidateFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, attachmentCount, attachments.data());
        }
-        CHECK_GL_ERROR()
+        CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
    } else {
        // It's important to clear the framebuffer before drawing, as it resets
        // the fb to a known state (resets fb compression and possibly other things).
@@ -3251,7 +3292,7 @@ void OpenGLDriver::endRenderPass(int) {
            if (attachmentCount) {
                gl.procs.invalidateFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, attachmentCount, attachments.data());
            }
-           CHECK_GL_ERROR()
+           CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
        }
    }

@@ -3297,13 +3338,13 @@ void OpenGLDriver::resolvePass(ResolveAction action, GLRenderTarget const* rt,
        gl.bindFramebuffer(GL_READ_FRAMEBUFFER, read);
        gl.bindFramebuffer(GL_DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER, draw);

-        CHECK_GL_FRAMEBUFFER_STATUS(GL_READ_FRAMEBUFFER)
-        CHECK_GL_FRAMEBUFFER_STATUS(GL_DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER)
+        CHECK_GL_FRAMEBUFFER_STATUS(utils::slog.e, GL_READ_FRAMEBUFFER)
+        CHECK_GL_FRAMEBUFFER_STATUS(utils::slog.e, GL_DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER)

        gl.disable(GL_SCISSOR_TEST);
        glBlitFramebuffer(0, 0, (GLint)rt->width, (GLint)rt->height,
                0, 0, (GLint)rt->width, (GLint)rt->height, mask, GL_NEAREST);
-        CHECK_GL_ERROR()
+        CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
    }
 #endif
 }
@@ -3482,7 +3523,7 @@ void OpenGLDriver::readPixels(Handle<HwRenderTarget> src,
        if (buffer) {
            gl.bindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, s->gl.fbo_read ? s->gl.fbo_read : s->gl.fbo);
            glReadPixels(GLint(x), GLint(y), GLint(width), GLint(height), glFormat, glType, buffer);
-            CHECK_GL_ERROR()
+            CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)

            // now we need to flip the buffer vertically to match our API
            size_t const stride = p.stride ? p.stride : width;
@@ -3514,7 +3555,7 @@ void OpenGLDriver::readPixels(Handle<HwRenderTarget> src,
    glBufferData(GL_PIXEL_PACK_BUFFER, pboSize, nullptr, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
    glReadPixels(GLint(x), GLint(y), GLint(width), GLint(height), glFormat, glType, nullptr);
    gl.bindBuffer(GL_PIXEL_PACK_BUFFER, 0);
-    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)

    // we're forced to make a copy on the heap because otherwise it deletes std::function<> copy
    // constructor.
@@ -3554,7 +3595,7 @@ void OpenGLDriver::readPixels(Handle<HwRenderTarget> src,
        glDeleteBuffers(1, &pbo);
        scheduleDestroy(std::move(p));
        delete pUserBuffer;
-        CHECK_GL_ERROR()
+        CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
    });
 #endif
 }
@@ -3579,7 +3620,7 @@ void OpenGLDriver::readBufferSubData(BufferObjectHandle boh,
        glCopyBufferSubData(bo->gl.binding, GL_PIXEL_PACK_BUFFER, offset, 0, size);
        gl.bindBuffer(bo->gl.binding, 0);
        gl.bindBuffer(GL_PIXEL_PACK_BUFFER, 0);
-        CHECK_GL_ERROR()
+        CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)

        // then, we schedule a mapBuffer of the PBO later, once the fence has signaled
        auto* pUserBuffer = new BufferDescriptor(std::move(p));
@@ -3596,7 +3637,7 @@ void OpenGLDriver::readBufferSubData(BufferObjectHandle boh,
            glDeleteBuffers(1, &pbo);
            scheduleDestroy(std::move(p));
            delete pUserBuffer;
-            CHECK_GL_ERROR()
+            CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
        });
    } else {
        gl.bindBuffer(bo->gl.binding, bo->gl.id);
@@ -3609,7 +3650,7 @@ void OpenGLDriver::readBufferSubData(BufferObjectHandle boh,
        }
        gl.bindBuffer(bo->gl.binding, 0);
        scheduleDestroy(std::move(p));
-        CHECK_GL_ERROR()
+        CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
    }
 #endif
 }
@@ -3639,7 +3680,7 @@ void OpenGLDriver::whenFrameComplete(const std::function<void()>& fn) noexcept {
 void OpenGLDriver::whenGpuCommandsComplete(const std::function<void()>& fn) noexcept {
    GLsync sync = glFenceSync(GL_SYNC_GPU_COMMANDS_COMPLETE, 0);
    mGpuCommandCompleteOps.emplace_back(sync, fn);
-    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
 }

 void OpenGLDriver::executeGpuCommandsCompleteOps() noexcept {
@@ -3857,7 +3898,7 @@ void OpenGLDriver::clearWithRasterPipe(TargetBufferFlags clearFlags,
        }
    }

-    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
 }

 void OpenGLDriver::resolve(
@@ -3968,7 +4009,7 @@ void OpenGLDriver::blit(
        case SamplerType::SAMPLER_EXTERNAL:
            break;
    }
-    CHECK_GL_FRAMEBUFFER_STATUS(GL_DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER)
+    CHECK_GL_FRAMEBUFFER_STATUS(utils::slog.e, GL_DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER)

    gl.bindFramebuffer(GL_READ_FRAMEBUFFER, fbo[1]);
    switch (s->target) {
@@ -3994,14 +4035,14 @@ void OpenGLDriver::blit(
        case SamplerType::SAMPLER_EXTERNAL:
            break;
    }
-    CHECK_GL_FRAMEBUFFER_STATUS(GL_READ_FRAMEBUFFER)
+    CHECK_GL_FRAMEBUFFER_STATUS(utils::slog.e, GL_READ_FRAMEBUFFER)

    gl.disable(GL_SCISSOR_TEST);
    glBlitFramebuffer(
            srcOrigin.x, srcOrigin.y, srcOrigin.x + size.x, srcOrigin.y + size.y,
            dstOrigin.x, dstOrigin.y, dstOrigin.x + size.x, dstOrigin.y + size.y,
            mask, GL_NEAREST);
-    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)

    gl.unbindFramebuffer(GL_DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER);
    gl.unbindFramebuffer(GL_READ_FRAMEBUFFER);
@@ -4064,15 +4105,15 @@ void OpenGLDriver::blitDEPRECATED(TargetBufferFlags buffers,
    gl.bindFramebuffer(GL_READ_FRAMEBUFFER, s->gl.fbo);
    gl.bindFramebuffer(GL_DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER, d->gl.fbo);

-    CHECK_GL_FRAMEBUFFER_STATUS(GL_READ_FRAMEBUFFER)
-    CHECK_GL_FRAMEBUFFER_STATUS(GL_DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER)
+    CHECK_GL_FRAMEBUFFER_STATUS(utils::slog.e, GL_READ_FRAMEBUFFER)
+    CHECK_GL_FRAMEBUFFER_STATUS(utils::slog.e, GL_DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER)

    gl.disable(GL_SCISSOR_TEST);
    glBlitFramebuffer(
            srcRect.left, srcRect.bottom, srcRect.right(), srcRect.top(),
            dstRect.left, dstRect.bottom, dstRect.right(), dstRect.top(),
            GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT, glFilterMode);
-    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
 #endif
 }

@@ -4082,6 +4123,24 @@ void OpenGLDriver::bindPipeline(PipelineState const& state) {
    setRasterState(state.rasterState);
    setStencilState(state.stencilState);
    gl.polygonOffset(state.polygonOffset.slope, state.polygonOffset.constant);
+    // test ----
+    Handle<HwProgram> pro = state.program;
+    int16_t returned_value = handle_get_value<OpenGLProgram*>(pro);
+    uint8_t age = (uint8_t)(returned_value >> 8);
+    uint8_t test_value = (returned_value & 0xff);
+    switch (test_value) {
+    case -2:
+    case -1:
+    case 0:
+        utils::slog.w << "@@@ bindPipeline: unexpected result, age:" << (int)age << ", test_value:" << (int)test_value << utils::io::endl;
+        break;
+    default:
+        if (test_value != 100) {
+            utils::slog.w << "@@@ bindPipeline: program is not valid OpenGLProgram, age:" << (int)age << ", test_value:" << (int)test_value << utils::io::endl;
+        }
+        break;
+    }
+    //----------
    OpenGLProgram* const p = handle_cast<OpenGLProgram*>(state.program);
    mValidProgram = useProgram(p);
    (*mCurrentPushConstants) = p->getPushConstants();
@@ -4199,9 +4258,9 @@ void OpenGLDriver::draw2(uint32_t indexOffset, uint32_t indexCount, uint32_t ins
 #endif

 #if FILAMENT_ENABLE_MATDBG
-    CHECK_GL_ERROR_NON_FATAL()
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR_NON_FATAL(utils::slog.e)
 #else
-    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
 #endif
 }

@@ -4231,9 +4290,9 @@ void OpenGLDriver::draw2GLES2(uint32_t indexOffset, uint32_t indexCount, uint32_
            reinterpret_cast<const void*>(indexOffset << rp->gl.indicesShift));

 #if FILAMENT_ENABLE_MATDBG
-    CHECK_GL_ERROR_NON_FATAL()
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR_NON_FATAL(utils::slog.e)
 #else
-    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
 #endif
 }

@@ -4283,9 +4342,9 @@ void OpenGLDriver::dispatchCompute(Handle<HwProgram> program, uint3 workGroupCou
 #endif // BACKEND_OPENGL_LEVEL_GLES31

 #if FILAMENT_ENABLE_MATDBG
-    CHECK_GL_ERROR_NON_FATAL()
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR_NON_FATAL(utils::slog.e)
 #else
-    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
 #endif
 }

@@ -282,6 +282,20 @@ private:
        return mHandleAllocator.handle_cast<Dp, B>(handle);
    }

+    template<typename Dp, typename B>
+    std::enable_if_t<std::is_pointer_v<Dp> && std::is_base_of_v<B, std::remove_pointer_t<Dp>>,
+            int16_t>
+    handle_set_value(Handle<B>& handle, uint8_t v) {
+        return mHandleAllocator.handle_set_value<Dp, B>(handle, v);
+    }
+
+    template<typename Dp, typename B>
+    std::enable_if_t<std::is_pointer_v<Dp> && std::is_base_of_v<B, std::remove_pointer_t<Dp>>,
+            int16_t>
+    handle_get_value(Handle<B>& handle) {
+        return mHandleAllocator.handle_get_value<Dp, B>(handle);
+    }
+
    friend class OpenGLProgram;
    friend class ShaderCompilerService;

@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ void OpenGLProgram::initializeProgramState(OpenGLContext& context, GLuint progra
                case DescriptorType::INPUT_ATTACHMENT:
                    break;
            }
-            CHECK_GL_ERROR()
+            CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
        }
    }

@@ -114,14 +114,14 @@ void TimerQueryNativeFactory::createTimerQuery(GLTimerQuery* tq) {

    tq->state = std::make_shared<GLTimerQuery::State>();
    mContext.procs.genQueries(1u, &tq->state->gl.query);
-    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
 }

 void TimerQueryNativeFactory::destroyTimerQuery(GLTimerQuery* tq) {
    assert_invariant(tq->state);

    mContext.procs.deleteQueries(1u, &tq->state->gl.query);
-    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)

    tq->state.reset();
 }
@@ -131,14 +131,14 @@ void TimerQueryNativeFactory::beginTimeElapsedQuery(GLTimerQuery* tq) {

    tq->state->elapsed.store(int64_t(TimerQueryResult::NOT_READY), std::memory_order_relaxed);
    mContext.procs.beginQuery(GL_TIME_ELAPSED, tq->state->gl.query);
-    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
 }

 void TimerQueryNativeFactory::endTimeElapsedQuery(OpenGLDriver& driver, GLTimerQuery* tq) {
    assert_invariant(tq->state);

    mContext.procs.endQuery(GL_TIME_ELAPSED);
-    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)

    std::weak_ptr<GLTimerQuery::State> const weak = tq->state;

@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ void TimerQueryNativeFactory::endTimeElapsedQuery(OpenGLDriver& driver, GLTimerQ

        GLuint available = 0;
        context.procs.getQueryObjectuiv(state->gl.query, GL_QUERY_RESULT_AVAILABLE, &available);
-        CHECK_GL_ERROR()
+        CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
        if (!available) {
            // we need to try this one again later
            return false;
@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@
 #include "OpenGLDriver.h"

 #include <iterator>
-#include <optional>
 #include <private/backend/BackendUtils.h>

 #include <backend/DriverEnums.h>
@@ -31,14 +30,14 @@

 #include <private/utils/Tracing.h>

+#include <utils/compiler.h>
 #include <utils/CString.h>
+#include <utils/debug.h>
 #include <utils/FixedCapacityVector.h>
 #include <utils/JobSystem.h>
-#include <utils/Logger.h>
-#include <utils/Panic.h>
-#include <utils/compiler.h>
-#include <utils/debug.h>
+#include <utils/Log.h>
 #include <utils/ostream.h>
+#include <utils/Panic.h>

 #include <algorithm>
 #include <array>
@@ -65,9 +64,9 @@ static std::string to_string(bool const b) { return b ? "true" : "false"; }
 static std::string to_string(int const i) { return std::to_string(i); }
 static std::string to_string(float const f) { return "float(" + std::to_string(f) + ")"; }

-static void logCompilationError(ShaderStage shaderType, const char* name, GLuint shaderId,
-        CString const& sourceCode) noexcept;
-static void logProgramLinkError(char const* name, GLuint program) noexcept;
+static void logCompilationError(io::ostream& out, ShaderStage shaderType, const char* name,
+        GLuint shaderId, CString const& sourceCode) noexcept;
+static void logProgramLinkError(io::ostream& out, char const* name, GLuint program) noexcept;

 static void process_GOOGLE_cpp_style_line_directive(OpenGLContext const& context, char* source,
        size_t len) noexcept;
@@ -111,33 +110,17 @@ struct ShaderCompilerService::OpenGLProgramToken : ProgramToken {
        cond.wait(l, [this] { return signaled; });
    }

-    // This is invoked upon token completion, which occurs after a successful `gl.program`
-    // population or upon cancellation. In either scenario, the callback handle must be submitted
-    // to notify the caller that resource loading has concluded.
-    void trySubmittingCallback() noexcept {
-        if (handle) {
-            compiler.submitCallbackHandle(*handle);
-            handle = std::nullopt;
-        }
-    }
-
-    std::optional<CallbackManager::Handle> handle{};
-
-    // Only valid when the blob functions are provided by users. The validity of this variable
-    // doesn't guarantee that the program was created from the cache blob.
+    CallbackManager::Handle handle{};
    BlobCacheKey key;

    // Used for the `THREAD_POOL` mode.
    mutable Mutex lock;
    mutable Condition cond;
    bool signaled = false;
-
-    // Indicate this program was created from the cache blob.
-    bool retrievedFromBlobCache = false;
 };

 ShaderCompilerService::OpenGLProgramToken::~OpenGLProgramToken() {
-    trySubmittingCallback();
+    compiler.submitCallbackHandle(handle);
 }

 /* static */ void ShaderCompilerService::setUserData(const program_token_t& token,
@@ -265,7 +248,6 @@ ShaderCompilerService::program_token_t ShaderCompilerService::createProgram(
    // Try retrieving the cached program blob if available.
    token->gl.program = mBlobCache.retrieve(&token->key, mDriver.mPlatform, program);
    if (token->gl.program) {
-        token->retrievedFromBlobCache = true;
        return token;
    }

@@ -344,15 +326,12 @@ GLuint ShaderCompilerService::getProgram(program_token_t& token) {

    assert_invariant(token);// This function should be called when the token is still alive.

-    // Finalize any pending shader compilation tasks only when the token was created without cache.
-    if (!token->retrievedFromBlobCache) {
-        if (token->compiler.mMode == Mode::THREAD_POOL) {
-            auto const job = token->compiler.mCompilerThreadPool.dequeue(token);
-            if (!job) {
-                // It's likely that the job was already completed. But it may be still being
-                // executed at this moment. Just try waiting for it to avoid a race.
-                token->wait();
-            }
+    if (token->compiler.mMode == Mode::THREAD_POOL) {
+        auto const job = token->compiler.mCompilerThreadPool.dequeue(token);
+        if (!job) {
+            // It's likely that the job was already completed. But it may be still being
+            // executed at this moment. Just try waiting for it to avoid a race.
+            token->wait();
        }
    }

@@ -360,7 +339,7 @@ GLuint ShaderCompilerService::getProgram(program_token_t& token) {

    // Cleanup the token.
    token->compiler.cancelTickOp(token);
-    token = nullptr; // This will try submitting a callback handle to the callback manager.
+    token = nullptr;// This will submit a callback condition (handle) to the callback manager.
 }

 void ShaderCompilerService::tick() {
@@ -413,7 +392,7 @@ GLuint ShaderCompilerService::initialize(program_token_t& token) {

    // Cleanup the token.
    token->compiler.cancelTickOp(token);
-    token = nullptr;
+    token = nullptr;// This will submit a callback condition (handle) to the callback manager.

    return program;
 }
@@ -443,9 +422,8 @@ void ShaderCompilerService::ensureTokenIsReady(program_token_t const& token) {
            // just log warnings here instead of repeatedly checking compile status. If this turns
            // out to be a real issue later, we would need to consider doing the canonical way.
            if (!isCompileCompleted(token)) {
-                LOG(WARNING)
-                        << "Shader compilation for OpenGL program " << token->name.c_str_safe()
-                        << " is not completed yet. The following program link may not succeed.";
+                slog.w << "Shader compilation for OpenGL program " << token->name.c_str_safe()
+                       << " is not completed yet. The following program link may not succeed.";
            }

            linkProgram(mDriver.getContext(), token);
@@ -655,7 +633,8 @@ void ShaderCompilerService::executeTickOps() noexcept {
        }
        // Something went wrong. Log the error message.
        const ShaderStage type = static_cast<ShaderStage>(i);
-        logCompilationError(type, token->name.c_str_safe(), shader, token->shaderSourceCode[i]);
+        logCompilationError(slog.e, type, token->name.c_str_safe(), shader,
+                token->shaderSourceCode[i]);
    }
 }

@@ -680,7 +659,6 @@ void ShaderCompilerService::executeTickOps() noexcept {
    }
    glLinkProgram(program);
    token->gl.program = program;
-    token->trySubmittingCallback();
 }

 /* static */ bool ShaderCompilerService::isLinkCompleted(program_token_t const& token) noexcept {
@@ -707,7 +685,7 @@ void ShaderCompilerService::executeTickOps() noexcept {
    glGetProgramiv(token->gl.program, GL_LINK_STATUS, &status);
    if (UTILS_UNLIKELY(status != GL_TRUE)) {
        // Something went wrong. Log the error message.
-        logProgramLinkError(token->name.c_str_safe(), token->gl.program);
+        logProgramLinkError(slog.e, token->name.c_str_safe(), token->gl.program);
        linked = false;
    }
    // No need to keep the shaders around regardless of the result of the program linking.
@@ -757,7 +735,7 @@ void ShaderCompilerService::executeTickOps() noexcept {
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

 UTILS_NOINLINE
-/* static */ void logCompilationError(ShaderStage shaderType, const char* name,
+/* static */ void logCompilationError(io::ostream& out, ShaderStage shaderType, const char* name,
        GLuint const shaderId, UTILS_UNUSED_IN_RELEASE CString const& sourceCode) noexcept {

    { // scope for the temporary string storage
@@ -779,9 +757,8 @@ UTILS_NOINLINE
        CString infoLog(length);
        glGetShaderInfoLog(shaderId, length, nullptr, infoLog.data());

-        LOG(ERROR) << "Compilation error in " << to_string(shaderType) << " shader \"" << name
-                   << "\":";
-        LOG(ERROR) << "\"" << infoLog.c_str() << "\"";
+        out << "Compilation error in " << to_string(shaderType) << " shader \"" << name << "\":\n"
+            << "\"" << infoLog.c_str() << "\"" << io::endl;
    }

 #ifndef NDEBUG
@@ -796,25 +773,26 @@ UTILS_NOINLINE
        } else {
            line = shader.substr(start, end - start);
        }
-        LOG(ERROR) << lc++ << ":   " << line.c_str();
+        out << lc++ << ":   " << line.c_str() << '\n';
        if (end == std::string::npos) {
            break;
        }
        start = end + 1;
    }
-    LOG(ERROR) << "";
+    out << io::endl;
 #endif
 }

 UTILS_NOINLINE
-/* static */ void logProgramLinkError(char const* name, GLuint program) noexcept {
+/* static */ void logProgramLinkError(io::ostream& out, char const* name, GLuint program) noexcept {
    GLint length = 0;
    glGetProgramiv(program, GL_INFO_LOG_LENGTH, &length);

    CString infoLog(length);
    glGetProgramInfoLog(program, length, nullptr, infoLog.data());

-    LOG(ERROR) << "Link error in \"" << name << "\":\n" << "\"" << infoLog.c_str() << "\"";
+    out << "Link error in \"" << name << "\":\n"
+        << "\"" << infoLog.c_str() << "\"" << io::endl;
 }

 // If usages of the Google-style line directive are present, remove them, as some
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ CocoaExternalImage::SharedGl::~SharedGl() noexcept {
 CocoaExternalImage::CocoaExternalImage(const CVOpenGLTextureCacheRef textureCache,
        const SharedGl &sharedGl) noexcept : mSharedGl(sharedGl), mTextureCache(textureCache) {
    glGenFramebuffers(1, &mFBO);
-    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
 }

 CocoaExternalImage::~CocoaExternalImage() noexcept {
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ bool CocoaExternalImage::set(CVPixelBufferRef image) noexcept {
    mTexture = createTextureFromImage(image);
    mRgbaTexture = encodeCopyRectangleToTexture2D(CVOpenGLTextureGetName(mTexture),
            CVPixelBufferGetWidth(image), CVPixelBufferGetHeight(image));
-    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)

    return true;
 }
@@ -182,33 +182,33 @@ GLuint CocoaExternalImage::encodeCopyRectangleToTexture2D(GLuint rectangle,
    // Create a texture to hold the result of the blit image.
    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture);
    glTexStorage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 1, GL_RGBA8, width, height);
-    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)

    // source textures
    glBindSampler(0, mSharedGl.sampler);
    glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_RECTANGLE, rectangle);
-    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)

    // destination texture
    glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, mFBO);
    glFramebufferTexture2D(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0, GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture, 0);
-    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)

-    CHECK_GL_FRAMEBUFFER_STATUS(GL_FRAMEBUFFER)
-    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
+    CHECK_GL_FRAMEBUFFER_STATUS(utils::slog.e, GL_FRAMEBUFFER)
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)

    // draw
    glViewport(0, 0, width, height);
-    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
    glUseProgram(mSharedGl.program);
-    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
    glDisableVertexAttribArray(0);
    glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 3);
-    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)

    mState.restore();
-    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)

    return texture;
 }
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ CocoaTouchExternalImage::CocoaTouchExternalImage(const CVOpenGLESTextureCacheRef

    glGenFramebuffers(1, &mFBO);

-    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
 }

 CocoaTouchExternalImage::~CocoaTouchExternalImage() noexcept {
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ GLuint CocoaTouchExternalImage::encodeColorConversionPass(GLuint yPlaneTexture,
    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture);
    glTexStorage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 1, GL_RGBA8, width, height);

-    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)

    // source textures
    glBindSampler(0, mSharedGl.sampler);
@@ -261,8 +261,8 @@ GLuint CocoaTouchExternalImage::encodeColorConversionPass(GLuint yPlaneTexture,
    glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, mFBO);
    glFramebufferTexture2D(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0, GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture, 0);

-    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
-    CHECK_GL_FRAMEBUFFER_STATUS(GL_FRAMEBUFFER)
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
+    CHECK_GL_FRAMEBUFFER_STATUS(utils::slog.e, GL_FRAMEBUFFER)

    // geometry
    glBindVertexArray(0);
@@ -275,7 +275,7 @@ GLuint CocoaTouchExternalImage::encodeColorConversionPass(GLuint yPlaneTexture,
    glUseProgram(mSharedGl.program);
    glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 3);

-    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)

    mState.restore();

@@ -20,9 +20,9 @@

 #include <backend/Platform.h>

-#include <utils/Logger.h>
 #include <utils/compiler.h>
 #include <utils/debug.h>
+#include <utils/Log.h>
 #include <utils/ostream.h>

 #if __has_include(<android/surface_texture.h>)
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ void ExternalStreamManagerAndroid::destroy(ExternalStreamManagerAndroid* pExtern
 ExternalStreamManagerAndroid::ExternalStreamManagerAndroid() noexcept
        : mVm(VirtualMachineEnv::get()) {
    if (__builtin_available(android 28, *)) {
-        DLOG(INFO) << "Using ASurfaceTexture";
+        slog.d << "Using ASurfaceTexture" << io::endl;
    }
 }

@@ -32,9 +32,9 @@
 #endif
 #include <utils/compiler.h>

-#include <utils/Invocable.h>
-#include <utils/Logger.h>
 #include <utils/debug.h>
+#include <utils/Invocable.h>
+#include <utils/Log.h>
 #include <utils/ostream.h>

 #include <algorithm>
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ void PlatformEGL::logEglError(const char* name) noexcept {
 }

 void PlatformEGL::logEglError(const char* name, EGLint error) noexcept {
-    LOG(ERROR) << name << " failed with " << getEglErrorName(error);
+    slog.e << name << " failed with " << getEglErrorName(error) << io::endl;
 }

 const char* PlatformEGL::getEglErrorName(EGLint error) noexcept {
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ void PlatformEGL::clearGlError() noexcept {
    // clear GL error that may have been set by previous calls
    GLenum const error = glGetError();
    if (error != GL_NO_ERROR) {
-        LOG(WARNING) << "Ignoring pending GL error " << io::hex << error;
+        slog.w << "Ignoring pending GL error " << io::hex << error << io::endl;
    }
 }

@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ Driver* PlatformEGL::createDriver(void* sharedContext, const DriverConfig& drive
    }

    if (UTILS_UNLIKELY(!initialized)) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "eglInitialize failed";
+        slog.e << "eglInitialize failed" << io::endl;
        return nullptr;
    }

@@ -29,12 +29,13 @@
 #include <android/native_window.h>
 #include <android/hardware_buffer.h>

-#include <utils/Logger.h>
-#include <utils/Panic.h>
 #include <utils/android/PerformanceHintManager.h>
-#include <utils/compiler.h>
+
 #include <utils/compiler.h>
 #include <utils/ostream.h>
+#include <utils/Panic.h>
+#include <utils/Log.h>
+#include <utils/compiler.h>
 #include <utils/ostream.h>

 #include <EGL/egl.h>
@@ -326,7 +327,7 @@ bool PlatformEGLAndroid::setImage(ExternalImageEGLAndroid const* eglExternalImag
            EGL_NATIVE_BUFFER_ANDROID, clientBuffer, imageAttrs);
    if (eglImage == EGL_NO_IMAGE_KHR) {
        // Handle error
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to create EGL image";
+        slog.e << "Failed to create EGL image" << io::endl;
        glDeleteTextures(1, &texture->id);
        return false;
    }
@@ -339,7 +340,7 @@ bool PlatformEGLAndroid::setImage(ExternalImageEGLAndroid const* eglExternalImag
    glBindTexture(texture->target, texture->id);
    GLenum error = glGetError();
    if (UTILS_UNLIKELY(error != GL_NO_ERROR)) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Error after glBindTexture: " << error;
+        slog.e << "Error after glBindTexture: " << error << io::endl;
        glDeleteTextures(1, &texture->id);
        eglDestroyImageKHR(eglGetCurrentDisplay(), eglImage);
        glActiveTexture(prevActiveTexture);
@@ -349,7 +350,7 @@ bool PlatformEGLAndroid::setImage(ExternalImageEGLAndroid const* eglExternalImag
    glEGLImageTargetTexture2DOES(texture->target, static_cast<GLeglImageOES>(eglImage));
    error = glGetError();
    if (UTILS_UNLIKELY(error != GL_NO_ERROR)) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Error after glEGLImageTargetTexture2DOES: " << error;
+        slog.e << "Error after glEGLImageTargetTexture2DOES: " << error << io::endl;
        glDeleteTextures(1, &texture->id);
        eglDestroyImageKHR(eglGetCurrentDisplay(), eglImage);
        glActiveTexture(prevActiveTexture);
@@ -407,7 +408,7 @@ AcquiredImage PlatformEGLAndroid::transformAcquiredImage(AcquiredImage source) n

    EGLClientBuffer clientBuffer = eglGetNativeClientBufferANDROID(pHardwareBuffer);
    if (!clientBuffer) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Unable to get EGLClientBuffer from AHardwareBuffer.";
+        slog.e << "Unable to get EGLClientBuffer from AHardwareBuffer." << io::endl;
        return {};
    }

@@ -426,7 +427,7 @@ AcquiredImage PlatformEGLAndroid::transformAcquiredImage(AcquiredImage source) n
    EGLImageKHR eglImage = eglCreateImageKHR(mEGLDisplay,
            EGL_NO_CONTEXT, EGL_NATIVE_BUFFER_ANDROID, clientBuffer, attributes.data());
    if (eglImage == EGL_NO_IMAGE_KHR) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "eglCreateImageKHR returned no image.";
+        slog.e << "eglCreateImageKHR returned no image." << io::endl;
        return {};
    }

@@ -441,7 +442,7 @@ AcquiredImage PlatformEGLAndroid::transformAcquiredImage(AcquiredImage source) n
    auto patchedCallback = [](void* image, void* userdata) {
        Closure* closure = (Closure*)userdata;
        if (eglDestroyImageKHR(closure->display, (EGLImageKHR) image) == EGL_FALSE) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "eglDestroyImageKHR failed.";
+            slog.e << "eglDestroyImageKHR failed." << io::endl;
        }
        closure->acquiredImage.callback(closure->acquiredImage.image, closure->acquiredImage.userData);
        delete closure;
@@ -21,9 +21,9 @@
 #include <EGL/egl.h>
 #include <EGL/eglext.h>

-#include <utils/Logger.h>
-#include <utils/Panic.h>
 #include <utils/compiler.h>
+#include <utils/Log.h>
+#include <utils/Panic.h>

 using namespace utils;

@@ -42,12 +42,12 @@ backend::Driver* PlatformEGLHeadless::createDriver(void* sharedContext,
        const Platform::DriverConfig& driverConfig) noexcept {
    EGLBoolean bindAPI = eglBindAPI(EGL_OPENGL_API);
    if (UTILS_UNLIKELY(!bindAPI)) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "eglBindAPI EGL_OPENGL_API failed";
+        slog.e << "eglBindAPI EGL_OPENGL_API failed" << io::endl;
        return nullptr;
    }
    int bindBlueGL = bluegl::bind();
    if (UTILS_UNLIKELY(bindBlueGL != 0)) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "bluegl bind failed";
+        slog.e << "bluegl bind failed" << io::endl;
        return nullptr;
    }

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@

 #include <backend/platforms/PlatformGLX.h>

-#include <utils/Logger.h>
+#include <utils/Log.h>
 #include <utils/Panic.h>

 #include <X11/Xlib.h>
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ static PFNGLXGETPROCADDRESSPROC getProcAddress;
 static bool loadLibraries() {
    g_glx.library = dlopen(LIBRARY_GLX, RTLD_LOCAL | RTLD_NOW);
    if (!g_glx.library) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Could not find library " << LIBRARY_GLX;
+        utils::slog.e << "Could not find library " << LIBRARY_GLX << utils::io::endl;
        return false;
    }

@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ static bool loadLibraries() {

    g_x11.library = dlopen(LIBRARY_X11, RTLD_LOCAL | RTLD_NOW);
    if (!g_x11.library) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Could not find library " << LIBRARY_X11;
+        utils::slog.e << "Could not find library " << LIBRARY_X11 << utils::io::endl;
        return false;
    }

@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ Driver* PlatformGLX::createDriver(void* sharedGLContext,
    // Get the display device
    mGLXDisplay = g_x11.openDisplay(NULL);
    if (mGLXDisplay == nullptr) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to open X display. (exiting).";
+        utils::slog.e << "Failed to open X display. (exiting)." << utils::io::endl;
        exit(1);
    }

@@ -145,7 +145,8 @@ Driver* PlatformGLX::createDriver(void* sharedGLContext,

        r = g_glx.queryContext(mGLXDisplay, sharedCtx, GLX_FBCONFIG_ID, &usedFbId);
        if (r != 0) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to get GLX_FBCONFIG_ID from shared GL context.";
+            utils::slog.e << "Failed to get GLX_FBCONFIG_ID from shared GL context."
+                          << utils::io::endl;
            return nullptr;
        }

@@ -153,7 +154,7 @@ Driver* PlatformGLX::createDriver(void* sharedGLContext,
        GLXFBConfig* fbConfigs = g_glx.getFbConfigs(mGLXDisplay, 0, &numConfigs);

        if (fbConfigs == nullptr) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to get the available GLXFBConfigs.";
+            utils::slog.e << "Failed to get the available GLXFBConfigs." << utils::io::endl;
            return nullptr;
        }

@@ -163,7 +164,8 @@ Driver* PlatformGLX::createDriver(void* sharedGLContext,
        for (int i = 0; i < numConfigs; ++i) {
            r = g_glx.getFbConfigAttrib(mGLXDisplay, fbConfigs[i], GLX_FBCONFIG_ID, &fbId);
            if (r != 0) {
-                LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to get GLX_FBCONFIG_ID for entry " << i << ".";
+                utils::slog.e << "Failed to get GLX_FBCONFIG_ID for entry " << i << "."
+                              << utils::io::endl;
                continue;
            }

@@ -174,7 +176,8 @@ Driver* PlatformGLX::createDriver(void* sharedGLContext,
        }

        if (fbIndex < 0) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to find an `GLXFBConfig` with the requested ID.";
+            utils::slog.e << "Failed to find an `GLXFBConfig` with the requested ID."
+                          << utils::io::endl;
            return nullptr;
        }

@@ -199,7 +202,8 @@ Driver* PlatformGLX::createDriver(void* sharedGLContext,
            getProcAddress((GLubyte*)"glXCreateContextAttribsARB");

    if (glXCreateContextAttribs == nullptr) {
-        LOG(INFO) << "Unable to retrieve function pointer for `glXCreateContextAttribs()`.";
+        utils::slog.i << "Unable to retrieve function pointer for `glXCreateContextAttribs()`."
+                      << utils::io::endl;
        return nullptr;
    }

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@
 #include "GL/glext.h"
 #include "GL/wglext.h"

-#include <utils/Logger.h>
+#include <utils/Log.h>
 #include <utils/Panic.h>

 namespace {
@@ -55,7 +55,8 @@ void reportWindowsError(DWORD dwError) {
        0, nullptr
 	);

-    LOG(ERROR) << "Windows error code: " << dwError << ". " << lpMessageBuffer;
+    utils::slog.e << "Windows error code: " << dwError << ". " << lpMessageBuffer
+            << utils::io::endl;

    LocalFree(lpMessageBuffer);
 }
@@ -105,7 +106,7 @@ Driver* PlatformWGL::createDriver(void* sharedGLContext,
    HDC whdc = mWhdc = GetDC(mHWnd);
    if (whdc == NULL) {
        dwError = GetLastError();
-        LOG(ERROR) << "CreateWindowA() failed";
+        utils::slog.e << "CreateWindowA() failed" << utils::io::endl;
        goto error;
    }

@@ -116,7 +117,8 @@ Driver* PlatformWGL::createDriver(void* sharedGLContext,
    tempContext = wglCreateContext(whdc);
    if (!wglMakeCurrent(whdc, tempContext)) {
        dwError = GetLastError();
-        LOG(ERROR) << "wglMakeCurrent() failed, whdc=" << whdc << ", tempContext=" << tempContext;
+        utils::slog.e << "wglMakeCurrent() failed, whdc=" << whdc << ", tempContext=" <<
+                tempContext << utils::io::endl;
        goto error;
    }

@@ -140,7 +142,7 @@ Driver* PlatformWGL::createDriver(void* sharedGLContext,
    }

    if (!mContext) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "wglCreateContextAttribs() failed, whdc=" << whdc;
+        utils::slog.e << "wglCreateContextAttribs() failed, whdc=" << whdc << utils::io::endl;
        goto error;
    }

@@ -150,7 +152,8 @@ Driver* PlatformWGL::createDriver(void* sharedGLContext,

    if (!wglMakeCurrent(whdc, mContext)) {
        dwError = GetLastError();
-        LOG(ERROR) << "wglMakeCurrent() failed, whdc=" << whdc << ", mContext=" << mContext;
+        utils::slog.e << "wglMakeCurrent() failed, whdc=" << whdc << ", mContext=" <<
+                mContext << utils::io::endl;
        goto error;
    }

@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ inline void blitFast(VulkanCommandBuffer* commands, VkImageAspectFlags aspect, V
        FVK_LOGD << "Fast blit from=" << src.texture->getVkImage() << ",level=" << (int) src.level
                      << " layout=" << src.getLayout()
                      << " to=" << dst.texture->getVkImage() << ",level=" << (int) dst.level
-                      << " layout=" << dst.getLayout();
+                      << " layout=" << dst.getLayout() << utils::io::endl;
    }

    VkImageSubresourceRange const srcRange = src.getSubresourceRange();
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ inline void resolveFast(VulkanCommandBuffer* commands, VkImageAspectFlags aspect
        FVK_LOGD << "Fast blit from=" << src.texture->getVkImage() << ",level=" << (int) src.level
                      << " layout=" << src.getLayout()
                      << " to=" << dst.texture->getVkImage() << ",level=" << (int) dst.level
-                      << " layout=" << dst.getLayout();
+                      << " layout=" << dst.getLayout() << utils::io::endl;
    }

    VkImageSubresourceRange const srcRange = src.getSubresourceRange();
@@ -14,35 +14,49 @@
 * limitations under the License.
 */

-#include "VulkanBufferProxy.h"
-#include "VulkanCommands.h"
+#include "VulkanBuffer.h"
 #include "VulkanMemory.h"

-#include "VulkanBufferCache.h"
-#include "VulkanMemory.h"
+#include <utils/Panic.h>

 using namespace bluevk;

 namespace filament::backend {

-VulkanBufferProxy::VulkanBufferProxy(VmaAllocator allocator, VulkanStagePool& stagePool,
-        VulkanBufferCache& bufferCache, VulkanBufferUsage usage, uint32_t numBytes)
+VulkanBuffer::VulkanBuffer(VmaAllocator allocator, VulkanStagePool& stagePool,
+        VkBufferUsageFlags usage, uint32_t numBytes)
    : mAllocator(allocator),
      mStagePool(stagePool),
-      mBufferCache(bufferCache),
-      mBuffer(mBufferCache.acquire(usage, numBytes)),
+      mUsage(usage),
      mUpdatedOffset(0),
-      mUpdatedBytes(0) {}
+      mUpdatedBytes(0) {
+    // for now make sure that only 1 bit is set in usage
+    // (because loadFromCpu() assumes that somewhat)
+    assert_invariant(usage && !(usage & (usage - 1)));

-void VulkanBufferProxy::loadFromCpu(VulkanCommandBuffer& commands, const void* cpuData,
-        uint32_t byteOffset, uint32_t numBytes) {
-    // Note: this should be stored within the command buffer before going out of
-    // scope, so that the command buffer can manage its lifecycle.
-    fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanStage::Segment> stage = mStagePool.acquireStage(numBytes);
-    assert_invariant(stage->memory());
-    commands.acquire(stage);
-    memcpy(stage->mapping(), cpuData, numBytes);
-    vmaFlushAllocation(mAllocator, stage->memory(), stage->offset(), numBytes);
+    // Create the VkBuffer.
+    VkBufferCreateInfo bufferInfo {
+        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO,
+        .size = numBytes,
+        .usage = usage | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT
+    };
+
+    VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocInfo { .usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_GPU_ONLY };
+    vmaCreateBuffer(mAllocator, &bufferInfo, &allocInfo, &mGpuBuffer, &mGpuMemory, nullptr);
+}
+
+VulkanBuffer::~VulkanBuffer() {
+    vmaDestroyBuffer(mAllocator, mGpuBuffer, mGpuMemory);
+}
+
+void VulkanBuffer::loadFromCpu(VkCommandBuffer cmdbuf, const void* cpuData, uint32_t byteOffset,
+        uint32_t numBytes) {
+    VulkanStage const* stage = mStagePool.acquireStage(numBytes);
+    void* mapped;
+    vmaMapMemory(mAllocator, stage->memory, &mapped);
+    memcpy(mapped, cpuData, numBytes);
+    vmaUnmapMemory(mAllocator, stage->memory);
+    vmaFlushAllocation(mAllocator, stage->memory, 0, numBytes);

    // If there was a previous update, then we need to make sure the following write is properly
    // synced with the previous read.
@@ -50,13 +64,13 @@ void VulkanBufferProxy::loadFromCpu(VulkanCommandBuffer& commands, const void* c
            (byteOffset >= mUpdatedOffset && byteOffset <= (mUpdatedOffset + mUpdatedBytes))) {
        VkAccessFlags srcAccess = 0;
        VkPipelineStageFlags srcStage = 0;
-        if (getUsage() == VulkanBufferUsage::UNIFORM) {
+        if (mUsage & VK_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BIT) {
            srcAccess = VK_ACCESS_SHADER_READ_BIT;
            srcStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_VERTEX_SHADER_BIT | VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT;
-        } else if (getUsage() == VulkanBufferUsage::VERTEX) {
+        } else if (mUsage & VK_BUFFER_USAGE_VERTEX_BUFFER_BIT) {
            srcAccess = VK_ACCESS_VERTEX_ATTRIBUTE_READ_BIT;
            srcStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_VERTEX_INPUT_BIT;
-        } else if (getUsage() == VulkanBufferUsage::INDEX) {
+        } else if (mUsage & VK_BUFFER_USAGE_INDEX_BUFFER_BIT) {
            srcAccess = VK_ACCESS_INDEX_READ_BIT;
            srcStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_VERTEX_INPUT_BIT;
        }
@@ -67,20 +81,20 @@ void VulkanBufferProxy::loadFromCpu(VulkanCommandBuffer& commands, const void* c
            .dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT,
            .srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
            .dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
-            .buffer = getVkBuffer(),
+            .buffer = mGpuBuffer,
            .offset = byteOffset,
            .size = numBytes,
        };
-        vkCmdPipelineBarrier(commands.buffer(), srcStage, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT, 0, 0,
-                nullptr, 1, &barrier, 0, nullptr);
+        vkCmdPipelineBarrier(cmdbuf, srcStage, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT, 0, 0, nullptr, 1,
+                &barrier, 0, nullptr);
    }

    VkBufferCopy region = {
-        .srcOffset = stage->offset(),
+        .srcOffset = 0,
        .dstOffset = byteOffset,
        .size = numBytes,
    };
-    vkCmdCopyBuffer(commands.buffer(), stage->buffer(), getVkBuffer(), 1, &region);
+    vkCmdCopyBuffer(cmdbuf, stage->buffer, mGpuBuffer, 1, &region);

    mUpdatedOffset = byteOffset;
    mUpdatedBytes = numBytes;
@@ -92,16 +106,16 @@ void VulkanBufferProxy::loadFromCpu(VulkanCommandBuffer& commands, const void* c
    VkAccessFlags dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT;
    VkPipelineStageFlags dstStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT;

-    if (getUsage() == VulkanBufferUsage::VERTEX) {
+    if (mUsage & VK_BUFFER_USAGE_VERTEX_BUFFER_BIT) {
        dstAccessMask |= VK_ACCESS_VERTEX_ATTRIBUTE_READ_BIT;
        dstStageMask |= VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_VERTEX_INPUT_BIT;
-    } else if (getUsage() == VulkanBufferUsage::INDEX) {
+    } else if (mUsage & VK_BUFFER_USAGE_INDEX_BUFFER_BIT) {
        dstAccessMask |= VK_ACCESS_INDEX_READ_BIT;
        dstStageMask |= VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_VERTEX_INPUT_BIT;
-    } else if (getUsage() == VulkanBufferUsage::UNIFORM) {
+    } else if (mUsage & VK_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BIT) {
        dstAccessMask |= VK_ACCESS_SHADER_READ_BIT;
        dstStageMask |= VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT | VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_VERTEX_SHADER_BIT;
-    } else if (getUsage() == VulkanBufferUsage::SHADER_STORAGE) {
+    } else if (mUsage & VK_BUFFER_USAGE_STORAGE_BUFFER_BIT) {
        // TODO: implement me
    }

@@ -111,21 +125,13 @@ void VulkanBufferProxy::loadFromCpu(VulkanCommandBuffer& commands, const void* c
        .dstAccessMask = dstAccessMask,
        .srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
        .dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
-        .buffer = getVkBuffer(),
+        .buffer = mGpuBuffer,
        .offset = byteOffset,
        .size = numBytes,
    };

-    vkCmdPipelineBarrier(commands.buffer(), VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT, dstStageMask, 0, 0,
-            nullptr, 1, &barrier, 0, nullptr);
+    vkCmdPipelineBarrier(cmdbuf, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT, dstStageMask, 0, 0, nullptr, 1,
+            &barrier, 0, nullptr);
 }

-VkBuffer VulkanBufferProxy::getVkBuffer() const noexcept {
-    return mBuffer->getGpuBuffer()->vkbuffer;
-}
-
-VulkanBufferUsage VulkanBufferProxy::getUsage() const noexcept {
-    return mBuffer->getGpuBuffer()->usage;
-}
-
-}// namespace filament::backend
+} // namespace filament::backend
@@ -17,36 +17,35 @@
 #ifndef TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_VULKANBUFFER_H
 #define TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_VULKANBUFFER_H

+#include "VulkanContext.h"
+#include "VulkanStagePool.h"
 #include "VulkanMemory.h"
-#include "memory/Resource.h"
-
-#include <functional>

 namespace filament::backend {

-class VulkanBuffer : public fvkmemory::Resource {
+// Encapsulates a Vulkan buffer, its attached DeviceMemory and a staging area.
+class VulkanBuffer {
 public:
-    // Because we need to recycle the unused `VulkanGpuBuffer`, we allow for a callback that the
-    // "Pool" can use to acquire the buffer back.
-    using OnRecycle = std::function<void(VulkanGpuBuffer const*)>;
-
-    VulkanBuffer(VulkanGpuBuffer const* gpuBuffer, OnRecycle&& onRecycleFn)
-        : mGpuBuffer(gpuBuffer),
-          mOnRecycleFn(onRecycleFn) {}
-
-    ~VulkanBuffer() {
-        if (mOnRecycleFn) {
-            mOnRecycleFn(mGpuBuffer);
-        }
+    VulkanBuffer(VmaAllocator allocator, VulkanStagePool& stagePool, VkBufferUsageFlags usage,
+            uint32_t numBytes);
+    ~VulkanBuffer();
+    void loadFromCpu(VkCommandBuffer cmdbuf, const void* cpuData, uint32_t byteOffset,
+            uint32_t numBytes);
+    VkBuffer getGpuBuffer() const {
+        return mGpuBuffer;
    }

-    VulkanGpuBuffer const* getGpuBuffer() const { return mGpuBuffer; }
-
 private:
-    VulkanGpuBuffer const* mGpuBuffer;
-    OnRecycle mOnRecycleFn;
+    VmaAllocator mAllocator;
+    VulkanStagePool& mStagePool;
+
+    VmaAllocation mGpuMemory = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+    VkBuffer mGpuBuffer = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+    VkBufferUsageFlags mUsage = {};
+	uint32_t mUpdatedOffset = 0;
+    uint32_t mUpdatedBytes = 0;
 };

-}// namespace filament::backend
+} // namespace filament::backend

-#endif// TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_VULKANBUFFER_H
+#endif // TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_VULKANBUFFER_H
@@ -1,207 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2025 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#include "VulkanBufferCache.h"
-
-#include "VulkanBuffer.h"
-#include "VulkanConstants.h"
-#include "VulkanMemory.h"
-#include "memory/Resource.h"
-#include "memory/ResourceManager.h"
-
-#include <utility>
-
-namespace filament::backend {
-
-namespace {
-
-VkBufferUsageFlags getVkBufferUsage(VulkanBufferUsage usage) {
-    switch (usage) {
-        case VulkanBufferUsage::VERTEX:
-            return VK_BUFFER_USAGE_VERTEX_BUFFER_BIT;
-        case VulkanBufferUsage::INDEX:
-            return VK_BUFFER_USAGE_INDEX_BUFFER_BIT;
-        case VulkanBufferUsage::UNIFORM:
-            return VK_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BIT;
-        case VulkanBufferUsage::SHADER_STORAGE:
-            return VK_BUFFER_USAGE_STORAGE_BUFFER_BIT;
-        case VulkanBufferUsage::UNKNOWN:
-            return 0;
-    }
-
-    return 0;
-}
-
-}// namespace
-
-VulkanBufferCache::VulkanBufferCache(VulkanContext const& context,
-        fvkmemory::ResourceManager& resourceManager, VmaAllocator allocator)
-    : mContext(context),
-      mResourceManager(resourceManager),
-      mAllocator(allocator) {}
-
-fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanBuffer> VulkanBufferCache::acquire(VulkanBufferUsage usage,
-        uint32_t numBytes) noexcept {
-    assert_invariant(usage != VulkanBufferUsage::UNKNOWN);
-
-    BufferPool& bufferPool = getPool(usage);
-
-    // First check if an allocation exists whose capacity is greater than or equal to the requested
-    // size.
-    auto iter = bufferPool.lower_bound(numBytes);
-    if (iter != bufferPool.end()) {
-        VulkanGpuBuffer const* gpuBuffer = iter->second.gpuBuffer;
-        bufferPool.erase(iter);
-        return fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanBuffer>::construct(&mResourceManager, gpuBuffer,
-                [this](VulkanGpuBuffer const* gpuBuffer) { this->release(gpuBuffer); });
-    }
-
-    // We were not able to find a sufficiently large allocation, so create a new one that is
-    // recycled after being yielded.
-    VulkanGpuBuffer const* gpuBuffer = allocate(usage, numBytes);
-    return fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanBuffer>::construct(&mResourceManager, gpuBuffer,
-            [this](VulkanGpuBuffer const* gpuBuffer) { this->release(gpuBuffer); });
-}
-
-void VulkanBufferCache::gc() noexcept {
-    FVK_SYSTRACE_CONTEXT();
-    FVK_SYSTRACE_START("VulkanBufferCache::gc");
-
-    // If this is one of the first few frames, return early to avoid wrapping unsigned integers.
-    constexpr uint32_t TIME_BEFORE_EVICTION = 3;
-    if (++mCurrentFrame <= TIME_BEFORE_EVICTION) {
-        return;
-    }
-    const uint64_t evictionTime = mCurrentFrame - TIME_BEFORE_EVICTION;
-
-    // Destroy buffers that have not been used for several frames.
-    for (auto& bufferPool: mGpuBufferPools) {
-        for (auto poolIter = bufferPool.begin(); poolIter != bufferPool.end();) {
-            if (poolIter->second.lastAccessed < evictionTime) {
-#if FVK_ENABLED(FVK_DEBUG_VULKAN_BUFFER_CACHE)
-                FVK_LOGD << "VulkanBufferCache - Destroyed vkBuffer "
-                         << poolIter->second.gpuBuffer->vkbuffer << " with usage "
-                         << static_cast<int>(poolIter->second.gpuBuffer->usage) << utils::io::endl;
-#endif// FVK_DEBUG_VULKAN_BUFFER_CACHE
-
-                destroy(poolIter->second.gpuBuffer);
-                poolIter = bufferPool.erase(poolIter);
-            } else {
-                ++poolIter;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    FVK_SYSTRACE_END();
-}
-
-void VulkanBufferCache::terminate() noexcept {
-    for (auto& bufferPool: mGpuBufferPools) {
-        for (auto& poolEntry: bufferPool) {
-            destroy(poolEntry.second.gpuBuffer);
-        }
-        bufferPool.clear();
-    }
-}
-
-void VulkanBufferCache::release(VulkanGpuBuffer const* gpuBuffer) noexcept {
-    assert_invariant(gpuBuffer != nullptr);
-
-    BufferPool& bufferPool = getPool(gpuBuffer->usage);
-    bufferPool.insert(std::make_pair(gpuBuffer->numBytes, UnusedGpuBuffer{
-                                                              .lastAccessed = mCurrentFrame,
-                                                              .gpuBuffer = gpuBuffer,
-                                                          }));
-}
-
-VulkanGpuBuffer const* VulkanBufferCache::allocate(VulkanBufferUsage usage,
-        uint32_t numBytes) noexcept {
-    VkBufferCreateInfo const bufferInfo{
-        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO,
-        .size = numBytes,
-        // `VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT` is needed to allow updating the buffer through
-        // a staging using `vkCmdCopyBuffer`.
-        .usage = getVkBufferUsage(usage) | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT,
-    };
-
-    VmaAllocationCreateFlags vmaFlags = 0;
-    if (usage == VulkanBufferUsage::UNIFORM) {
-        // In the case of UMA, the uniform buffers will always be mappable
-        if (mContext.isUnifiedMemoryArchitecture()) {
-            vmaFlags |= VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_MAPPED_BIT |
-                        VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_HOST_ACCESS_SEQUENTIAL_WRITE_BIT;
-        }
-    }
-
-    VulkanGpuBuffer* gpuBuffer = new VulkanGpuBuffer{
-        .numBytes = numBytes,
-        .usage = usage,
-    };
-    VmaAllocationCreateInfo const allocInfo{
-        .flags = vmaFlags,
-        .usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO,
-        .requiredFlags = VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT,
-    };
-    UTILS_UNUSED_IN_RELEASE VkResult result = vmaCreateBuffer(mAllocator, &bufferInfo, &allocInfo,
-            &gpuBuffer->vkbuffer, &gpuBuffer->vmaAllocation, &gpuBuffer->allocationInfo);
-
-#if FVK_ENABLED(FVK_DEBUG_VULKAN_BUFFER_CACHE)
-    if (result != VK_SUCCESS) {
-        FVK_LOGE << "VulkanBufferCache - failed to allocate a new vkBuffer of size " << numBytes
-                 << " and usage " << static_cast<int>(usage) << ", error: " << result
-                 << utils::io::endl;
-    } else {
-        FVK_LOGD << "VulkanBufferCache - allocated a vkBuffer " << gpuBuffer->vkbuffer
-                 << " of size " << numBytes << " and usage = " << static_cast<int>(usage)
-                 << "  successfully" << utils::io::endl;
-    }
-#endif// FVK_DEBUG_VULKAN_BUFFER_CACHE
-
-    return gpuBuffer;
-}
-
-void VulkanBufferCache::destroy(VulkanGpuBuffer const* gpuBuffer) noexcept {
-    vmaDestroyBuffer(mAllocator, gpuBuffer->vkbuffer, gpuBuffer->vmaAllocation);
-    delete gpuBuffer;
-    gpuBuffer = nullptr;
-}
-
-VulkanBufferCache::BufferPool& VulkanBufferCache::getPool(VulkanBufferUsage usage) noexcept {
-
-    int poolIndex = -1;
-    switch (usage) {
-        case VulkanBufferUsage::VERTEX:
-            poolIndex = 0;
-            break;
-        case VulkanBufferUsage::INDEX:
-            poolIndex = 1;
-            break;
-        case VulkanBufferUsage::UNIFORM:
-            poolIndex = 2;
-            break;
-        case VulkanBufferUsage::SHADER_STORAGE:
-            poolIndex = 3;
-            break;
-        case VulkanBufferUsage::UNKNOWN:
-            PANIC_LOG("There's no pool for buffers with unkown usage.");
-            break;
-    }
-
-    assert_invariant(poolIndex >= 0 && poolIndex < MAX_POOL_COUNT);
-    return mGpuBufferPools[poolIndex];
-}
-
-}// namespace filament::backend
@@ -1,84 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2025 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#ifndef TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_VULKANBUFFERCACHE_H
-#define TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_VULKANBUFFERCACHE_H
-
-#include "VulkanBuffer.h"
-#include "VulkanContext.h"
-#include "VulkanMemory.h"
-#include "memory/Resource.h"
-#include "memory/ResourceManager.h"
-
-#include <map>
-
-namespace filament::backend {
-
-class VulkanBufferCache {
-public:
-    VulkanBufferCache(VulkanContext const& context, fvkmemory::ResourceManager& resourceManager,
-            VmaAllocator allocator);
-
-    // `VulkanBufferCache` is not copyable.
-    VulkanBufferCache(const VulkanBufferCache&) = delete;
-    VulkanBufferCache& operator=(const VulkanBufferCache&) = delete;
-
-    // Allocates or reuse a new VkBuffer that is device local.
-    // In the case of Unified memory architecture, uniform buffers are also host visible.
-    fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanBuffer> acquire(VulkanBufferUsage usage,
-            uint32_t numBytes) noexcept;
-
-    // Evicts old unused `VulkanGpuBuffer` and bumps the current frame number
-    void gc() noexcept;
-
-    // Destroys all unused `VulkanGpuBuffer`.
-    // This should be called while the context's VkDevice is still alive.
-    void terminate() noexcept;
-
-private:
-    struct UnusedGpuBuffer {
-        uint64_t lastAccessed;
-        VulkanGpuBuffer const* gpuBuffer;
-    };
-
-    using BufferPool = std::multimap<uint32_t, UnusedGpuBuffer>;
-
-    // Return a `VulkanGpuBuffer` back to its corresponding pool
-    void release(VulkanGpuBuffer const* gpuBuffer) noexcept;
-
-    // Allocate a new VkBuffer from the VMA pool of the corresponding `numBytes` and `usage`.
-    VulkanGpuBuffer const* allocate(VulkanBufferUsage usage, uint32_t numBytes) noexcept;
-
-    // Destroy the corresponding VkBuffer and return the VkDeviceMemory to the VMA pool.
-    void destroy(VulkanGpuBuffer const* gpuBuffer) noexcept;
-
-    BufferPool& getPool(VulkanBufferUsage usage) noexcept;
-
-    VulkanContext const& mContext;
-    fvkmemory::ResourceManager& mResourceManager;
-    VmaAllocator mAllocator;
-
-    // Buffers can be recycled, after they are released. Each type of buffer have its own pool
-    static constexpr int MAX_POOL_COUNT = 4;
-    BufferPool mGpuBufferPools[MAX_POOL_COUNT];
-
-    // Store the current "time" (really just a frame count) and LRU eviction parameters.
-    uint64_t mCurrentFrame = 0;
-};
-
-}// namespace filament::backend
-
-#endif// TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_VULKANBUFFERCACHE_H
@@ -1,54 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#ifndef TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_VULKANBUFFERPROXY_H
-#define TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_VULKANBUFFERPROXY_H
-
-#include "VulkanBufferCache.h"
-#include "VulkanCommands.h"
-#include "VulkanContext.h"
-#include "VulkanMemory.h"
-#include "VulkanStagePool.h"
-
-namespace filament::backend {
-
-// This class acts as a dynamic wrapper for a `VulkanBuffer`. It allows you to modify the
-// `VulkanBuffer` it references at runtime, wihtout affecting any external objects.
-class VulkanBufferProxy {
-public:
-    VulkanBufferProxy(VmaAllocator allocator, VulkanStagePool& stagePool,
-            VulkanBufferCache& bufferCache, VulkanBufferUsage usage, uint32_t numBytes);
-
-    void loadFromCpu(VulkanCommandBuffer& commands, const void* cpuData, uint32_t byteOffset,
-            uint32_t numBytes);
-
-    VkBuffer getVkBuffer() const noexcept;
-
-    VulkanBufferUsage getUsage() const noexcept;
-
-private:
-    VmaAllocator mAllocator;
-    VulkanStagePool& mStagePool;
-    VulkanBufferCache& mBufferCache;
-
-    fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanBuffer> mBuffer;
-    uint32_t mUpdatedOffset = 0;
-    uint32_t mUpdatedBytes = 0;
-};
-
-}// namespace filament::backend
-
-#endif// TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_VULKANBUFFERPROXY_H
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ VkSemaphore VulkanCommandBuffer::submit() {
    }
    FVK_LOGI << ") "
             << " signal=" << mSubmission
-             << " fence=" << mFence;
+             << " fence=" << mFence << utils::io::endl;
 #endif

    mFenceStatus->setStatus(VK_NOT_READY);
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ VkSemaphore VulkanCommandBuffer::submit() {

 #if FVK_ENABLED(FVK_DEBUG_COMMAND_BUFFER)
    if (result != VK_SUCCESS) {
-        FVK_LOGD << "Failed command buffer submission result: " << result;
+        FVK_LOGD << "Failed command buffer submission result: " << result << utils::io::endl;
    }
 #endif
    assert_invariant(result == VK_SUCCESS);
@@ -490,7 +490,7 @@ void VulkanCommands::pushGroupMarker(char const* str, VulkanGroupMarkers::Timest
        mProtectedPool->pushMarker(str, timestamp);
    }
 #if FVK_ENABLED(FVK_DEBUG_PRINT_GROUP_MARKERS)
-    FVK_LOGD << "----> " << str;
+    FVK_LOGD << "----> " << str << utils::io::endl;
 #endif
 }

@@ -502,7 +502,8 @@ void VulkanCommands::popGroupMarker() {
    auto const& startTime = ret.second;
    auto const endTime = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
    std::chrono::duration<double> diff = endTime - startTime;
-    FVK_LOGD << "<---- " << marker << " elapsed: " << (diff.count() * 1000) << " ms";
+    FVK_LOGD << "<---- " << marker << " elapsed: " << (diff.count() * 1000) << " ms"
+             << utils::io::endl;
 #else
    mPool->popMarker();
 #endif // FVK_DEBUG_PRINT_GROUP_MARKERS
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 #ifndef TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_VULKANCONSTANTS_H
 #define TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_VULKANCONSTANTS_H

-#include <utils/Logger.h>
+#include <utils/Log.h>

 #include <stdint.h>

@@ -73,16 +73,14 @@
 #define FVK_DEBUG_RESOURCE_LEAK           0x00010000

 // Set this to enable logging "only" to one output stream. This is useful in the case where we want
-// to debug with print statements and want ordered logging (e.g LOG(INFO) and LOG(ERROR) will not
-// appear in order of calls).
+// to debug with print statements and want ordered logging (e.g slog.i and slog.e will not appear in
+// order of calls).
 #define FVK_DEBUG_FORCE_LOG_TO_I          0x00020000

 // Enable a minimal set of traces to assess the performance of the backend.
 // All other debug features must be disabled.
 #define FVK_DEBUG_PROFILING               0x00040000

-#define FVK_DEBUG_VULKAN_BUFFER_CACHE     0x00080000
-
 // Useful default combinations
 #define FVK_DEBUG_EVERYTHING              (0xFFFFFFFF & ~FVK_DEBUG_PROFILING)
 #define FVK_DEBUG_PERFORMANCE     \
@@ -174,15 +172,15 @@ static_assert(FVK_ENABLED(FVK_DEBUG_VALIDATION));
 #endif

 #if FVK_ENABLED(FVK_DEBUG_FORCE_LOG_TO_I)
-    #define FVK_LOGI LOG(INFO)
+    #define FVK_LOGI (utils::slog.i)
    #define FVK_LOGD FVK_LOGI
    #define FVK_LOGE FVK_LOGI
    #define FVK_LOGW FVK_LOGI
 #else
-    #define FVK_LOGE LOG(ERROR)
-    #define FVK_LOGW LOG(WARNING)
-    #define FVK_LOGD DLOG(INFO)
-    #define FVK_LOGI LOG(INFO)
+    #define FVK_LOGE (utils::slog.e)
+    #define FVK_LOGW (utils::slog.w)
+    #define FVK_LOGD (utils::slog.d)
+    #define FVK_LOGI (utils::slog.i)
 #endif

 // All vkCreate* functions take an optional allocator. For now we select the default allocator by
@@ -71,23 +71,23 @@ struct VulkanRenderPass {
 struct VulkanContext {
 public:
    static uint32_t selectMemoryType(VkPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties const& memoryProperties,
-            uint32_t types, VkFlags reqs) {
+            uint32_t flags, VkFlags reqs) {
        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < VK_MAX_MEMORY_TYPES; i++) {
-            if (types & 1) {
+            if (flags & 1) {
                if ((memoryProperties.memoryTypes[i].propertyFlags & reqs) == reqs) {
                    return i;
                }
            }
-            types >>= 1;
+            flags >>= 1;
        }
        return (uint32_t) VK_MAX_MEMORY_TYPES;
    }

-    inline uint32_t selectMemoryType(uint32_t types, VkFlags reqs) const {
+    inline uint32_t selectMemoryType(uint32_t flags, VkFlags reqs) const {
        if ((reqs & VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_PROTECTED_BIT) != 0) {
            assert_invariant(isProtectedMemorySupported());
        }
-        return selectMemoryType(mMemoryProperties, types, reqs);
+        return selectMemoryType(mMemoryProperties, flags, reqs);
    }

    inline fvkutils::VkFormatList const& getAttachmentDepthStencilFormats() const {
@@ -320,7 +320,7 @@ void VulkanDescriptorSetCache::updateBuffer(fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanDescri
        uint8_t binding, fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanBufferObject> bufferObject,
        VkDeviceSize offset, VkDeviceSize size) noexcept {
    VkDescriptorBufferInfo const info = {
-        .buffer = bufferObject->buffer.getVkBuffer(),
+        .buffer = bufferObject->buffer.getGpuBuffer(),
        .offset = offset,
        .range = size,
    };
@@ -19,8 +19,7 @@
 #include "CommandStreamDispatcher.h"
 #include "SystraceProfile.h"
 #include "VulkanAsyncHandles.h"
-#include "VulkanBufferCache.h"
-#include "VulkanBufferProxy.h"
+#include "VulkanBuffer.h"
 #include "VulkanCommands.h"
 #include "VulkanDriverFactory.h"
 #include "VulkanHandles.h"
@@ -85,11 +84,7 @@ VmaAllocator createAllocator(VkInstance instance, VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevic
        .vkGetImageMemoryRequirements2KHR = vkGetImageMemoryRequirements2KHR
 #endif
    };
-    VmaAllocatorCreateInfo const allocatorInfo{
-        // Disable the internal VMA synchronization because the backend is singled threaded.
-        // Improve CPU performance when using VMA functions. The backend will guarantee that all
-        // access to VMA is done in a thread safe way.
-        .flags = VMA_ALLOCATOR_CREATE_EXTERNALLY_SYNCHRONIZED_BIT,
+    VmaAllocatorCreateInfo const allocatorInfo {
        .physicalDevice = physicalDevice,
        .device = device,
        .pVulkanFunctions = &funcs,
@@ -104,15 +99,15 @@ VKAPI_ATTR VkBool32 VKAPI_CALL debugReportCallback(VkDebugReportFlagsEXT flags,
        VkDebugReportObjectTypeEXT objectType, uint64_t object, size_t location,
        int32_t messageCode, const char* pLayerPrefix, const char* pMessage, void* pUserData) {
    if (flags & VK_DEBUG_REPORT_ERROR_BIT_EXT) {
-        FVK_LOGE << "VULKAN ERROR: (" << pLayerPrefix << ") " << pMessage;
+        FVK_LOGE << "VULKAN ERROR: (" << pLayerPrefix << ") " << pMessage << utils::io::endl;
    } else {
        // TODO: emit best practices warnings about aggressive pipeline barriers.
        if (strstr(pMessage, "ALL_GRAPHICS_BIT") || strstr(pMessage, "ALL_COMMANDS_BIT")) {
            return VK_FALSE;
        }
-        FVK_LOGW << "VULKAN WARNING: (" << pLayerPrefix << ") " << pMessage;
+        FVK_LOGW << "VULKAN WARNING: (" << pLayerPrefix << ") " << pMessage << utils::io::endl;
    }
-    FVK_LOGE;
+    FVK_LOGE << utils::io::endl;
    return VK_FALSE;
 }
 #endif // FVK_ENABLED(FVK_DEBUG_VALIDATION)
@@ -122,16 +117,18 @@ VKAPI_ATTR VkBool32 VKAPI_CALL debugUtilsCallback(VkDebugUtilsMessageSeverityFla
        VkDebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT types, const VkDebugUtilsMessengerCallbackDataEXT* cbdata,
        void* pUserData) {
    if (severity & VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_ERROR_BIT_EXT) {
-        FVK_LOGE << "VULKAN ERROR: (" << cbdata->pMessageIdName << ") " << cbdata->pMessage;
+        FVK_LOGE << "VULKAN ERROR: (" << cbdata->pMessageIdName << ") " << cbdata->pMessage
+                 << utils::io::endl;
    } else {
        // TODO: emit best practices warnings about aggressive pipeline barriers.
        if (strstr(cbdata->pMessage, "ALL_GRAPHICS_BIT")
                || strstr(cbdata->pMessage, "ALL_COMMANDS_BIT")) {
            return VK_FALSE;
        }
-        FVK_LOGW << "VULKAN WARNING: (" << cbdata->pMessageIdName << ") " << cbdata->pMessage;
+        FVK_LOGW << "VULKAN WARNING: (" << cbdata->pMessageIdName << ") " << cbdata->pMessage
+                 << utils::io::endl;
    }
-    FVK_LOGE << "";
+    FVK_LOGE << utils::io::endl;
    return VK_FALSE;
 }
 #endif // FVK_ENABLED(FVK_DEBUG_DEBUG_UTILS)
@@ -212,8 +209,7 @@ VulkanDriver::VulkanDriver(VulkanPlatform* platform, VulkanContext const& contex
              mPlatform->getProtectedGraphicsQueueFamilyIndex(), &mContext),
      mPipelineLayoutCache(mPlatform->getDevice()),
      mPipelineCache(mPlatform->getDevice()),
-      mStagePool(mAllocator, &mResourceManager, &mCommands, &mContext.getPhysicalDeviceLimits()),
-      mBufferCache(context, mResourceManager, mAllocator),
+      mStagePool(mAllocator, &mCommands),
      mFramebufferCache(mPlatform->getDevice()),
      mYcbcrConversionCache(mPlatform->getDevice()),
      mSamplerCache(mPlatform->getDevice()),
@@ -274,18 +270,20 @@ Driver* VulkanDriver::create(VulkanPlatform* platform, VulkanContext const& cont
    //    VulkanRenderTarget            : 312       few
    // -- less than or equal to 312 bytes

-    FVK_LOGD << "VulkanSwapChain: " << sizeof(VulkanSwapChain);
-    FVK_LOGD << "VulkanBufferObject: " << sizeof(VulkanBufferObject);
-    FVK_LOGD << "VulkanVertexBuffer: " << sizeof(VulkanVertexBuffer);
-    FVK_LOGD << "VulkanVertexBufferInfo: " << sizeof(VulkanVertexBufferInfo);
-    FVK_LOGD << "VulkanIndexBuffer: " << sizeof(VulkanIndexBuffer);
-    FVK_LOGD << "VulkanRenderPrimitive: " << sizeof(VulkanRenderPrimitive);
-    FVK_LOGD << "VulkanTexture: " << sizeof(VulkanTexture);
-    FVK_LOGD << "VulkanTimerQuery: " << sizeof(VulkanTimerQuery);
-    FVK_LOGD << "HwStream: " << sizeof(HwStream);
-    FVK_LOGD << "VulkanRenderTarget: " << sizeof(VulkanRenderTarget);
-    FVK_LOGD << "VulkanFence: " << sizeof(VulkanFence);
-    FVK_LOGD << "VulkanProgram: " << sizeof(VulkanProgram);
+    FVK_LOGD
+           << "\nVulkanSwapChain: " << sizeof(VulkanSwapChain)
+           << "\nVulkanBufferObject: " << sizeof(VulkanBufferObject)
+           << "\nVulkanVertexBuffer: " << sizeof(VulkanVertexBuffer)
+           << "\nVulkanVertexBufferInfo: " << sizeof(VulkanVertexBufferInfo)
+           << "\nVulkanIndexBuffer: " << sizeof(VulkanIndexBuffer)
+           << "\nVulkanRenderPrimitive: " << sizeof(VulkanRenderPrimitive)
+           << "\nVulkanTexture: " << sizeof(VulkanTexture)
+           << "\nVulkanTimerQuery: " << sizeof(VulkanTimerQuery)
+           << "\nHwStream: " << sizeof(HwStream)
+           << "\nVulkanRenderTarget: " << sizeof(VulkanRenderTarget)
+           << "\nVulkanFence: " << sizeof(VulkanFence)
+           << "\nVulkanProgram: " << sizeof(VulkanProgram)
+           << utils::io::endl;
 #endif

    assert_invariant(platform);
@@ -330,6 +328,7 @@ void VulkanDriver::terminate() {
    // descriptorSetLayoutCache
    mExternalImageManager.terminate();

+    mStagePool.terminate();
    mPipelineCache.terminate();
    mFramebufferCache.terminate();
    mSamplerCache.terminate();
@@ -340,15 +339,6 @@ void VulkanDriver::terminate() {
    // Before terminating ResourceManager, we must make sure all of the resource_ptrs have been unset.
    mResourceManager.terminate();

-    // Must come after `mResourceManager`.
-    // Before terminating the memory pool, we must make sure all the VulkanBufferMemory are yielded
-    // back to the pool.
-    mBufferCache.terminate();
-
-    // Before terminating stagePool, we need all resources to have been
-    // reclaimed, as they perform cleanup within the stage pool.
-    mStagePool.terminate();
-
 #if FVK_ENABLED(FVK_DEBUG_RESOURCE_LEAK)
    mResourceManager.print();
 #endif
@@ -381,7 +371,6 @@ void VulkanDriver::collectGarbage() {
    mCommands.gc();
    mDescriptorSetCache.gc();
    mStagePool.gc();
-    mBufferCache.gc();
    mFramebufferCache.gc();
    mPipelineCache.gc();

@@ -525,7 +514,7 @@ void VulkanDriver::createIndexBufferR(Handle<HwIndexBuffer> ibh, ElementType ele
    FVK_SYSTRACE_SCOPE();
    auto elementSize = (uint8_t) getElementTypeSize(elementType);
    auto ib = resource_ptr<VulkanIndexBuffer>::make(&mResourceManager, ibh, mAllocator, mStagePool,
-            mBufferCache, elementSize, indexCount);
+            elementSize, indexCount);
    ib.inc();
 }

@@ -542,7 +531,7 @@ void VulkanDriver::createBufferObjectR(Handle<HwBufferObject> boh, uint32_t byte
        BufferObjectBinding bindingType, BufferUsage usage) {
    FVK_SYSTRACE_SCOPE();
    auto bo = resource_ptr<VulkanBufferObject>::make(&mResourceManager, boh, mAllocator, mStagePool,
-            mBufferCache, byteCount, bindingType);
+            byteCount, bindingType);
    bo.inc();
 }

@@ -795,12 +784,14 @@ void VulkanDriver::createSwapChainR(Handle<HwSwapChain> sch, void* nativeWindow,
    mResourceManager.gc();

    if ((flags & backend::SWAP_CHAIN_CONFIG_SRGB_COLORSPACE) != 0 && !isSRGBSwapChainSupported()) {
-        FVK_LOGW << "sRGB swapchain requested, but Platform does not support it";
+        FVK_LOGW << "sRGB swapchain requested, but Platform does not support it"
+                 << utils::io::endl;
        flags = flags | ~(backend::SWAP_CHAIN_CONFIG_SRGB_COLORSPACE);
    }
    if (flags & backend::SWAP_CHAIN_CONFIG_PROTECTED_CONTENT) {
        if (!isProtectedContentSupported()) {
-            FVK_LOGW << "protected swapchain requested, but Platform does not support it";
+            FVK_LOGW << "protected swapchain requested, but Platform does not support it"
+                << utils::io::endl;
        }
    }
    auto swapChain = resource_ptr<VulkanSwapChain>::make(&mResourceManager, sch, mPlatform,
@@ -811,7 +802,8 @@ void VulkanDriver::createSwapChainR(Handle<HwSwapChain> sch, void* nativeWindow,
 void VulkanDriver::createSwapChainHeadlessR(Handle<HwSwapChain> sch, uint32_t width,
        uint32_t height, uint64_t flags) {
    if ((flags & backend::SWAP_CHAIN_CONFIG_SRGB_COLORSPACE) != 0 && !isSRGBSwapChainSupported()) {
-        FVK_LOGW << "sRGB swapchain requested, but Platform does not support it";
+        FVK_LOGW << "sRGB swapchain requested, but Platform does not support it"
+                      << utils::io::endl;
        flags = flags | ~(backend::SWAP_CHAIN_CONFIG_SRGB_COLORSPACE);
    }
    assert_invariant(width > 0 && height > 0 && "Vulkan requires non-zero swap chain dimensions.");
@@ -1231,7 +1223,7 @@ void VulkanDriver::updateIndexBuffer(Handle<HwIndexBuffer> ibh, BufferDescriptor
    VulkanCommandBuffer& commands = mCommands.get();
    auto ib = resource_ptr<VulkanIndexBuffer>::cast(&mResourceManager, ibh);
    commands.acquire(ib);
-    ib->buffer.loadFromCpu(commands, p.buffer, byteOffset, p.size);
+    ib->buffer.loadFromCpu(commands.buffer(), p.buffer, byteOffset, p.size);

    scheduleDestroy(std::move(p));
 }
@@ -1246,7 +1238,7 @@ void VulkanDriver::updateBufferObject(Handle<HwBufferObject> boh, BufferDescript

    auto bo = resource_ptr<VulkanBufferObject>::cast(&mResourceManager, boh);
    commands.acquire(bo);
-    bo->buffer.loadFromCpu(commands, bd.buffer, byteOffset, bd.size);
+    bo->buffer.loadFromCpu(commands.buffer(), bd.buffer, byteOffset, bd.size);

    scheduleDestroy(std::move(bd));
 }
@@ -1257,7 +1249,7 @@ void VulkanDriver::updateBufferObjectUnsynchronized(Handle<HwBufferObject> boh,
    auto bo = resource_ptr<VulkanBufferObject>::cast(&mResourceManager, boh);
    commands.acquire(bo);
    // TODO: implement unsynchronized version
-    bo->buffer.loadFromCpu(commands, bd.buffer, byteOffset, bd.size);
+    bo->buffer.loadFromCpu(commands.buffer(), bd.buffer, byteOffset, bd.size);
    scheduleDestroy(std::move(bd));
 }

@@ -1299,7 +1291,7 @@ TimerQueryResult VulkanDriver::getTimerQueryValue(Handle<HwTimerQuery> tqh, uint
    uint64_t const end = results.endTime;
    if (begin >= end) {
        // TODO: queries might have ran on different command buffers.
-        FVK_LOGW << "Timestamps are not monotonically increasing. ";
+        FVK_LOGW << "Timestamps are not monotonically increasing. " << utils::io::endl;
        *elapsedTime = 0;
        return TimerQueryResult::ERROR;
    }
@@ -1630,8 +1622,8 @@ void VulkanDriver::readPixels(Handle<HwRenderTarget> src, uint32_t x, uint32_t y
    mReadPixels.run(
            srcTarget, x, y, width, height, mPlatform->getGraphicsQueueFamilyIndex(),
            std::move(pbd),
-            [&context = mContext](uint32_t types, VkFlags reqs) {
-                return context.selectMemoryType(types, reqs);
+            [&context = mContext](uint32_t reqs, VkFlags flags) {
+                return context.selectMemoryType(reqs, flags);
            },
            [this](PixelBufferDescriptor&& pbd) {
                scheduleDestroy(std::move(pbd));
@@ -1906,7 +1898,7 @@ void VulkanDriver::bindRenderPrimitive(Handle<HwRenderPrimitive> rph) {
    // avoid rebinding these if they are already bound, but since we do not (yet) support subranges
    // it would be rare for a client to make consecutive draw calls with the same render primitive.
    vkCmdBindVertexBuffers(cmdbuffer, 0, bufferCount, buffers, offsets);
-    vkCmdBindIndexBuffer(cmdbuffer, prim->indexBuffer->buffer.getVkBuffer(), 0,
+    vkCmdBindIndexBuffer(cmdbuffer, prim->indexBuffer->buffer.getGpuBuffer(), 0,
            prim->indexBuffer->indexType);
 }

@@ -2037,7 +2029,7 @@ void VulkanDriver::debugCommandBegin(CommandStream* cmds, bool synchronous, cons
        assert_invariant(inRenderPass);
        inRenderPass = false;
    } else if (inRenderPass && OUTSIDE_COMMANDS.find(command) != OUTSIDE_COMMANDS.end()) {
-        FVK_LOGE << command.data() << " issued inside a render pass.";
+        FVK_LOGE << command.data() << " issued inside a render pass." << utils::io::endl;
    }
 #endif
 }
@@ -18,17 +18,15 @@
 #define TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_VULKANDRIVER_H

 #include "VulkanBlitter.h"
-#include "VulkanBufferCache.h"
 #include "VulkanConstants.h"
 #include "VulkanContext.h"
 #include "VulkanFboCache.h"
 #include "VulkanHandles.h"
-#include "VulkanMemory.h"
 #include "VulkanPipelineCache.h"
-#include "VulkanQueryManager.h"
 #include "VulkanReadPixels.h"
 #include "VulkanSamplerCache.h"
 #include "VulkanStagePool.h"
+#include "VulkanQueryManager.h"
 #include "VulkanYcbcrConversionCache.h"
 #include "vulkan/VulkanDescriptorSetCache.h"
 #include "vulkan/VulkanDescriptorSetLayoutCache.h"
@@ -140,7 +138,6 @@ private:
    VulkanPipelineLayoutCache mPipelineLayoutCache;
    VulkanPipelineCache mPipelineCache;
    VulkanStagePool mStagePool;
-    VulkanBufferCache mBufferCache;
    VulkanFboCache mFramebufferCache;
    VulkanYcbcrConversionCache mYcbcrConversionCache;
    VulkanSamplerCache mSamplerCache;
@@ -100,7 +100,8 @@ VkFramebuffer VulkanFboCache::getFramebuffer(FboKey const& config) noexcept {
        << "for render pass " << config.renderPass << ", "
        << "samples = " << int(config.samples) << ", "
        << "depth = " << (config.depth ? 1 : 0) << ", "
-        << "attachmentCount = " << attachmentCount;
+        << "attachmentCount = " << attachmentCount
+        << utils::io::endl;
    #endif

    VkFramebufferCreateInfo info {
@@ -340,7 +341,8 @@ VkRenderPass VulkanFboCache::getRenderPass(RenderPassKey const& config) noexcept
             << "needsResolveMask = " << int(config.needsResolveMask) << ", "
             << "usesLazilyAllocatedMemory = " << int(config.usesLazilyAllocatedMemory) << ", "
             << "viewCount = " << int(config.viewCount) << ", "
-             << "colorAttachmentCount[0] = " << subpasses[0].colorAttachmentCount;
+             << "colorAttachmentCount[0] = " << subpasses[0].colorAttachmentCount
+             << utils::io::endl;
 #endif

    return renderPass;
@@ -287,7 +287,7 @@ VulkanProgram::VulkanProgram(VkDevice device, Program const& builder) noexcept

 #if FVK_ENABLED(FVK_DEBUG_SHADER_MODULE)
    FVK_LOGD << "Created VulkanProgram " << builder << ", shaders = (" << modules[0]
-             << ", " << modules[1] << ")";
+             << ", " << modules[1] << ")" << utils::io::endl;
 #endif
 }

@@ -583,22 +583,22 @@ void VulkanVertexBuffer::setBuffer(fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanBufferObject> b
    int8_t const* const attribToBuffer = vbi->getAttributeToBuffer();
    for (uint8_t attribIndex = 0; attribIndex < count; attribIndex++) {
        if (attribToBuffer[attribIndex] == static_cast<int8_t>(index)) {
-            vkbuffers[attribIndex] = bufferObject->buffer.getVkBuffer();
+            vkbuffers[attribIndex] = bufferObject->buffer.getGpuBuffer();
        }
    }
    mResources.push_back(bufferObject);
 }

 VulkanBufferObject::VulkanBufferObject(VmaAllocator allocator, VulkanStagePool& stagePool,
-        VulkanBufferCache& bufferCache, uint32_t byteCount, BufferObjectBinding bindingType)
+        uint32_t byteCount, BufferObjectBinding bindingType)
    : HwBufferObject(byteCount),
-      buffer(allocator, stagePool, bufferCache, getBufferObjectUsage(bindingType), byteCount),
+      buffer(allocator, stagePool, getBufferObjectUsage(bindingType), byteCount),
      bindingType(bindingType) {}

 VulkanRenderPrimitive::VulkanRenderPrimitive(PrimitiveType pt,
        fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanVertexBuffer> vb,
        fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanIndexBuffer> ib)
-    : HwRenderPrimitive{ .type = pt },
+    : HwRenderPrimitive{.type = pt},
      vertexBuffer(vb),
      indexBuffer(ib) {}

@@ -21,21 +21,20 @@
 #include "DriverBase.h"

 #include "VulkanAsyncHandles.h"
-#include "VulkanBufferCache.h"
-#include "VulkanBufferProxy.h"
+#include "VulkanBuffer.h"
 #include "VulkanFboCache.h"
 #include "VulkanSwapChain.h"
 #include "VulkanTexture.h"
 #include "vulkan/memory/Resource.h"
-#include "vulkan/utils/Definitions.h"
 #include "vulkan/utils/StaticVector.h"
+#include "vulkan/utils/Definitions.h"

 #include <backend/Program.h>

+#include <utils/bitset.h>
 #include <utils/FixedCapacityVector.h>
 #include <utils/Mutex.h>
 #include <utils/StructureOfArrays.h>
-#include <utils/bitset.h>

 #include <array>

@@ -429,22 +428,21 @@ private:
 };

 struct VulkanIndexBuffer : public HwIndexBuffer, fvkmemory::Resource {
-    VulkanIndexBuffer(VmaAllocator allocator, VulkanStagePool& stagePool,
-            VulkanBufferCache& bufferCache, uint8_t elementSize, uint32_t indexCount)
+    VulkanIndexBuffer(VmaAllocator allocator, VulkanStagePool& stagePool, uint8_t elementSize,
+            uint32_t indexCount)
        : HwIndexBuffer(elementSize, indexCount),
-          buffer(allocator, stagePool, bufferCache, VulkanBufferUsage::INDEX,
-                  elementSize * indexCount),
+          buffer(allocator, stagePool, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_INDEX_BUFFER_BIT, elementSize * indexCount),
          indexType(elementSize == 2 ? VK_INDEX_TYPE_UINT16 : VK_INDEX_TYPE_UINT32) {}

-    VulkanBufferProxy buffer;
+    VulkanBuffer buffer;
    const VkIndexType indexType;
 };

 struct VulkanBufferObject : public HwBufferObject, fvkmemory::Resource {
-    VulkanBufferObject(VmaAllocator allocator, VulkanStagePool& stagePool,
-            VulkanBufferCache& bufferCache, uint32_t byteCount, BufferObjectBinding bindingType);
+    VulkanBufferObject(VmaAllocator allocator, VulkanStagePool& stagePool, uint32_t byteCount,
+            BufferObjectBinding bindingType);

-    VulkanBufferProxy buffer;
+    VulkanBuffer buffer;
    const BufferObjectBinding bindingType;
 };

@@ -457,19 +455,18 @@ struct VulkanRenderPrimitive : public HwRenderPrimitive, fvkmemory::Resource {
    fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanIndexBuffer> indexBuffer;
 };

-inline constexpr VulkanBufferUsage getBufferObjectUsage(BufferObjectBinding bindingType) noexcept {
-    switch (bindingType) {
+inline constexpr VkBufferUsageFlagBits getBufferObjectUsage(
+        BufferObjectBinding bindingType) noexcept {
+    switch(bindingType) {
        case BufferObjectBinding::VERTEX:
-            return VulkanBufferUsage::VERTEX;
+            return VK_BUFFER_USAGE_VERTEX_BUFFER_BIT;
        case BufferObjectBinding::UNIFORM:
-            return VulkanBufferUsage::UNIFORM;
+            return VK_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BIT;
        case BufferObjectBinding::SHADER_STORAGE:
-            return VulkanBufferUsage::SHADER_STORAGE;
-            // when adding more buffer-types here, make sure to update VulkanBuffer::loadFromCpu()
-            // if necessary.
+            return VK_BUFFER_USAGE_STORAGE_BUFFER_BIT;
+        // when adding more buffer-types here, make sure to update VulkanBuffer::loadFromCpu()
+        // if necessary.
    }
-
-    return VulkanBufferUsage::UNKNOWN;
 }

 } // namespace filament::backend
@@ -37,24 +37,4 @@ VK_DEFINE_HANDLE(VmaAllocator)
 VK_DEFINE_HANDLE(VmaAllocation)
 VK_DEFINE_HANDLE(VmaPool)

-namespace filament::backend {
-
-enum class VulkanBufferUsage : uint8_t {
-    UNKNOWN,
-    VERTEX,
-    INDEX,
-    UNIFORM,
-    SHADER_STORAGE,
-};
-
-struct VulkanGpuBuffer {
-    VkBuffer vkbuffer = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
-    VmaAllocation vmaAllocation = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
-    VmaAllocationInfo allocationInfo;
-    uint32_t numBytes = 0;
-    VulkanBufferUsage usage = VulkanBufferUsage::UNKNOWN;
-};
-
-} // namespace filament::backend
-
 #endif // TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_VULKANMEMORY_H
@@ -218,7 +218,8 @@ VulkanPipelineCache::PipelineCacheEntry* VulkanPipelineCache::createPipeline() n

    #if FVK_ENABLED(FVK_DEBUG_SHADER_MODULE)
        FVK_LOGD << "vkCreateGraphicsPipelines with shaders = ("
-                 << shaderStages[0].module << ", " << shaderStages[1].module << ")";
+                 << shaderStages[0].module << ", " << shaderStages[1].module << ")"
+                 << utils::io::endl;
    #endif
    PipelineCacheEntry cacheEntry = {
        .lastUsed = mCurrentTime,
@@ -227,7 +228,7 @@ VulkanPipelineCache::PipelineCacheEntry* VulkanPipelineCache::createPipeline() n
            VKALLOC, &cacheEntry.handle);
    assert_invariant(error == VK_SUCCESS);
    if (error != VK_SUCCESS) {
-        FVK_LOGE << "vkCreateGraphicsPipelines error " << error;
+        FVK_LOGE << "vkCreateGraphicsPipelines error " << error << utils::io::endl;
        return nullptr;
    }
    return &mPipelines.emplace(mPipelineRequirements, cacheEntry).first.value();
@@ -241,7 +242,7 @@ void VulkanPipelineCache::bindProgram(fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanProgram> pro
 #if FVK_ENABLED(FVK_DEBUG_SHADER_MODULE)
    if (mPipelineRequirements.shaders[0] == VK_NULL_HANDLE ||
            mPipelineRequirements.shaders[1] == VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
-        FVK_LOGE << "Binding missing shader: " << program->name.c_str();
+        FVK_LOGE << "Binding missing shader: " << program->name.c_str() << utils::io::endl;
    }
 #endif
 }
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanTimerQuery> VulkanQueryManager::getNextQuery(
        fvkmemory::ResourceManager* resourceManager) {
    auto unused = ~mUsed;
    if (unused.empty()) {
-        FVK_LOGE << "More than " << mUsed.size() << " timers are not supported.";
+        FVK_LOGE << "More than " << mUsed.size() << " timers are not supported." << utils::io::endl;
        return {};
    }

@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ void VulkanReadPixels::run(fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanRenderTarget> srcTarget
        mTaskHandler = std::make_unique<TaskHandler>();
    }

-    VkCommandPool const cmdpool = mCommandPool;
+    VkCommandPool& cmdpool = mCommandPool;

    fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanTexture> srcTexture = srcTarget->getColor0().texture;
    assert_invariant(srcTexture);
@@ -152,17 +152,17 @@ void VulkanReadPixels::run(fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanRenderTarget> srcTarget
            = srcFormat == VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM || srcFormat == VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_SRGB;

    // Create a host visible, linearly tiled image as a staging area.
-    VkImageCreateInfo const imageInfo = {
-        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_CREATE_INFO,
-        .imageType = VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D,
-        .format = srcFormat,
-        .extent = { width, height, 1 },
-        .mipLevels = 1,
-        .arrayLayers = 1,
-        .samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT,
-        .tiling = VK_IMAGE_TILING_LINEAR,
-        .usage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT,
-        .initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED,
+    VkImageCreateInfo const imageInfo{
+            .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_CREATE_INFO,
+            .imageType = VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D,
+            .format = srcFormat,
+            .extent = {width, height, 1},
+            .mipLevels = 1,
+            .arrayLayers = 1,
+            .samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT,
+            .tiling = VK_IMAGE_TILING_LINEAR,
+            .usage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT,
+            .initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED,
    };

    VkImage stagingImage;
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ void VulkanReadPixels::run(fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanRenderTarget> srcTarget
 #if FVK_ENABLED(FVK_DEBUG_READ_PIXELS)
    FVK_LOGD << "readPixels created image=" << stagingImage
             << " to copy from image=" << srcTexture->getVkImage()
-             << " src-layout=" << srcTexture->getLayout(0, 0);
+             << " src-layout=" << srcTexture->getLayout(0, 0) << utils::io::endl;
 #endif

    VkMemoryRequirements memReqs;
@@ -188,27 +188,28 @@ void VulkanReadPixels::run(fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanRenderTarget> srcTarget
        memoryTypeIndex = selectMemoryFunc(memReqs.memoryTypeBits,
                VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT);
        FVK_LOGW
-                << "readPixels is slow because VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_CACHED_BIT is not available";
+                << "readPixels is slow because VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_CACHED_BIT is not available"
+                << utils::io::endl;
    }

    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(memoryTypeIndex < VK_MAX_MEMORY_TYPES)
            << "VulkanReadPixels: unable to find a memory type that meets requirements.";

    VkMemoryAllocateInfo const allocInfo = {
-        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_ALLOCATE_INFO,
-        .allocationSize = memReqs.size,
-        .memoryTypeIndex = memoryTypeIndex,
+            .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_ALLOCATE_INFO,
+            .allocationSize = memReqs.size,
+            .memoryTypeIndex = memoryTypeIndex,
    };

    vkAllocateMemory(device, &allocInfo, VKALLOC, &stagingMemory);
    vkBindImageMemory(device, stagingImage, stagingMemory, 0);

    VkCommandBuffer cmdbuffer;
-    VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo const allocateInfo = {
-        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_ALLOCATE_INFO,
-        .commandPool = cmdpool,
-        .level = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY,
-        .commandBufferCount = 1,
+    VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo const allocateInfo{
+            .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_ALLOCATE_INFO,
+            .commandPool = cmdpool,
+            .level = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY,
+            .commandBufferCount = 1,
    };
    vkAllocateCommandBuffers(device, &allocateInfo, &cmdbuffer);

@@ -303,8 +304,9 @@ void VulkanReadPixels::run(fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanRenderTarget> srcTarget
                                 cmdpool, cmdbuffer, pUserBuffer,
                                 fence = readCompleteFence]() mutable {
        VkResult status = vkWaitForFences(device, 1, &fence, VK_TRUE, UINT64_MAX);
+        // Fence hasn't been reached. Try waiting again.
        if (status != VK_SUCCESS) {
-            FVK_LOGE << "Failed to wait for readPixels fence";
+            FVK_LOGE << "Failed to wait for readPixels fence" << utils::io::endl;
            return;
        }

@@ -322,7 +324,7 @@ void VulkanReadPixels::run(fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanRenderTarget> srcTarget
                    fvkutils::getComponentCount(srcFormat), srcPixels,
                    static_cast<int>(subResourceLayout.rowPitch), static_cast<int>(width),
                    static_cast<int>(height), swizzle)) {
-            FVK_LOGE << "Unsupported PixelDataFormat or PixelDataType";
+            FVK_LOGE << "Unsupported PixelDataFormat or PixelDataType" << utils::io::endl;
        }

        vkUnmapMemory(device, stagingMemory);
@@ -28,111 +28,46 @@ static constexpr uint32_t TIME_BEFORE_EVICTION = 3;

 namespace filament::backend {

-namespace {
-
-// Note: these are temporary values, they will be configurable.
-static constexpr uint32_t MAX_EMPTY_STAGES_TO_RETAIN = 1;
-constexpr uint32_t STAGE_SIZE = 1048576;
-
-}// namespace
-
-fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanStage::Segment> VulkanStage::acquireSegment(
-        fvkmemory::ResourceManager* resManager, uint32_t numBytes) {
-    auto segment = fvkmemory::resource_ptr<Segment>::construct(
-        resManager, this, numBytes, mCurrentOffset, [this](uint32_t offset) {
-            mSegments.erase(offset);
-    });
-    mSegments.insert({mCurrentOffset, segment.get()});
-    mCurrentOffset += numBytes;
-    return segment;
-}
-
-VulkanStagePool::VulkanStagePool(VmaAllocator allocator, fvkmemory::ResourceManager* resManager,
-        VulkanCommands* commands, const VkPhysicalDeviceLimits* deviceLimits)
+VulkanStagePool::VulkanStagePool(VmaAllocator allocator, VulkanCommands* commands)
    : mAllocator(allocator),
-      mResManager(resManager),
-      mCommands(commands),
-      mDeviceLimits(deviceLimits) {}
+      mCommands(commands) {}

-fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanStage::Segment> VulkanStagePool::acquireStage(uint32_t numBytes) {
-    // Apply alignment to the byte count to ensure that, when we later flush
-    // data written by the host, we only flush the atoms that we modified, and
-    // no adjacent atoms.
-    numBytes = alignToNonCoherentAtomSize(numBytes);
-
-    // First check if a stage segment exists whose capacity is greater than or
-    // equal to the requested size.
-    auto iter = mStages.lower_bound(numBytes);
-
-    VulkanStage* pStage;
-    if (iter != mStages.end()) {
-        pStage = iter->second;
-        mStages.erase(iter);
-    } else {
-        pStage = allocateNewStage(std::max(numBytes, STAGE_SIZE));
+VulkanStage const* VulkanStagePool::acquireStage(uint32_t numBytes) {
+    // First check if a stage exists whose capacity is greater than or equal to the requested size.
+    auto iter = mFreeStages.lower_bound(numBytes);
+    if (iter != mFreeStages.end()) {
+        auto stage = iter->second;
+        mFreeStages.erase(iter);
+        stage->lastAccessed = mCurrentFrame;
+        mUsedStages.push_back(stage);
+        return stage;
    }
+    // We were not able to find a sufficiently large stage, so create a new one.
+    VulkanStage* stage = new VulkanStage({
+        .memory = VK_NULL_HANDLE,
+        .buffer = VK_NULL_HANDLE,
+        .capacity = numBytes,
+        .lastAccessed = mCurrentFrame,
+    });

-    // Note: this allocation updates `currentOffset` and `segments` within
-    // the parent stage. When destroyed, it will update `segments`.
-    fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanStage::Segment> pSegment = pStage->acquireSegment(mResManager, numBytes);
-
-    // Update the stage's metadata, and reinsert it with the remaining segment
-    // capacity.
-    uint32_t spaceRemaining = pStage->capacity() - pStage->currentOffset();
-    mStages.insert({ spaceRemaining, pStage });
-
-    return pSegment;
-}
-
-uint32_t VulkanStagePool::alignToNonCoherentAtomSize(uint32_t bytes) {
-    VkDeviceSize alignment = mDeviceLimits->nonCoherentAtomSize;
-    if (alignment == 0) {
-        return bytes;
-    }
-
-    uint32_t remainder = bytes % alignment;
-    return remainder == 0 ? bytes : bytes + (alignment - remainder);
-}
-
-VulkanStage* VulkanStagePool::allocateNewStage(uint32_t capacity) {
-    VkBufferCreateInfo bufferInfo{
+    // Create the VkBuffer.
+    mUsedStages.push_back(stage);
+    VkBufferCreateInfo bufferInfo {
        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO,
-        .size = alignToNonCoherentAtomSize(capacity),
+        .size = numBytes,
        .usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT,
    };
    VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocInfo { .usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_CPU_ONLY };
-    VkBuffer buffer;
-    VmaAllocation memory;
-    VkResult result =
-            vmaCreateBuffer(mAllocator, &bufferInfo, &allocInfo, &buffer, &memory, nullptr);
+    UTILS_UNUSED_IN_RELEASE VkResult result = vmaCreateBuffer(mAllocator, &bufferInfo,
+            &allocInfo, &stage->buffer, &stage->memory, nullptr);

 #if FVK_ENABLED(FVK_DEBUG_STAGING_ALLOCATION)
    if (result != VK_SUCCESS) {
-        FVK_LOGE << "Allocation error: " << result;
-    } else {
-        FVK_LOGD << "Allocated stage with hndl " << buffer;
+        FVK_LOGE << "Allocation error: " << result << utils::io::endl;
    }
 #endif

-    void* pMapping = nullptr;
-    if (result == VK_SUCCESS) {
-        result = vmaMapMemory(mAllocator, memory, &pMapping);
-
-#if FVK_ENABLED(FVK_DEBUG_STAGING_ALLOCATION)
-        if (result != VK_SUCCESS) {
-            FVK_LOGE << "Memory mapping erryr: " << result << utils::io::endl;
-        }
-#endif
-    }
-
-    return new VulkanStage(memory, buffer, capacity, pMapping);
-}
-
-void VulkanStagePool::destroyStage(VulkanStage const*&& stage) {
-    assert(stage->isSafeToReset());  // Ensure all segments have been reset already.
-    vmaUnmapMemory(mAllocator, stage->memory());
-    vmaDestroyBuffer(mAllocator, stage->buffer(), stage->memory());
-    delete stage;
+    return stage;
 }

 VulkanStageImage const* VulkanStagePool::acquireImage(PixelDataFormat format, PixelDataType type,
@@ -206,34 +141,27 @@ void VulkanStagePool::gc() noexcept {
    }
    const uint64_t evictionTime = mCurrentFrame - TIME_BEFORE_EVICTION;

-    decltype(mStages) freeStages;
-    freeStages.swap(mStages);
-    uint8_t freeStageCount = 0;  // Assuming we'll never have > 255 free stages
-    for (auto& pair : freeStages) {
-        // First, find any stages that have no segments within them.
-        if (pair.second->isSafeToReset()) {
-            if (++freeStageCount > MAX_EMPTY_STAGES_TO_RETAIN) {
-#if FVK_ENABLED(FVK_DEBUG_STAGING_ALLOCATION)
-                FVK_LOGD << "Destroying a staging buffer with hndl " << pair.second->buffer()
-                         << utils::io::endl;
-#endif
-                destroyStage(std::move(pair.second));
-                continue;
-            }
-
-#if FVK_ENABLED(FVK_DEBUG_STAGING_ALLOCATION)
-            if (pair.first == 0) {
-                FVK_LOGD << "Recycling an unused staging buffer with hndl " << pair.second->buffer()
-                         << utils::io::endl;
-            }
-#endif
-
-            // Note - this segment is free, make sure the structure is cleared
-            // and reinsert it into our free stage list.
-            pair.second->reset();
-            mStages.insert({ pair.second->capacity(), pair.second });
+    // Destroy buffers that have not been used for several frames.
+    decltype(mFreeStages) freeStages;
+    freeStages.swap(mFreeStages);
+    for (auto pair : freeStages) {
+        if (pair.second->lastAccessed < evictionTime) {
+            vmaDestroyBuffer(mAllocator, pair.second->buffer, pair.second->memory);
+            delete pair.second;
        } else {
-            mStages.insert(pair);
+            mFreeStages.insert(pair);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Reclaim buffers that are no longer being used by any command buffer.
+    decltype(mUsedStages) usedStages;
+    usedStages.swap(mUsedStages);
+    for (auto stage : usedStages) {
+        if (stage->lastAccessed < evictionTime) {
+            stage->lastAccessed = mCurrentFrame;
+            mFreeStages.insert(std::make_pair(stage->capacity, stage));
+        } else {
+            mUsedStages.push_back(stage);
        }
    }

@@ -264,10 +192,17 @@ void VulkanStagePool::gc() noexcept {
 }

 void VulkanStagePool::terminate() noexcept {
-    for (auto& pair : mStages) {
-        destroyStage(std::move(pair.second));
+    for (auto stage : mUsedStages) {
+        vmaDestroyBuffer(mAllocator, stage->buffer, stage->memory);
+        delete stage;
    }
-    mStages.clear();
+    mUsedStages.clear();
+
+    for (auto pair : mFreeStages) {
+        vmaDestroyBuffer(mAllocator, pair.second->buffer, pair.second->memory);
+        delete pair.second;
+    }
+    mFreeStages.clear();

    for (auto image : mUsedImages) {
        vmaDestroyImage(mAllocator, image->image, image->memory);
@@ -17,11 +17,8 @@
 #ifndef TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_VULKANSTAGEPOOL_H
 #define TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_VULKANSTAGEPOOL_H

-#include "VulkanMemory.h"
 #include "backend/DriverEnums.h"
-#include "vulkan/memory/Resource.h"
-#include "vulkan/memory/ResourceManager.h"
-#include "vulkan/memory/ResourcePointer.h"
+#include "VulkanMemory.h"

 #include <map>
 #include <unordered_set>
@@ -31,96 +28,12 @@ namespace filament::backend {

 class VulkanCommands;

-// Object representing a shared CPU-GPU staging area, which can be subdivided
-// into smaller buffers as needed.
-class VulkanStage {
-public:
-    VulkanStage(VmaAllocation memory, VkBuffer buffer, uint32_t capacity, void* mapping)
-        : mMemory(memory),
-          mBuffer(buffer),
-          mCapacity(capacity),
-          mMapping(mapping) {}
-
-    ~VulkanStage() = default;
-    VulkanStage(const VulkanStage& other) = delete;
-    VulkanStage(VulkanStage&& other) = delete;
-    VulkanStage& operator=(const VulkanStage& other) = delete;
-    VulkanStage& operator=(VulkanStage&& other) = delete;
-
-    class Segment : public fvkmemory::Resource {
-    public:
-        using OnRecycle = std::function<void(uint32_t offset)>;
-
-        Segment(VulkanStage* parentStage, uint32_t capacity, uint32_t offset,
-                OnRecycle&& onRecycleFn)
-            : mParentStage(parentStage),
-              mCapacity(capacity),
-              mOffset(offset),
-              mOnRecycleFn(onRecycleFn) {}
-
-        ~Segment() {
-            if (mOnRecycleFn) {
-                mOnRecycleFn(offset());
-            }
-        }
-
-        // Should not be copying this around.
-        Segment(const Segment& other) = delete;
-        Segment(Segment&& other) = delete;
-        Segment& operator=(const Segment& other) = delete;
-        Segment& operator=(Segment&& other) = delete;
-
-        inline VulkanStage* parentStage() const { return mParentStage; }
-        inline VkBuffer buffer() const { return parentStage()->buffer(); }
-        inline VmaAllocation memory() const { return parentStage()->memory(); }
-        inline uint32_t capacity() const { return mCapacity; }
-        inline uint32_t offset() const { return mOffset; }
-
-        inline void* mapping() const {
-            return reinterpret_cast<void*>(
-                    reinterpret_cast<char*>(mParentStage->mapping()) + offset());
-        }
-
-    private:
-        // Ensure parent class can access the terminate method.
-        friend class VulkanStage;
-
-        VulkanStage* const mParentStage;
-        const uint32_t mCapacity;
-        const uint32_t mOffset;
-        OnRecycle mOnRecycleFn;
-    };
-
-    inline VmaAllocation memory() const { return mMemory; }
-    inline VkBuffer buffer() const { return mBuffer; }
-    inline uint32_t capacity() const { return mCapacity; }
-    inline void* mapping() const { return mMapping; }
-
-    inline uint32_t currentOffset() { return mCurrentOffset; }
-
-    inline bool isSafeToReset() const { return mSegments.empty(); }
-
-    inline void reset() { mCurrentOffset = 0; }
-
-    // Marks a region of the block as "in-use", and provides information about
-    // the allocated region to the caller. Note: this assumes that numBytes
-    // is aligned to the physical device's nonCoherentAtomSize.
-    fvkmemory::resource_ptr<Segment> acquireSegment(fvkmemory::ResourceManager* resManager,
-            uint32_t numBytes);
-
-private:
-    const VmaAllocation mMemory;
-    const VkBuffer mBuffer;
-    const uint32_t mCapacity;
-
-    void* mMapping;
-
-    uint32_t mCurrentOffset = 0;
-
-    // Maps the start offset of a vulkan stage block to the stage block,
-    // for easy deletions later. This is managed by the blocks themselves, in an
-    // RAII pattern, during construction and destruction.
-    std::unordered_map<uint32_t, Segment*> mSegments;
+// Immutable POD representing a shared CPU-GPU staging area.
+struct VulkanStage {
+    VmaAllocation memory;
+    VkBuffer buffer;
+    uint32_t capacity;
+    mutable uint64_t lastAccessed;
 };

 struct VulkanStageImage {
@@ -136,15 +49,11 @@ struct VulkanStageImage {
 // This class manages two types of host-mappable staging areas: buffer stages and image stages.
 class VulkanStagePool {
 public:
-    VulkanStagePool(VmaAllocator allocator, fvkmemory::ResourceManager* resManager,
-            VulkanCommands* commands, const VkPhysicalDeviceLimits* deviceLimits);
+    VulkanStagePool(VmaAllocator allocator, VulkanCommands* commands);

-    // Finds or creates a stage block whose capacity is at least the given
-    // number of bytes. Internally, creates and manages and subdivides large
-    // buffers so that we have less objects around that we have to keep track
-    // of.
-    // This function is NOT thread-safe.
-    fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanStage::Segment> acquireStage(uint32_t numBytes);
+    // Finds or creates a stage whose capacity is at least the given number of bytes.
+    // The stage is automatically released back to the pool after TIME_BEFORE_EVICTION frames.
+    VulkanStage const* acquireStage(uint32_t numBytes);

    // Images have VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_GENERAL and must not be transitioned to any other layout
    VulkanStageImage const* acquireImage(PixelDataFormat format, PixelDataType type,
@@ -155,37 +64,17 @@ public:

    // Destroys all unused stages and asserts that there are no stages currently in use.
    // This should be called while the context's VkDevice is still alive.
-    // Note: it is expected that all resources have been reclaimed before this
-    // is called. It is also expected that this stage pool does not hold any
-    // resource_ptrs, as this would lead to undefined behavior.
    void terminate() noexcept;

 private:
    VmaAllocator mAllocator;
-    fvkmemory::ResourceManager* mResManager;
    VulkanCommands* mCommands;
-    const VkPhysicalDeviceLimits* mDeviceLimits;
-
-    // Takes a number of bytes, and aligns it to the non-coherent atom size.
-    // This allows us to ensure that when we flush buffers from the host, we
-    // never flush more atoms than we need to.
-    uint32_t alignToNonCoherentAtomSize(uint32_t numBytes);
-
-    // Allocates a new stage buffer, and optionally subdivides it into stage
-    // blocks. If subdivideBlocks is true, predefined divisions will be used.
-    // Otherwise, it's expected that capacity is defined to a value, and that
-    // is the size that will be used for the buffer (as well as the only block
-    // being created).
-    VulkanStage* allocateNewStage(uint32_t capacity);
-
-    // Performs any bookkeeping required to delete a VulkanStage object; namely,
-    // unmapping memory, freeing the allocation, and deleting the VulkanStage
-    // object. Note: takes an r-value because after this call, `stage` won't
-    // exist.
-    void destroyStage(VulkanStage const*&& stage);

    // Use an ordered multimap for quick (capacity => stage) lookups using lower_bound().
-    std::multimap<uint32_t, VulkanStage*> mStages;
+    std::multimap<uint32_t, VulkanStage const*> mFreeStages;
+
+    // Simple unordered set for stashing a list of in-use stages that can be reclaimed later.
+    std::vector<VulkanStage const*> mUsedStages;

    std::unordered_set<VulkanStageImage const*> mFreeImages;
    std::vector<VulkanStageImage const*> mUsedImages;
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@
 #include <backend/DriverEnums.h>
 #include <private/backend/BackendUtils.h>

-#include <utils/compiler.h>
 #include <utils/Panic.h>

 using namespace bluevk;
@@ -188,8 +187,8 @@ VkImageUsageFlags getUsage(VulkanContext const& context, uint8_t samples,
            VkFormatProperties props;
            vkGetPhysicalDeviceFormatProperties(physicalDevice, vkFormat, &props);
            if (!(props.optimalTilingFeatures & VK_FORMAT_FEATURE_SAMPLED_IMAGE_BIT)) {
-                FVK_LOGW << "Texture usage is SAMPLEABLE but format " << vkFormat
-                         << " is not sampleable with optimal tiling.";
+                FVK_LOGW << "Texture usage is SAMPLEABLE but format " << vkFormat << " is not "
+                        "sampleable with optimal tiling." << utils::io::endl;
            }
        }
 #endif
@@ -219,40 +218,6 @@ VkImageUsageFlags getUsage(VulkanContext const& context, uint8_t samples,
    return usage;
 }

-void adjustedMemcpy(void* mapped, PixelBufferDescriptor const& p, size_t width, size_t height,
-        size_t depth) {
-    uint8_t* buf = (uint8_t*) p.buffer;
-    size_t const pixelSize = PixelBufferDescriptor::computeDataSize(p.format, p.type, 1, 1, 1);
-    size_t const pbdStride = p.stride ? p.stride : width;
-
-    // Slow path of copying row by row
-    assert_invariant(pbdStride >= width);
-    if (UTILS_UNLIKELY(p.left > 0 || p.top > 0 || pbdStride > width)) {
-        size_t const pbdRowSize =
-                PixelBufferDescriptor::computeDataSize(p.format, p.type, pbdStride, 1, p.alignment);
-        size_t const pbdHeight = p.size / pixelSize / pbdStride / depth;
-        size_t const pbdLayerSize = pbdRowSize * pbdHeight;
-
-        size_t const rowSize = width * pixelSize;
-        size_t const layerSize = width * height * pixelSize;
-
-        // Size of a row to write
-        size_t const writeSize = std::min(pbdStride - p.left, width) * pixelSize;
-
-        for (size_t z = 0; z < depth; z++) {
-            for (size_t y = p.top; y < pbdHeight; y++) {
-                uint8_t* buf = (uint8_t*) p.buffer +
-                               ((p.left * pixelSize) + (y * pbdRowSize) + (z * pbdLayerSize));
-                uint8_t* curMapped = (uint8_t*) mapped + ((y - p.top) * rowSize + z * layerSize);
-                memcpy(curMapped, buf, writeSize);
-            }
-        }
-    } else {
-        size_t const writeSize = pixelSize * (width * height * depth);
-        memcpy(mapped, buf, writeSize);
-    }
-}
-
 } // anonymous namespace

 VulkanTextureState::VulkanTextureState(VulkanStagePool& stagePool, VulkanCommands* commands,
@@ -361,7 +326,7 @@ VulkanTexture::VulkanTexture(VkDevice device, VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice,
            imageInfo.flags = VK_IMAGE_CREATE_2D_ARRAY_COMPATIBLE_BIT;
        } else {
            FVK_LOGW << "Note: creating 2D views on 3D image is not available on this platform. "
-                     << "i.e. we cannot render to slices of a 3D image";
+                     << "i.e. we cannot render to slices of a 3D image" << utils::io::endl;
        }
    } else if (target == SamplerType::SAMPLER_CUBEMAP) {
        imageInfo.arrayLayers = 6;
@@ -420,7 +385,7 @@ VulkanTexture::VulkanTexture(VkDevice device, VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice,
            << "type = " << imageInfo.imageType << ", "
            << "flags = " << imageInfo.flags << ", "
            << "target = " << static_cast<int>(target) <<", "
-            << "format = " << vkFormat;
+            << "format = " << vkFormat << utils::io::endl;
    }
    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(result == VK_SUCCESS) << "Unable to create image."
                                                       << " error=" << static_cast<int32_t>(result);
@@ -515,40 +480,30 @@ void VulkanTexture::updateImage(const PixelBufferDescriptor& data, uint32_t widt
    assert_invariant(hostData->size > 0 && "Data is empty");

    // Otherwise, use vkCmdCopyBufferToImage.
-    size_t const bpp =
-            PixelBufferDescriptor::computeDataSize(hostData->format, hostData->type, 1, 1, 1);
-    size_t const writeSize = width * height * depth * bpp;
-
-    // Note: the following stageSegment must be stored within the command buffer
-    // before going out of scope, to ensure proper bookkeeping within the
-    // staging buffer pool.
-    fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanStage::Segment> stageSegment =
-            mState->mStagePool.acquireStage(writeSize);
-    assert_invariant(stageSegment->memory());
-    adjustedMemcpy(stageSegment->mapping(), *hostData, width, height, depth);
-    vmaFlushAllocation(mState->mAllocator, stageSegment->memory(), stageSegment->offset(),
-            writeSize);
+    void* mapped = nullptr;
+    VulkanStage const* stage = mState->mStagePool.acquireStage(hostData->size);
+    assert_invariant(stage->memory);
+    vmaMapMemory(mState->mAllocator, stage->memory, &mapped);
+    memcpy(mapped, hostData->buffer, hostData->size);
+    vmaUnmapMemory(mState->mAllocator, stage->memory);
+    vmaFlushAllocation(mState->mAllocator, stage->memory, 0, hostData->size);

    VulkanCommandBuffer& commands = mState->mCommands->get();
    VkCommandBuffer const cmdbuf = commands.buffer();
-    commands.acquire(stageSegment);
    commands.acquire(fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanTexture>::cast(this));

-    bool const isDepth = getImageAspect() & VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_DEPTH_BIT;
-
    VkBufferImageCopy copyRegion = {
-        .bufferOffset = stageSegment->offset(),
+        .bufferOffset = {},
        .bufferRowLength = {},
        .bufferImageHeight = {},
        .imageSubresource = {
-            .aspectMask = VkImageAspectFlags(
-                    isDepth ? VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_DEPTH_BIT : VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT),
+            .aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT,
            .mipLevel = miplevel,
            .baseArrayLayer = 0,
-            .layerCount = 1,
+            .layerCount = 1
        },
        .imageOffset = { int32_t(xoffset), int32_t(yoffset), int32_t(zoffset) },
-        .imageExtent = { width, height, depth },
+        .imageExtent = { width, height, depth }
    };

    VkImageSubresourceRange transitionRange = {
@@ -556,7 +511,7 @@ void VulkanTexture::updateImage(const PixelBufferDescriptor& data, uint32_t widt
        .baseMipLevel = miplevel,
        .levelCount = 1,
        .baseArrayLayer = 0,
-        .layerCount = 1,
+        .layerCount = 1
    };

    // Vulkan specifies subregions for 3D textures differently than from 2D arrays.
@@ -581,25 +536,20 @@ void VulkanTexture::updateImage(const PixelBufferDescriptor& data, uint32_t widt

    transitionLayout(&commands, transitionRange, newLayout);

-    vkCmdCopyBufferToImage(cmdbuf, stageSegment->buffer(), mState->mTextureImage, newVkLayout, 1,
-            &copyRegion);
+    vkCmdCopyBufferToImage(cmdbuf, stage->buffer, mState->mTextureImage, newVkLayout, 1, &copyRegion);

    transitionLayout(&commands, transitionRange, nextLayout);
 }

-void VulkanTexture::updateImageWithBlit(const PixelBufferDescriptor& data, uint32_t width,
+void VulkanTexture::updateImageWithBlit(const PixelBufferDescriptor& hostData, uint32_t width,
        uint32_t height, uint32_t depth, uint32_t miplevel) {
-    // Otherwise, use vkCmdCopyBufferToImage.
-    size_t const bpp = PixelBufferDescriptor::computeDataSize(data.format, data.type, 1, 1, 1);
-    size_t const writeSize = width * height * depth * bpp;
-
    void* mapped = nullptr;
    VulkanStageImage const* stage
-            = mState->mStagePool.acquireImage(data.format, data.type, width, height);
+            = mState->mStagePool.acquireImage(hostData.format, hostData.type, width, height);
    vmaMapMemory(mState->mAllocator, stage->memory, &mapped);
-    adjustedMemcpy(mapped, data, width, height, depth);
+    memcpy(mapped, hostData.buffer, hostData.size);
    vmaUnmapMemory(mState->mAllocator, stage->memory);
-    vmaFlushAllocation(mState->mAllocator, stage->memory, 0, writeSize);
+    vmaFlushAllocation(mState->mAllocator, stage->memory, 0, hostData.size);

    VulkanCommandBuffer& commands = mState->mCommands->get();
    VkCommandBuffer const cmdbuf = commands.buffer();
@@ -731,14 +681,14 @@ bool VulkanTexture::transitionLayout(VkCommandBuffer cmdbuf, VkImageSubresourceR
                 << range.levelCount << ")" << " from=" << oldLayout << " to=" << newLayout
                 << " format=" << mState->mVkFormat << " depth="
                 << fvkutils::isVkDepthFormat(mState->mVkFormat)
-                 << " slice-by-slice=" << transitionSliceBySlice;
+                 << " slice-by-slice=" << transitionSliceBySlice << utils::io::endl;
 #endif
    } else {
 #if FVK_ENABLED(FVK_DEBUG_LAYOUT_TRANSITION)
        FVK_LOGD << "transition texture=" << mState->mTextureImage << " (" << range.baseArrayLayer
                 << "," << range.baseMipLevel << ")" << " count=(" << range.layerCount << ","
                 << range.levelCount << ")" << " to=" << newLayout
-                 << " is skipped because of no change in layout";
+                 << " is skipped because of no change in layout" << utils::io::endl;
 #endif
    }

@@ -849,7 +799,8 @@ void VulkanTexture::print() const {
                level < (mPrimaryViewRange.baseMipLevel + mPrimaryViewRange.levelCount);
            FVK_LOGD << "[" << mState->mTextureImage << "]: (" << layer << "," << level
                          << ")=" << getLayout(layer, level)
-                          << " primary=" << primary;
+                          << " primary=" << primary
+                          << utils::io::endl;
        }
    }

@@ -858,7 +809,8 @@ void VulkanTexture::print() const {
        FVK_LOGD << "[" << mState->mTextureImage << ", imageView=" << view.second << "]=>"
                      << " (" << range.baseArrayLayer << "," << range.baseMipLevel << ")"
                      << " count=(" << range.layerCount << "," << range.levelCount << ")"
-                      << " aspect=" << range.aspectMask << " viewType=" << view.first.type;
+                      << " aspect=" << range.aspectMask << " viewType=" << view.first.type
+                      << utils::io::endl;
    }
 }
 #endif
@@ -29,8 +29,6 @@ using namespace bluevk;

 namespace filament::backend {

-using namespace fvkutils;
-
 VulkanYcbcrConversionCache::VulkanYcbcrConversionCache(VkDevice device)
    : mDevice(device) {}

@@ -17,8 +17,6 @@
 #ifndef TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_VULKANYCBCRCONVERSIONCACHE_H
 #define TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_VULKANYCBCRCONVERSIONCACHE_H

-#include "utils/Definitions.h"
-
 #include <backend/DriverEnums.h>

 #include <utils/Hash.h>
@@ -32,7 +30,7 @@ namespace filament::backend {
 class VulkanYcbcrConversionCache {
 public:
    struct Params {
-        fvkutils::SamplerYcbcrConversion conversion = {}; // 4
+        SamplerYcbcrConversion conversion = {}; // 4
        VkFormat format;                        // 4
        uint64_t externalFormat = 0;            // 8
    };
@@ -47,15 +45,16 @@ private:

    struct ConversionEqualTo {
        bool operator()(Params lhs, Params rhs) const noexcept {
-            fvkutils::SamplerYcbcrConversion::EqualTo equal;
+            SamplerYcbcrConversion::EqualTo equal;
            return equal(lhs.conversion, rhs.conversion) &&
-                   lhs.externalFormat == rhs.externalFormat && lhs.format == rhs.format;
+                   lhs.externalFormat == rhs.externalFormat &&
+                   lhs.format == rhs.format;
        }
    };
    using ConversionHashFn = utils::hash::MurmurHashFn<Params>;
    tsl::robin_map<Params, VkSamplerYcbcrConversion, ConversionHashFn, ConversionEqualTo> mCache;
 };

-} // namespace filament::backend
+}// namespace filament::backend

 #endif// TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_VULKANYCBCRCONVERSIONCACHE_H
@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@ template ResourceType getTypeEnum<VulkanIndexBuffer>() noexcept;
 template ResourceType getTypeEnum<VulkanProgram>() noexcept;
 template ResourceType getTypeEnum<VulkanRenderTarget>() noexcept;
 template ResourceType getTypeEnum<VulkanSwapChain>() noexcept;
-template ResourceType getTypeEnum<VulkanStage::Segment>() noexcept;
 template ResourceType getTypeEnum<VulkanRenderPrimitive>() noexcept;
 template ResourceType getTypeEnum<VulkanTexture>() noexcept;
 template ResourceType getTypeEnum<VulkanTextureState>() noexcept;
@@ -36,7 +35,6 @@ template ResourceType getTypeEnum<VulkanVertexBufferInfo>() noexcept;
 template ResourceType getTypeEnum<VulkanDescriptorSetLayout>() noexcept;
 template ResourceType getTypeEnum<VulkanDescriptorSet>() noexcept;
 template ResourceType getTypeEnum<VulkanFence>() noexcept;
-template ResourceType getTypeEnum<VulkanBuffer>() noexcept;

 template<typename D>
 ResourceType getTypeEnum() noexcept {
@@ -55,9 +53,6 @@ ResourceType getTypeEnum() noexcept {
    if constexpr (std::is_same_v<D, VulkanSwapChain>) {
        return ResourceType::SWAP_CHAIN;
    }
-    if constexpr (std::is_same_v<D, VulkanStage::Segment>) {
-        return ResourceType::STAGE_SEGMENT;
-    }
    if constexpr (std::is_same_v<D, VulkanRenderPrimitive>) {
        return ResourceType::RENDER_PRIMITIVE;
    }
@@ -85,9 +80,6 @@ ResourceType getTypeEnum() noexcept {
    if constexpr (std::is_same_v<D, VulkanFence>) {
        return ResourceType::FENCE;
    }
-    if constexpr (std::is_same_v<D, VulkanBuffer>) {
-        return ResourceType::VULKAN_BUFFER;
-    }
    return ResourceType::UNDEFINED_TYPE;
 }

@@ -103,8 +95,6 @@ std::string getTypeStr(ResourceType type) {
            return "RenderTarget";
        case ResourceType::SWAP_CHAIN:
            return "SwapChain";
-        case ResourceType::STAGE_SEGMENT:
-            return "Stage::Segment";
        case ResourceType::RENDER_PRIMITIVE:
            return "RenderPrimitive";
        case ResourceType::TEXTURE:
@@ -123,8 +113,6 @@ std::string getTypeStr(ResourceType type) {
            return "DescriptorSet";
        case ResourceType::FENCE:
            return "Fence";
-        case ResourceType::VULKAN_BUFFER:
-            return "VulkanBuffer";
        case ResourceType::UNDEFINED_TYPE:
            return "";
    }
@@ -49,9 +49,7 @@ enum class ResourceType : uint8_t {
    DESCRIPTOR_SET_LAYOUT = 11,
    DESCRIPTOR_SET = 12,
    FENCE = 13,
-    VULKAN_BUFFER = 14,
-    STAGE_SEGMENT = 15,
-    UNDEFINED_TYPE = 16,    // Must be the last enum because we use it for iterating over the enums.
+    UNDEFINED_TYPE = 14,    // Must be the last enum because we use it for iterating over the enums.
 };

 template<typename D>
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@
 #include "vulkan/memory/ResourceManager.h"
 #include "vulkan/VulkanHandles.h"

-#include <utils/Logger.h>
 #include <utils/Panic.h>

 namespace filament::backend::fvkmemory {
@@ -78,9 +77,6 @@ void ResourceManager::destroyWithType(ResourceType type, HandleId id) {
        case ResourceType::SWAP_CHAIN:
            destruct<VulkanSwapChain>(Handle<VulkanSwapChain>(id));
            break;
-        case ResourceType::STAGE_SEGMENT:
-            destruct<VulkanStage::Segment>(Handle<VulkanStage::Segment>(id));
-            break;
        case ResourceType::RENDER_PRIMITIVE:
            destruct<VulkanRenderPrimitive>(Handle<VulkanRenderPrimitive>(id));
            break;
@@ -108,9 +104,6 @@ void ResourceManager::destroyWithType(ResourceType type, HandleId id) {
        case ResourceType::FENCE:
            destruct<VulkanFence>(Handle<VulkanFence>(id));
            break;
-        case ResourceType::VULKAN_BUFFER:
-            destruct<VulkanBuffer>(Handle<VulkanBuffer>(id));
-            break;
        case ResourceType::UNDEFINED_TYPE:
            break;
    }
@@ -128,11 +121,11 @@ void ResourceManager::traceConstruction(ResourceType type, HandleId id) {

 void ResourceManager::print() const noexcept {
 #if FVK_ENABLED(FVK_DEBUG_RESOURCE_LEAK)
-    LOG(ERROR) << "-------------------";
+    utils::slog.e << "-------------------" << utils::io::endl;
    for (size_t i = 0; i < (size_t) ResourceType::UNDEFINED_TYPE; ++i) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "    " << getTypeStr((ResourceType) i) << "=" << COUNTER[i];
+        utils::slog.e <<"    " << getTypeStr((ResourceType) i) << "=" << COUNTER[i] << utils::io::endl;
    }
-    LOG(ERROR) << "+++++++++++++++++++";
+    utils::slog.e << "+++++++++++++++++++" << utils::io::endl;
 #endif
 }

@@ -25,9 +25,8 @@
 #include "vulkan/utils/Helper.h"

 #include <bluevk/BlueVK.h>
-#include <utils/Logger.h>
-#include <utils/Panic.h>
 #include <utils/PrivateImplementation-impl.h>
+#include <utils/Panic.h>

 #define SWAPCHAIN_RET_FUNC(func, handle, ...)                                                      \
    if (mImpl->mSurfaceSwapChains.find(handle) != mImpl->mSurfaceSwapChains.end()) {               \
@@ -93,16 +92,6 @@ StructA* chainStruct(StructA* structA, StructB* structB) {
    return structA;
 }

-bool shouldSkipFormat(VkFormat format) {
-    // Skip formats that require extensions.
-    for (VkFormat const extFormat: fvkutils::EXT_VK_FORMATS) {
-        if (format == extFormat) {
-            return true;
-        }
-    }
-    return false;
-}
-
 void printDeviceInfo(VkInstance instance, VkPhysicalDevice device) {
    // Print some driver or MoltenVK information if it is available.
    if (vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties2) {
@@ -115,7 +104,7 @@ void printDeviceInfo(VkInstance instance, VkPhysicalDevice device) {
        chainStruct(&physicalDeviceProperties2, &driverProperties);
        vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties2(device, &physicalDeviceProperties2);
        FVK_LOGI << "Vulkan device driver: " << driverProperties.driverName << " "
-                 << driverProperties.driverInfo;
+                      << driverProperties.driverInfo << utils::io::endl;
    }

    VkPhysicalDeviceProperties deviceProperties;
@@ -152,7 +141,7 @@ void printDeviceInfo(VkInstance instance, VkPhysicalDevice device) {
                  << "(vendor " << utils::io::hex << vendorID << ", "
                  << "device " << deviceID << ", "
                  << "driver " << driverVersion << ", " << utils::io::dec << "api " << major << "."
-                  << minor << ")";
+                  << minor << ")" << utils::io::endl;
 }

 #if FVK_ENABLED(FVK_DEBUG_VALIDATION)
@@ -162,20 +151,14 @@ void printDepthFormats(VkPhysicalDevice device) {
    constexpr VkFormatFeatureFlags required =
            VK_FORMAT_FEATURE_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_BIT | VK_FORMAT_FEATURE_SAMPLED_IMAGE_BIT;
    FVK_LOGI << "Sampleable depth formats: ";
-    for (VkFormat const format : fvkutils::ALL_VK_FORMATS) {
-        // Skip formats that require extensions.
-        if (shouldSkipFormat(format)) {
-            continue;
-        }
-
+    for (VkFormat format : fvkutils::ALL_VK_FORMATS) {
        VkFormatProperties props;
-
        vkGetPhysicalDeviceFormatProperties(device, format, &props);
        if ((props.optimalTilingFeatures & required) == required) {
            FVK_LOGI << format << " ";
        }
    }
-    FVK_LOGI << "";
+    FVK_LOGI << utils::io::endl;
 }
 #endif

@@ -295,10 +278,10 @@ VkInstance createInstance(ExtensionSet const& requiredExts) {
    } else {
 #if defined(__ANDROID__)
        FVK_LOGD << "Validation layers are not available; did you set jniLibs in your "
-                 << "gradle file?";
+                 << "gradle file?" << utils::io::endl;
 #else
        FVK_LOGD << "Validation layer not available; did you install the Vulkan SDK?\n"
-                 << "Please ensure that VK_LAYER_PATH is set correctly.";
+                 << "Please ensure that VK_LAYER_PATH is set correctly." << utils::io::endl;
 #endif // __ANDROID__

    }
@@ -634,13 +617,7 @@ fvkutils::VkFormatList findBlittableDepthStencilFormats(VkPhysicalDevice device)
    std::vector<VkFormat> selectedFormats;
    constexpr VkFormatFeatureFlags required = VK_FORMAT_FEATURE_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_BIT |
            VK_FORMAT_FEATURE_BLIT_SRC_BIT | VK_FORMAT_FEATURE_BLIT_DST_BIT;
-
-    for (VkFormat const format : fvkutils::ALL_VK_FORMATS) {
-        // Skip formats that require extensions.
-        if (shouldSkipFormat(format)) {
-            continue;
-        }
-
+    for (VkFormat format : fvkutils::ALL_VK_FORMATS) {
        if (fvkutils::isVkDepthFormat(format)) {
            VkFormatProperties props;
            vkGetPhysicalDeviceFormatProperties(device, format, &props);
@@ -985,7 +962,8 @@ SwapChainPtr VulkanPlatform::createSwapChain(void* nativeWindow, uint64_t flags,

    if (flags & backend::SWAP_CHAIN_CONFIG_PROTECTED_CONTENT) {
        if (!mImpl->mContext.mProtectedMemorySupported) {
-            LOG(WARNING) << "protected swapchain requested, but VulkanPlatform does not support it";
+            utils::slog.w << "protected swapchain requested, but VulkanPlatform does not support it"
+                << utils::io::endl;
        }
    }

@@ -163,7 +163,8 @@ VkResult VulkanPlatformSurfaceSwapChain::create() {
    // the number of images, though there may be limits related to the total amount of memory used
    // by presentable images."
    if (maxImageCount != 0 && desiredImageCount > maxImageCount) {
-        FVK_LOGE << "Swap chain does not support " << desiredImageCount << " images.";
+        FVK_LOGE << "Swap chain does not support " << desiredImageCount << " images."
+                      << utils::io::endl;
        desiredImageCount = caps.minImageCount;
    }

@@ -265,7 +266,8 @@ VkResult VulkanPlatformSurfaceSwapChain::create() {
           << "swapchain-size=" << mSwapChainBundle.colors.size() << ", "
           << "identity-transform=" << (caps.currentTransform == 1) << ", "
           << "depth=" << mSwapChainBundle.depthFormat << ", "
-           << "protected=" << mSwapChainBundle.isProtected;
+           << "protected=" << mSwapChainBundle.isProtected
+           << io::endl;

    VkSemaphoreCreateInfo const semaphoreCreateInfo = {
            .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SEMAPHORE_CREATE_INFO,
@@ -291,7 +293,7 @@ VkResult VulkanPlatformSurfaceSwapChain::acquire(VulkanPlatform::ImageSyncData*
    // Users should be notified of a suboptimal surface, but it should not cause a cascade of
    // log messages or a loop of re-creations.
    if (result == VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR && !mSuboptimal) {
-        FVK_LOGW << "Vulkan Driver: Suboptimal swap chain.";
+        FVK_LOGW << "Vulkan Driver: Suboptimal swap chain." << io::endl;
        mSuboptimal = true;
    }
    return result;
@@ -313,7 +315,7 @@ VkResult VulkanPlatformSurfaceSwapChain::present(uint32_t index, VkSemaphore fin
    // On Android Q and above, a suboptimal surface is always reported after screen rotation:
    // https://android-developers.googleblog.com/2020/02/handling-device-orientation-efficiently.html
    if (result == VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR && !mSuboptimal) {
-        FVK_LOGW << "Vulkan Driver: Suboptimal swap chain.";
+        FVK_LOGW << "Vulkan Driver: Suboptimal swap chain." << utils::io::endl;
        mSuboptimal = true;
    }
    return result;
@@ -17,8 +17,6 @@
 #ifndef TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_VULKAN_UTILS_CONVERSION_H
 #define TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_VULKAN_UTILS_CONVERSION_H

-#include "Definitions.h"
-
 #include <backend/DriverEnums.h>

 #include <private/backend/BackendUtils.h>  // for getFormatSize()
@@ -17,8 +17,6 @@
 #ifndef TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_VULKAN_UTILS_DEFINITIONS_H
 #define TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_VULKAN_UTILS_DEFINITIONS_H

-#include <backend/DriverEnums.h>
-
 #include <utils/bitset.h>
 #include <utils/FixedCapacityVector.h>

@@ -34,325 +32,313 @@ using VkFormatList = utils::FixedCapacityVector<VkFormat>;
 // Copied from
 //   https://registry.khronos.org/vulkan/specs/1.3-extensions/man/html/VkFormat.html
 constexpr VkFormat ALL_VK_FORMATS[] = {
-    VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED,
-    VK_FORMAT_R4G4_UNORM_PACK8,
-    VK_FORMAT_R4G4B4A4_UNORM_PACK16,
-    VK_FORMAT_B4G4R4A4_UNORM_PACK16,
-    VK_FORMAT_R5G6B5_UNORM_PACK16,
-    VK_FORMAT_B5G6R5_UNORM_PACK16,
-    VK_FORMAT_R5G5B5A1_UNORM_PACK16,
-    VK_FORMAT_B5G5R5A1_UNORM_PACK16,
-    VK_FORMAT_A1R5G5B5_UNORM_PACK16,
-    VK_FORMAT_R8_UNORM,
-    VK_FORMAT_R8_SNORM,
-    VK_FORMAT_R8_USCALED,
-    VK_FORMAT_R8_SSCALED,
-    VK_FORMAT_R8_UINT,
-    VK_FORMAT_R8_SINT,
-    VK_FORMAT_R8_SRGB,
-    VK_FORMAT_R8G8_UNORM,
-    VK_FORMAT_R8G8_SNORM,
-    VK_FORMAT_R8G8_USCALED,
-    VK_FORMAT_R8G8_SSCALED,
-    VK_FORMAT_R8G8_UINT,
-    VK_FORMAT_R8G8_SINT,
-    VK_FORMAT_R8G8_SRGB,
-    VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8_UNORM,
-    VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8_SNORM,
-    VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8_USCALED,
-    VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8_SSCALED,
-    VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8_UINT,
-    VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8_SINT,
-    VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8_SRGB,
-    VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8_UNORM,
-    VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8_SNORM,
-    VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8_USCALED,
-    VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8_SSCALED,
-    VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8_UINT,
-    VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8_SINT,
-    VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8_SRGB,
-    VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM,
-    VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SNORM,
-    VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_USCALED,
-    VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SSCALED,
-    VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UINT,
-    VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SINT,
-    VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SRGB,
-    VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM,
-    VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_SNORM,
-    VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_USCALED,
-    VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_SSCALED,
-    VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UINT,
-    VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_SINT,
-    VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_SRGB,
-    VK_FORMAT_A8B8G8R8_UNORM_PACK32,
-    VK_FORMAT_A8B8G8R8_SNORM_PACK32,
-    VK_FORMAT_A8B8G8R8_USCALED_PACK32,
-    VK_FORMAT_A8B8G8R8_SSCALED_PACK32,
-    VK_FORMAT_A8B8G8R8_UINT_PACK32,
-    VK_FORMAT_A8B8G8R8_SINT_PACK32,
-    VK_FORMAT_A8B8G8R8_SRGB_PACK32,
-    VK_FORMAT_A2R10G10B10_UNORM_PACK32,
-    VK_FORMAT_A2R10G10B10_SNORM_PACK32,
-    VK_FORMAT_A2R10G10B10_USCALED_PACK32,
-    VK_FORMAT_A2R10G10B10_SSCALED_PACK32,
-    VK_FORMAT_A2R10G10B10_UINT_PACK32,
-    VK_FORMAT_A2R10G10B10_SINT_PACK32,
-    VK_FORMAT_A2B10G10R10_UNORM_PACK32,
-    VK_FORMAT_A2B10G10R10_SNORM_PACK32,
-    VK_FORMAT_A2B10G10R10_USCALED_PACK32,
-    VK_FORMAT_A2B10G10R10_SSCALED_PACK32,
-    VK_FORMAT_A2B10G10R10_UINT_PACK32,
-    VK_FORMAT_A2B10G10R10_SINT_PACK32,
-    VK_FORMAT_R16_UNORM,
-    VK_FORMAT_R16_SNORM,
-    VK_FORMAT_R16_USCALED,
-    VK_FORMAT_R16_SSCALED,
-    VK_FORMAT_R16_UINT,
-    VK_FORMAT_R16_SINT,
-    VK_FORMAT_R16_SFLOAT,
-    VK_FORMAT_R16G16_UNORM,
-    VK_FORMAT_R16G16_SNORM,
-    VK_FORMAT_R16G16_USCALED,
-    VK_FORMAT_R16G16_SSCALED,
-    VK_FORMAT_R16G16_UINT,
-    VK_FORMAT_R16G16_SINT,
-    VK_FORMAT_R16G16_SFLOAT,
-    VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16_UNORM,
-    VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16_SNORM,
-    VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16_USCALED,
-    VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16_SSCALED,
-    VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16_UINT,
-    VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16_SINT,
-    VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16_SFLOAT,
-    VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_UNORM,
-    VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_SNORM,
-    VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_USCALED,
-    VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_SSCALED,
-    VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_UINT,
-    VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_SINT,
-    VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_SFLOAT,
-    VK_FORMAT_R32_UINT,
-    VK_FORMAT_R32_SINT,
-    VK_FORMAT_R32_SFLOAT,
-    VK_FORMAT_R32G32_UINT,
-    VK_FORMAT_R32G32_SINT,
-    VK_FORMAT_R32G32_SFLOAT,
-    VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_UINT,
-    VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SINT,
-    VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SFLOAT,
-    VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_UINT,
-    VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_SINT,
-    VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_SFLOAT,
-    VK_FORMAT_R64_UINT,
-    VK_FORMAT_R64_SINT,
-    VK_FORMAT_R64_SFLOAT,
-    VK_FORMAT_R64G64_UINT,
-    VK_FORMAT_R64G64_SINT,
-    VK_FORMAT_R64G64_SFLOAT,
-    VK_FORMAT_R64G64B64_UINT,
-    VK_FORMAT_R64G64B64_SINT,
-    VK_FORMAT_R64G64B64_SFLOAT,
-    VK_FORMAT_R64G64B64A64_UINT,
-    VK_FORMAT_R64G64B64A64_SINT,
-    VK_FORMAT_R64G64B64A64_SFLOAT,
-    VK_FORMAT_B10G11R11_UFLOAT_PACK32,
-    VK_FORMAT_E5B9G9R9_UFLOAT_PACK32,
-    VK_FORMAT_D16_UNORM,
-    VK_FORMAT_X8_D24_UNORM_PACK32,
-    VK_FORMAT_D32_SFLOAT,
-    VK_FORMAT_S8_UINT,
-    VK_FORMAT_D16_UNORM_S8_UINT,
-    VK_FORMAT_D24_UNORM_S8_UINT,
-    VK_FORMAT_D32_SFLOAT_S8_UINT,
-    VK_FORMAT_BC1_RGB_UNORM_BLOCK,
-    VK_FORMAT_BC1_RGB_SRGB_BLOCK,
-    VK_FORMAT_BC1_RGBA_UNORM_BLOCK,
-    VK_FORMAT_BC1_RGBA_SRGB_BLOCK,
-    VK_FORMAT_BC2_UNORM_BLOCK,
-    VK_FORMAT_BC2_SRGB_BLOCK,
-    VK_FORMAT_BC3_UNORM_BLOCK,
-    VK_FORMAT_BC3_SRGB_BLOCK,
-    VK_FORMAT_BC4_UNORM_BLOCK,
-    VK_FORMAT_BC4_SNORM_BLOCK,
-    VK_FORMAT_BC5_UNORM_BLOCK,
-    VK_FORMAT_BC5_SNORM_BLOCK,
-    VK_FORMAT_BC6H_UFLOAT_BLOCK,
-    VK_FORMAT_BC6H_SFLOAT_BLOCK,
-    VK_FORMAT_BC7_UNORM_BLOCK,
-    VK_FORMAT_BC7_SRGB_BLOCK,
-    VK_FORMAT_ETC2_R8G8B8_UNORM_BLOCK,
-    VK_FORMAT_ETC2_R8G8B8_SRGB_BLOCK,
-    VK_FORMAT_ETC2_R8G8B8A1_UNORM_BLOCK,
-    VK_FORMAT_ETC2_R8G8B8A1_SRGB_BLOCK,
-    VK_FORMAT_ETC2_R8G8B8A8_UNORM_BLOCK,
-    VK_FORMAT_ETC2_R8G8B8A8_SRGB_BLOCK,
-    VK_FORMAT_EAC_R11_UNORM_BLOCK,
-    VK_FORMAT_EAC_R11_SNORM_BLOCK,
-    VK_FORMAT_EAC_R11G11_UNORM_BLOCK,
-    VK_FORMAT_EAC_R11G11_SNORM_BLOCK,
-    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_4x4_UNORM_BLOCK,
-    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_4x4_SRGB_BLOCK,
-    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_5x4_UNORM_BLOCK,
-    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_5x4_SRGB_BLOCK,
-    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_5x5_UNORM_BLOCK,
-    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_5x5_SRGB_BLOCK,
-    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_6x5_UNORM_BLOCK,
-    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_6x5_SRGB_BLOCK,
-    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_6x6_UNORM_BLOCK,
-    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_6x6_SRGB_BLOCK,
-    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_8x5_UNORM_BLOCK,
-    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_8x5_SRGB_BLOCK,
-    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_8x6_UNORM_BLOCK,
-    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_8x6_SRGB_BLOCK,
-    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_8x8_UNORM_BLOCK,
-    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_8x8_SRGB_BLOCK,
-    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_10x5_UNORM_BLOCK,
-    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_10x5_SRGB_BLOCK,
-    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_10x6_UNORM_BLOCK,
-    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_10x6_SRGB_BLOCK,
-    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_10x8_UNORM_BLOCK,
-    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_10x8_SRGB_BLOCK,
-    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_10x10_UNORM_BLOCK,
-    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_10x10_SRGB_BLOCK,
-    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_12x10_UNORM_BLOCK,
-    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_12x10_SRGB_BLOCK,
-    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_12x12_UNORM_BLOCK,
-    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_12x12_SRGB_BLOCK,
-    VK_FORMAT_G8B8G8R8_422_UNORM,
-    VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8G8_422_UNORM,
-    VK_FORMAT_G8_B8_R8_3PLANE_420_UNORM,
-    VK_FORMAT_G8_B8R8_2PLANE_420_UNORM,
-    VK_FORMAT_G8_B8_R8_3PLANE_422_UNORM,
-    VK_FORMAT_G8_B8R8_2PLANE_422_UNORM,
-    VK_FORMAT_G8_B8_R8_3PLANE_444_UNORM,
-    VK_FORMAT_R10X6_UNORM_PACK16,
-    VK_FORMAT_R10X6G10X6_UNORM_2PACK16,
-    VK_FORMAT_R10X6G10X6B10X6A10X6_UNORM_4PACK16,
-    VK_FORMAT_G10X6B10X6G10X6R10X6_422_UNORM_4PACK16,
-    VK_FORMAT_B10X6G10X6R10X6G10X6_422_UNORM_4PACK16,
-    VK_FORMAT_G10X6_B10X6_R10X6_3PLANE_420_UNORM_3PACK16,
-    VK_FORMAT_G10X6_B10X6R10X6_2PLANE_420_UNORM_3PACK16,
-    VK_FORMAT_G10X6_B10X6_R10X6_3PLANE_422_UNORM_3PACK16,
-    VK_FORMAT_G10X6_B10X6R10X6_2PLANE_422_UNORM_3PACK16,
-    VK_FORMAT_G10X6_B10X6_R10X6_3PLANE_444_UNORM_3PACK16,
-    VK_FORMAT_R12X4_UNORM_PACK16,
-    VK_FORMAT_R12X4G12X4_UNORM_2PACK16,
-    VK_FORMAT_R12X4G12X4B12X4A12X4_UNORM_4PACK16,
-    VK_FORMAT_G12X4B12X4G12X4R12X4_422_UNORM_4PACK16,
-    VK_FORMAT_B12X4G12X4R12X4G12X4_422_UNORM_4PACK16,
-    VK_FORMAT_G12X4_B12X4_R12X4_3PLANE_420_UNORM_3PACK16,
-    VK_FORMAT_G12X4_B12X4R12X4_2PLANE_420_UNORM_3PACK16,
-    VK_FORMAT_G12X4_B12X4_R12X4_3PLANE_422_UNORM_3PACK16,
-    VK_FORMAT_G12X4_B12X4R12X4_2PLANE_422_UNORM_3PACK16,
-    VK_FORMAT_G12X4_B12X4_R12X4_3PLANE_444_UNORM_3PACK16,
-    VK_FORMAT_G16B16G16R16_422_UNORM,
-    VK_FORMAT_B16G16R16G16_422_UNORM,
-    VK_FORMAT_G16_B16_R16_3PLANE_420_UNORM,
-    VK_FORMAT_G16_B16R16_2PLANE_420_UNORM,
-    VK_FORMAT_G16_B16_R16_3PLANE_422_UNORM,
-    VK_FORMAT_G16_B16R16_2PLANE_422_UNORM,
-    VK_FORMAT_G16_B16_R16_3PLANE_444_UNORM,
-    VK_FORMAT_G8_B8R8_2PLANE_444_UNORM,
-    VK_FORMAT_G10X6_B10X6R10X6_2PLANE_444_UNORM_3PACK16,
-    VK_FORMAT_G12X4_B12X4R12X4_2PLANE_444_UNORM_3PACK16,
-    VK_FORMAT_G16_B16R16_2PLANE_444_UNORM,
-    VK_FORMAT_A4R4G4B4_UNORM_PACK16,
-    VK_FORMAT_A4B4G4R4_UNORM_PACK16,
-    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_4x4_SFLOAT_BLOCK,
-    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_5x4_SFLOAT_BLOCK,
-    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_5x5_SFLOAT_BLOCK,
-    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_6x5_SFLOAT_BLOCK,
-    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_6x6_SFLOAT_BLOCK,
-    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_8x5_SFLOAT_BLOCK,
-    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_8x6_SFLOAT_BLOCK,
-    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_8x8_SFLOAT_BLOCK,
-    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_10x5_SFLOAT_BLOCK,
-    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_10x6_SFLOAT_BLOCK,
-    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_10x8_SFLOAT_BLOCK,
-    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_10x10_SFLOAT_BLOCK,
-    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_12x10_SFLOAT_BLOCK,
-    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_12x12_SFLOAT_BLOCK,
-    VK_FORMAT_PVRTC1_2BPP_UNORM_BLOCK_IMG,
-    VK_FORMAT_PVRTC1_4BPP_UNORM_BLOCK_IMG,
-    VK_FORMAT_PVRTC2_2BPP_UNORM_BLOCK_IMG,
-    VK_FORMAT_PVRTC2_4BPP_UNORM_BLOCK_IMG,
-    VK_FORMAT_PVRTC1_2BPP_SRGB_BLOCK_IMG,
-    VK_FORMAT_PVRTC1_4BPP_SRGB_BLOCK_IMG,
-    VK_FORMAT_PVRTC2_2BPP_SRGB_BLOCK_IMG,
-    VK_FORMAT_PVRTC2_4BPP_SRGB_BLOCK_IMG,
-    // Not supported (yet) by bluevk
-    //        VK_FORMAT_R16G16_SFIXED5_NV,
-    //        VK_FORMAT_A1B5G5R5_UNORM_PACK16_KHR,
-    //        VK_FORMAT_A8_UNORM_KHR,
-    //        VK_FORMAT_A8_UNORM,
-    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_4x4_SFLOAT_BLOCK_EXT,
-    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_5x4_SFLOAT_BLOCK_EXT,
-    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_5x5_SFLOAT_BLOCK_EXT,
-    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_6x5_SFLOAT_BLOCK_EXT,
-    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_6x6_SFLOAT_BLOCK_EXT,
-    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_8x5_SFLOAT_BLOCK_EXT,
-    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_8x6_SFLOAT_BLOCK_EXT,
-    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_8x8_SFLOAT_BLOCK_EXT,
-    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_10x5_SFLOAT_BLOCK_EXT,
-    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_10x6_SFLOAT_BLOCK_EXT,
-    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_10x8_SFLOAT_BLOCK_EXT,
-    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_10x10_SFLOAT_BLOCK_EXT,
-    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_12x10_SFLOAT_BLOCK_EXT,
-    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_12x12_SFLOAT_BLOCK_EXT,
-    VK_FORMAT_G8B8G8R8_422_UNORM_KHR,
-    VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8G8_422_UNORM_KHR,
-    VK_FORMAT_G8_B8_R8_3PLANE_420_UNORM_KHR,
-    VK_FORMAT_G8_B8R8_2PLANE_420_UNORM_KHR,
-    VK_FORMAT_G8_B8_R8_3PLANE_422_UNORM_KHR,
-    VK_FORMAT_G8_B8R8_2PLANE_422_UNORM_KHR,
-    VK_FORMAT_G8_B8_R8_3PLANE_444_UNORM_KHR,
-    VK_FORMAT_R10X6_UNORM_PACK16_KHR,
-    VK_FORMAT_R10X6G10X6_UNORM_2PACK16_KHR,
-    VK_FORMAT_R10X6G10X6B10X6A10X6_UNORM_4PACK16_KHR,
-    VK_FORMAT_G10X6B10X6G10X6R10X6_422_UNORM_4PACK16_KHR,
-    VK_FORMAT_B10X6G10X6R10X6G10X6_422_UNORM_4PACK16_KHR,
-    VK_FORMAT_G10X6_B10X6_R10X6_3PLANE_420_UNORM_3PACK16_KHR,
-    VK_FORMAT_G10X6_B10X6R10X6_2PLANE_420_UNORM_3PACK16_KHR,
-    VK_FORMAT_G10X6_B10X6_R10X6_3PLANE_422_UNORM_3PACK16_KHR,
-    VK_FORMAT_G10X6_B10X6R10X6_2PLANE_422_UNORM_3PACK16_KHR,
-    VK_FORMAT_G10X6_B10X6_R10X6_3PLANE_444_UNORM_3PACK16_KHR,
-    VK_FORMAT_R12X4_UNORM_PACK16_KHR,
-    VK_FORMAT_R12X4G12X4_UNORM_2PACK16_KHR,
-    VK_FORMAT_R12X4G12X4B12X4A12X4_UNORM_4PACK16_KHR,
-    VK_FORMAT_G12X4B12X4G12X4R12X4_422_UNORM_4PACK16_KHR,
-    VK_FORMAT_B12X4G12X4R12X4G12X4_422_UNORM_4PACK16_KHR,
-    VK_FORMAT_G12X4_B12X4_R12X4_3PLANE_420_UNORM_3PACK16_KHR,
-    VK_FORMAT_G12X4_B12X4R12X4_2PLANE_420_UNORM_3PACK16_KHR,
-    VK_FORMAT_G12X4_B12X4_R12X4_3PLANE_422_UNORM_3PACK16_KHR,
-    VK_FORMAT_G12X4_B12X4R12X4_2PLANE_422_UNORM_3PACK16_KHR,
-    VK_FORMAT_G12X4_B12X4_R12X4_3PLANE_444_UNORM_3PACK16_KHR,
-    VK_FORMAT_G16B16G16R16_422_UNORM_KHR,
-    VK_FORMAT_B16G16R16G16_422_UNORM_KHR,
-    VK_FORMAT_G16_B16_R16_3PLANE_420_UNORM_KHR,
-    VK_FORMAT_G16_B16R16_2PLANE_420_UNORM_KHR,
-    VK_FORMAT_G16_B16_R16_3PLANE_422_UNORM_KHR,
-    VK_FORMAT_G16_B16R16_2PLANE_422_UNORM_KHR,
-    VK_FORMAT_G16_B16_R16_3PLANE_444_UNORM_KHR,
-    VK_FORMAT_G8_B8R8_2PLANE_444_UNORM_EXT,
-    VK_FORMAT_G10X6_B10X6R10X6_2PLANE_444_UNORM_3PACK16_EXT,
-    VK_FORMAT_G12X4_B12X4R12X4_2PLANE_444_UNORM_3PACK16_EXT,
-    VK_FORMAT_G16_B16R16_2PLANE_444_UNORM_EXT,
-    VK_FORMAT_A4R4G4B4_UNORM_PACK16_EXT,
-    VK_FORMAT_A4B4G4R4_UNORM_PACK16_EXT,
-    VK_FORMAT_R16G16_S10_5_NV,
-};
-
-constexpr VkFormat EXT_VK_FORMATS[] = {
-   // VK_EXT_ycbcr_2plane_444_formats
-   VK_FORMAT_G16_B16R16_2PLANE_444_UNORM,
-   VK_FORMAT_G10X6_B10X6R10X6_2PLANE_444_UNORM_3PACK16,
-   VK_FORMAT_G12X4_B12X4R12X4_2PLANE_444_UNORM_3PACK16,
-   VK_FORMAT_G8_B8R8_2PLANE_444_UNORM,
-   VK_FORMAT_G16_B16R16_2PLANE_444_UNORM,
-
-   // VK_NV_optical_flow
-   VK_FORMAT_R16G16_S10_5_NV,
+        VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED,
+        VK_FORMAT_R4G4_UNORM_PACK8,
+        VK_FORMAT_R4G4B4A4_UNORM_PACK16,
+        VK_FORMAT_B4G4R4A4_UNORM_PACK16,
+        VK_FORMAT_R5G6B5_UNORM_PACK16,
+        VK_FORMAT_B5G6R5_UNORM_PACK16,
+        VK_FORMAT_R5G5B5A1_UNORM_PACK16,
+        VK_FORMAT_B5G5R5A1_UNORM_PACK16,
+        VK_FORMAT_A1R5G5B5_UNORM_PACK16,
+        VK_FORMAT_R8_UNORM,
+        VK_FORMAT_R8_SNORM,
+        VK_FORMAT_R8_USCALED,
+        VK_FORMAT_R8_SSCALED,
+        VK_FORMAT_R8_UINT,
+        VK_FORMAT_R8_SINT,
+        VK_FORMAT_R8_SRGB,
+        VK_FORMAT_R8G8_UNORM,
+        VK_FORMAT_R8G8_SNORM,
+        VK_FORMAT_R8G8_USCALED,
+        VK_FORMAT_R8G8_SSCALED,
+        VK_FORMAT_R8G8_UINT,
+        VK_FORMAT_R8G8_SINT,
+        VK_FORMAT_R8G8_SRGB,
+        VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8_UNORM,
+        VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8_SNORM,
+        VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8_USCALED,
+        VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8_SSCALED,
+        VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8_UINT,
+        VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8_SINT,
+        VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8_SRGB,
+        VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8_UNORM,
+        VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8_SNORM,
+        VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8_USCALED,
+        VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8_SSCALED,
+        VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8_UINT,
+        VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8_SINT,
+        VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8_SRGB,
+        VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM,
+        VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SNORM,
+        VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_USCALED,
+        VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SSCALED,
+        VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UINT,
+        VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SINT,
+        VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SRGB,
+        VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM,
+        VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_SNORM,
+        VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_USCALED,
+        VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_SSCALED,
+        VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UINT,
+        VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_SINT,
+        VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_SRGB,
+        VK_FORMAT_A8B8G8R8_UNORM_PACK32,
+        VK_FORMAT_A8B8G8R8_SNORM_PACK32,
+        VK_FORMAT_A8B8G8R8_USCALED_PACK32,
+        VK_FORMAT_A8B8G8R8_SSCALED_PACK32,
+        VK_FORMAT_A8B8G8R8_UINT_PACK32,
+        VK_FORMAT_A8B8G8R8_SINT_PACK32,
+        VK_FORMAT_A8B8G8R8_SRGB_PACK32,
+        VK_FORMAT_A2R10G10B10_UNORM_PACK32,
+        VK_FORMAT_A2R10G10B10_SNORM_PACK32,
+        VK_FORMAT_A2R10G10B10_USCALED_PACK32,
+        VK_FORMAT_A2R10G10B10_SSCALED_PACK32,
+        VK_FORMAT_A2R10G10B10_UINT_PACK32,
+        VK_FORMAT_A2R10G10B10_SINT_PACK32,
+        VK_FORMAT_A2B10G10R10_UNORM_PACK32,
+        VK_FORMAT_A2B10G10R10_SNORM_PACK32,
+        VK_FORMAT_A2B10G10R10_USCALED_PACK32,
+        VK_FORMAT_A2B10G10R10_SSCALED_PACK32,
+        VK_FORMAT_A2B10G10R10_UINT_PACK32,
+        VK_FORMAT_A2B10G10R10_SINT_PACK32,
+        VK_FORMAT_R16_UNORM,
+        VK_FORMAT_R16_SNORM,
+        VK_FORMAT_R16_USCALED,
+        VK_FORMAT_R16_SSCALED,
+        VK_FORMAT_R16_UINT,
+        VK_FORMAT_R16_SINT,
+        VK_FORMAT_R16_SFLOAT,
+        VK_FORMAT_R16G16_UNORM,
+        VK_FORMAT_R16G16_SNORM,
+        VK_FORMAT_R16G16_USCALED,
+        VK_FORMAT_R16G16_SSCALED,
+        VK_FORMAT_R16G16_UINT,
+        VK_FORMAT_R16G16_SINT,
+        VK_FORMAT_R16G16_SFLOAT,
+        VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16_UNORM,
+        VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16_SNORM,
+        VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16_USCALED,
+        VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16_SSCALED,
+        VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16_UINT,
+        VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16_SINT,
+        VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16_SFLOAT,
+        VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_UNORM,
+        VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_SNORM,
+        VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_USCALED,
+        VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_SSCALED,
+        VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_UINT,
+        VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_SINT,
+        VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_SFLOAT,
+        VK_FORMAT_R32_UINT,
+        VK_FORMAT_R32_SINT,
+        VK_FORMAT_R32_SFLOAT,
+        VK_FORMAT_R32G32_UINT,
+        VK_FORMAT_R32G32_SINT,
+        VK_FORMAT_R32G32_SFLOAT,
+        VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_UINT,
+        VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SINT,
+        VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SFLOAT,
+        VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_UINT,
+        VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_SINT,
+        VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_SFLOAT,
+        VK_FORMAT_R64_UINT,
+        VK_FORMAT_R64_SINT,
+        VK_FORMAT_R64_SFLOAT,
+        VK_FORMAT_R64G64_UINT,
+        VK_FORMAT_R64G64_SINT,
+        VK_FORMAT_R64G64_SFLOAT,
+        VK_FORMAT_R64G64B64_UINT,
+        VK_FORMAT_R64G64B64_SINT,
+        VK_FORMAT_R64G64B64_SFLOAT,
+        VK_FORMAT_R64G64B64A64_UINT,
+        VK_FORMAT_R64G64B64A64_SINT,
+        VK_FORMAT_R64G64B64A64_SFLOAT,
+        VK_FORMAT_B10G11R11_UFLOAT_PACK32,
+        VK_FORMAT_E5B9G9R9_UFLOAT_PACK32,
+        VK_FORMAT_D16_UNORM,
+        VK_FORMAT_X8_D24_UNORM_PACK32,
+        VK_FORMAT_D32_SFLOAT,
+        VK_FORMAT_S8_UINT,
+        VK_FORMAT_D16_UNORM_S8_UINT,
+        VK_FORMAT_D24_UNORM_S8_UINT,
+        VK_FORMAT_D32_SFLOAT_S8_UINT,
+        VK_FORMAT_BC1_RGB_UNORM_BLOCK,
+        VK_FORMAT_BC1_RGB_SRGB_BLOCK,
+        VK_FORMAT_BC1_RGBA_UNORM_BLOCK,
+        VK_FORMAT_BC1_RGBA_SRGB_BLOCK,
+        VK_FORMAT_BC2_UNORM_BLOCK,
+        VK_FORMAT_BC2_SRGB_BLOCK,
+        VK_FORMAT_BC3_UNORM_BLOCK,
+        VK_FORMAT_BC3_SRGB_BLOCK,
+        VK_FORMAT_BC4_UNORM_BLOCK,
+        VK_FORMAT_BC4_SNORM_BLOCK,
+        VK_FORMAT_BC5_UNORM_BLOCK,
+        VK_FORMAT_BC5_SNORM_BLOCK,
+        VK_FORMAT_BC6H_UFLOAT_BLOCK,
+        VK_FORMAT_BC6H_SFLOAT_BLOCK,
+        VK_FORMAT_BC7_UNORM_BLOCK,
+        VK_FORMAT_BC7_SRGB_BLOCK,
+        VK_FORMAT_ETC2_R8G8B8_UNORM_BLOCK,
+        VK_FORMAT_ETC2_R8G8B8_SRGB_BLOCK,
+        VK_FORMAT_ETC2_R8G8B8A1_UNORM_BLOCK,
+        VK_FORMAT_ETC2_R8G8B8A1_SRGB_BLOCK,
+        VK_FORMAT_ETC2_R8G8B8A8_UNORM_BLOCK,
+        VK_FORMAT_ETC2_R8G8B8A8_SRGB_BLOCK,
+        VK_FORMAT_EAC_R11_UNORM_BLOCK,
+        VK_FORMAT_EAC_R11_SNORM_BLOCK,
+        VK_FORMAT_EAC_R11G11_UNORM_BLOCK,
+        VK_FORMAT_EAC_R11G11_SNORM_BLOCK,
+        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_4x4_UNORM_BLOCK,
+        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_4x4_SRGB_BLOCK,
+        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_5x4_UNORM_BLOCK,
+        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_5x4_SRGB_BLOCK,
+        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_5x5_UNORM_BLOCK,
+        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_5x5_SRGB_BLOCK,
+        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_6x5_UNORM_BLOCK,
+        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_6x5_SRGB_BLOCK,
+        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_6x6_UNORM_BLOCK,
+        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_6x6_SRGB_BLOCK,
+        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_8x5_UNORM_BLOCK,
+        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_8x5_SRGB_BLOCK,
+        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_8x6_UNORM_BLOCK,
+        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_8x6_SRGB_BLOCK,
+        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_8x8_UNORM_BLOCK,
+        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_8x8_SRGB_BLOCK,
+        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_10x5_UNORM_BLOCK,
+        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_10x5_SRGB_BLOCK,
+        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_10x6_UNORM_BLOCK,
+        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_10x6_SRGB_BLOCK,
+        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_10x8_UNORM_BLOCK,
+        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_10x8_SRGB_BLOCK,
+        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_10x10_UNORM_BLOCK,
+        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_10x10_SRGB_BLOCK,
+        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_12x10_UNORM_BLOCK,
+        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_12x10_SRGB_BLOCK,
+        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_12x12_UNORM_BLOCK,
+        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_12x12_SRGB_BLOCK,
+        VK_FORMAT_G8B8G8R8_422_UNORM,
+        VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8G8_422_UNORM,
+        VK_FORMAT_G8_B8_R8_3PLANE_420_UNORM,
+        VK_FORMAT_G8_B8R8_2PLANE_420_UNORM,
+        VK_FORMAT_G8_B8_R8_3PLANE_422_UNORM,
+        VK_FORMAT_G8_B8R8_2PLANE_422_UNORM,
+        VK_FORMAT_G8_B8_R8_3PLANE_444_UNORM,
+        VK_FORMAT_R10X6_UNORM_PACK16,
+        VK_FORMAT_R10X6G10X6_UNORM_2PACK16,
+        VK_FORMAT_R10X6G10X6B10X6A10X6_UNORM_4PACK16,
+        VK_FORMAT_G10X6B10X6G10X6R10X6_422_UNORM_4PACK16,
+        VK_FORMAT_B10X6G10X6R10X6G10X6_422_UNORM_4PACK16,
+        VK_FORMAT_G10X6_B10X6_R10X6_3PLANE_420_UNORM_3PACK16,
+        VK_FORMAT_G10X6_B10X6R10X6_2PLANE_420_UNORM_3PACK16,
+        VK_FORMAT_G10X6_B10X6_R10X6_3PLANE_422_UNORM_3PACK16,
+        VK_FORMAT_G10X6_B10X6R10X6_2PLANE_422_UNORM_3PACK16,
+        VK_FORMAT_G10X6_B10X6_R10X6_3PLANE_444_UNORM_3PACK16,
+        VK_FORMAT_R12X4_UNORM_PACK16,
+        VK_FORMAT_R12X4G12X4_UNORM_2PACK16,
+        VK_FORMAT_R12X4G12X4B12X4A12X4_UNORM_4PACK16,
+        VK_FORMAT_G12X4B12X4G12X4R12X4_422_UNORM_4PACK16,
+        VK_FORMAT_B12X4G12X4R12X4G12X4_422_UNORM_4PACK16,
+        VK_FORMAT_G12X4_B12X4_R12X4_3PLANE_420_UNORM_3PACK16,
+        VK_FORMAT_G12X4_B12X4R12X4_2PLANE_420_UNORM_3PACK16,
+        VK_FORMAT_G12X4_B12X4_R12X4_3PLANE_422_UNORM_3PACK16,
+        VK_FORMAT_G12X4_B12X4R12X4_2PLANE_422_UNORM_3PACK16,
+        VK_FORMAT_G12X4_B12X4_R12X4_3PLANE_444_UNORM_3PACK16,
+        VK_FORMAT_G16B16G16R16_422_UNORM,
+        VK_FORMAT_B16G16R16G16_422_UNORM,
+        VK_FORMAT_G16_B16_R16_3PLANE_420_UNORM,
+        VK_FORMAT_G16_B16R16_2PLANE_420_UNORM,
+        VK_FORMAT_G16_B16_R16_3PLANE_422_UNORM,
+        VK_FORMAT_G16_B16R16_2PLANE_422_UNORM,
+        VK_FORMAT_G16_B16_R16_3PLANE_444_UNORM,
+        VK_FORMAT_G8_B8R8_2PLANE_444_UNORM,
+        VK_FORMAT_G10X6_B10X6R10X6_2PLANE_444_UNORM_3PACK16,
+        VK_FORMAT_G12X4_B12X4R12X4_2PLANE_444_UNORM_3PACK16,
+        VK_FORMAT_G16_B16R16_2PLANE_444_UNORM,
+        VK_FORMAT_A4R4G4B4_UNORM_PACK16,
+        VK_FORMAT_A4B4G4R4_UNORM_PACK16,
+        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_4x4_SFLOAT_BLOCK,
+        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_5x4_SFLOAT_BLOCK,
+        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_5x5_SFLOAT_BLOCK,
+        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_6x5_SFLOAT_BLOCK,
+        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_6x6_SFLOAT_BLOCK,
+        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_8x5_SFLOAT_BLOCK,
+        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_8x6_SFLOAT_BLOCK,
+        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_8x8_SFLOAT_BLOCK,
+        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_10x5_SFLOAT_BLOCK,
+        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_10x6_SFLOAT_BLOCK,
+        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_10x8_SFLOAT_BLOCK,
+        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_10x10_SFLOAT_BLOCK,
+        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_12x10_SFLOAT_BLOCK,
+        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_12x12_SFLOAT_BLOCK,
+        VK_FORMAT_PVRTC1_2BPP_UNORM_BLOCK_IMG,
+        VK_FORMAT_PVRTC1_4BPP_UNORM_BLOCK_IMG,
+        VK_FORMAT_PVRTC2_2BPP_UNORM_BLOCK_IMG,
+        VK_FORMAT_PVRTC2_4BPP_UNORM_BLOCK_IMG,
+        VK_FORMAT_PVRTC1_2BPP_SRGB_BLOCK_IMG,
+        VK_FORMAT_PVRTC1_4BPP_SRGB_BLOCK_IMG,
+        VK_FORMAT_PVRTC2_2BPP_SRGB_BLOCK_IMG,
+        VK_FORMAT_PVRTC2_4BPP_SRGB_BLOCK_IMG,
+// Not supported (yet) by bluevk
+//        VK_FORMAT_R16G16_SFIXED5_NV,
+//        VK_FORMAT_A1B5G5R5_UNORM_PACK16_KHR,
+//        VK_FORMAT_A8_UNORM_KHR,
+//        VK_FORMAT_A8_UNORM,
+        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_4x4_SFLOAT_BLOCK_EXT,
+        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_5x4_SFLOAT_BLOCK_EXT,
+        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_5x5_SFLOAT_BLOCK_EXT,
+        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_6x5_SFLOAT_BLOCK_EXT,
+        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_6x6_SFLOAT_BLOCK_EXT,
+        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_8x5_SFLOAT_BLOCK_EXT,
+        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_8x6_SFLOAT_BLOCK_EXT,
+        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_8x8_SFLOAT_BLOCK_EXT,
+        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_10x5_SFLOAT_BLOCK_EXT,
+        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_10x6_SFLOAT_BLOCK_EXT,
+        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_10x8_SFLOAT_BLOCK_EXT,
+        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_10x10_SFLOAT_BLOCK_EXT,
+        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_12x10_SFLOAT_BLOCK_EXT,
+        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_12x12_SFLOAT_BLOCK_EXT,
+        VK_FORMAT_G8B8G8R8_422_UNORM_KHR,
+        VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8G8_422_UNORM_KHR,
+        VK_FORMAT_G8_B8_R8_3PLANE_420_UNORM_KHR,
+        VK_FORMAT_G8_B8R8_2PLANE_420_UNORM_KHR,
+        VK_FORMAT_G8_B8_R8_3PLANE_422_UNORM_KHR,
+        VK_FORMAT_G8_B8R8_2PLANE_422_UNORM_KHR,
+        VK_FORMAT_G8_B8_R8_3PLANE_444_UNORM_KHR,
+        VK_FORMAT_R10X6_UNORM_PACK16_KHR,
+        VK_FORMAT_R10X6G10X6_UNORM_2PACK16_KHR,
+        VK_FORMAT_R10X6G10X6B10X6A10X6_UNORM_4PACK16_KHR,
+        VK_FORMAT_G10X6B10X6G10X6R10X6_422_UNORM_4PACK16_KHR,
+        VK_FORMAT_B10X6G10X6R10X6G10X6_422_UNORM_4PACK16_KHR,
+        VK_FORMAT_G10X6_B10X6_R10X6_3PLANE_420_UNORM_3PACK16_KHR,
+        VK_FORMAT_G10X6_B10X6R10X6_2PLANE_420_UNORM_3PACK16_KHR,
+        VK_FORMAT_G10X6_B10X6_R10X6_3PLANE_422_UNORM_3PACK16_KHR,
+        VK_FORMAT_G10X6_B10X6R10X6_2PLANE_422_UNORM_3PACK16_KHR,
+        VK_FORMAT_G10X6_B10X6_R10X6_3PLANE_444_UNORM_3PACK16_KHR,
+        VK_FORMAT_R12X4_UNORM_PACK16_KHR,
+        VK_FORMAT_R12X4G12X4_UNORM_2PACK16_KHR,
+        VK_FORMAT_R12X4G12X4B12X4A12X4_UNORM_4PACK16_KHR,
+        VK_FORMAT_G12X4B12X4G12X4R12X4_422_UNORM_4PACK16_KHR,
+        VK_FORMAT_B12X4G12X4R12X4G12X4_422_UNORM_4PACK16_KHR,
+        VK_FORMAT_G12X4_B12X4_R12X4_3PLANE_420_UNORM_3PACK16_KHR,
+        VK_FORMAT_G12X4_B12X4R12X4_2PLANE_420_UNORM_3PACK16_KHR,
+        VK_FORMAT_G12X4_B12X4_R12X4_3PLANE_422_UNORM_3PACK16_KHR,
+        VK_FORMAT_G12X4_B12X4R12X4_2PLANE_422_UNORM_3PACK16_KHR,
+        VK_FORMAT_G12X4_B12X4_R12X4_3PLANE_444_UNORM_3PACK16_KHR,
+        VK_FORMAT_G16B16G16R16_422_UNORM_KHR,
+        VK_FORMAT_B16G16R16G16_422_UNORM_KHR,
+        VK_FORMAT_G16_B16_R16_3PLANE_420_UNORM_KHR,
+        VK_FORMAT_G16_B16R16_2PLANE_420_UNORM_KHR,
+        VK_FORMAT_G16_B16_R16_3PLANE_422_UNORM_KHR,
+        VK_FORMAT_G16_B16R16_2PLANE_422_UNORM_KHR,
+        VK_FORMAT_G16_B16_R16_3PLANE_444_UNORM_KHR,
+        VK_FORMAT_G8_B8R8_2PLANE_444_UNORM_EXT,
+        VK_FORMAT_G10X6_B10X6R10X6_2PLANE_444_UNORM_3PACK16_EXT,
+        VK_FORMAT_G12X4_B12X4R12X4_2PLANE_444_UNORM_3PACK16_EXT,
+        VK_FORMAT_G16_B16R16_2PLANE_444_UNORM_EXT,
+        VK_FORMAT_A4R4G4B4_UNORM_PACK16_EXT,
+        VK_FORMAT_A4B4G4R4_UNORM_PACK16_EXT,
+        VK_FORMAT_R16G16_S10_5_NV,
 };

 using UniformBufferBitmask = utils::bitset64;
@@ -381,81 +367,6 @@ static constexpr uint8_t getFragmentStageShift() noexcept {
 // We have at most 4 descriptor sets. This is to indicate which ones are active.
 using DescriptorSetMask = utils::bitset8;

-//! this API is copied from (and only applies to) the Vulkan spec.
-//! These specify YUV to RGB conversions.
-enum class SamplerYcbcrModelConversion : uint8_t {
-    RGB_IDENTITY = 0,
-    YCBCR_IDENTITY = 1,
-    YCBCR_709 = 2,
-    YCBCR_601 = 3,
-    YCBCR_2020 = 4,
-};
-
-enum class SamplerYcbcrRange : uint8_t {
-    ITU_FULL = 0,
-    ITU_NARROW = 1,
-};
-
-enum class ChromaLocation : uint8_t {
-    COSITED_EVEN = 0,
-    MIDPOINT = 1,
-};
-
-//! Sampler parameters
-struct SamplerYcbcrConversion { // NOLINT
-    SamplerYcbcrModelConversion ycbcrModel : 4;
-    TextureSwizzle r : 4;
-    TextureSwizzle g : 4;
-    TextureSwizzle b : 4;
-    TextureSwizzle a : 4;
-    SamplerYcbcrRange ycbcrRange : 1;
-    ChromaLocation xChromaOffset : 1;
-    ChromaLocation yChromaOffset : 1;
-    SamplerMagFilter chromaFilter : 1;
-    uint8_t padding;
-
-    struct Hasher {
-        size_t operator()(const SamplerYcbcrConversion p) const noexcept {
-            // we don't use std::hash<> here, so we don't have to include <functional>
-            return *reinterpret_cast<uint32_t const*>(reinterpret_cast<char const*>(&p));
-        }
-    };
-
-    struct EqualTo {
-        bool operator()(SamplerYcbcrConversion lhs, SamplerYcbcrConversion rhs) const noexcept {
-            assert_invariant(lhs.padding == 0);
-            auto* pLhs = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t const*>(reinterpret_cast<char const*>(&lhs));
-            auto* pRhs = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t const*>(reinterpret_cast<char const*>(&rhs));
-            return *pLhs == *pRhs;
-        }
-    };
-
-    struct LessThan {
-        bool operator()(SamplerYcbcrConversion lhs, SamplerYcbcrConversion rhs) const noexcept {
-            assert_invariant(lhs.padding == 0);
-            auto* pLhs = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t const*>(reinterpret_cast<char const*>(&lhs));
-            auto* pRhs = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t const*>(reinterpret_cast<char const*>(&rhs));
-            return *pLhs < *pRhs;
-        }
-    };
-
-private:
-    friend bool operator==(SamplerYcbcrConversion lhs, SamplerYcbcrConversion rhs) noexcept {
-        return SamplerYcbcrConversion::EqualTo{}(lhs, rhs);
-    }
-    friend bool operator!=(SamplerYcbcrConversion lhs, SamplerYcbcrConversion rhs) noexcept {
-        return !SamplerYcbcrConversion::EqualTo{}(lhs, rhs);
-    }
-    friend bool operator<(SamplerYcbcrConversion lhs, SamplerYcbcrConversion rhs) noexcept {
-        return SamplerYcbcrConversion::LessThan{}(lhs, rhs);
-    }
-};
-
-static_assert(sizeof(SamplerYcbcrConversion) == 4);
-
-static_assert(sizeof(SamplerYcbcrConversion) <= sizeof(uint64_t),
-        "SamplerYcbcrConversion must be no more than 64 bits");
-
 } // namespace filament::backend::fvkutils

 #endif // TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_VULKAN_UTILS_DEFINITIONS_H
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@
 // An Array that will be statically fixed in capacity, but the "size" (as in user added elements) is
 // variable. Note that this class is movable.

-#include <utils/debug.h>
 #include <utils/Panic.h>

 #include <array>
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-WebGPU does not include a trivial way to create mipmaps, and thus we must provide a render pass or compute pass to generate them.
-
-This directory is the result of porting https://github.com/JolifantoBambla/webgpu-spd to C++, which itself is a WebGPU port of https://github.com/GPUOpen-LibrariesAndSDKs/FidelityFX-SDK/blob/main/docs/samples/single-pass-downsampler.md. 
-
-The first version of our port is primarily from a Gemini "Convert this to C++" request, which worked as an MVP with very few changes. Future commits will likely alter this version significantly, but it is being merged in this early state to facilitate rapid iteration. 
@@ -1,956 +0,0 @@
-#include "SpdMipmapGenerator.h"
-#include <sstream>
-#include <stdexcept>
-// C++ port of https://github.com/JolifantoBambla/webgpu-spd for early experiments
-namespace spd {
-
-// Helper to convert enums to strings for map keys or shader code
-const char* to_string(wgpu::TextureFormat format) {
-    switch (format) {
-        case wgpu::TextureFormat::RGBA8Unorm:
-            return "rgba8unorm";
-        case wgpu::TextureFormat::BGRA8Unorm:
-            return "bgra8unorm";
-        case wgpu::TextureFormat::R32Float:
-            return "r32float";
-        case wgpu::TextureFormat::RG32Float:
-            return "rg32float";
-        case wgpu::TextureFormat::RGBA32Float:
-            return "rgba32float";
-        case wgpu::TextureFormat::R16Float:
-            return "r16float";
-        case wgpu::TextureFormat::RG16Float:
-            return "rg16float";
-        case wgpu::TextureFormat::RGBA16Float:
-            return "rgba16float";
-        // Add other formats as needed
-        default:
-            return "rgba8unorm";
-    }
-}
-
-
-std::string MipmapGenerator::GetFilterCode(SPDFilter filter) {
-    switch (filter) {
-        case SPDFilter::Min:
-            return R"(
-    fn spd_reduce_4(v0: vec4<SPDScalar>, v1: vec4<SPDScalar>, v2: vec4<SPDScalar>, v3: vec4<SPDScalar>) -> vec4<SPDScalar> {
-        return min(min(v0, v1), min(v2, v3));
-    }
-    )";
-        case SPDFilter::Max:
-            return R"(
-    fn spd_reduce_4(v0: vec4<SPDScalar>, v1: vec4<SPDScalar>, v2: vec4<SPDScalar>, v3: vec4<SPDScalar>) -> vec4<SPDScalar> {
-        return max(max(v0, v1), max(v2, v3));
-    }
-    )";
-        case SPDFilter::MinMax:
-            return R"(
-    fn spd_reduce_4(v0: vec4<SPDScalar>, v1: vec4<SPDScalar>, v2: vec4<SPDScalar>, v3: vec4<SPDScalar>) -> vec4<SPDScalar> {
-        let max4 = max(max(v0.xy, v1.xy), max(v2.xy, v3.xy));
-        return vec4<SPDScalar>(min(min(v0.x, v1.x), min(v2.x, v3.x)), max(max4.x, max4.y), 0.0, 0.0);
-    }
-    )";
-        case SPDFilter::Average:
-        default:
-            return R"(
-    fn spd_reduce_4(v0: vec4<SPDScalar>, v1: vec4<SPDScalar>, v2: vec4<SPDScalar>, v3: vec4<SPDScalar>) -> vec4<SPDScalar> {
-        return (v0 + v1 + v2 + v3) * 0.25;
-    }
-    )";
-    }
-}
-
-
-MipmapGenerator::MipmapGenerator(const wgpu::Device& device)
-    : m_device(device) {
-    wgpu::BindGroupLayoutEntry bglEntry{};
-    bglEntry.binding = 0;
-    bglEntry.visibility = wgpu::ShaderStage::Compute;
-    bglEntry.buffer.type = wgpu::BufferBindingType::Uniform;
-    bglEntry.buffer.minBindingSize = 16;
-
-    wgpu::BindGroupLayoutDescriptor bglDesc{};
-    bglDesc.entryCount = 1;
-    bglDesc.entries = &bglEntry;
-    m_internalResourcesBindGroupLayout =
-            m_device.CreateBindGroupLayout(&bglDesc); // Basic BGL for <= 6 mips
-
-    wgpu::Limits deviceLimits;
-    m_device.GetLimits(&deviceLimits);
-    // Max number of *output* mips we can generate in a single pass.
-    // This is device.maxStorageTexturesPerShaderStage - 1 (for the source texture binding),
-    // further capped at 11 output mips (which means 12 total texture bindings: 1 source + 11
-    // outputs). WebGPU minspec for maxStorageTexturesPerShaderStage is 4, so
-    // deviceLimits.maxStorageTexturesPerShaderStage >= 4. Thus, m_maxMipsPerPass will be at least
-    // std::min(4u - 1, 11u) = 3.
-    m_maxMipsPerPass =
-            std::min(static_cast<uint32_t>(deviceLimits.maxStorageTexturesPerShaderStage) - 1, 11u);
-    m_maxArrayLayers = deviceLimits.maxStorageTexturesPerShaderStage;
-
-
-    // If we can generate more than 6 mips in a pass, we need an advanced BGL
-    // that includes atomic counter and mid-mip buffer for levels > 5.
-    if (m_maxMipsPerPass > 6) {
-        std::vector<wgpu::BindGroupLayoutEntry> entriesAdvanced(3);
-        // Entry 0: Uniform buffer (DownsamplePassMeta)
-        entriesAdvanced[0].binding = 0;
-        entriesAdvanced[0].visibility = wgpu::ShaderStage::Compute;
-        entriesAdvanced[0].buffer.type = wgpu::BufferBindingType::Uniform;
-        entriesAdvanced[0].buffer.minBindingSize = 16; // sizeof(DownsamplePassMeta) effectively
-
-        // Entry 1: Storage buffer (spd_global_counter)
-        entriesAdvanced[1].binding = 1;
-        entriesAdvanced[1].visibility = wgpu::ShaderStage::Compute;
-        entriesAdvanced[1].buffer.type = wgpu::BufferBindingType::Storage;
-        entriesAdvanced[1].buffer.minBindingSize = 4; // sizeof(atomic<u32>)
-
-        // Entry 2: Storage buffer (mip_dst_6_buffer)
-        entriesAdvanced[2].binding = 2;
-        entriesAdvanced[2].visibility = wgpu::ShaderStage::Compute;
-        entriesAdvanced[2].buffer.type = wgpu::BufferBindingType::Storage;
-        // Size for array<array<array<vec4<f32>, 64>, 64>> which is 16 (bytes for vec4f32) * 64 * 64
-        // * arrayLayers. The shader defines it as [slice][uv.y][uv.x], so 64x64 per slice.
-        // minBindingSize here is for one slice as a baseline. Actual buffer will be larger for
-        // multiple array layers.
-        entriesAdvanced[2].buffer.minBindingSize = 16 * 64 * 64;
-
-        wgpu::BindGroupLayoutDescriptor bglDescAdvanced{};
-        bglDescAdvanced.label = "SPD Internal BGL (Advanced)";
-        bglDescAdvanced.entryCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(entriesAdvanced.size());
-        bglDescAdvanced.entries = entriesAdvanced.data();
-        m_internalResourcesBindGroupLayout_Advanced =
-                m_device.CreateBindGroupLayout(&bglDescAdvanced);
-    }
-}
-
-void MipmapGenerator::PreparePipelines(wgpu::TextureFormat format, SPDFilter filter,
-        bool halfPrecision) {
-    SPDScalarType scalarType = SanitizeScalarType(format, halfPrecision);
-    // Prepare for a reasonable number of mips, up to m_maxMipsPerPass
-    // The loop should go from 1 up to and including m_maxMipsPerPass.
-    // If m_maxMipsPerPass is 0 (e.g. maxStorageTexturesPerShaderStage <=1 ), this loop won't run.
-    for (uint32_t i = 1; i <= m_maxMipsPerPass; ++i) {
-        GetOrCreatePipeline({ format, scalarType, filter, i });
-    }
-}
-
-SPDScalarType MipmapGenerator::SanitizeScalarType(wgpu::TextureFormat format, bool halfPrecision) {
-    std::string formatStr = to_string(format);
-    std::transform(formatStr.begin(), formatStr.end(), formatStr.begin(), ::tolower);
-
-    SPDScalarType texelType = SPDScalarType::F32; // Default to F32
-    if (formatStr.find("sint") != std::string::npos) {
-        texelType = SPDScalarType::I32;
-    } else if (formatStr.find("uint") != std::string::npos) {
-        texelType = SPDScalarType::U32;
-    }
-
-    if (halfPrecision && texelType == SPDScalarType::F32) {
-        if (m_device.HasFeature(wgpu::FeatureName::ShaderF16)) {
-            return SPDScalarType::F16;
-        } else {
-            // Optional: Log a warning here that halfPrecision was requested for a float format
-            // but the device does not support ShaderF16, so F32 will be used.
-        }
-    } else if (halfPrecision && texelType != SPDScalarType::F32) {
-        // Optional: Log a warning here that halfPrecision was requested for a non-float format.
-    }
-    return texelType;
-}
-
-SPDPipeline& MipmapGenerator::GetOrCreatePipeline(const PipelineCacheKey& key) {
-    uint32_t numMipsForPipeline = std::min(key.numMips, m_maxMipsPerPass);
-    if (m_pipelines.find(key) == m_pipelines.end()) {
-        // Create the pipeline
-        SPDPipeline spdPipeline;
-
-        std::vector<wgpu::BindGroupLayoutEntry> mipsBglEntries;
-        // Bindings are 0 for source, 1 to numMipsForPipeline for destinations
-        for (uint32_t i = 0; i <= numMipsForPipeline; ++i) {
-            wgpu::BindGroupLayoutEntry entry{};
-            entry.binding = i;
-            entry.visibility = wgpu::ShaderStage::Compute;
-            if (i == 0) {
-                entry.texture.sampleType = (key.scalarType == SPDScalarType::I32)
-                                                   ? wgpu::TextureSampleType::Sint
-                                           : (key.scalarType == SPDScalarType::U32)
-                                                   ? wgpu::TextureSampleType::Uint
-                                                   : wgpu::TextureSampleType::UnfilterableFloat;
-                entry.texture.viewDimension = wgpu::TextureViewDimension::e2DArray;
-            } else {
-                entry.storageTexture.access = wgpu::StorageTextureAccess::WriteOnly;
-                entry.storageTexture.format = key.format;
-                entry.storageTexture.viewDimension = wgpu::TextureViewDimension::e2DArray;
-            }
-            mipsBglEntries.push_back(entry);
-        }
-
-        wgpu::BindGroupLayoutDescriptor mipsBglDesc{};
-        mipsBglDesc.entryCount = mipsBglEntries.size();
-        mipsBglDesc.entries = mipsBglEntries.data();
-        spdPipeline.mipsBindGroupLayout = m_device.CreateBindGroupLayout(&mipsBglDesc);
-
-        std::string shaderCode = MakeShaderCode(key.format, GetFilterCode(key.filter),
-                numMipsForPipeline, key.scalarType);
-        wgpu::ShaderModuleWGSLDescriptor wgslDesc{};
-        wgslDesc.code = shaderCode.c_str();
-
-        wgpu::ShaderModuleDescriptor shaderModuleDesc{};
-        shaderModuleDesc.nextInChain = &wgslDesc;
-        wgpu::ShaderModule shaderModule = m_device.CreateShaderModule(&shaderModuleDesc);
-
-        wgpu::BindGroupLayout chosenInternalBGL =
-                (numMipsForPipeline > 6 && m_internalResourcesBindGroupLayout_Advanced)
-                        ? m_internalResourcesBindGroupLayout_Advanced
-                        : m_internalResourcesBindGroupLayout;
-
-        wgpu::BindGroupLayout bgls[] = { spdPipeline.mipsBindGroupLayout, chosenInternalBGL };
-        wgpu::PipelineLayoutDescriptor layoutDesc{};
-        layoutDesc.bindGroupLayoutCount = 2;
-        layoutDesc.bindGroupLayouts = bgls;
-
-        wgpu::ComputePipelineDescriptor pipelineDesc{};
-        pipelineDesc.layout = m_device.CreatePipelineLayout(&layoutDesc);
-        pipelineDesc.compute.module = shaderModule;
-        pipelineDesc.compute.entryPoint = "downsample";
-
-        spdPipeline.pipeline = m_device.CreateComputePipeline(&pipelineDesc);
-        m_pipelines[key] = std::move(spdPipeline);
-    }
-    return m_pipelines[key];
-}
-
-
-void MipmapGenerator::Generate(wgpu::CommandEncoder& commandEncoder, wgpu::Texture srcTexture,
-        const SPDPassConfig& config) {
-    if (config.numMips <= 1 || config.numMips <= config.sourceMipLevel + 1) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    if (m_maxMipsPerPass == 0) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    PreparePipelines(srcTexture.GetFormat(), config.filter, config.halfPrecision);
-
-    uint32_t totalSrcArrayLayers = srcTexture.GetDepthOrArrayLayers();
-
-    // Loop over array layer chunks
-    for (uint32_t currentBaseArrayLayer = 0; currentBaseArrayLayer < totalSrcArrayLayers;
-            currentBaseArrayLayer += m_maxArrayLayers) {
-
-        uint32_t arrayLayersThisPass =
-                std::min(m_maxArrayLayers, totalSrcArrayLayers - currentBaseArrayLayer);
-
-        uint32_t mipsToGenerateCount = config.numMips - (config.sourceMipLevel + 1);
-        uint32_t currentSourceMipLevel = config.sourceMipLevel;
-
-        while (mipsToGenerateCount > 0) {
-            uint32_t mipsThisPass = std::min(mipsToGenerateCount, m_maxMipsPerPass);
-
-            SPDPassConfig passSpecificConfig = {};
-            passSpecificConfig.filter = config.filter;
-            passSpecificConfig.halfPrecision = config.halfPrecision;
-            passSpecificConfig.targetTexture =
-                    config.targetTexture ? config.targetTexture : srcTexture;
-            passSpecificConfig.numMips = mipsThisPass;
-            passSpecificConfig.sourceMipLevel = currentSourceMipLevel;
-
-            // Pass baseArrayLayer and numArrayLayers directly to generatePass
-            generatePass(commandEncoder, srcTexture, passSpecificConfig, currentBaseArrayLayer,
-                    arrayLayersThisPass);
-
-            mipsToGenerateCount -= mipsThisPass;
-            currentSourceMipLevel += mipsThisPass;
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-void MipmapGenerator::generatePass(wgpu::CommandEncoder& commandEncoder, wgpu::Texture srcTexture,
-        const SPDPassConfig& passConfig, uint32_t baseArrayLayer, uint32_t numArrayLayers) {
-    uint32_t width = srcTexture.GetWidth() >> passConfig.sourceMipLevel;
-    uint32_t height = srcTexture.GetHeight() >> passConfig.sourceMipLevel;
-
-    uint32_t arrayLayerCountForThisPass = numArrayLayers;
-
-    wgpu::Texture target = passConfig.targetTexture ? passConfig.targetTexture : srcTexture;
-    uint32_t numMipsThisPass = passConfig.numMips;
-
-    if (numMipsThisPass == 0) return;
-
-    SPDScalarType scalarType = SanitizeScalarType(srcTexture.GetFormat(), passConfig.halfPrecision);
-    SPDPipeline& spdPipeline = GetOrCreatePipeline(
-            { target.GetFormat(), scalarType, passConfig.filter, numMipsThisPass });
-
-    // --- Create Bind Group 0 (Mips) ---
-    std::vector<wgpu::BindGroupEntry> mipEntries;
-
-    wgpu::TextureViewDescriptor srcViewDesc{};
-    srcViewDesc.dimension = wgpu::TextureViewDimension::e2DArray;
-    srcViewDesc.baseMipLevel = passConfig.sourceMipLevel;
-    srcViewDesc.mipLevelCount = 1;
-    srcViewDesc.baseArrayLayer = baseArrayLayer;
-    srcViewDesc.arrayLayerCount = arrayLayerCountForThisPass;
-
-    wgpu::BindGroupEntry srcEntry{};
-    srcEntry.binding = 0;
-    srcEntry.textureView = srcTexture.CreateView(&srcViewDesc);
-    mipEntries.push_back(srcEntry);
-
-    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < numMipsThisPass; ++i) {
-        wgpu::TextureViewDescriptor dstViewDesc{};
-        dstViewDesc.dimension = wgpu::TextureViewDimension::e2DArray;
-        dstViewDesc.baseMipLevel = passConfig.sourceMipLevel + i + 1;
-        dstViewDesc.mipLevelCount = 1;
-        dstViewDesc.baseArrayLayer = baseArrayLayer;
-        dstViewDesc.arrayLayerCount = arrayLayerCountForThisPass;
-
-        wgpu::BindGroupEntry dstEntry{};
-        dstEntry.binding = i + 1;
-        dstEntry.textureView = target.CreateView(&dstViewDesc);
-        mipEntries.push_back(dstEntry);
-    }
-
-    wgpu::BindGroupDescriptor mipBindGroupDesc{};
-    mipBindGroupDesc.layout = spdPipeline.mipsBindGroupLayout;
-    mipBindGroupDesc.entryCount = mipEntries.size();
-    mipBindGroupDesc.entries = mipEntries.data();
-    wgpu::BindGroup mipsBindGroup = m_device.CreateBindGroup(&mipBindGroupDesc);
-
-    // --- Create Bind Group 1 (Internal Resources) ---
-    uint32_t widthDiv64 = (width + 63) / 64;
-    uint32_t heightDiv64 = (height + 63) / 64;
-    uint32_t numWorkGroups = widthDiv64 * heightDiv64;
-
-    struct DownsamplePassMeta {
-        uint32_t work_group_offset[2] = { 0, 0 };
-        uint32_t num_work_groups;
-        uint32_t mips;
-        uint32_t padding[12];
-    } meta;
-    meta.num_work_groups = numWorkGroups;
-    meta.mips = numMipsThisPass;
-
-    wgpu::BufferDescriptor metaBufferDesc{};
-    metaBufferDesc.size = sizeof(DownsamplePassMeta);
-    metaBufferDesc.usage = wgpu::BufferUsage::Uniform | wgpu::BufferUsage::CopyDst;
-    wgpu::Buffer metaBuffer = m_device.CreateBuffer(&metaBufferDesc);
-    m_device.GetQueue().WriteBuffer(metaBuffer, 0, &meta, sizeof(meta));
-
-    wgpu::BindGroup internalBindGroup;
-    wgpu::BindGroupLayout chosenInternalBGL =
-            (numMipsThisPass > 6 && m_internalResourcesBindGroupLayout_Advanced)
-                    ? m_internalResourcesBindGroupLayout_Advanced
-                    : m_internalResourcesBindGroupLayout;
-
-    if (numMipsThisPass > 6 && m_internalResourcesBindGroupLayout_Advanced) {
-        wgpu::BufferDescriptor atomicCounterBufferDesc{};
-        atomicCounterBufferDesc.size = sizeof(uint32_t) * arrayLayerCountForThisPass;
-        atomicCounterBufferDesc.usage = wgpu::BufferUsage::Storage | wgpu::BufferUsage::CopyDst;
-        wgpu::Buffer atomicCounterBuffer = m_device.CreateBuffer(&atomicCounterBufferDesc);
-
-        commandEncoder.ClearBuffer(atomicCounterBuffer, 0, WGPU_WHOLE_SIZE);
-
-        wgpu::BufferDescriptor midMipBufferDesc{};
-        midMipBufferDesc.size = 64 * 64 * 16 * arrayLayerCountForThisPass;
-        midMipBufferDesc.usage = wgpu::BufferUsage::Storage;
-        wgpu::Buffer midMipBuffer = m_device.CreateBuffer(&midMipBufferDesc);
-
-        std::vector<wgpu::BindGroupEntry> internalEntries(3);
-        internalEntries[0].binding = 0;
-        internalEntries[0].buffer = metaBuffer;
-        internalEntries[0].size = sizeof(DownsamplePassMeta);
-
-        internalEntries[1].binding = 1;
-        internalEntries[1].buffer = atomicCounterBuffer;
-        internalEntries[1].size = atomicCounterBuffer.GetSize();
-
-        internalEntries[2].binding = 2;
-        internalEntries[2].buffer = midMipBuffer;
-        internalEntries[2].size = midMipBuffer.GetSize();
-
-        wgpu::BindGroupDescriptor internalBindGroupDesc{};
-        internalBindGroupDesc.layout = chosenInternalBGL;
-        internalBindGroupDesc.entryCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(internalEntries.size());
-        internalBindGroupDesc.entries = internalEntries.data();
-        internalBindGroup = m_device.CreateBindGroup(&internalBindGroupDesc);
-    } else {
-        wgpu::BindGroupEntry metaEntry{};
-        metaEntry.binding = 0;
-        metaEntry.buffer = metaBuffer;
-        metaEntry.size = sizeof(DownsamplePassMeta);
-
-        wgpu::BindGroupDescriptor internalBindGroupDesc{};
-        internalBindGroupDesc.layout = chosenInternalBGL;
-        internalBindGroupDesc.entryCount = 1;
-        internalBindGroupDesc.entries = &metaEntry;
-        internalBindGroup = m_device.CreateBindGroup(&internalBindGroupDesc);
-    }
-
-    // --- Dispatch ---
-    wgpu::ComputePassEncoder pass = commandEncoder.BeginComputePass();
-    pass.SetPipeline(spdPipeline.pipeline);
-    pass.SetBindGroup(0, mipsBindGroup);
-    pass.SetBindGroup(1, internalBindGroup);
-    pass.DispatchWorkgroups(widthDiv64, heightDiv64, arrayLayerCountForThisPass);
-    pass.End();
-}
-// Main shader generation logic
-
-// Helper function to check if a string is in a vector of strings
-bool includes(const std::vector<std::string>& vec, const std::string& str) {
-    for (const auto& s: vec) {
-        if (s == str) {
-            return true;
-        }
-    }
-    return false;
-}
-
-std::string MakeShaderCode(wgpu::TextureFormat outputFormat, const std::string& filterOp,
-        unsigned int numMips,       // Assuming a default value for numMips
-        SPDScalarType scalarType) { // Default scalarType
-    std::stringstream ss;
-
-    std::string texelType;
-    if (scalarType == SPDScalarType::I32) {
-        texelType = "i32";
-    } else if (scalarType == SPDScalarType::U32) {
-        texelType = "u32";
-    } else {
-        texelType = "f32";
-    }
-
-    bool useF16 = (scalarType == SPDScalarType::F16);
-
-    std::string filterCode = filterOp;
-    if (filterOp == SPD_FILTER_AVERAGE && !includes({ "f32", "f16" }, texelType)) {
-        // Replace "* 0.25" with "/ 4"
-        size_t pos = filterCode.find("* 0.25");
-        if (pos != std::string::npos) {
-            filterCode.replace(pos, std::string("* 0.25").length(), "/ 4");
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Generate mipsBindings
-    std::string mipsBindings;
-    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < numMips; ++i) {
-        mipsBindings += "@group(0) @binding(" + std::to_string(i + 1) + ") var dst_mip_" +
-                        std::to_string(i + 1) + ": texture_storage_2d_array<" +
-                        to_string(outputFormat) + ", write>;\n";
-    }
-
-    // Generate mipsAccessorBody
-    std::string mipsAccessorBody;
-    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < numMips; ++i) {
-        if (i == 5 && numMips > 6) {
-            mipsAccessorBody += " else if mip == 6 {\n";
-            mipsAccessorBody += "                textureStore(dst_mip_6, uv, slice, " +
-                                (useF16 ? "vec4<" + texelType + ">(value)" : "value") + ");\n";
-            mipsAccessorBody += "                mip_dst_6_buffer[slice][uv.y][uv.x] = value;\n";
-            mipsAccessorBody += "            }";
-        } else {
-            if (i != 0) {
-                mipsAccessorBody += " else ";
-            }
-            mipsAccessorBody += "if mip == " + std::to_string(i + 1) + " {\n";
-            mipsAccessorBody += "                textureStore(dst_mip_" + std::to_string(i + 1) +
-                                ", uv, slice, " +
-                                (useF16 ? "vec4<" + texelType + ">(value)" : "value") + ");\n";
-            mipsAccessorBody += "            }";
-        }
-    }
-
-    std::string mipsAccessor =
-            "fn store_dst_mip(value: vec4<SPDScalar>, uv: vec2<u32>, slice: u32, mip: u32) {\n" +
-            mipsAccessorBody + "\n}";
-    std::string midMipAccessor = "return mip_dst_6_buffer[slice][uv.y][uv.x];";
-
-    // Start building the final shader code string
-    ss << R"(
-// This file is part of the FidelityFX SDK.
-//
-// Copyright (C) 2023 Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.
-//
-// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
-// of this software and associated documentation files(the “Software”), to deal
-// in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
-// to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and /or sell
-// copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
-// furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions :
-//
-// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
-// all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
-//
-// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
-// IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
-// FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
-// AUTHORS COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
-// LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
-// OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
-// THE SOFTWARE.
-
-
-// Definitions --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-)";
-    if (useF16) {
-        ss << "enable f16;\n";
-    }
-    ss << "alias SPDScalar = " << texelType
-       << ";\n\n"; // Using texelType here, assuming SPDScalar maps to it.
-
-    ss << R"(
-// Helpers ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-/**
- * A helper function performing a remap 64x1 to 8x8 remapping which is necessary for 2D wave reductions.
- * * The 64-wide lane indices to 8x8 remapping is performed as follows:
- * 00 01 08 09 10 11 18 19
- * 02 03 0a 0b 12 13 1a 1b
- * 04 05 0c 0d 14 15 1c 1d
- * 06 07 0e 0f 16 17 1e 1f
- * 20 21 28 29 30 31 38 39
- * 22 23 2a 2b 32 33 3a 3b
- * 24 25 2c 2d 34 35 3c 3d
- * 26 27 2e 2f 36 37 3e 3f
- * * @param a: The input 1D coordinate to remap.
- *
- * @returns The remapped 2D coordinates.
- */
-fn remap_for_wave_reduction(a: u32) -> vec2<u32> {
-    return vec2<u32>(
-        insertBits(extractBits(a, 2u, 3u), a, 0u, 1u),
-        insertBits(extractBits(a, 3u, 3u), extractBits(a, 1u, 2u), 0u, 2u)
-    );
-}
-
-fn map_to_xy(local_invocation_index: u32) -> vec2<u32> {
-    let sub_xy: vec2<u32> = remap_for_wave_reduction(local_invocation_index % 64);
-    return vec2<u32>(
-        sub_xy.x + 8 * ((local_invocation_index >> 6) % 2),
-        sub_xy.y + 8 * ((local_invocation_index >> 7))
-    );
-}
-
-/*
- * Compute a linear value from a SRGB value.
- * * @param value: The value to convert to linear from SRGB.
- * * @returns A value in SRGB space.
- */
-/*
-fn srgb_to_linear(value: SPDScalar) -> SPDScalar {
-    let j = vec3<SPDScalar>(0.0031308 * 12.92, 12.92, 1.0 / 2.4);
-    let k = vec2<SPDScalar>(1.055, -0.055);
-    return clamp(j.x, value * j.y, pow(value, j.z) * k.x + k.y);
-}
-*/
-
-// Resources & Accessors -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-struct DownsamplePassMeta {
-    work_group_offset: vec2<u32>,
-    num_work_groups: u32,
-    mips: u32,
-}
-
-// In the original version dst_mip_i is an image2Darray [SPD_MAX_MIP_LEVELS+1], i.e., 12+1, but WGSL doesn't support arrays of textures yet
-// Also these are read_write because for mips 7-13, the workgroup reads from mip level 6 - since most formats don't support read_write access in WGSL yet, we use a single read_write buffer in such cases instead
-@group(0) @binding(0) var src_mip_0: texture_2d_array<)"
-       << texelType << R"(>;
-)" << mipsBindings
-       << R"(
-
-@group(1) @binding(0) var<uniform> downsample_pass_meta : DownsamplePassMeta;
-@group(1) @binding(1) var<storage, read_write> spd_global_counter: array<atomic<u32>>;
-@group(1) @binding(2) var<storage, read_write> mip_dst_6_buffer: array<array<array<vec4<f32>, 64>, 64>>;
-
-fn get_mips() -> u32 {
-    return downsample_pass_meta.mips;
-}
-
-fn get_num_work_groups() -> u32 {
-    return downsample_pass_meta.num_work_groups;
-}
-
-fn get_work_group_offset() -> vec2<u32> {
-    return downsample_pass_meta.work_group_offset;
-}
-
-fn load_src_image(uv: vec2<u32>, slice: u32) -> vec4<SPDScalar> {
-    return vec4<SPDScalar>(textureLoad(src_mip_0, uv, slice, 0));
-}
-
-fn load_mid_mip_image(uv: vec2<u32>, slice: u32) -> vec4<SPDScalar> {
-    )";
-    if (numMips > 6) {
-        ss << midMipAccessor;
-    } else {
-        ss << "return vec4<SPDScalar>();";
-    }
-    ss << R"(
-}
-
-)" << mipsAccessor
-       << R"(
-
-// Workgroup -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-var<workgroup> spd_intermediate: array<array<vec4<SPDScalar>, 16>, 16>;
-var<workgroup> spd_counter: atomic<u32>;
-
-fn spd_increase_atomic_counter(slice: u32) {
-    atomicStore(&spd_counter, atomicAdd(&spd_global_counter[slice], 1));
-}
-
-fn spd_get_atomic_counter() -> u32 {
-    return atomicLoad(&spd_counter);
-}
-
-fn spd_reset_atomic_counter(slice: u32) {
-    atomicStore(&spd_global_counter[slice], 0);
-}
-
-// Cotnrol flow --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-fn spd_barrier() {
-    // in glsl this does: groupMemoryBarrier(); barrier();
-    workgroupBarrier();
-}
-
-// Only last active workgroup should proceed
-fn spd_exit_workgroup(num_work_groups: u32, local_invocation_index: u32, slice: u32) -> bool {
-    // global atomic counter
-    if (local_invocation_index == 0) {
-        spd_increase_atomic_counter(slice);
-    }
-    spd_barrier();
-    return spd_get_atomic_counter() != (num_work_groups - 1);
-}
-
-// Pixel access --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-)" << filterCode
-       << R"(
-
-fn spd_store(pix: vec2<u32>, out_value: vec4<SPDScalar>, mip: u32, slice: u32) {
-    store_dst_mip(out_value, pix, slice, mip + 1);
-}
-
-fn spd_load_intermediate(x: u32, y: u32) -> vec4<SPDScalar> {
-    return spd_intermediate[x][y];
-}
-
-fn spd_store_intermediate(x: u32, y: u32, value: vec4<SPDScalar>) {
-    spd_intermediate[x][y] = value;
-}
-
-fn spd_reduce_intermediate(i0: vec2<u32>, i1: vec2<u32>, i2: vec2<u32>, i3: vec2<u32>) -> vec4<SPDScalar> {
-    let v0 = spd_load_intermediate(i0.x, i0.y);
-    let v1 = spd_load_intermediate(i1.x, i1.y);
-    let v2 = spd_load_intermediate(i2.x, i2.y);
-    let v3 = spd_load_intermediate(i3.x, i3.y);
-    return spd_reduce_4(v0, v1, v2, v3);
-}
-
-fn spd_reduce_load_4(base: vec2<u32>, slice: u32) -> vec4<SPDScalar> {
-    let v0 = load_src_image(base + vec2<u32>(0, 0), slice);
-    let v1 = load_src_image(base + vec2<u32>(0, 1), slice);
-    let v2 = load_src_image(base + vec2<u32>(1, 0), slice);
-    let v3 = load_src_image(base + vec2<u32>(1, 1), slice);
-    return spd_reduce_4(v0, v1, v2, v3);
-}
-
-fn spd_reduce_load_mid_mip_4(base: vec2<u32>, slice: u32) -> vec4<SPDScalar> {
-    let v0 = load_mid_mip_image(base + vec2<u32>(0, 0), slice);
-    let v1 = load_mid_mip_image(base + vec2<u32>(0, 1), slice);
-    let v2 = load_mid_mip_image(base + vec2<u32>(1, 0), slice);
-    let v3 = load_mid_mip_image(base + vec2<u32>(1, 1), slice);
-    return spd_reduce_4(v0, v1, v2, v3);
-}
-
-// Main logic ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-fn spd_downsample_mips_0_1(x: u32, y: u32, workgroup_id: vec2<u32>, local_invocation_index: u32, mip: u32, slice: u32) {
-    var v: array<vec4<SPDScalar>, 4>;
-
-    let workgroup64 = workgroup_id.xy * 64;
-    let workgroup32 = workgroup_id.xy * 32;
-    let workgroup16 = workgroup_id.xy * 16;
-
-    var tex = workgroup64 + vec2<u32>(x * 2, y * 2);
-    var pix = workgroup32 + vec2<u32>(x, y);
-    v[0] = spd_reduce_load_4(tex, slice);
-    spd_store(pix, v[0], 0, slice);
-
-    tex = workgroup64 + vec2<u32>(x * 2 + 32, y * 2);
-    pix = workgroup32 + vec2<u32>(x + 16, y);
-    v[1] = spd_reduce_load_4(tex, slice);
-    spd_store(pix, v[1], 0, slice);
-
-    tex = workgroup64 + vec2<u32>(x * 2, y * 2 + 32);
-    pix = workgroup32 + vec2<u32>(x, y + 16);
-    v[2] = spd_reduce_load_4(tex, slice);
-    spd_store(pix, v[2], 0, slice);
-
-    tex = workgroup64 + vec2<u32>(x * 2 + 32, y * 2 + 32);
-    pix = workgroup32 + vec2<u32>(x + 16, y + 16);
-    v[3] = spd_reduce_load_4(tex, slice);
-    spd_store(pix, v[3], 0, slice);
-
-    if mip <= 1 {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    for (var i = 0u; i < 4u; i++) {
-        spd_store_intermediate(x, y, v[i]);
-        spd_barrier();
-        if local_invocation_index < 64 {
-            v[i] = spd_reduce_intermediate(
-                vec2<u32>(x * 2 + 0, y * 2 + 0),
-                vec2<u32>(x * 2 + 1, y * 2 + 0),
-                vec2<u32>(x * 2 + 0, y * 2 + 1),
-                vec2<u32>(x * 2 + 1, y * 2 + 1)
-            );
-            spd_store(workgroup16 + vec2<u32>(x + (i % 2) * 8, y + (i / 2) * 8), v[i], 1, slice);
-        }
-        spd_barrier();
-    }
-
-    if local_invocation_index < 64 {
-        spd_store_intermediate(x + 0, y + 0, v[0]);
-        spd_store_intermediate(x + 8, y + 0, v[1]);
-        spd_store_intermediate(x + 0, y + 8, v[2]);
-        spd_store_intermediate(x + 8, y + 8, v[3]);
-    }
-}
-
-fn spd_downsample_mip_2(x: u32, y: u32, workgroup_id: vec2<u32>, local_invocation_index: u32, mip: u32, slice: u32) {
-    if local_invocation_index < 64u {
-        let v = spd_reduce_intermediate(
-            vec2<u32>(x * 2 + 0, y * 2 + 0),
-            vec2<u32>(x * 2 + 1, y * 2 + 0),
-            vec2<u32>(x * 2 + 0, y * 2 + 1),
-            vec2<u32>(x * 2 + 1, y * 2 + 1)
-        );
-        spd_store(workgroup_id.xy * 8 + vec2<u32>(x, y), v, mip, slice);
-        // store to LDS, try to reduce bank conflicts
-        // x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0
-        // 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-        // 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 x
-        // 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-        // x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0
-        // ...
-        // x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0
-        spd_store_intermediate(x * 2 + y % 2, y * 2, v);
-    }
-}
-
-fn spd_downsample_mip_3(x: u32, y: u32, workgroup_id: vec2<u32>, local_invocation_index: u32, mip: u32, slice: u32) {
-    if local_invocation_index < 16u {
-        // x 0 x 0
-        // 0 0 0 0
-        // 0 x 0 x
-        // 0 0 0 0
-        let v = spd_reduce_intermediate(
-            vec2<u32>(x * 4 + 0 + 0, y * 4 + 0),
-            vec2<u32>(x * 4 + 2 + 0, y * 4 + 0),
-            vec2<u32>(x * 4 + 0 + 1, y * 4 + 2),
-            vec2<u32>(x * 4 + 2 + 1, y * 4 + 2)
-        );
-        spd_store(workgroup_id.xy * 4 + vec2<u32>(x, y), v, mip, slice);
-        // store to LDS
-        // x 0 0 0 x 0 0 0 x 0 0 0 x 0 0 0
-        // 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-        // 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-        // 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-        // 0 x 0 0 0 x 0 0 0 x 0 0 0 x 0 0
-        // ...
-        // 0 0 x 0 0 0 x 0 0 0 x 0 0 0 x 0
-        // ...
-        // 0 0 0 x 0 0 0 x 0 0 0 x 0 0 0 x
-        // ...
-        spd_store_intermediate(x * 4 + y, y * 4, v);
-    }
-}
-
-fn spd_downsample_mip_4(x: u32, y: u32, workgroup_id: vec2<u32>, local_invocation_index: u32, mip: u32, slice: u32) {
-    if local_invocation_index < 4u {
-        // x 0 0 0 x 0 0 0
-        // ...
-        // 0 x 0 0 0 x 0 0
-        let v = spd_reduce_intermediate(
-            vec2<u32>(x * 8 + 0 + 0 + y * 2, y * 8 + 0),
-            vec2<u32>(x * 8 + 4 + 0 + y * 2, y * 8 + 0),
-            vec2<u32>(x * 8 + 0 + 1 + y * 2, y * 8 + 4),
-            vec2<u32>(x * 8 + 4 + 1 + y * 2, y * 8 + 4)
-        );
-        spd_store(workgroup_id.xy * 2 + vec2<u32>(x, y), v, mip, slice);
-        // store to LDS
-        // x x x x 0 ...
-        // 0 ...
-        spd_store_intermediate(x + y * 2, 0, v);
-    }
-}
-
-fn spd_downsample_mip_5(workgroup_id: vec2<u32>, local_invocation_index: u32, mip: u32, slice: u32) {
-    if local_invocation_index < 1u {
-        // x x x x 0 ...
-        // 0 ...
-        let v = spd_reduce_intermediate(vec2<u32>(0, 0), vec2<u32>(1, 0), vec2<u32>(2, 0), vec2<u32>(3, 0));
-        spd_store(workgroup_id.xy, v, mip, slice);
-    }
-}
-
-fn spd_downsample_next_four(x: u32, y: u32, workgroup_id: vec2<u32>, local_invocation_index: u32, base_mip: u32, mips: u32, slice: u32) {
-    if mips <= base_mip {
-        return;
-    }
-    spd_barrier();
-    spd_downsample_mip_2(x, y, workgroup_id, local_invocation_index, base_mip, slice);
-
-    if mips <= base_mip + 1 {
-        return;
-    }
-    spd_barrier();
-    spd_downsample_mip_3(x, y, workgroup_id, local_invocation_index, base_mip + 1, slice);
-
-    if mips <= base_mip + 2 {
-        return;
-    }
-    spd_barrier();
-    spd_downsample_mip_4(x, y, workgroup_id, local_invocation_index, base_mip + 2, slice);
-
-    if mips <= base_mip + 3 {
-        return;
-    }
-    spd_barrier();
-    spd_downsample_mip_5(workgroup_id, local_invocation_index, base_mip + 3, slice);
-}
-
-fn spd_downsample_last_four(x: u32, y: u32, workgroup_id: vec2<u32>, local_invocation_index: u32, base_mip: u32, mips: u32, slice: u32, exit: bool) {
-    if mips <= base_mip {
-        return;
-    }
-    spd_barrier();
-    if !exit {
-        spd_downsample_mip_2(x, y, workgroup_id, local_invocation_index, base_mip, slice);
-    }
-
-    if mips <= base_mip + 1 {
-        return;
-    }
-    spd_barrier();
-    if !exit {
-        spd_downsample_mip_3(x, y, workgroup_id, local_invocation_index, base_mip + 1, slice);
-    }
-
-    if mips <= base_mip + 2 {
-        return;
-    }
-    spd_barrier();
-    if !exit {
-        spd_downsample_mip_4(x, y, workgroup_id, local_invocation_index, base_mip + 2, slice);
-    }
-
-    if mips <= base_mip + 3 {
-        return;
-    }
-    spd_barrier();
-    if !exit {
-        spd_downsample_mip_5(workgroup_id, local_invocation_index, base_mip + 3, slice);
-    }
-}
-
-fn spd_downsample_mips_6_7(x: u32, y: u32, mips: u32, slice: u32) {
-    var tex = vec2<u32>(x * 4 + 0, y * 4 + 0);
-    var pix = vec2<u32>(x * 2 + 0, y * 2 + 0);
-    let v0 = spd_reduce_load_mid_mip_4(tex, slice);
-    spd_store(pix, v0, 6, slice);
-
-    tex = vec2<u32>(x * 4 + 2, y * 4 + 0);
-    pix = vec2<u32>(x * 2 + 1, y * 2 + 0);
-    let v1 = spd_reduce_load_mid_mip_4(tex, slice);
-    spd_store(pix, v1, 6, slice);
-
-    tex = vec2<u32>(x * 4 + 0, y * 4 + 2);
-    pix = vec2<u32>(x * 2 + 0, y * 2 + 1);
-    let v2 = spd_reduce_load_mid_mip_4(tex, slice);
-    spd_store(pix, v2, 6, slice);
-
-    tex = vec2<u32>(x * 4 + 2, y * 4 + 2);
-    pix = vec2<u32>(x * 2 + 1, y * 2 + 1);
-    let v3 = spd_reduce_load_mid_mip_4(tex, slice);
-    spd_store(pix, v3, 6, slice);
-
-    if mips <= 7 {
-        return;
-    }
-    // no barrier needed, working on values only from the same thread
-
-    let v = spd_reduce_4(v0, v1, v2, v3);
-    spd_store(vec2<u32>(x, y), v, 7, slice);
-    spd_store_intermediate(x, y, v);
-}
-
-fn spd_downsample_last_6(x: u32, y: u32, local_invocation_index: u32, mips: u32, num_work_groups: u32, slice: u32) {
-    if mips <= 6 {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    // increase the global atomic counter for the given slice and check if it's the last remaining thread group:
-    // terminate if not, continue if yes.
-    let exit = spd_exit_workgroup(num_work_groups, local_invocation_index, slice);
-
-    // can't exit directly because subsequent barrier calls break uniform control flow...
-    if !exit {
-        // reset the global atomic counter back to 0 for the next spd dispatch
-        spd_reset_atomic_counter(slice);
-
-        // After mip 5 there is only a single workgroup left that downsamples the remaining up to 64x64 texels.
-        // compute MIP level 6 and 7
-        spd_downsample_mips_6_7(x, y, mips, slice);
-    }
-
-    // compute MIP level 8, 9, 10, 11
-    spd_downsample_last_four(x, y, vec2<u32>(0, 0), local_invocation_index, 8, mips, slice, exit);
-}
-
-/// Downsamples a 64x64 tile based on the work group id.
-/// If after downsampling it's the last active thread group, computes the remaining MIP levels.
-///
-/// @param [in] workGroupID        index of the work group / thread group
-/// @param [in] localInvocationIndex   index of the thread within the thread group in 1D
-/// @param [in] mips             the number of total MIP levels to compute for the input texture
-/// @param [in] numWorkGroups        the total number of dispatched work groups / thread groups for this slice
-/// @param [in] slice             the slice of the input texture
-fn spd_downsample(workgroup_id: vec2<u32>, local_invocation_index: u32, mips: u32, num_work_groups: u32, slice: u32) {
-    let xy = map_to_xy(local_invocation_index);
-    spd_downsample_mips_0_1(xy.x, xy.y, workgroup_id, local_invocation_index, mips, slice);
-    spd_downsample_next_four(xy.x, xy.y, workgroup_id, local_invocation_index, 2, mips, slice);
-)";
-    if (numMips > 6) {
-        ss << "    spd_downsample_last_6(xy.x, xy.y, local_invocation_index, mips, "
-              "num_work_groups, slice);\n";
-    }
-    ss << R"(}
-
-// Entry points -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-@compute
-@workgroup_size(256, 1, 1)
-fn downsample(@builtin(local_invocation_index) local_invocation_index: u32, @builtin(workgroup_id) workgroup_id: vec3<u32>) {
-    spd_downsample(
-        workgroup_id.xy + get_work_group_offset(),
-        local_invocation_index,
-        get_mips(),
-        get_num_work_groups(),
-        workgroup_id.z
-    );
-}
-)";
-    return ss.str();
-}
-
-
-} // namespace spd
@@ -1,99 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#include <optional>
-#include <string>
-#include <tsl/robin_map.h>
-#include <vector>
-#include <webgpu/webgpu_cpp.h>
-// C++ port of https://github.com/JolifantoBambla/webgpu-spd for early experiments
-namespace spd {
-
-// Enum for selecting the downsampling filter.
-enum class SPDFilter { Average, Min, Max, MinMax };
-
-// Enum for shader scalar types.
-enum class SPDScalarType { F32, F16, I32, U32 };
-
-// Configuration for a single mipmap generation pass.
-struct SPDPassConfig {
-    SPDFilter filter = SPDFilter::Average;
-    wgpu::Texture targetTexture = nullptr;
-    uint32_t numMips = 0; // For the public API, this is total desired mips. Internally, mips for
-                          // the current pass.
-    bool halfPrecision = false;
-    uint32_t sourceMipLevel = 0;
-};
-
-// Holds a pipeline and its corresponding bind group layout.
-struct SPDPipeline {
-    wgpu::BindGroupLayout mipsBindGroupLayout = nullptr;
-    wgpu::ComputePipeline pipeline = nullptr;
-};
-
-// Manages pipeline creation, caching, and execution for mipmap generation.
-class MipmapGenerator {
-public:
-    MipmapGenerator(const wgpu::Device& device);
-
-    // Pre-creates pipelines for specified formats and filters.
-    void PreparePipelines(wgpu::TextureFormat format, SPDFilter filter, bool halfPrecision = false);
-
-    // Generates a compute pass for creating mipmaps.
-    void Generate(wgpu::CommandEncoder& commandEncoder, wgpu::Texture srcTexture,
-            const SPDPassConfig& config);
-
-private:
-    void generatePass(wgpu::CommandEncoder& commandEncoder, wgpu::Texture srcTexture,
-            const SPDPassConfig& passConfig, uint32_t baseArrayLayer,
-            uint32_t numArrayLayers); // Internal pass config might differ slightly if needed
-
-    wgpu::Device m_device;
-    wgpu::BindGroupLayout m_internalResourcesBindGroupLayout;
-    wgpu::BindGroupLayout m_internalResourcesBindGroupLayout_Advanced = nullptr;
-
-    // Maximum number of mips that can be generated in a single pass.
-    uint32_t m_maxMipsPerPass;
-    uint32_t m_maxArrayLayers;
-
-    // Key for the pipeline cache.
-    struct PipelineCacheKey {
-        wgpu::TextureFormat format;
-        SPDScalarType scalarType;
-        SPDFilter filter;
-        uint32_t numMips;
-
-        bool operator==(const PipelineCacheKey& other) const {
-            return format == other.format && scalarType == other.scalarType &&
-                   filter == other.filter && numMips == other.numMips;
-        }
-    };
-
-    // Hash function for PipelineCacheKey.
-    struct PipelineCacheKeyHash {
-        std::size_t operator()(const PipelineCacheKey& key) const {
-            std::size_t h1 = std::hash<wgpu::TextureFormat>()(key.format);
-            std::size_t h2 = std::hash<SPDScalarType>()(key.scalarType);
-            std::size_t h3 = std::hash<SPDFilter>()(key.filter);
-            std::size_t h4 = std::hash<uint32_t>()(key.numMips);
-            // A simple way to combine hashes.
-            return h1 ^ (h2 << 1) ^ (h3 << 2) ^ (h4 << 3);
-        }
-    };
-
-    // Cached pipelines.
-    tsl::robin_map<PipelineCacheKey, SPDPipeline, PipelineCacheKeyHash> m_pipelines;
-
-    // Helper methods
-    SPDPipeline& GetOrCreatePipeline(const PipelineCacheKey& key);
-    SPDScalarType SanitizeScalarType(wgpu::TextureFormat format, bool halfPrecision);
-    std::string GetFilterCode(SPDFilter filter);
-};
-// Assuming SPD_FILTER_AVERAGE is a string constant
-const std::string SPD_FILTER_AVERAGE = "value * 0.25"; // Original filter operation
-
-// Generates the WGSL shader code dynamically.
-std::string MakeShaderCode(wgpu::TextureFormat outputFormat,
-        const std::string& filterOp = SPD_FILTER_AVERAGE, uint32_t numMips = 0,
-        SPDScalarType scalarType = SPDScalarType::F32);
-
-} // namespace spd
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-MIT License
-
-Copyright (c) 2024 Lukas Herzberger
-
-Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
-of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
-in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
-to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
-copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
-furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
-
-The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
-copies or substantial portions of the Software.
-
-THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
-IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
-FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
-AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
-LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
-OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
-SOFTWARE.
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 * limitations under the License.
 */

-#include "WebGPUProgram.h"
+#include "WebGPUHandles.h"

 #include "WebGPUConstants.h"
 #include "WebGPUStrings.h"
@@ -23,18 +23,14 @@
 #include <backend/DriverEnums.h>
 #include <backend/Program.h>

-#include <utils/FixedCapacityVector.h>
 #include <utils/Panic.h>
-#include <utils/debug.h>
 #include <utils/ostream.h>

 #include <webgpu/webgpu_cpp.h>
-#include <dawn/webgpu_cpp_print.h>

-#include <array>
+#include <algorithm>
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <sstream>
-#include <stdexcept>
 #include <string>
 #include <string_view>
 #include <unordered_map>
@@ -44,34 +40,22 @@ namespace filament::backend {

 namespace {

-/**
- * Given the source code of a [WGSL] WebGPU shader in text (string view to it) and the constants
- * to be overwritten now (at runtime), returns updated [WGSL] shader code text, where the constants
- * have been replaced.
- * @param shaderLabel Something to call this shader for troubleshooting, error messaging, etc.
- * @param shaderSource The original WGSL WebGPU shader code as text to be processed. This is a
- *                     view to that text and this function does not change it; it is immutable.
- *                     Instead, the processed version of this source is returned by the function.
- * @param specConstants The constants to replace in the shader code, indexed by constant id.
- * @return Processed version of the WGSL WebGPU shader code provided, where the constants have
- * been replaced with the values provided by the specConstants parameter.
- */
 [[nodiscard]] std::string replaceSpecConstants(std::string_view shaderLabel,
        std::string_view shaderSource,
        std::unordered_map<uint32_t, std::variant<int32_t, float, bool>> const&
                specConstants) {
-    // this function is not expected to be called at all if no spec constants are to be replaced
    assert_invariant(!specConstants.empty());
-    static constexpr std::string_view specConstantPrefix = "FILAMENT_SPEC_CONST_";
-    static constexpr size_t specConstantPrefixSize = specConstantPrefix.size();
+    constexpr std::string_view specConstantPrefix = "FILAMENT_SPEC_CONST_";
+    constexpr size_t specConstantPrefixSize = specConstantPrefix.size();
    const char* const sourceData = shaderSource.data();
-    std::stringstream processedShaderSource{};
+    std::stringstream processedShaderSourceStr{};
    size_t pos = 0;
    while (pos < shaderSource.size()) {
        const size_t posOfNextSpecConstant = shaderSource.find(specConstantPrefix, pos);
        if (posOfNextSpecConstant == std::string::npos) {
            // no more spec constants, so just stream the rest of the source code string
-            processedShaderSource << std::string_view(sourceData + pos, shaderSource.size() - pos);
+            processedShaderSourceStr
+                    << std::string_view(sourceData + pos, shaderSource.size() - pos);
            break;
        }
        const size_t posOfId = posOfNextSpecConstant + specConstantPrefixSize;
@@ -85,21 +69,20 @@ namespace {
        FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(posEndOfStatement != std::string::npos)
                << "malformed " << shaderLabel << ". Found spec constant assignment with id "
                << idStr << " without a terminating ';' character?";
-        // this is a view into part of the statement, from after the id to the ';'
        const std::string_view statementSegment =
                std::string_view(sourceData + posAfterId, posEndOfStatement - posAfterId);
        size_t posOfEqual = statementSegment.find('=');
        if (posOfEqual == std::string::npos) {
            // not an assignment statement, so stream to the end of the statement and continue...
-            processedShaderSource << std::string_view(sourceData + pos,
-                    posEndOfStatement + 1 - pos);
+            processedShaderSourceStr
+                    << std::string_view(sourceData + pos, posEndOfStatement + 1 - pos);
            pos = posEndOfStatement + 1;
            continue;
        }
-        posOfEqual += posAfterId; // position in original source overall, not just the segment
-        int constantId = 0;
+        posOfEqual += posAfterId; // position in original source, not just the segment
+        int id = 0;
        try {
-            constantId = std::stoi(idStr.data());
+            id = std::stoi(idStr.data());
        } catch (const std::invalid_argument& e) {
            PANIC_POSTCONDITION("Invalid spec constant id '%s' in %s (not a valid integer?): %s",
                    idStr.data(), shaderLabel.data(), e.what());
@@ -108,53 +91,35 @@ namespace {
                    "Invalid spec constant id '%s' in %s (not an integer? out of range?): %s",
                    idStr.data(), shaderLabel.data(), e.what());
        }
-        const auto newValueItr = specConstants.find(static_cast<uint32_t>(constantId));
+        const auto newValueItr = specConstants.find(static_cast<uint32_t>(id));
        if (newValueItr == specConstants.end()) {
-            // not going to override the constant,
-            // as the specConstants parameter doesn't specify it. So, we will keep the default
-            // already in the source text
-            // (stream to the end of the statement)...
-            processedShaderSource << std::string_view(sourceData + pos,
-                    posEndOfStatement + 1 - pos);
+            // not going to override the constant (stream to the end of the statement)...
+            processedShaderSourceStr
+                    << std::string_view(sourceData + pos, posEndOfStatement + 1 - pos);
            pos = posEndOfStatement + 1;
            continue;
        }
        // need to override the constant...
        const std::variant<int32_t, float, bool> newValue = newValueItr->second;
        // stream up to the equal sign...
-        processedShaderSource << std::string_view(sourceData + pos, posOfEqual + 1 - pos);
+        processedShaderSourceStr << std::string_view(sourceData + pos, posOfEqual + 1 - pos);
        // stream the new value...
        if (auto* v = std::get_if<int32_t>(&newValue)) {
-            processedShaderSource << " " << *v << "i";
+            processedShaderSourceStr << " " << *v << "i";
        } else if (auto* f = std::get_if<float>(&newValue)) {
-            processedShaderSource << " " << *f << "f";
+            processedShaderSourceStr << " " << *f << "f";
        } else if (auto* b = std::get_if<bool>(&newValue)) {
-            processedShaderSource << " " << ((*b) ? "true" : "false");
+            processedShaderSourceStr << " " << ((*b) ? "true" : "false");
        }
-        // end the statement...
-        processedShaderSource << ";";
-        // and skip to after the end of the statement in the original source and continue...
+        processedShaderSourceStr << ";";
+        // and skip to after the end of the statement in the original source...
        pos = posEndOfStatement + 1;
    }
-    return processedShaderSource.str();
+    return processedShaderSourceStr.str();
 }

-/**
- * Creates a WebGPU shader module for a given "program" "stage", accounting for override constants.
- * Effectively, this function is responsible for preprocessing the shader source and compiling it.
- * @param device The WebGPU device, which is the WebGPU API entry point for creating/registering
- * a shader module
- * @param program The "program" to compile/create the shader, which includes the shader source
- * @param stage The stage (e.g. vertex, fragment, etc.) to create the shader module
- * @param specConstants Override constants to apply when creating/compiling the shader module.
- * The expectation is that this is consistent with the program's spec constants, just in a map
- * format for quick access
- * @return the proper WebGPU shader module compiled/created from the input parameters. This might
- * wrap a null handle if the shader is not present (if the shader source is empty), such as
- * a missing fragment or compute shader.
- */
-[[nodiscard]] wgpu::ShaderModule createShaderModule(wgpu::Device const& device,
-        Program const& program, const ShaderStage stage,
+[[nodiscard]] wgpu::ShaderModule createShaderModule(wgpu::Device& device, Program& program,
+        ShaderStage stage,
        std::unordered_map<uint32_t, std::variant<int32_t, float, bool>> const& specConstants) {
    const char* const programName = program.getName().c_str_safe();
    std::array<utils::FixedCapacityVector<uint8_t>, Program::SHADER_TYPE_COUNT> const&
@@ -162,11 +127,11 @@ namespace {
    utils::FixedCapacityVector<uint8_t> const& sourceBytes =
            shaderSource[static_cast<size_t>(stage)];
    if (sourceBytes.empty()) {
-        return nullptr;// nothing to compile/create, the shader was not provided
+        return nullptr;// nothing to compile, the shader was not provided
    }
    std::stringstream labelStream;
    labelStream << programName << " " << filamentShaderStageToString(stage) << " shader";
-    const auto label = labelStream.str();
+    auto label = labelStream.str();
    const std::string processedShaderSource =
            specConstants.empty()
                    ? reinterpret_cast<const char*>(sourceBytes.data())
@@ -174,21 +139,22 @@ namespace {
                              specConstants);
    wgpu::ShaderModuleWGSLDescriptor wgslDescriptor{};
    wgslDescriptor.code = wgpu::StringView(processedShaderSource);
-    const wgpu::ShaderModuleDescriptor descriptor{
+    wgpu::ShaderModuleDescriptor descriptor{
        .nextInChain = &wgslDescriptor,
        .label = label.data()
    };
-    const wgpu::ShaderModule shaderModule = device.CreateShaderModule(&descriptor);
-    const wgpu::Instance instance = device.GetAdapter().GetInstance();
-    // synchronously creates the shader module...
-    const wgpu::WaitStatus waitResult = instance.WaitAny(
-            shaderModule.GetCompilationInfo(wgpu::CallbackMode::WaitAnyOnly,
+    wgpu::ShaderModule module = device.CreateShaderModule(&descriptor);
+    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(module != nullptr) << "Failed to create " << descriptor.label;
+
+    wgpu::Instance instance = device.GetAdapter().GetInstance();
+    instance.WaitAny(
+            module.GetCompilationInfo(wgpu::CallbackMode::WaitAnyOnly,
                    [&descriptor](auto const& status,
                            wgpu::CompilationInfo const* info) {
                        switch (status) {
                            case wgpu::CompilationInfoRequestStatus::CallbackCancelled:
                                FWGPU_LOGW << "Shader compilation info callback cancelled for "
-                                           << descriptor.label << "?";
+                                           << descriptor.label << "?" << utils::io::endl;
                                return;
                            case wgpu::CompilationInfoRequestStatus::Success:
                                break;
@@ -204,7 +170,8 @@ namespace {
                                                   << " line#:" << message.lineNum
                                                   << " linePos:" << message.linePos
                                                   << " offset:" << message.offset
-                                                   << " length:" << message.length;
+                                                   << " length:" << message.length
+                                                   << utils::io::endl;
                                        break;
                                    case wgpu::CompilationMessageType::Warning:
                                        FWGPU_LOGW
@@ -212,7 +179,7 @@ namespace {
                                                << message.message << " line#:" << message.lineNum
                                                << " linePos:" << message.linePos
                                                << " offset:" << message.offset
-                                                << " length:" << message.length;
+                                                << " length:" << message.length << utils::io::endl;
                                        break;
                                    case wgpu::CompilationMessageType::Error:
                                        errorCount++;
@@ -231,46 +198,28 @@ namespace {
                                    << errorStream.str();
                        }
 #if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_DEBUG_VALIDATION)
-                        FWGPU_LOGD << descriptor.label << " compiled successfully";
+                        FWGPU_LOGD << descriptor.label << " compiled successfully"
+                                   << utils::io::endl;
 #endif
                    }),
            SHADER_COMPILATION_TIMEOUT_NANOSECONDS);
-    switch (waitResult) {
-        case wgpu::WaitStatus::Success:
-            break;
-        case wgpu::WaitStatus::Error:
-            PANIC_POSTCONDITION("Error creating/compiling shader %s (detected after wait).",
-                    descriptor.label.data);
-            break;
-        case wgpu::WaitStatus::TimedOut:
-            PANIC_POSTCONDITION("Timed out creating/compiling shader %s", descriptor.label.data);
-            break;
-    }
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(shaderModule) << "Failed to create " << descriptor.label;
-    return shaderModule;
+    return module;
 }

-/**
- * Convenience function to convert the array structure of constants to a map indexed by constant
- * id.
- * @param specConstants Original spec constant structure (immutable)
- * @param outConstantById Output map of spec constants indexed by constant id
- */
 void toMap(utils::FixedCapacityVector<Program::SpecializationConstant> const& specConstants,
-        std::unordered_map<uint32_t, std::variant<int32_t, float, bool>>& outConstantById) {
-    outConstantById.reserve(specConstants.size());
+        std::unordered_map<uint32_t, std::variant<int32_t, float, bool>>& constantById) {
+    constantById.reserve(specConstants.size());
    for (auto const& specConstant: specConstants) {
-        outConstantById.emplace(specConstant.id, specConstant.value);
+        constantById.emplace(specConstant.id, specConstant.value);
    }
 }

 }// namespace

-WebGPUProgram::WebGPUProgram(wgpu::Device const& device, Program const& program)
-    : HwProgram{ program.getName() } {
+WGPUProgram::WGPUProgram(wgpu::Device& device, Program& program)
+    : HwProgram(program.getName()) {
    std::unordered_map<uint32_t, std::variant<int32_t, float, bool>> specConstants;
    toMap(program.getSpecializationConstants(), specConstants);
-    // TODO consider creating/compiling these shaders in parallel
    vertexShaderModule = createShaderModule(device, program, ShaderStage::VERTEX, specConstants);
    fragmentShaderModule =
            createShaderModule(device, program, ShaderStage::FRAGMENT, specConstants);
@@ -1,92 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2025 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#include "WebGPUBufferBase.h"
-
-#include "WebGPUConstants.h"
-
-#include "DriverBase.h"
-#include <backend/BufferDescriptor.h>
-
-#include <utils/Panic.h>
-#include <utils/debug.h>
-
-#include <webgpu/webgpu_cpp.h>
-
-#include <cstdint>
-#include <cstring>
-
-namespace filament::backend {
-
-namespace {
-
-[[nodiscard]] wgpu::Buffer createBuffer(wgpu::Device const& device, const wgpu::BufferUsage usage,
-        uint32_t size, const char* const label) {
-    // Write size must be divisible by WEBGPU_BUFFER_SIZE_MODULUS (e.g. 4).
-    // If the whole buffer is written to as is common, so must the buffer size.
-    size += (WEBGPU_BUFFER_SIZE_MODULUS - (size % WEBGPU_BUFFER_SIZE_MODULUS)) %
-            WEBGPU_BUFFER_SIZE_MODULUS;
-    wgpu::BufferDescriptor descriptor{
-        .label = label,
-        .usage = usage,
-        .size = size,
-        .mappedAtCreation = false };
-    wgpu::Buffer buffer = device.CreateBuffer(&descriptor);
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(buffer) << "Failed to create buffer for " << label;
-    return buffer;
-}
-
-} // namespace
-
-WebGPUBufferBase::WebGPUBufferBase(wgpu::Device const& device, const wgpu::BufferUsage usage,
-        const uint32_t size, char const* const label)
-    : mBuffer{ createBuffer(device, usage, size, label) } {}
-
-void WebGPUBufferBase::updateGPUBuffer(BufferDescriptor const& bufferDescriptor,
-        const uint32_t byteOffset, wgpu::Queue const& queue) {
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(bufferDescriptor.buffer)
-            << "updateGPUBuffer called with a null buffer";
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(bufferDescriptor.size + byteOffset <= mBuffer.GetSize())
-            << "Attempting to copy " << bufferDescriptor.size << " bytes into a buffer of size "
-            << mBuffer.GetSize() << " at offset " << byteOffset;
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(byteOffset % WEBGPU_BUFFER_SIZE_MODULUS == 0)
-            << "Byte offset must be a multiple of " << WEBGPU_BUFFER_SIZE_MODULUS << " but is "
-            << byteOffset;
-
-    // TODO: All buffer objects are created with CopyDst usage.
-    // This may have some performance implications. That should be investigated later.
-    assert_invariant(mBuffer.GetUsage() & wgpu::BufferUsage::CopyDst);
-
-    const size_t remainder = bufferDescriptor.size % WEBGPU_BUFFER_SIZE_MODULUS;
-
-    // WriteBuffer is an async call. But cpu buffer data is already written to the staging
-    // buffer on return from the WriteBuffer.
-    const size_t legalSize = bufferDescriptor.size - remainder;
-    queue.WriteBuffer(mBuffer, byteOffset, bufferDescriptor.buffer, legalSize);
-    if (remainder != 0) {
-        const uint8_t* remainderStart =
-                static_cast<const uint8_t*>(bufferDescriptor.buffer) + legalSize;
-        memcpy(mRemainderChunk.data(), remainderStart, remainder);
-        // Pad the remainder with zeros to ensure deterministic behavior, though GPU shouldn't
-        // access this
-        std::memset(mRemainderChunk.data() + remainder, 0, WEBGPU_BUFFER_SIZE_MODULUS - remainder);
-
-        queue.WriteBuffer(mBuffer, byteOffset + legalSize, &mRemainderChunk,
-                WEBGPU_BUFFER_SIZE_MODULUS);
-    }
-}
-
-}// namespace filament::backend
@@ -1,48 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2025 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#ifndef TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_WEBGPUBUFFERBASE_H
-#define TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_WEBGPUBUFFERBASE_H
-
-#include "WebGPUConstants.h"
-
-#include <webgpu/webgpu_cpp.h>
-
-#include <array>
-#include <cstdint>
-
-namespace filament::backend {
-
-class BufferDescriptor;
-
-class WebGPUBufferBase /* intended to be extended */ {
-public:
-    void updateGPUBuffer(BufferDescriptor const&, uint32_t byteOffset, wgpu::Queue const&);
-
-    [[nodiscard]] wgpu::Buffer const& getBuffer() const { return mBuffer; }
-
-protected:
-    WebGPUBufferBase(wgpu::Device const&, wgpu::BufferUsage, uint32_t size, char const* label);
-
-private:
-    const wgpu::Buffer mBuffer;
-    // WEBGPU_BUFFER_SIZE_MODULUS (e.g. 4) bytes to hold any extra chunk we need.
-    std::array<uint8_t, WEBGPU_BUFFER_SIZE_MODULUS> mRemainderChunk{};
-};
-
-} // namespace filament::backend
-
-#endif // TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_WEBGPUBUFFERBASE_H
@@ -1,49 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2025 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#include "WebGPUBufferObject.h"
-
-#include "WebGPUBufferBase.h"
-
-#include "DriverBase.h"
-#include <backend/DriverEnums.h>
-
-#include <webgpu/webgpu_cpp.h>
-
-#include <cstdint>
-
-namespace filament::backend {
-
-namespace {
-
-[[nodiscard]] constexpr wgpu::BufferUsage getBufferObjectUsage(
-        const BufferObjectBinding bindingType) noexcept {
-    switch (bindingType) {
-        case BufferObjectBinding::VERTEX:         return wgpu::BufferUsage::Vertex;
-        case BufferObjectBinding::UNIFORM:        return wgpu::BufferUsage::Uniform;
-        case BufferObjectBinding::SHADER_STORAGE: return wgpu::BufferUsage::Storage;
-    }
-}
-
-} // namespace
-
-WebGPUBufferObject::WebGPUBufferObject(wgpu::Device const& device,
-        const BufferObjectBinding bindingType, const uint32_t byteCount)
-    : HwBufferObject{ byteCount },
-      WebGPUBufferBase{ device, wgpu::BufferUsage::CopyDst | getBufferObjectUsage(bindingType),
-          byteCount, "buffer_object" } {}
-
-} // namespace filament::backend
@@ -1,41 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2025 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#ifndef TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_WEBGPUBUFFEROBJECT_H
-#define TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_WEBGPUBUFFEROBJECT_H
-
-#include "WebGPUBufferBase.h"
-
-#include "DriverBase.h"
-
-#include <cstdint>
-
-namespace wgpu {
-class Device;
-}
-
-namespace filament::backend {
-
-enum class BufferObjectBinding : uint8_t;
-
-class WebGPUBufferObject final : public HwBufferObject, public WebGPUBufferBase {
-public:
-    WebGPUBufferObject(wgpu::Device const&, BufferObjectBinding, uint32_t byteCount);
-};
-
-} // namespace filament::backend
-
-#endif // TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_WEBGPUBUFFEROBJECT_H
@@ -17,12 +17,10 @@
 #ifndef TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_WEBGPUCONSTANTS_H
 #define TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_WEBGPUCONSTANTS_H

-#include <utils/Logger.h>
+#include <utils/Log.h>

 #include <cstdint>

-constexpr size_t WEBGPU_BUFFER_SIZE_MODULUS = 4;
-
 // FWGPU is short for Filament WebGPU

 // turn on runtime validation, namely for debugging, that would normally not run (for release)
@@ -32,8 +30,8 @@ constexpr size_t WEBGPU_BUFFER_SIZE_MODULUS = 4;
 #define FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM         0x00000002

 // Set this to enable logging "only" to one output stream. This is useful in the case where we want
-// to debug with print statements and want ordered logging (e.g LOG(INFO) and LOG(ERROR) will not
-// appear in order of calls).
+// to debug with print statements and want ordered logging (e.g slog.i and slog.e will not appear in
+// order of calls).
 #define FWGPU_DEBUG_FORCE_LOG_TO_I 0x00000004

 // Useful default combinations
@@ -54,15 +52,15 @@ constexpr size_t WEBGPU_BUFFER_SIZE_MODULUS = 4;
 #define FWGPU_ENABLED(flags) (((FWGPU_DEBUG_FLAGS) & (flags)) == (flags))

 #if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_DEBUG_FORCE_LOG_TO_I)
-    #define FWGPU_LOGI LOG(INFO)
+    #define FWGPU_LOGI (utils::slog.i)
    #define FWGPU_LOGD FWGPU_LOGI
    #define FWGPU_LOGE FWGPU_LOGI
    #define FWGPU_LOGW FWGPU_LOGI
 #else
-    #define FWGPU_LOGE LOG(ERROR)
-    #define FWGPU_LOGW LOG(WARNING)
-    #define FWGPU_LOGD DLOG(INFO)
-    #define FWGPU_LOGI LOG(INFO)
+    #define FWGPU_LOGE (utils::slog.e)
+    #define FWGPU_LOGW (utils::slog.w)
+    #define FWGPU_LOGD (utils::slog.d)
+    #define FWGPU_LOGI (utils::slog.i)
 #endif

 constexpr uint64_t REQUEST_ADAPTER_TIMEOUT_NANOSECONDS =
@@ -1,106 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2025 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#include "WebGPUDescriptorSet.h"
-
-#include "WebGPUDescriptorSetLayout.h"
-
-#include <backend/DriverEnums.h>
-
-#include <utils/Panic.h>
-#include <utils/debug.h>
-
-#include <webgpu/webgpu_cpp.h>
-
-#include <algorithm>
-#include <cstdint>
-#include <utility>
-#include <vector>
-
-namespace filament::backend {
-
-namespace {
-
-constexpr uint8_t INVALID_INDEX = MAX_DESCRIPTOR_COUNT + 1;
-
-} // namespace
-
-WebGPUDescriptorSet::WebGPUDescriptorSet(wgpu::BindGroupLayout const& layout,
-        std::vector<WebGPUDescriptorSetLayout::BindGroupEntryInfo> const& bindGroupEntries)
-    : mLayout{ layout },
-      mEntriesWithDynamicOffsetsCount{ static_cast<size_t>(std::count_if(bindGroupEntries.begin(),
-              bindGroupEntries.end(), [](auto const& entry) { return entry.hasDynamicOffset; })) } {
-
-    mEntries.resize(bindGroupEntries.size());
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < bindGroupEntries.size(); ++i) {
-        mEntries[i].binding = bindGroupEntries[i].binding;
-    }
-    // Establish the size of entries based on the layout. This should be reliable and efficient.
-    assert_invariant(INVALID_INDEX > mEntryIndexByBinding.size());
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < mEntryIndexByBinding.size(); i++) {
-        mEntryIndexByBinding[i] = INVALID_INDEX;
-    }
-    for (size_t index = 0; index < mEntries.size(); index++) {
-        wgpu::BindGroupEntry const& entry = mEntries[index];
-        assert_invariant(entry.binding < mEntryIndexByBinding.size());
-        mEntryIndexByBinding[entry.binding] = static_cast<uint8_t>(index);
-    }
-}
-
-void WebGPUDescriptorSet::addEntry(const unsigned int index, wgpu::BindGroupEntry&& entry) {
-    if (mBindGroup) {
-        // We will keep getting hits from future updates, but shouldn't do anything
-        // Filament guarantees this won't change after things have locked.
-        return;
-    }
-    // TODO: Putting some level of trust that Filament is not going to reuse indexes or go past the
-    // layout index for efficiency. Add guards if wrong.
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(index < mEntryIndexByBinding.size())
-            << "impossible/invalid index for a descriptor/binding (our of range or >= "
-               "MAX_DESCRIPTOR_COUNT) "
-            << index;
-    uint8_t entryIndex = mEntryIndexByBinding[index];
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(entryIndex != INVALID_INDEX && entryIndex < mEntries.size())
-            << "Invalid binding " << index;
-    entry.binding = index;
-    mEntries[entryIndex] = std::move(entry);
-}
-
-wgpu::BindGroup WebGPUDescriptorSet::lockAndReturn(wgpu::Device const& device) {
-    if (mBindGroup) {
-        return mBindGroup;
-    }
-    // TODO label? Should we just copy layout label?
-    const wgpu::BindGroupDescriptor descriptor{
-        .layout = mLayout,
-        .entryCount = mEntries.size(),
-        .entries = mEntries.data()
-    };
-    mBindGroup = device.CreateBindGroup(&descriptor);
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(mBindGroup) << "Failed to create bind group?";
-    // once we have created the bind group itself we should no longer need any other state
-    mLayout = nullptr;
-    mEntries.clear();
-    mEntries.shrink_to_fit();
-    return mBindGroup;
-}
-
-WebGPUDescriptorSet::~WebGPUDescriptorSet() {
-    mBindGroup = nullptr;
-    mLayout = nullptr;
-}
-
-} // namespace filament::backend
@@ -1,62 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2025 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#ifndef TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_WEBGPUDESCRIPTORSET_H
-#define TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_WEBGPUDESCRIPTORSET_H
-
-#include "WebGPUDescriptorSetLayout.h"
-
-#include "DriverBase.h"
-#include <backend/DriverEnums.h>
-
-#include <webgpu/webgpu_cpp.h>
-
-#include <array>
-#include <cstdint>
-#include <vector>
-
-namespace filament::backend {
-
-class WebGPUDescriptorSet final : public HwDescriptorSet {
-public:
-    WebGPUDescriptorSet(wgpu::BindGroupLayout const&,
-            std::vector<WebGPUDescriptorSetLayout::BindGroupEntryInfo> const&);
-    ~WebGPUDescriptorSet();
-
-    void addEntry(unsigned int index, wgpu::BindGroupEntry&& entry);
-
-    [[nodiscard]] wgpu::BindGroup lockAndReturn(wgpu::Device const&);
-
-    [[nodiscard]] bool getIsLocked() const { return mBindGroup != nullptr; }
-
-    [[nodiscard]] size_t getEntitiesWithDynamicOffsetsCount() const {
-        return mEntriesWithDynamicOffsetsCount;
-    }
-
-    // May be nullptr. Use lockAndReturn to create the bind group when appropriate
-    [[nodiscard]] wgpu::BindGroup const& getBindGroup() const { return mBindGroup; }
-
-private:
-    wgpu::BindGroupLayout mLayout = nullptr;
-    std::array<uint8_t, MAX_DESCRIPTOR_COUNT> mEntryIndexByBinding{};
-    std::vector<wgpu::BindGroupEntry> mEntries;
-    const size_t mEntriesWithDynamicOffsetsCount;
-    wgpu::BindGroup mBindGroup = nullptr;
-};
-
-} // namespace filament::backend
-
-#endif // TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_WEBGPUDESCRIPTORSET_H
@@ -1,186 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2025 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#include "WebGPUDescriptorSetLayout.h"
-
-#include <backend/DriverEnums.h>
-
-#include <utils/BitmaskEnum.h>
-#include <utils/CString.h>
-#include <utils/Panic.h>
-#include <utils/StaticString.h>
-#include <utils/debug.h>
-
-#include <webgpu/webgpu_cpp.h>
-
-#include <algorithm>
-#include <string>
-#include <variant>
-#include <vector>
-
-namespace filament::backend {
-
-namespace {
-
-// Convert Filament Shader Stage Flags bitmask to webgpu equivalent
-[[nodiscard]] wgpu::ShaderStage filamentStageToWGPUStage(const ShaderStageFlags fFlags) {
-    wgpu::ShaderStage retStages = wgpu::ShaderStage::None;
-    if (any(ShaderStageFlags::VERTEX & fFlags)) {
-        retStages |= wgpu::ShaderStage::Vertex;
-    }
-    if (any(ShaderStageFlags::FRAGMENT & fFlags)) {
-        retStages |= wgpu::ShaderStage::Fragment;
-    }
-    if (any(ShaderStageFlags::COMPUTE & fFlags)) {
-        retStages |= wgpu::ShaderStage::Compute;
-    }
-    return retStages;
-}
-
-} // namespace
-
-WebGPUDescriptorSetLayout::WebGPUDescriptorSetLayout(DescriptorSetLayout const& layout,
-        wgpu::Device const& device) {
-    assert_invariant(device);
-
-    std::string baseLabel;
-    if (std::holds_alternative<utils::StaticString>(layout.label)) {
-        const auto& temp = std::get_if<utils::StaticString>(&layout.label);
-        baseLabel = temp->c_str();
-    } else if (std::holds_alternative<utils::CString>(layout.label)) {
-        const auto& temp = std::get_if<utils::CString>(&layout.label);
-        baseLabel = temp->c_str();
-    }
-
-    // TODO: layoutDescriptor has a "Label". Ideally we can get info on what this layout is for
-    // debugging. For now, hack an incrementing value.
-    static int layoutNum = 0;
-
-    const unsigned int samplerCount =
-            std::count_if(layout.bindings.begin(), layout.bindings.end(), [](auto& fEntry) {
-                return DescriptorSetLayoutBinding::isSampler(fEntry.type);
-            });
-
-    std::vector<wgpu::BindGroupLayoutEntry> wEntries;
-    wEntries.reserve(layout.bindings.size() + samplerCount);
-    mBindGroupEntries.reserve(wEntries.capacity());
-
-    for (auto fEntry: layout.bindings) {
-        auto& wEntry = wEntries.emplace_back();
-        auto& entryInfo = mBindGroupEntries.emplace_back();
-        wEntry.visibility = filamentStageToWGPUStage(fEntry.stageFlags);
-        wEntry.binding = fEntry.binding * 2;
-        entryInfo.binding = wEntry.binding;
-
-        switch (fEntry.type) {
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_FLOAT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_INT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_UINT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_DEPTH:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_ARRAY_FLOAT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_ARRAY_INT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_ARRAY_UINT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_ARRAY_DEPTH:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_CUBE_FLOAT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_CUBE_INT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_CUBE_UINT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_CUBE_DEPTH:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_CUBE_ARRAY_FLOAT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_CUBE_ARRAY_INT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_CUBE_ARRAY_UINT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_CUBE_ARRAY_DEPTH:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_3D_FLOAT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_3D_INT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_3D_UINT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_MS_FLOAT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_MS_INT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_MS_UINT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_MS_ARRAY_FLOAT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_MS_ARRAY_INT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_MS_ARRAY_UINT: {
-                auto& samplerEntry = wEntries.emplace_back();
-                auto& samplerEntryInfo = mBindGroupEntries.emplace_back();
-                samplerEntry.binding = fEntry.binding * 2 + 1;
-                samplerEntryInfo.binding = samplerEntry.binding;
-                samplerEntry.visibility = wEntry.visibility;
-                wEntry.texture.multisampled = isMultiSampledTypeDescriptor(fEntry.type);
-                // TODO: Set once we have the filtering values
-                if (isDepthDescriptor(fEntry.type)) {
-                    samplerEntry.sampler.type = wgpu::SamplerBindingType::Comparison;
-                } else if (isIntDescriptor(fEntry.type)) {
-                    samplerEntry.sampler.type = wgpu::SamplerBindingType::NonFiltering;
-                } else {
-                    samplerEntry.sampler.type = wgpu::SamplerBindingType::Filtering;
-                }
-                break;
-            }
-            case DescriptorType::UNIFORM_BUFFER: {
-                wEntry.buffer.hasDynamicOffset =
-                        any(fEntry.flags & DescriptorFlags::DYNAMIC_OFFSET);
-                entryInfo.hasDynamicOffset = wEntry.buffer.hasDynamicOffset;
-                wEntry.buffer.type = wgpu::BufferBindingType::Uniform;
-                // TODO: Ideally we fill minBindingSize
-                break;
-            }
-            case DescriptorType::INPUT_ATTACHMENT: {
-                PANIC_POSTCONDITION("Input Attachment is not supported");
-                break;
-            }
-            case DescriptorType::SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER: {
-                PANIC_POSTCONDITION("Shader storage is not supported");
-                break;
-            }
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_EXTERNAL: {
-                PANIC_POSTCONDITION("External Sampler is not supported");
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-        if (isDepthDescriptor(fEntry.type)) {
-            wEntry.texture.sampleType = wgpu::TextureSampleType::Depth;
-        } else if (isFloatDescriptor(fEntry.type)) {
-            // TODO: Set once we have the filtering values
-            wEntry.texture.sampleType = wgpu::TextureSampleType::Float;
-        } else if (isIntDescriptor(fEntry.type)) {
-            wEntry.texture.sampleType = wgpu::TextureSampleType::Sint;
-        } else if (isUnsignedIntDescriptor(fEntry.type)) {
-            wEntry.texture.sampleType = wgpu::TextureSampleType::Uint;
-        }
-
-        if (is3dTypeDescriptor(fEntry.type)) {
-            wEntry.texture.viewDimension = wgpu::TextureViewDimension::e3D;
-        } else if (is2dTypeDescriptor(fEntry.type)) {
-            wEntry.texture.viewDimension = wgpu::TextureViewDimension::e2D;
-        } else if (is2dArrayTypeDescriptor(fEntry.type)) {
-            wEntry.texture.viewDimension = wgpu::TextureViewDimension::e2DArray;
-        } else if (isCubeTypeDescriptor(fEntry.type)) {
-            wEntry.texture.viewDimension = wgpu::TextureViewDimension::Cube;
-        } else if (isCubeArrayTypeDescriptor(fEntry.type)) {
-            wEntry.texture.viewDimension = wgpu::TextureViewDimension::CubeArray;
-        }
-        // fEntry.count is unused currently
-    }
-    std::string label =  "layout_" + baseLabel + std::to_string(++layoutNum) ;
-    const wgpu::BindGroupLayoutDescriptor layoutDescriptor{
-        .label{label.c_str()}, // Use .c_str() if label needs to be const char*
-        .entryCount = wEntries.size(),
-        .entries = wEntries.data()
-    };
-    mLayout = device.CreateBindGroupLayout(&layoutDescriptor);
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(mLayout)
-            << "Failed to create bind group layout with label " << label;
-}
-
-} // namespace filament::backend
@@ -1,53 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2025 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#ifndef TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_WEBGPUDESCRIPTORSETLAYOUT_H
-#define TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_WEBGPUDESCRIPTORSETLAYOUT_H
-
-#include "DriverBase.h"
-#include <backend/DriverEnums.h>
-
-#include <webgpu/webgpu_cpp.h>
-
-#include <cstdint>
-#include <vector>
-
-namespace filament::backend {
-
-class WebGPUDescriptorSetLayout final : public HwDescriptorSetLayout {
-public:
-    struct BindGroupEntryInfo final {
-        uint8_t binding = 0;
-        bool hasDynamicOffset = false;
-    };
-
-    WebGPUDescriptorSetLayout(DescriptorSetLayout const&, wgpu::Device const&);
-    ~WebGPUDescriptorSetLayout() = default;
-
-    [[nodiscard]] wgpu::BindGroupLayout const& getLayout() const { return mLayout; }
-
-    [[nodiscard]] std::vector<BindGroupEntryInfo> const& getBindGroupEntries() const {
-        return mBindGroupEntries;
-    }
-
-private:
-    std::vector<BindGroupEntryInfo> mBindGroupEntries;
-    wgpu::BindGroupLayout mLayout = nullptr;
-};
-
-} // namespace filament::backend
-
-#endif // TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_WEBGPUDESCRIPTORSETLAYOUT_H
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More