Quick change to hello triangle to comply with WebGPU requirements on alignment. Long term it would check for which backend is in use

Revert "Dawn change to enable writeBuffer for size != multiple of 4"
This reverts commit b94c802076.
2025-05-14 19:59:34 -04:00 · 2025-05-14 19:58:11 -04:00
334 changed files with 17998 additions and 23806 deletions
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ SpaceBeforeInheritanceColon: true
 SpaceBeforeParens: ControlStatements
 SpaceBeforeRangeBasedForLoopColon: false
 SpaceInEmptyParentheses: false
-SpacesBeforeTrailingComments: 1
+SpacesBeforeTrailingComments: 0
 SpacesInAngles: false
 SpacesInCStyleCastParentheses: false
 SpacesInContainerLiterals: false
@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
-name: 'Get commit message'
-outputs:
-  msg:
-    value: ${{ steps.action_output.outputs.msg }}
-runs:
-  using: "composite"
-  steps:
-    - name: Find commit message (on push)
-      if: github.event_name == 'push'
-      shell: bash
-      run: |
-        echo "${{ github.event.head_commit.message }}" >> /tmp/commit_msg.txt
-    - name: Checkout code
-      shell: bash
-      id: checkout_code
-      if: github.event_name == 'pull_request'
-      run: |
-        echo "hash=$(git rev-parse HEAD)" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
-        git checkout ${{ github.event.pull_request.head.ref }}
-        COMMIT_MESSAGE=$(git log -1)
-        echo "${COMMIT_MESSAGE}" >> /tmp/commit_msg.txt
-    - shell: bash
-      id: action_output
-      run: |
-        DELIMITER="EOF_FILE_CONTENT_$(date +%s)" # Using timestamp to make it more unique
-        echo "msg<<$DELIMITER" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
-        cat /tmp/commit_msg.txt >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
-        echo "$DELIMITER" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
-    - name: Uncheckout code
-      shell: bash
-      if: github.event_name == 'pull_request'
-      run: |
-        git checkout ${{ steps.checkout.outputs.hash }}
@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
-name: 'Post-submit tasks'
-
-on:
-  push:
-    branches:
-      - main
-
-jobs:
-  update-renderdiff-goldens:
-    name: update-renderdiff-goldens
-    runs-on: 'ubuntu-24.04-4core'
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.6
-        with:
-          fetch-depth: 0
-      - uses: ./.github/actions/linux-prereq
-      - id: get_commit_msg
-        uses: ./.github/actions/get-commit-msg
-      - name: Prerequisites
-        run: pip install tifffile numpy
-      - name: Run update script
-        env:
-          GH_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.FILAMENTBOT_TOKEN }}
-        run: |
-          GOLDEN_BRANCH=$(echo "${{ steps.get_commit_msg.outputs.msg }}" | python3 test/renderdiff/src/commit_msg.py)
-          COMMIT_HASH=$(echo "${{ steps.get_commit_msg.outputs.msg }}" | head -n 1 | tr -d 'commit ')
-          if [[ "${GOLDEN_BRANCH}" != "main" ]]; then
-              git config --global user.email "filament.bot@gmail.com"
-              git config --global user.name "Filament Bot"
-              git config --global credential.helper cache
-              echo "branch==${GOLDEN_BRANCH}"
-              echo "hash==${COMMIT_HASH}"
-              python3 test/renderdiff/src/update_golden.py --branch=${GOLDEN_BRANCH} \
-                  --merge-to-main --filament-tag=${COMMIT_HASH} --golden-repo-token=${GH_TOKEN}
-          fi
@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@ name: Presubmit
 on:
  push:
    branches:
-      - main
+    - main
  pull_request:
    branches:
-      - main
+    - main

 jobs:
  build-desktop-mac:
@@ -41,7 +41,8 @@ jobs:

  build-windows:
    name: build-windows
-    runs-on: windows-2022-32core
+    runs-on: win-2019-16core
+
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.6
        with:
@@ -109,35 +110,31 @@ jobs:
          fetch-depth: 0
      - name: Check for manual edits to /docs
        run: |
-          echo "${{ github.event.pull_request.head.sha }} -- ${{ github.event.pull_request.head.sha }}"
-          # disable for now
-          # bash docs_src/build/presubmit_check.sh ${{ github.event.pull_request.head.sha }}
+           echo "${{ github.event.pull_request.head.sha }} -- ${{ github.event.pull_request.head.sha }}"
+           # disable for now
+           # bash docs_src/build/presubmit_check.sh ${{ github.event.pull_request.head.sha }}

  test-renderdiff:
    name: test-renderdiff
    runs-on: macos-14-xlarge
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.6
-        with:
-          fetch-depth: 0
-      - id: get_commit_msg
-        uses: ./.github/actions/get-commit-msg
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.6
        with:
          fetch-depth: 0
      - uses: ./.github/actions/mac-prereq
      - name: Cache Mesa and deps
+        id: mesa-cache
        uses: actions/cache@v4
        with:
          path: mesa
          key: ${{ runner.os }}-mesa-deps-2-${{ vars.MESA_VERSION }}
      - name: Prerequisites
+        id: prereqs
        run: |
          bash build/common/get-mesa.sh
          pip install tifffile numpy
      - name: Run Test
-        run: |
-          echo "${{ steps.get_commit_msg.outputs.msg }}" | bash test/renderdiff/test.sh
+        run: bash test/renderdiff/test.sh
      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
        with:
          name: presubmit-renderdiff-result
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ jobs:

  build-windows:
    name: build-windows
-    runs-on: windows-2022-32core
+    runs-on: windows-2019-32core
    if: github.event_name == 'release' || github.event.inputs.platform == 'windows'

    steps:
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ on:
 jobs:
  build-windows:
    name: build-windows
-    runs-on: windows-2022-32core
+    runs-on: windows-2019-32core

    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.6
@@ -97,10 +97,6 @@ Make sure you've installed the following dependencies:
 - `libxcomposite-dev` (`libXcomposite-devel` on Fedora)
 - `libxxf86vm-dev` (`libXxf86vm-devel` on Fedora)

-```shell
-sudo apt install clang-14 libglu1-mesa-dev libc++-14-dev libc++abi-14-dev ninja-build libxi-dev libxcomposite-dev libxxf86vm-dev -y
-```
-
 After dependencies have been installed, we highly recommend using the [easy build](#easy-build)
 script.

@@ -49,10 +49,6 @@ option(FILAMENT_SUPPORTS_OSMESA "Enable OSMesa (headless GL context) for Filamen

 option(FILAMENT_ENABLE_FGVIEWER "Enable the frame graph viewer" OFF)

-# This is to disable GTAO for the short-term while we investigate a way to better manage size increases.
-# On the regular filament build (where size is of less concern), we enable GTAO by default.
-option(FILAMENT_DISABLE_GTAO "Disable GTAO" OFF)
-
 set(FILAMENT_NDK_VERSION "" CACHE STRING
    "Android NDK version or version prefix to be used when building for Android."
 )
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ repositories {
 }

 dependencies {
-    implementation 'com.google.android.filament:filament-android:1.61.1'
+    implementation 'com.google.android.filament:filament-android:1.60.0'
 }
 ```

@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ Here are all the libraries available in the group `com.google.android.filament`:
 iOS projects can use CocoaPods to install the latest release:

 ```shell
-pod 'Filament', '~> 1.61.1'
+pod 'Filament', '~> 1.60.0'
 ```

 ## Documentation
@@ -7,15 +7,6 @@ A new header is inserted each time a *tag* is created.
 Instead, if you are authoring a PR for the main branch, add your release note to
 [NEW_RELEASE_NOTES.md](./NEW_RELEASE_NOTES.md).

-## v1.61.1
-
-
-## v1.61.0
-
- materials: sampler now export their type in the material binary [⚠️ **New Material Version**]
- samples/texturedquad.cpp now has CLI to select backend api
- samples/hellopbr.cpp CLI now allows for selecting webgpu
-
 ## v1.60.1


@@ -1801,22 +1801,6 @@ public class View {
     * @see setAmbientOcclusionOptions()
     */
    public static class AmbientOcclusionOptions {
-        public enum AmbientOcclusionType {
-            /**
-             * use Scalable Ambient Occlusion
-             */
-            SAO,
-            /**
-             * use Ground Truth-Based Ambient Occlusion
-             */
-            GTAO,
-        }
-
-        /**
-         * Type of ambient occlusion algorithm.
-         */
-        @NonNull
-        public AmbientOcclusionOptions.AmbientOcclusionType aoType = AmbientOcclusionOptions.AmbientOcclusionType.SAO;
        /**
         * Ambient Occlusion radius in meters, between 0 and ~10.
         */
@@ -1826,8 +1810,7 @@ public class View {
         */
        public float power = 1.0f;
        /**
-         * Self-occlusion bias in meters. Use to avoid self-occlusion.
-         * Between 0 and a few mm. No effect when aoType set to GTAO
+         * Self-occlusion bias in meters. Use to avoid self-occlusion. Between 0 and a few mm.
         */
        public float bias = 0.0005f;
        /**
@@ -1843,12 +1826,12 @@ public class View {
         */
        public float bilateralThreshold = 0.05f;
        /**
-         * affects # of samples used for AO and params for filtering
+         * affects # of samples used for AO.
         */
        @NonNull
        public QualityLevel quality = QualityLevel.LOW;
        /**
-         * affects AO smoothness. Recommend setting to HIGH when aoType set to GTAO.
+         * affects AO smoothness
         */
        @NonNull
        public QualityLevel lowPassFilter = QualityLevel.MEDIUM;
@@ -1866,7 +1849,7 @@ public class View {
         */
        public boolean bentNormals = false;
        /**
-         * min angle in radian to consider. No effect when aoType set to GTAO.
+         * min angle in radian to consider
         */
        public float minHorizonAngleRad = 0.0f;
        /**
@@ -1921,19 +1904,6 @@ public class View {
         */
        public boolean ssctEnabled = false;

-        /**
-         * Ground Truth-base Ambient Occlusion (GTAO) options
-         */
-        public int gtaoSampleSliceCount = 4;
-        /**
-         * Ground Truth-base Ambient Occlusion (GTAO) options
-         */
-        public int gtaoSampleStepsPerSlice = 3;
-        /**
-         * Ground Truth-base Ambient Occlusion (GTAO) options
-         */
-        public float gtaoThicknessHeuristic = 0.004f;
-
    }

    /**
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 GROUP=com.google.android.filament
-VERSION_NAME=1.61.1
+VERSION_NAME=1.60.0

 POM_DESCRIPTION=Real-time physically based rendering engine for Android.

@@ -41,8 +41,6 @@ for cmd in "${NEEDED_PYTHON_DEPS[@]}"; do
 done
 deactivate

-LOCAL_PKG_CONFIG_PATH=
-
 # Install system deps
 if [[ "$OS_NAME" == "Linux" ]]; then
    if [[ "$GITHUB_WORKFLOW" ]]; then
@@ -84,9 +82,6 @@ elif [[ "$OS_NAME" == "Darwin" ]]; then
        fi
    fi
    HOMEBREW_NO_INSTALLED_DEPENDENTS_CHECK=true brew install autoconf automake libx11 libxext libxrandr llvm@${LLVM_VERSION} ninja meson pkg-config libxshmfence
-
-    # For reasons unknown, this is necessary for pkg-config to find homebrew's packages
-    LOCAL_PKG_CONFIG_PATH="/opt/homebrew/lib/pkgconfig:$PKG_CONFIG_PATH"
 fi # [[ "$OS_NAME" == x ]]

 LOCAL_LDFLAGS=${LDFLAGS}
@@ -139,11 +134,9 @@ fi
 # -Dgallium-drivers=swrast  => builds GL software rasterizer
 # -Dvulkan-drivers=swrast   => builds VK software rasterizer
 # -Dgallium-drivers=llvmpipe is needed for GL >= 4.1 pipe-screen (see src/gallium/auxiliary/target-helpers/inline_sw_helper.h)
-PKG_CONFIG_PATH=${LOCAL_PKG_CONFIG_PATH} PATH=${LOCAL_PATH} \
-CXX=${LOCAL_CXX} CC=${LOCAL_CC} LDFLAGS=${LOCAL_LDFLAGS} CPPFLAGS=${LOCAL_CPPFLAGS} \
+CXX=${LOCAL_CXX} CC=${LOCAL_CC} PATH=${LOCAL_PATH} LDFLAGS=${LOCAL_LDFLAGS} CPPFLAGS=${LOCAL_CPPFLAGS} \
   meson setup --wipe builddir/ -Dprefix="${MESA_DIR}/out" -Dglx=xlib -Dosmesa=true -Dgallium-drivers=llvmpipe,swrast -Dvulkan-drivers=swrast
-PKG_CONFIG_PATH=${LOCAL_PKG_CONFIG_PATH} PATH=${LOCAL_PATH} \
-CXX=${LOCAL_CXX} CC=${LOCAL_CC} LDFLAGS=${LOCAL_LDFLAGS} CPPFLAGS=${LOCAL_CPPFLAGS} \
+CXX=${LOCAL_CXX} CC=${LOCAL_CC} PATH=${LOCAL_PATH} LDFLAGS=${LOCAL_LDFLAGS} CPPFLAGS=${LOCAL_CPPFLAGS} \
   meson install -C builddir/

 # Disable python venv
@@ -47,11 +47,7 @@ if "%RUNNING_LOCALLY%" == "1" (
    set "PATH=%PATH%;C:\Program Files\7-Zip"
 )

-:: Outdated windows-2019 pattern
-:: call "C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\2019\%VISUAL_STUDIO_VERSION%\VC\Auxiliary\Build\vcvars64.bat"
-
-call "C:\Program Files\Microsoft Visual Studio\2022\%VISUAL_STUDIO_VERSION%\VC\Auxiliary\Build\vcvars64.bat"
-echo Passed vcvars64.bat
+call "C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\2019\%VISUAL_STUDIO_VERSION%\VC\Auxiliary\Build\vcvars64.bat"
 if errorlevel 1 exit /b %errorlevel%

 msbuild /version
@@ -111,7 +107,7 @@ cd out\cmake-%variant%
 if errorlevel 1 exit /b %errorlevel%

 cmake ..\.. ^
-    -G "Visual Studio 17 2022" ^
+    -G "Visual Studio 16 2019" ^
    -A x64 ^
    %flag% ^
    -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=..\%variant% ^
@@ -265,13 +265,6 @@ set(MATERIAL_SRCS
        src/materials/vsmMipmap.mat
 )

-if (NOT FILAMENT_DISABLE_GTAO)
-    list(APPEND MATERIAL_SRCS
-        src/materials/ssao/gtao.mat
-        src/materials/ssao/gtaoBentNormals.mat
-    )
-endif()
-
 set(MATERIAL_FL0_SRCS
        src/materials/defaultMaterial.mat
        src/materials/skybox.mat
@@ -321,14 +314,12 @@ if (FILAMENT_FORCE_PROFILING_MODE)
    add_definitions(-DFILAMENT_FORCE_PROFILING_MODE)
 endif()

-if (FILAMENT_DISABLE_GTAO)
-    add_definitions(-DFILAMENT_DISABLE_GTAO)
-endif()
-
 # ==================================================================================================
 # Definitions
 # ==================================================================================================

+# "2" corresponds to SYSTRACE_TAG_FILEMENT (See: utils/Systrace.h)
+add_definitions(-DSYSTRACE_TAG=2)
 add_definitions(-DFILAMENT_DFG_LUT_SIZE=${DFG_LUT_SIZE})
 add_definitions(
    -DFILAMENT_PER_RENDER_PASS_ARENA_SIZE_IN_MB=${FILAMENT_PER_RENDER_PASS_ARENA_SIZE_IN_MB}
@@ -472,30 +463,6 @@ add_custom_command(
        APPEND
 )

-if (NOT FILAMENT_DISABLE_GTAO)
-    add_custom_command(
-            OUTPUT "${MATERIAL_DIR}/gtao.filamat"
-            DEPENDS src/materials/ssao/ssaoUtils.fs
-            DEPENDS src/materials/ssao/ssct.fs
-            DEPENDS src/materials/utils/depthUtils.fs
-            DEPENDS src/materials/utils/geometry.fs
-            DEPENDS src/materials/ssao/gtaoImpl.fs
-            DEPENDS src/materials/ssao/ssctImpl.fs
-            APPEND
-    )
-
-    add_custom_command(
-            OUTPUT "${MATERIAL_DIR}/gtaoBentNormals.filamat"
-            DEPENDS src/materials/ssao/ssaoUtils.fs
-            DEPENDS src/materials/ssao/ssct.fs
-            DEPENDS src/materials/utils/depthUtils.fs
-            DEPENDS src/materials/utils/geometry.fs
-            DEPENDS src/materials/ssao/gtaoImpl.fs
-            DEPENDS src/materials/ssao/ssctImpl.fs
-            APPEND
-    )
-endif()
-
 add_custom_command(
        OUTPUT "${MATERIAL_DIR}/bilateralBlur.filamat"
        DEPENDS src/materials/ssao/ssaoUtils.fs
@@ -261,7 +261,6 @@ if (FILAMENT_SUPPORTS_WEBGPU)
            src/webgpu/WebGPUHandles.h
            src/webgpu/WebGPUPipelineCreation.cpp
            src/webgpu/WebGPUPipelineCreation.h
-            src/webgpu/WebGPUStrings.h
            src/webgpu/WebGPUSwapChain.cpp
            src/webgpu/WebGPUSwapChain.h
            src/webgpu/WGPUProgram.cpp
@@ -291,6 +290,12 @@ if (ANDROID)
    list(APPEND SRCS src/BackendUtilsAndroid.cpp)
 endif()

+# ==================================================================================================
+# Definitions
+# ==================================================================================================
+# "2" corresponds to SYSTRACE_TAG_FILEMENT (See: utils/Systrace.h)
+add_definitions(-DSYSTRACE_TAG=2 )
+
 # ==================================================================================================
 # Includes & target definition
 # ==================================================================================================
@@ -36,7 +36,6 @@
 #include <array>
 #include <type_traits>
 #include <variant>
-#include <string_view>

 #include <stddef.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
@@ -163,7 +162,7 @@ enum class TimerQueryResult : int8_t {
    AVAILABLE = 1,  // result is available
 };

-constexpr std::string_view to_string(Backend const backend) noexcept {
+static constexpr const char* backendToString(Backend backend) {
    switch (backend) {
        case Backend::NOOP:
            return "Noop";
@@ -175,10 +174,9 @@ constexpr std::string_view to_string(Backend const backend) noexcept {
            return "Metal";
        case Backend::WEBGPU:
            return "WebGPU";
-        case Backend::DEFAULT:
-            return "Default";
+        default:
+            return "Unknown";
    }
-    return "Unknown";
 }

 /**
@@ -195,7 +193,7 @@ enum class ShaderLanguage {
    WGSL = 5,
 };

-constexpr const char* shaderLanguageToString(ShaderLanguage shaderLanguage) noexcept {
+static constexpr const char* shaderLanguageToString(ShaderLanguage shaderLanguage) {
    switch (shaderLanguage) {
        case ShaderLanguage::ESSL1:
            return "ESSL 1.0";
@@ -210,7 +208,6 @@ constexpr const char* shaderLanguageToString(ShaderLanguage shaderLanguage) noex
        case ShaderLanguage::WGSL:
            return "WGSL";
    }
-    return "UNKNOWN";
 }

 enum class ShaderStage : uint8_t {
@@ -228,7 +225,7 @@ enum class ShaderStageFlags : uint8_t {
    ALL_SHADER_STAGE_FLAGS = VERTEX | FRAGMENT | COMPUTE
 };

-constexpr bool hasShaderType(ShaderStageFlags flags, ShaderStage type) noexcept {
+static inline constexpr bool hasShaderType(ShaderStageFlags flags, ShaderStage type) noexcept {
    switch (type) {
        case ShaderStage::VERTEX:
            return bool(uint8_t(flags) & uint8_t(ShaderStageFlags::VERTEX));
@@ -239,239 +236,14 @@ constexpr bool hasShaderType(ShaderStageFlags flags, ShaderStage type) noexcept
    }
 }

-enum class TextureType : uint8_t {
-    FLOAT,
-    INT,
-    UINT,
-    DEPTH,
-    STENCIL,
-    DEPTH_STENCIL
+enum class DescriptorType : uint8_t {
+    UNIFORM_BUFFER,
+    SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER,
+    SAMPLER,
+    INPUT_ATTACHMENT,
+    SAMPLER_EXTERNAL
 };

-constexpr std::string_view to_string(TextureType type) noexcept {
-    switch (type) {
-        case TextureType::FLOAT:            return "FLOAT";
-        case TextureType::INT:              return "INT";
-        case TextureType::UINT:             return "UINT";
-        case TextureType::DEPTH:            return "DEPTH";
-        case TextureType::STENCIL:          return "STENCIL";
-        case TextureType::DEPTH_STENCIL:    return "DEPTH_STENCIL";
-    }
-    return "UNKNOWN";
-}
-
- enum class DescriptorType : uint8_t {
-     SAMPLER_2D_FLOAT,
-     SAMPLER_2D_INT,
-     SAMPLER_2D_UINT,
-     SAMPLER_2D_DEPTH,
-
-     SAMPLER_2D_ARRAY_FLOAT,
-     SAMPLER_2D_ARRAY_INT,
-     SAMPLER_2D_ARRAY_UINT,
-     SAMPLER_2D_ARRAY_DEPTH,
-
-     SAMPLER_CUBE_FLOAT,
-     SAMPLER_CUBE_INT,
-     SAMPLER_CUBE_UINT,
-     SAMPLER_CUBE_DEPTH,
-
-     SAMPLER_CUBE_ARRAY_FLOAT,
-     SAMPLER_CUBE_ARRAY_INT,
-     SAMPLER_CUBE_ARRAY_UINT,
-     SAMPLER_CUBE_ARRAY_DEPTH,
-
-     SAMPLER_3D_FLOAT,
-     SAMPLER_3D_INT,
-     SAMPLER_3D_UINT,
-
-     SAMPLER_2D_MS_FLOAT,
-     SAMPLER_2D_MS_INT,
-     SAMPLER_2D_MS_UINT,
-
-     SAMPLER_2D_MS_ARRAY_FLOAT,
-     SAMPLER_2D_MS_ARRAY_INT,
-     SAMPLER_2D_MS_ARRAY_UINT,
-
-     SAMPLER_EXTERNAL,
-     UNIFORM_BUFFER,
-     SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER,
-     INPUT_ATTACHMENT,
- };
-
-constexpr bool isDepthDescriptor(DescriptorType const type) noexcept {
-    switch (type) {
-        case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_DEPTH:
-        case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_ARRAY_DEPTH:
-        case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_CUBE_DEPTH:
-        case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_CUBE_ARRAY_DEPTH:
-            return true;
-        default: ;
-    }
-    return false;
-}
-
-constexpr bool isFloatDescriptor(DescriptorType const type) noexcept {
-    switch (type) {
-        case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_FLOAT:
-        case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_ARRAY_FLOAT:
-        case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_CUBE_FLOAT:
-        case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_CUBE_ARRAY_FLOAT:
-        case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_3D_FLOAT:
-        case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_MS_FLOAT:
-        case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_MS_ARRAY_FLOAT:
-            return true;
-        default: ;
-    }
-    return false;
-}
-
-constexpr bool isIntDescriptor(DescriptorType const type) noexcept {
-    switch (type) {
-        case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_INT:
-        case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_ARRAY_INT:
-        case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_CUBE_INT:
-        case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_CUBE_ARRAY_INT:
-        case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_3D_INT:
-        case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_MS_INT:
-        case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_MS_ARRAY_INT:
-            return true;
-        default: ;
-    }
-    return false;
-}
-
-constexpr bool isUnsignedIntDescriptor(DescriptorType const type) noexcept {
-    switch (type) {
-        case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_UINT:
-        case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_ARRAY_UINT:
-        case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_CUBE_UINT:
-        case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_CUBE_ARRAY_UINT:
-        case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_3D_UINT:
-        case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_MS_UINT:
-        case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_MS_ARRAY_UINT:
-            return true;
-        default: ;
-    }
-    return false;
-}
-
-constexpr bool is3dTypeDescriptor(DescriptorType const type) noexcept {
-    switch (type) {
-        case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_3D_FLOAT:
-        case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_3D_INT:
-        case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_3D_UINT:
-            return true;
-        default: ;
-    }
-    return false;
-}
-
-constexpr bool is2dTypeDescriptor(DescriptorType const type) noexcept {
-    switch (type) {
-        case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_FLOAT:
-        case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_INT:
-        case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_UINT:
-        case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_DEPTH:
-        case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_MS_FLOAT:
-        case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_MS_INT:
-        case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_MS_UINT:
-            return true;
-        default: ;
-    }
-    return false;
-}
-
-constexpr bool is2dArrayTypeDescriptor(DescriptorType const type) noexcept {
-    switch (type) {
-        case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_ARRAY_FLOAT:
-        case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_ARRAY_INT:
-        case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_ARRAY_UINT:
-        case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_ARRAY_DEPTH:
-        case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_MS_ARRAY_FLOAT:
-        case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_MS_ARRAY_INT:
-        case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_MS_ARRAY_UINT:
-            return true;
-        default: ;
-    }
-    return false;
-}
-
-constexpr bool isCubeTypeDescriptor(DescriptorType const type) noexcept {
-    switch (type) {
-        case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_CUBE_FLOAT:
-        case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_CUBE_INT:
-        case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_CUBE_UINT:
-        case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_CUBE_DEPTH:
-            return true;
-        default: ;
-    }
-    return false;
-}
-
-constexpr bool isCubeArrayTypeDescriptor(DescriptorType const type) noexcept {
-    switch (type) {
-        case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_CUBE_ARRAY_FLOAT:
-        case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_CUBE_ARRAY_INT:
-        case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_CUBE_ARRAY_UINT:
-        case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_CUBE_ARRAY_DEPTH:
-            return true;
-        default: ;
-    }
-    return false;
-}
-
-constexpr bool isMultiSampledTypeDescriptor(DescriptorType const type) noexcept {
-    switch (type) {
-        case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_MS_FLOAT:
-        case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_MS_INT:
-        case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_MS_UINT:
-        case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_MS_ARRAY_FLOAT:
-        case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_MS_ARRAY_INT:
-        case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_MS_ARRAY_UINT:
-            return true;
-        default: ;
-    }
-    return false;
-}
-
-constexpr std::string_view to_string(DescriptorType type) noexcept {
-    #define DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_CASE(TYPE)  case DescriptorType::TYPE: return #TYPE;
-    switch (type) {
-        DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_CASE(SAMPLER_2D_FLOAT)
-        DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_CASE(SAMPLER_2D_INT)
-        DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_CASE(SAMPLER_2D_UINT)
-        DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_CASE(SAMPLER_2D_DEPTH)
-        DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_CASE(SAMPLER_2D_ARRAY_FLOAT)
-        DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_CASE(SAMPLER_2D_ARRAY_INT)
-        DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_CASE(SAMPLER_2D_ARRAY_UINT)
-        DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_CASE(SAMPLER_2D_ARRAY_DEPTH)
-        DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_CASE(SAMPLER_CUBE_FLOAT)
-        DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_CASE(SAMPLER_CUBE_INT)
-        DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_CASE(SAMPLER_CUBE_UINT)
-        DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_CASE(SAMPLER_CUBE_DEPTH)
-        DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_CASE(SAMPLER_CUBE_ARRAY_FLOAT)
-        DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_CASE(SAMPLER_CUBE_ARRAY_INT)
-        DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_CASE(SAMPLER_CUBE_ARRAY_UINT)
-        DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_CASE(SAMPLER_CUBE_ARRAY_DEPTH)
-        DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_CASE(SAMPLER_3D_FLOAT)
-        DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_CASE(SAMPLER_3D_INT)
-        DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_CASE(SAMPLER_3D_UINT)
-        DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_CASE(SAMPLER_2D_MS_FLOAT)
-        DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_CASE(SAMPLER_2D_MS_INT)
-        DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_CASE(SAMPLER_2D_MS_UINT)
-        DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_CASE(SAMPLER_2D_MS_ARRAY_FLOAT)
-        DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_CASE(SAMPLER_2D_MS_ARRAY_INT)
-        DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_CASE(SAMPLER_2D_MS_ARRAY_UINT)
-        DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_CASE(SAMPLER_EXTERNAL)
-        DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_CASE(UNIFORM_BUFFER)
-        DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_CASE(SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER)
-        DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_CASE(INPUT_ATTACHMENT)
-    }
-    return "UNKNOWN";
-    #undef DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_CASE
-}
-
 enum class DescriptorFlags : uint8_t {
    NONE = 0x00,
    DYNAMIC_OFFSET = 0x01
@@ -482,13 +254,6 @@ using descriptor_set_t = uint8_t;
 using descriptor_binding_t = uint8_t;

 struct DescriptorSetLayoutBinding {
-    static bool isSampler(DescriptorType type) noexcept {
-        return int(type) <= int(DescriptorType::SAMPLER_EXTERNAL);
-    }
-    static bool isBuffer(DescriptorType type) noexcept {
-        return type == DescriptorType::UNIFORM_BUFFER ||
-               type == DescriptorType::SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER;
-    }
    DescriptorType type;
    ShaderStageFlags stageFlags;
    descriptor_binding_t binding;
@@ -499,7 +264,7 @@ struct DescriptorSetLayoutBinding {
    //  no uninitialized padding bytes.
    //    uint8_t externalSamplerDataIndex = EXTERNAL_SAMPLER_DATA_INDEX_UNUSED;

-    friend bool operator==(DescriptorSetLayoutBinding const& lhs,
+    friend inline bool operator==(DescriptorSetLayoutBinding const& lhs,
            DescriptorSetLayoutBinding const& rhs) noexcept {
        return lhs.type == rhs.type &&
               lhs.flags == rhs.flags &&
@@ -532,7 +297,7 @@ enum class TargetBufferFlags : uint32_t {
    ALL = COLOR_ALL | DEPTH | STENCIL       //!< Color, depth and stencil buffer selected.
 };

-constexpr TargetBufferFlags getTargetBufferFlagsAt(size_t index) noexcept {
+inline constexpr TargetBufferFlags getTargetBufferFlagsAt(size_t index) noexcept {
    if (index == 0u) return TargetBufferFlags::COLOR0;
    if (index == 1u) return TargetBufferFlags::COLOR1;
    if (index == 2u) return TargetBufferFlags::COLOR2;
@@ -689,24 +454,6 @@ enum class SamplerType : uint8_t {
    SAMPLER_CUBEMAP_ARRAY,  //!< Cube map array texture (feature level 2)
 };

-constexpr std::string_view to_string(SamplerType const type) noexcept {
-    switch (type) {
-        case SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D:
-            return "SAMPLER_2D";
-        case SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D_ARRAY:
-            return "SAMPLER_2D_ARRAY";
-        case SamplerType::SAMPLER_CUBEMAP:
-            return "SAMPLER_CUBEMAP";
-        case SamplerType::SAMPLER_EXTERNAL:
-            return "SAMPLER_EXTERNAL";
-        case SamplerType::SAMPLER_3D:
-            return "SAMPLER_3D";
-        case SamplerType::SAMPLER_CUBEMAP_ARRAY:
-            return "SAMPLER_CUBEMAP_ARRAY";
-    }
-    return "Unknown";
-}
-
 //! Subpass type
 enum class SubpassType : uint8_t {
    SUBPASS_INPUT
@@ -720,20 +467,6 @@ enum class SamplerFormat : uint8_t {
    SHADOW = 3      //!< shadow sampler (PCF)
 };

-constexpr std::string_view to_string(SamplerFormat const format) noexcept {
-    switch (format) {
-        case SamplerFormat::INT:
-            return "INT";
-        case SamplerFormat::UINT:
-            return "UINT";
-        case SamplerFormat::FLOAT:
-            return "FLOAT";
-        case SamplerFormat::SHADOW:
-            return "SHADOW";
-    }
-    return "Unknown";
-}
-
 /**
 * Supported element types
 */
@@ -773,15 +506,6 @@ enum class BufferObjectBinding : uint8_t {
    SHADER_STORAGE
 };

-constexpr std::string_view to_string(BufferObjectBinding type) noexcept {
-    switch (type) {
-        case BufferObjectBinding::VERTEX:           return "VERTEX";
-        case BufferObjectBinding::UNIFORM:          return "UNIFORM";
-        case BufferObjectBinding::SHADER_STORAGE:   return "SHADER_STORAGE";
-    }
-    return "UNKNOWN";
-}
-
 //! Face culling Mode
 enum class CullingMode : uint8_t {
    NONE,               //!< No culling, front and back faces are visible
@@ -1043,8 +767,6 @@ enum class TextureFormat : uint16_t {
    SRGB_ALPHA_BPTC_UNORM,  // BC7 sRGB
 };

-TextureType getTextureType(TextureFormat format) noexcept;
-
 //! Bitmask describing the intended Texture Usage
 enum class TextureUsage : uint16_t {
    NONE                = 0x0000,
@@ -1072,7 +794,7 @@ enum class TextureSwizzle : uint8_t {
 };

 //! returns whether this format a depth format
-constexpr bool isDepthFormat(TextureFormat format) noexcept {
+static constexpr bool isDepthFormat(TextureFormat format) noexcept {
    switch (format) {
        case TextureFormat::DEPTH32F:
        case TextureFormat::DEPTH24:
@@ -1085,7 +807,7 @@ constexpr bool isDepthFormat(TextureFormat format) noexcept {
    }
 }

-constexpr bool isStencilFormat(TextureFormat format) noexcept {
+static constexpr bool isStencilFormat(TextureFormat format) noexcept {
    switch (format) {
        case TextureFormat::STENCIL8:
        case TextureFormat::DEPTH24_STENCIL8:
@@ -1096,7 +818,7 @@ constexpr bool isStencilFormat(TextureFormat format) noexcept {
    }
 }

-constexpr bool isColorFormat(TextureFormat format) noexcept {
+inline constexpr bool isColorFormat(TextureFormat format) noexcept {
    switch (format) {
        // Standard color formats
        case TextureFormat::R8:
@@ -1123,7 +845,7 @@ constexpr bool isColorFormat(TextureFormat format) noexcept {
    return false;
 }

-constexpr bool isUnsignedIntFormat(TextureFormat format) {
+static constexpr bool isUnsignedIntFormat(TextureFormat format) {
    switch (format) {
        case TextureFormat::R8UI:
        case TextureFormat::R16UI:
@@ -1144,7 +866,7 @@ constexpr bool isUnsignedIntFormat(TextureFormat format) {
    }
 }

-constexpr bool isSignedIntFormat(TextureFormat format) {
+static constexpr bool isSignedIntFormat(TextureFormat format) {
    switch (format) {
        case TextureFormat::R8I:
        case TextureFormat::R16I:
@@ -1166,35 +888,35 @@ constexpr bool isSignedIntFormat(TextureFormat format) {
 }

 //! returns whether this format is a compressed format
-constexpr bool isCompressedFormat(TextureFormat format) noexcept {
+static constexpr bool isCompressedFormat(TextureFormat format) noexcept {
    return format >= TextureFormat::EAC_R11;
 }

 //! returns whether this format is an ETC2 compressed format
-constexpr bool isETC2Compression(TextureFormat format) noexcept {
+static constexpr bool isETC2Compression(TextureFormat format) noexcept {
    return format >= TextureFormat::EAC_R11 && format <= TextureFormat::ETC2_EAC_SRGBA8;
 }

 //! returns whether this format is an S3TC compressed format
-constexpr bool isS3TCCompression(TextureFormat format) noexcept {
+static constexpr bool isS3TCCompression(TextureFormat format) noexcept {
    return format >= TextureFormat::DXT1_RGB && format <= TextureFormat::DXT5_SRGBA;
 }

-constexpr bool isS3TCSRGBCompression(TextureFormat format) noexcept {
+static constexpr bool isS3TCSRGBCompression(TextureFormat format) noexcept {
    return format >= TextureFormat::DXT1_SRGB && format <= TextureFormat::DXT5_SRGBA;
 }

 //! returns whether this format is an RGTC compressed format
-constexpr bool isRGTCCompression(TextureFormat format) noexcept {
+static constexpr bool isRGTCCompression(TextureFormat format) noexcept {
    return format >= TextureFormat::RED_RGTC1 && format <= TextureFormat::SIGNED_RED_GREEN_RGTC2;
 }

 //! returns whether this format is an BPTC compressed format
-constexpr bool isBPTCCompression(TextureFormat format) noexcept {
+static constexpr bool isBPTCCompression(TextureFormat format) noexcept {
    return format >= TextureFormat::RGB_BPTC_SIGNED_FLOAT && format <= TextureFormat::SRGB_ALPHA_BPTC_UNORM;
 }

-constexpr bool isASTCCompression(TextureFormat format) noexcept {
+static constexpr bool isASTCCompression(TextureFormat format) noexcept {
    return format >= TextureFormat::RGBA_ASTC_4x4 && format <= TextureFormat::SRGB8_ALPHA8_ASTC_12x12;
 }

@@ -1315,23 +1037,19 @@ struct SamplerParams {             // NOLINT
            assert_invariant(lhs.padding2 == 0);
            auto* pLhs = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t const*>(reinterpret_cast<char const*>(&lhs));
            auto* pRhs = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t const*>(reinterpret_cast<char const*>(&rhs));
-            return *pLhs < *pRhs;
+            return *pLhs == *pRhs;
        }
    };

-    bool isFiltered() const noexcept {
-        return filterMag != SamplerMagFilter::NEAREST || filterMin != SamplerMinFilter::NEAREST;
-    }
-
 private:
-    friend bool operator == (SamplerParams lhs, SamplerParams rhs) noexcept {
-        return EqualTo{}(lhs, rhs);
+    friend inline bool operator == (SamplerParams lhs, SamplerParams rhs) noexcept {
+        return SamplerParams::EqualTo{}(lhs, rhs);
    }
-    friend bool operator != (SamplerParams lhs, SamplerParams rhs) noexcept {
-        return  !EqualTo{}(lhs, rhs);
+    friend inline bool operator != (SamplerParams lhs, SamplerParams rhs) noexcept {
+        return  !SamplerParams::EqualTo{}(lhs, rhs);
    }
-    friend bool operator < (SamplerParams lhs, SamplerParams rhs) noexcept {
-        return LessThan{}(lhs, rhs);
+    friend inline bool operator < (SamplerParams lhs, SamplerParams rhs) noexcept {
+        return SamplerParams::LessThan{}(lhs, rhs);
    }
 };

@@ -1381,15 +1099,15 @@ struct SamplerYcbcrConversion {// NOLINT
    };

 private:
-    friend bool operator == (SamplerYcbcrConversion lhs, SamplerYcbcrConversion rhs)
+    friend inline bool operator == (SamplerYcbcrConversion lhs, SamplerYcbcrConversion rhs)
            noexcept {
        return SamplerYcbcrConversion::EqualTo{}(lhs, rhs);
    }
-    friend bool operator != (SamplerYcbcrConversion lhs, SamplerYcbcrConversion rhs)
+    friend inline bool operator != (SamplerYcbcrConversion lhs, SamplerYcbcrConversion rhs)
            noexcept {
        return  !SamplerYcbcrConversion::EqualTo{}(lhs, rhs);
    }
-    friend bool operator < (SamplerYcbcrConversion lhs, SamplerYcbcrConversion rhs)
+    friend inline bool operator < (SamplerYcbcrConversion lhs, SamplerYcbcrConversion rhs)
            noexcept {
        return SamplerYcbcrConversion::LessThan{}(lhs, rhs);
    }
@@ -204,15 +204,23 @@ public:
                }, new T(std::forward<T>(functor))
        };
    }
+
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
    /**
-     * Computes the size in bytes for a pixel of given dimensions and format
+     * Computes the size in bytes needed to fit an image of given dimensions and format
     *
     * @param format    Format of the image pixels
     * @param type      Type of the image pixels
-     * @return The size of the specified pixel in bytes
+     * @param stride    Stride of a row in pixels
+     * @param height    Height of the image in rows
+     * @param alignment Alignment in bytes of pixel rows
+     * @return The buffer size needed to fit this image in bytes
     */
+    static constexpr size_t computeDataSize(PixelDataFormat format, PixelDataType type,
+            size_t stride, size_t height, size_t alignment) noexcept {
+        assert_invariant(alignment);

-    static constexpr size_t computePixelSize(PixelDataFormat format, PixelDataType type) noexcept {
        if (type == PixelDataType::COMPRESSED) {
            return 0;
        }
@@ -234,7 +242,7 @@ public:
            case PixelDataFormat::RGB_INTEGER:
                n = 3;
                break;
-            case PixelDataFormat::UNUSED:// shouldn't happen (used to be rgbm)
+            case PixelDataFormat::UNUSED: // shouldn't happen (used to be rgbm)
            case PixelDataFormat::RGBA:
            case PixelDataFormat::RGBA_INTEGER:
                n = 4;
@@ -243,7 +251,7 @@ public:

        size_t bpp = n;
        switch (type) {
-            case PixelDataType::COMPRESSED:// Impossible -- to squash the IDE warnings
+            case PixelDataType::COMPRESSED: // Impossible -- to squash the IDE warnings
            case PixelDataType::UBYTE:
            case PixelDataType::BYTE:
                // nothing to do
@@ -274,35 +282,16 @@ public:
                bpp = 2;
                break;
        }
-        return bpp;
-    }

-    // --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-    /**
-     * Computes the size in bytes needed to fit an image of given dimensions and format
-     *
-     * @param format    Format of the image pixels
-     * @param type      Type of the image pixels
-     * @param stride    Stride of a row in pixels
-     * @param height    Height of the image in rows
-     * @param alignment Alignment in bytes of pixel rows
-     * @return The buffer size needed to fit this image in bytes
-     */
-    static constexpr size_t computeDataSize(PixelDataFormat format, PixelDataType type,
-            size_t stride, size_t height, size_t alignment) noexcept {
-        assert_invariant(alignment);
-
-        size_t bpp = computePixelSize(format, type);
        size_t const bpr = bpp * stride;
        size_t const bprAligned = (bpr + (alignment - 1)) & (~alignment + 1);
        return bprAligned * height;
    }

    //! left coordinate in pixels
-    uint32_t left = 0;
+    uint32_t left   = 0;
    //! top coordinate in pixels
-    uint32_t top = 0;
+    uint32_t top    = 0;
    union {
        struct {
            //! stride in pixels
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ public:
     */
    virtual bool makeCurrent(ContextType type,
            SwapChain* UTILS_NONNULL drawSwapChain,
-            SwapChain* UTILS_NONNULL readSwapChain) = 0;
+            SwapChain* UTILS_NONNULL readSwapChain) noexcept = 0;

    /**
     * Called by the driver to make the OpenGL context active on the calling thread and bind
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ public:
            SwapChain* UTILS_NONNULL drawSwapChain,
            SwapChain* UTILS_NONNULL readSwapChain,
            utils::Invocable<void()> preContextChange,
-            utils::Invocable<void(size_t index)> postContextChange);
+            utils::Invocable<void(size_t index)> postContextChange) noexcept;

    /**
     * Called by the backend just before calling commit()
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ protected:
    SwapChain* createSwapChain(void* nativewindow, uint64_t flags) noexcept override;
    SwapChain* createSwapChain(uint32_t width, uint32_t height, uint64_t flags) noexcept override;
    void destroySwapChain(SwapChain* swapChain) noexcept override;
-    bool makeCurrent(ContextType type, SwapChain* drawSwapChain, SwapChain* readSwapChain) override;
+    bool makeCurrent(ContextType type, SwapChain* drawSwapChain, SwapChain* readSwapChain) noexcept override;
    void commit(SwapChain* swapChain) noexcept override;
    ExternalTexture* createExternalImageTexture() noexcept override;
    void destroyExternalImageTexture(ExternalTexture* texture) noexcept override;
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ public:
    SwapChain* createSwapChain(void* nativewindow, uint64_t flags) noexcept override;
    SwapChain* createSwapChain(uint32_t width, uint32_t height, uint64_t flags) noexcept override;
    void destroySwapChain(SwapChain* swapChain) noexcept override;
-    bool makeCurrent(ContextType type, SwapChain* drawSwapChain, SwapChain* readSwapChain) override;
+    bool makeCurrent(ContextType type, SwapChain* drawSwapChain, SwapChain* readSwapChain) noexcept override;
    void commit(SwapChain* swapChain) noexcept override;

    ExternalTexture* createExternalImageTexture() noexcept override;
@@ -109,11 +109,11 @@ protected:

    bool makeCurrent(ContextType type,
            SwapChain* drawSwapChain,
-            SwapChain* readSwapChain) override;
+            SwapChain* readSwapChain) noexcept override;

    void makeCurrent(SwapChain* drawSwapChain, SwapChain* readSwapChain,
            utils::Invocable<void()> preContextChange,
-            utils::Invocable<void(size_t index)> postContextChange) override;
+            utils::Invocable<void(size_t index)> postContextChange) noexcept override;

    void commit(SwapChain* swapChain) noexcept override;

@@ -148,12 +148,12 @@ protected:
    EGLContext getContextForType(ContextType type) const noexcept;

    // makes the draw and read surface current without changing the current context
-    EGLBoolean makeCurrent(EGLSurface drawSurface, EGLSurface readSurface) {
+    EGLBoolean makeCurrent(EGLSurface drawSurface, EGLSurface readSurface) noexcept {
        return egl.makeCurrent(drawSurface, readSurface);
    }

    // makes context current and set draw and read surfaces to EGL_NO_SURFACE
-    EGLBoolean makeCurrent(EGLContext context) {
+    EGLBoolean makeCurrent(EGLContext context) noexcept {
        return egl.makeCurrent(context, mEGLDummySurface, mEGLDummySurface);
    }

@@ -211,9 +211,9 @@ private:
    public:
        explicit EGL(EGLDisplay& dpy) : mEGLDisplay(dpy) {}
        EGLBoolean makeCurrent(EGLContext context,
-                EGLSurface drawSurface, EGLSurface readSurface);
+                EGLSurface drawSurface, EGLSurface readSurface) noexcept;

-        EGLBoolean makeCurrent(EGLSurface drawSurface, EGLSurface readSurface) {
+        EGLBoolean makeCurrent(EGLSurface drawSurface, EGLSurface readSurface) noexcept {
            return makeCurrent(mCurrentContext, drawSurface, readSurface);
        }
    } egl{ mEGLDisplay };
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ protected:
 protected:
    bool makeCurrent(ContextType type,
            SwapChain* drawSwapChain,
-            SwapChain* readSwapChain) override;
+            SwapChain* readSwapChain) noexcept override;

 private:
    struct InitializeJvmForPerformanceManagerIfNeeded {
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ protected:
    SwapChain* createSwapChain(void* nativewindow, uint64_t flags) noexcept override;
    SwapChain* createSwapChain(uint32_t width, uint32_t height, uint64_t flags) noexcept override;
    void destroySwapChain(SwapChain* swapChain) noexcept override;
-    bool makeCurrent(ContextType type, SwapChain* drawSwapChain, SwapChain* readSwapChain) override;
+    bool makeCurrent(ContextType type, SwapChain* drawSwapChain, SwapChain* readSwapChain) noexcept override;
    void commit(SwapChain* swapChain) noexcept override;

 private:
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ protected:
    SwapChain* createSwapChain(uint32_t width, uint32_t height, uint64_t flags) noexcept override;
    void destroySwapChain(SwapChain* swapChain) noexcept override;
    bool makeCurrent(ContextType type, SwapChain* drawSwapChain,
-            SwapChain* readSwapChain) override;
+            SwapChain* readSwapChain) noexcept override;
    void commit(SwapChain* swapChain) noexcept override;

 private:
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ protected:
    SwapChain* createSwapChain(void* nativewindow, uint64_t flags) noexcept override;
    SwapChain* createSwapChain(uint32_t width, uint32_t height, uint64_t flags) noexcept override;
    void destroySwapChain(SwapChain* swapChain) noexcept override;
-    bool makeCurrent(ContextType type, SwapChain* drawSwapChain, SwapChain* readSwapChain) override;
+    bool makeCurrent(ContextType type, SwapChain* drawSwapChain, SwapChain* readSwapChain) noexcept override;
    void commit(SwapChain* swapChain) noexcept override;

 protected:
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ protected:
    SwapChain* createSwapChain(void* nativewindow, uint64_t flags) noexcept override;
    SwapChain* createSwapChain(uint32_t width, uint32_t height, uint64_t flags) noexcept override;
    void destroySwapChain(SwapChain* swapChain) noexcept override;
-    bool makeCurrent(ContextType type, SwapChain* drawSwapChain, SwapChain* readSwapChain) override;
+    bool makeCurrent(ContextType type, SwapChain* drawSwapChain, SwapChain* readSwapChain) noexcept override;
    void commit(SwapChain* swapChain) noexcept override;
 };

@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@
 #include <webgpu/webgpu_cpp.h>

 #include <cstdint>
-#include <vector>

 namespace filament::backend {

@@ -57,10 +56,6 @@ protected:
            const Platform::DriverConfig& driverConfig) noexcept override;

 private:
-    // returns adapter request option variations applicable for the particular
-    // platform
-    [[nodiscard]] static std::vector<wgpu::RequestAdapterOptions> getAdapterOptions();
-
    // we may consider having the driver own this in the future
    wgpu::Instance mInstance;
 };
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ public:
    Range getBuffer() noexcept;

 private:
-    void* alloc(size_t size);
+    void* alloc(size_t size) noexcept;
    void dealloc() noexcept;

    // pointer to the beginning of the circular buffer (constant)
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ public:

    // all commands buffers (Slices) written to this point are returned by waitForCommand(). This
    // call blocks until the CircularBuffer has at least mRequiredSize bytes available.
-    void flush();
+    void flush() noexcept;

    // returns from waitForCommands() immediately.
    void requestExit();
@@ -27,13 +27,13 @@ namespace filament {
 class VirtualMachineEnv {
 public:
    // must be called before VirtualMachineEnv::get() from a thread that is attached to the JavaVM
-    static jint JNI_OnLoad(JavaVM* vm);
+    static jint JNI_OnLoad(JavaVM* vm) noexcept;

    // must be called on backend thread
    static VirtualMachineEnv& get() noexcept;

    // can be called from any thread that already has a JniEnv
-    static JNIEnv* getThreadEnvironment();
+    static JNIEnv* getThreadEnvironment() noexcept;

    // must be called from the backend thread
    JNIEnv* getEnvironment() noexcept {
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ public:
 private:
    explicit VirtualMachineEnv(JavaVM* vm) noexcept;
    ~VirtualMachineEnv() noexcept;
-    JNIEnv* getEnvironmentSlow();
+    JNIEnv* getEnvironmentSlow() noexcept;

    static utils::Mutex sLock;
    static JavaVM* sVirtualMachine;
@@ -18,8 +18,6 @@

 #include "DataReshaper.h"

-#include <backend/DriverEnums.h>
-
 #include <utils/CString.h>

 #include <string_view>
@@ -225,143 +223,6 @@ size_t getFormatSize(TextureFormat format) noexcept {
    }
 }

-TextureType getTextureType(TextureFormat const format) noexcept {
-    switch (format) {
-        case TextureFormat::UNUSED:
-            // should not happen
-            return TextureType::FLOAT;
-
-        case TextureFormat::R8:
-        case TextureFormat::R16F:
-        case TextureFormat::RG8:
-        case TextureFormat::RGB565:
-        case TextureFormat::RGB5_A1:
-        case TextureFormat::RGBA4:
-        case TextureFormat::R32F:
-        case TextureFormat::RGB8:
-        case TextureFormat::SRGB8:
-        case TextureFormat::RG16F:
-        case TextureFormat::R11F_G11F_B10F:
-        case TextureFormat::RGB9_E5:
-        case TextureFormat::RGBA8:
-        case TextureFormat::SRGB8_A8:
-        case TextureFormat::RGB10_A2:
-        case TextureFormat::RGB16F:
-        case TextureFormat::RG32F:
-        case TextureFormat::RGBA16F:
-        case TextureFormat::RGB32F:
-        case TextureFormat::RGBA32F:
-            return TextureType::FLOAT;
-
-        case TextureFormat::R8_SNORM:
-        case TextureFormat::RG8_SNORM:
-        case TextureFormat::RGB8_SNORM:
-        case TextureFormat::RGBA8_SNORM:
-            // SNORM are treated as float
-            return TextureType::FLOAT;
-
-        case TextureFormat::R8UI:
-        case TextureFormat::R16UI:
-        case TextureFormat::RG8UI:
-        case TextureFormat::RGB8UI:
-        case TextureFormat::R32UI:
-        case TextureFormat::RG16UI:
-        case TextureFormat::RGBA8UI:
-        case TextureFormat::RGB16UI:
-        case TextureFormat::RG32UI:
-        case TextureFormat::RGBA16UI:
-        case TextureFormat::RGB32UI:
-        case TextureFormat::RGBA32UI:
-            return TextureType::UINT;
-
-        case TextureFormat::R8I:
-        case TextureFormat::R16I:
-        case TextureFormat::RG8I:
-        case TextureFormat::RGB8I:
-        case TextureFormat::R32I:
-        case TextureFormat::RG16I:
-        case TextureFormat::RGBA8I:
-        case TextureFormat::RGB16I:
-        case TextureFormat::RG32I:
-        case TextureFormat::RGBA16I:
-        case TextureFormat::RGB32I:
-        case TextureFormat::RGBA32I:
-            return TextureType::INT;
-
-        case TextureFormat::DEPTH16:
-        case TextureFormat::DEPTH24:
-        case TextureFormat::DEPTH32F:
-            return TextureType::DEPTH;
-
-        case TextureFormat::STENCIL8:
-            return TextureType::STENCIL;
-
-        case TextureFormat::DEPTH24_STENCIL8:
-        case TextureFormat::DEPTH32F_STENCIL8:
-            return TextureType::DEPTH_STENCIL;
-
-        // Compressed formats ---------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-        case TextureFormat::EAC_RG11:
-        case TextureFormat::EAC_RG11_SIGNED:
-        case TextureFormat::ETC2_EAC_RGBA8:
-        case TextureFormat::ETC2_EAC_SRGBA8:
-        case TextureFormat::EAC_R11:
-        case TextureFormat::EAC_R11_SIGNED:
-        case TextureFormat::ETC2_RGB8:
-        case TextureFormat::ETC2_SRGB8:
-        case TextureFormat::ETC2_RGB8_A1:
-        case TextureFormat::ETC2_SRGB8_A1:
-        case TextureFormat::DXT1_RGB:
-        case TextureFormat::DXT1_RGBA:
-        case TextureFormat::DXT1_SRGB:
-        case TextureFormat::DXT1_SRGBA:
-        case TextureFormat::DXT3_RGBA:
-        case TextureFormat::DXT3_SRGBA:
-        case TextureFormat::DXT5_RGBA:
-        case TextureFormat::DXT5_SRGBA:
-        case TextureFormat::RED_RGTC1:
-        case TextureFormat::SIGNED_RED_RGTC1:
-        case TextureFormat::RED_GREEN_RGTC2:
-        case TextureFormat::SIGNED_RED_GREEN_RGTC2:
-        case TextureFormat::RGB_BPTC_SIGNED_FLOAT:
-        case TextureFormat::RGB_BPTC_UNSIGNED_FLOAT:
-        case TextureFormat::RGBA_BPTC_UNORM:
-        case TextureFormat::SRGB_ALPHA_BPTC_UNORM:
-        case TextureFormat::RGBA_ASTC_4x4:
-        case TextureFormat::RGBA_ASTC_5x4:
-        case TextureFormat::RGBA_ASTC_5x5:
-        case TextureFormat::RGBA_ASTC_6x5:
-        case TextureFormat::RGBA_ASTC_6x6:
-        case TextureFormat::RGBA_ASTC_8x5:
-        case TextureFormat::RGBA_ASTC_8x6:
-        case TextureFormat::RGBA_ASTC_8x8:
-        case TextureFormat::RGBA_ASTC_10x5:
-        case TextureFormat::RGBA_ASTC_10x6:
-        case TextureFormat::RGBA_ASTC_10x8:
-        case TextureFormat::RGBA_ASTC_10x10:
-        case TextureFormat::RGBA_ASTC_12x10:
-        case TextureFormat::RGBA_ASTC_12x12:
-        case TextureFormat::SRGB8_ALPHA8_ASTC_4x4:
-        case TextureFormat::SRGB8_ALPHA8_ASTC_5x4:
-        case TextureFormat::SRGB8_ALPHA8_ASTC_5x5:
-        case TextureFormat::SRGB8_ALPHA8_ASTC_6x5:
-        case TextureFormat::SRGB8_ALPHA8_ASTC_6x6:
-        case TextureFormat::SRGB8_ALPHA8_ASTC_8x5:
-        case TextureFormat::SRGB8_ALPHA8_ASTC_8x6:
-        case TextureFormat::SRGB8_ALPHA8_ASTC_8x8:
-        case TextureFormat::SRGB8_ALPHA8_ASTC_10x5:
-        case TextureFormat::SRGB8_ALPHA8_ASTC_10x6:
-        case TextureFormat::SRGB8_ALPHA8_ASTC_10x8:
-        case TextureFormat::SRGB8_ALPHA8_ASTC_10x10:
-        case TextureFormat::SRGB8_ALPHA8_ASTC_12x10:
-        case TextureFormat::SRGB8_ALPHA8_ASTC_12x12:
-            return TextureType::FLOAT;
-    }
-
-    return TextureType::FLOAT;
-}
-
 size_t getFormatComponentCount(TextureFormat format) noexcept {
    switch (format) {
        case TextureFormat::R8:
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ CircularBuffer::~CircularBuffer() noexcept {
 // to each others and a special case in circularize()

 UTILS_NOINLINE
-void* CircularBuffer::alloc(size_t size) {
+void* CircularBuffer::alloc(size_t size) noexcept {
 #if HAS_MMAP
    void* data = nullptr;
    void* vaddr = MAP_FAILED;
@@ -18,13 +18,12 @@
 #include "private/backend/CircularBuffer.h"
 #include "private/backend/CommandStream.h"

-#include <private/utils/Tracing.h>
-
 #include <utils/compiler.h>
 #include <utils/Log.h>
 #include <utils/Mutex.h>
 #include <utils/ostream.h>
 #include <utils/Panic.h>
+#include <utils/Systrace.h>
 #include <utils/debug.h>

 #include <algorithm>
@@ -53,18 +52,18 @@ CommandBufferQueue::~CommandBufferQueue() {
 }

 void CommandBufferQueue::requestExit() {
-    std::lock_guard const lock(mLock);
+    std::lock_guard<utils::Mutex> const lock(mLock);
    mExitRequested = EXIT_REQUESTED;
    mCondition.notify_one();
 }

 bool CommandBufferQueue::isPaused() const noexcept {
-    std::lock_guard const lock(mLock);
+    std::lock_guard<utils::Mutex> const lock(mLock);
    return mPaused;
 }

 void CommandBufferQueue::setPaused(bool paused) {
-    std::lock_guard const lock(mLock);
+    std::lock_guard<utils::Mutex> const lock(mLock);
    if (paused) {
        mPaused = true;
    } else {
@@ -74,13 +73,13 @@ void CommandBufferQueue::setPaused(bool paused) {
 }

 bool CommandBufferQueue::isExitRequested() const {
-    std::lock_guard const lock(mLock);
-    return bool(mExitRequested);
+    std::lock_guard<utils::Mutex> const lock(mLock);
+    return (bool)mExitRequested;
 }


-void CommandBufferQueue::flush() {
-    FILAMENT_TRACING_CALL(FILAMENT_TRACING_CATEGORY_FILAMENT);
+void CommandBufferQueue::flush() noexcept {
+    SYSTRACE_CALL();

    CircularBuffer& circularBuffer = mCircularBuffer;
    if (circularBuffer.empty()) {
@@ -103,7 +102,7 @@ void CommandBufferQueue::flush() {
            static_cast<char const*>(begin), static_cast<char const*>(end));


-    std::unique_lock lock(mLock);
+    std::unique_lock<utils::Mutex> lock(mLock);

    // circular buffer is too small, we corrupted the stream
    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(used <= mFreeSpace) <<
@@ -130,7 +129,7 @@ void CommandBufferQueue::flush() {
        mHighWatermark = std::max(mHighWatermark, totalUsed);
 #endif

-        FILAMENT_TRACING_NAME(FILAMENT_TRACING_CATEGORY_FILAMENT, "waiting: CircularBuffer::flush()");
+        SYSTRACE_NAME("waiting: CircularBuffer::flush()");

        FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(!mPaused) <<
                "CommandStream is full, but since the rendering thread is paused, "
@@ -147,7 +146,7 @@ std::vector<CommandBufferQueue::Range> CommandBufferQueue::waitForCommands() con
    if (!UTILS_HAS_THREADING) {
        return std::move(mCommandBuffersToExecute);
    }
-    std::unique_lock lock(mLock);
+    std::unique_lock<utils::Mutex> lock(mLock);
    while ((mCommandBuffersToExecute.empty() || mPaused) && !mExitRequested) {
        mCondition.wait(lock);
    }
@@ -157,7 +156,7 @@ std::vector<CommandBufferQueue::Range> CommandBufferQueue::waitForCommands() con
 void CommandBufferQueue::releaseBuffer(CommandBufferQueue::Range const& buffer) {
    size_t const used = std::distance(
            static_cast<char const*>(buffer.begin), static_cast<char const*>(buffer.end));
-    std::lock_guard const lock(mLock);
+    std::lock_guard<utils::Mutex> const lock(mLock);
    mFreeSpace += used;
    mCondition.notify_one();
 }
@@ -16,8 +16,6 @@

 #include "private/backend/CommandStream.h"

-#include <private/utils/Tracing.h>
-
 #if DEBUG_COMMAND_STREAM
 #include <utils/CallStack.h>
 #endif
@@ -26,6 +24,7 @@
 #include <utils/Log.h>
 #include <utils/ostream.h>
 #include <utils/Profiler.h>
+#include <utils/Systrace.h>

 #include <cstddef>
 #include <functional>
@@ -80,13 +79,12 @@ CommandStream::CommandStream(Driver& driver, CircularBuffer& buffer) noexcept
 }

 void CommandStream::execute(void* buffer) {
-    // NOTE: we can't use FILAMENT_TRACING_CALL() or similar here because, execute() below, also
+    // NOTE: we can't use SYSTRACE_CALL() or similar here because, execute() below, also
    // uses systrace BEGIN/END and the END is not guaranteed to be happening in this scope.

    Profiler profiler;

-
-    if constexpr (FILAMENT_TRACING_ENABLED) {
+    if (SYSTRACE_TAG) {
        if (UTILS_UNLIKELY(mUsePerformanceCounter)) {
            // we want to remove all this when tracing is completely disabled
            profiler.resetEvents(Profiler::EV_CPU_CYCLES  | Profiler::EV_BPU_MISSES);
@@ -102,17 +100,17 @@ void CommandStream::execute(void* buffer) {
        }
    });

-    if constexpr (FILAMENT_TRACING_ENABLED) {
+    if (SYSTRACE_TAG) {
        if (UTILS_UNLIKELY(mUsePerformanceCounter)) {
            // we want to remove all this when tracing is completely disabled
            profiler.stop();
            UTILS_UNUSED Profiler::Counters const counters = profiler.readCounters();
-            FILAMENT_TRACING_CONTEXT(FILAMENT_TRACING_CATEGORY_FILAMENT);
-            FILAMENT_TRACING_VALUE(FILAMENT_TRACING_CATEGORY_FILAMENT, "GLThread (I)", counters.getInstructions());
-            FILAMENT_TRACING_VALUE(FILAMENT_TRACING_CATEGORY_FILAMENT, "GLThread (C)", counters.getCpuCycles());
-            FILAMENT_TRACING_VALUE(FILAMENT_TRACING_CATEGORY_FILAMENT, "GLThread (CPI x10)", counters.getCPI() * 10);
-            FILAMENT_TRACING_VALUE(FILAMENT_TRACING_CATEGORY_FILAMENT, "GLThread (BPU miss)", counters.getBranchMisses());
-            FILAMENT_TRACING_VALUE(FILAMENT_TRACING_CATEGORY_FILAMENT, "GLThread (I / BPU miss)",
+            SYSTRACE_CONTEXT();
+            SYSTRACE_VALUE32("GLThread (I)", counters.getInstructions());
+            SYSTRACE_VALUE32("GLThread (C)", counters.getCpuCycles());
+            SYSTRACE_VALUE32("GLThread (CPI x10)", counters.getCPI() * 10);
+            SYSTRACE_VALUE32("GLThread (BPU miss)", counters.getBranchMisses());
+            SYSTRACE_VALUE32("GLThread (I / BPU miss)",
                    counters.getInstructions() / counters.getBranchMisses());
        }
    }
@@ -20,9 +20,8 @@
 #include "private/backend/Driver.h"
 #include "private/backend/CommandStream.h"

-#include <private/utils/Tracing.h>
-
 #include <utils/compiler.h>
+#include <utils/Systrace.h>

 #include <utility>

@@ -39,7 +38,7 @@
 #if DEBUG_LEVEL == DEBUG_LEVEL_NONE
 #   define SYSTRACE()
 #elif DEBUG_LEVEL == DEBUG_LEVEL_SYSTRACE
-#   define SYSTRACE() FILAMENT_TRACING_CALL(FILAMENT_TRACING_CATEGORY_FILAMENT);
+#   define SYSTRACE() SYSTRACE_CALL();
 #else
 #   error "invalid debug level"
 #endif
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@

 #include "CompilerThreadPool.h"

-#include <private/utils/Tracing.h>
+#include <utils/Systrace.h>

 #include <memory>

@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ void CompilerThreadPool::init(uint32_t threadCount,

    for (size_t i = 0; i < threadCount; i++) {
        mCompilerThreads.emplace_back([this, setup, cleanup]() {
-            FILAMENT_TRACING_CONTEXT(FILAMENT_TRACING_CATEGORY_FILAMENT);
+            SYSTRACE_CONTEXT();

            (*setup)();

@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ void CompilerThreadPool::init(uint32_t threadCount,
                                    [](auto&& q) { return q.empty(); }));
                });

-                FILAMENT_TRACING_VALUE(FILAMENT_TRACING_CATEGORY_FILAMENT, "CompilerThreadPool Jobs",
+                SYSTRACE_VALUE32("CompilerThreadPool Jobs",
                        mQueues[0].size() + mQueues[1].size());

                if (UTILS_LIKELY(!mExitRequested)) {
@@ -23,12 +23,11 @@
 #include <backend/BufferDescriptor.h>
 #include <backend/DriverEnums.h>

-#include <private/utils/Tracing.h>
-
 #include <utils/compiler.h>
 #include <utils/debug.h>
 #include <utils/Log.h>
 #include <utils/ostream.h>
+#include <utils/Systrace.h>

 #include <math/half.h>
 #include <math/vec2.h>
@@ -152,31 +151,30 @@ void DriverBase::debugCommandBegin(CommandStream* cmds, bool synchronous, const
            utils::slog.d << methodName << utils::io::endl;
        }
        if constexpr (bool(FILAMENT_DEBUG_COMMANDS & FILAMENT_DEBUG_COMMANDS_SYSTRACE)) {
-            FILAMENT_TRACING_CONTEXT(FILAMENT_TRACING_CATEGORY_FILAMENT);
-            FILAMENT_TRACING_NAME_BEGIN(FILAMENT_TRACING_CATEGORY_FILAMENT, methodName);
+            SYSTRACE_CONTEXT();
+            SYSTRACE_NAME_BEGIN(methodName);

            if (!synchronous) {
                cmds->queueCommand([=]() {
-                    FILAMENT_TRACING_CONTEXT(FILAMENT_TRACING_CATEGORY_FILAMENT);
-                    FILAMENT_TRACING_NAME_BEGIN(FILAMENT_TRACING_CATEGORY_FILAMENT, methodName);
+                    SYSTRACE_CONTEXT();
+                    SYSTRACE_NAME_BEGIN(methodName);
                });
            }
        }
    }
 }

-void DriverBase::debugCommandEnd(CommandStream* cmds, bool synchronous,
-        const char* methodName) noexcept {
+void DriverBase::debugCommandEnd(CommandStream* cmds, bool synchronous, const char* methodName) noexcept {
    if constexpr (bool(FILAMENT_DEBUG_COMMANDS > FILAMENT_DEBUG_COMMANDS_NONE)) {
        if constexpr (bool(FILAMENT_DEBUG_COMMANDS & FILAMENT_DEBUG_COMMANDS_SYSTRACE)) {
            if (!synchronous) {
                cmds->queueCommand([]() {
-                    FILAMENT_TRACING_CONTEXT(FILAMENT_TRACING_CATEGORY_FILAMENT);
-                    FILAMENT_TRACING_NAME_END(FILAMENT_TRACING_CATEGORY_FILAMENT);
+                    SYSTRACE_CONTEXT();
+                    SYSTRACE_NAME_END();
                });
            }
-            FILAMENT_TRACING_CONTEXT(FILAMENT_TRACING_CATEGORY_FILAMENT);
-            FILAMENT_TRACING_NAME_END(FILAMENT_TRACING_CATEGORY_FILAMENT);
+            SYSTRACE_CONTEXT();
+            SYSTRACE_NAME_END();
        }
    }
 }
@@ -16,8 +16,7 @@

 #include <private/backend/PlatformFactory.h>

-#include <private/utils/Tracing.h>
-
+#include <utils/Systrace.h>
 #include <utils/debug.h>

 // We need to keep this up top for the linux (X11) name collisions.
@@ -86,7 +85,7 @@ namespace filament::backend {
 // responsible for destroying it. Initialization of the backend API is deferred until
 // createDriver(). The passed-in backend hint is replaced with the resolved backend.
 Platform* PlatformFactory::create(Backend* backend) noexcept {
-    FILAMENT_TRACING_CALL(FILAMENT_TRACING_CATEGORY_FILAMENT);
+    SYSTRACE_CALL();
    assert_invariant(backend);

 #if defined(__ANDROID__)
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 #ifndef TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_SYSTRACEPROFILE_H
 #define TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_SYSTRACEPROFILE_H

-#include <private/utils/Tracing.h>
+#include <utils/Systrace.h>

 #define PROFILE_SCOPE(marker)       SYSTRACE_NAME(marker)

@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ JavaVM* VirtualMachineEnv::getVirtualMachine() {
 */
 UTILS_PUBLIC
 UTILS_NOINLINE
-jint VirtualMachineEnv::JNI_OnLoad(JavaVM* vm) {
+jint VirtualMachineEnv::JNI_OnLoad(JavaVM* vm) noexcept {
    std::lock_guard const lock(sLock);
    if (sVirtualMachine) {
        // It doesn't make sense for JNI_OnLoad() to be called more than once
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ VirtualMachineEnv& VirtualMachineEnv::get() noexcept {
 }

 UTILS_NOINLINE
-JNIEnv* VirtualMachineEnv::getThreadEnvironment() {
+JNIEnv* VirtualMachineEnv::getThreadEnvironment() noexcept {
    JavaVM* const vm = getVirtualMachine();
    JNIEnv* env = nullptr;
    jint const result = vm->GetEnv(reinterpret_cast<void**>(&env), JNI_VERSION_1_6);
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ VirtualMachineEnv::~VirtualMachineEnv() noexcept {
 }

 UTILS_NOINLINE
-JNIEnv* VirtualMachineEnv::getEnvironmentSlow() {
+JNIEnv* VirtualMachineEnv::getEnvironmentSlow() noexcept {
    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(mVirtualMachine)
            << "JNI_OnLoad() has not been called";

@@ -672,8 +672,22 @@ void MetalDriver::createTimerQueryR(Handle<HwTimerQuery> tqh, int) {
    // nothing to do, timer query was constructed in createTimerQueryS
 }

-UTILS_UNUSED
-static const char* toString(ShaderStageFlags flags) {
+const char* toString(DescriptorType type) {
+    switch (type) {
+        case DescriptorType::UNIFORM_BUFFER:
+            return "UNIFORM_BUFFER";
+        case DescriptorType::SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER:
+            return "SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER";
+        case DescriptorType::SAMPLER:
+            return "SAMPLER";
+        case DescriptorType::INPUT_ATTACHMENT:
+            return "INPUT_ATTACHMENT";
+        case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_EXTERNAL:
+            return "SAMPLER_EXTERNAL";
+    }
+}
+
+const char* toString(ShaderStageFlags flags) {
    std::vector<const char*> stages;
    if (any(flags & ShaderStageFlags::VERTEX)) {
        stages.push_back("VERTEX");
@@ -1356,31 +1356,7 @@ id<MTLArgumentEncoder> MetalDescriptorSetLayout::getArgumentEncoderSlow(id<MTLDe
                [arguments addObject:bufferArgument];
                break;
            }
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_FLOAT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_INT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_UINT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_DEPTH:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_ARRAY_FLOAT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_ARRAY_INT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_ARRAY_UINT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_ARRAY_DEPTH:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_CUBE_FLOAT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_CUBE_INT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_CUBE_UINT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_CUBE_DEPTH:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_CUBE_ARRAY_FLOAT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_CUBE_ARRAY_INT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_CUBE_ARRAY_UINT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_CUBE_ARRAY_DEPTH:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_3D_FLOAT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_3D_INT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_3D_UINT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_MS_FLOAT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_MS_INT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_MS_UINT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_MS_ARRAY_FLOAT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_MS_ARRAY_INT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_MS_ARRAY_UINT:
+            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER:
            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_EXTERNAL: {
                MTLArgumentDescriptor* textureArgument = [MTLArgumentDescriptor argumentDescriptor];
                textureArgument.index = binding.binding * 2;
@@ -1502,31 +1478,7 @@ id<MTLBuffer> MetalDescriptorSet::finalizeAndGetBuffer(MetalDriver* driver, Shad
                           atIndex:binding.binding * 2];
                break;
            }
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_FLOAT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_INT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_UINT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_DEPTH:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_ARRAY_FLOAT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_ARRAY_INT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_ARRAY_UINT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_ARRAY_DEPTH:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_CUBE_FLOAT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_CUBE_INT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_CUBE_UINT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_CUBE_DEPTH:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_CUBE_ARRAY_FLOAT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_CUBE_ARRAY_INT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_CUBE_ARRAY_UINT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_CUBE_ARRAY_DEPTH:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_3D_FLOAT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_3D_INT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_3D_UINT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_MS_FLOAT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_MS_INT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_MS_UINT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_MS_ARRAY_FLOAT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_MS_ARRAY_INT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_MS_ARRAY_UINT:
+            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER:
            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_EXTERNAL: {
                auto found = textures.find(binding.binding);
                if (found == textures.end()) {
@@ -69,8 +69,9 @@ public:
        assert_invariant(set < MAX_DESCRIPTOR_SET_COUNT);
        assert_invariant(binding < MAX_DESCRIPTOR_COUNT);
        assert_invariant(entry.binding < 128); // we reserve 1 bit for the type right now
-        mStorage[set][binding] = { uint8_t(entry.binding),
-                                   DescriptorSetLayoutBinding::isSampler(entry.type) };
+        mStorage[set][binding] = { (uint8_t)entry.binding,
+                                   entry.type == DescriptorType::SAMPLER ||
+                                   entry.type == DescriptorType::SAMPLER_EXTERNAL };
        mActiveDescriptors[set].set(binding);
    }

@@ -95,32 +95,7 @@ GLDescriptorSet::GLDescriptorSet(OpenGLContext& gl, DescriptorSetLayoutHandle ds
                }
                break;
            }
-
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_FLOAT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_INT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_UINT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_DEPTH:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_ARRAY_FLOAT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_ARRAY_INT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_ARRAY_UINT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_ARRAY_DEPTH:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_CUBE_FLOAT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_CUBE_INT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_CUBE_UINT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_CUBE_DEPTH:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_CUBE_ARRAY_FLOAT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_CUBE_ARRAY_INT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_CUBE_ARRAY_UINT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_CUBE_ARRAY_DEPTH:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_3D_FLOAT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_3D_INT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_3D_UINT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_MS_FLOAT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_MS_INT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_MS_UINT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_MS_ARRAY_FLOAT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_MS_ARRAY_INT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_MS_ARRAY_UINT:
+            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER:
            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_EXTERNAL:
                if (UTILS_UNLIKELY(gl.isES2())) {
                    desc.emplace<SamplerGLES2>();
@@ -162,11 +137,8 @@ void GLDescriptorSet::update(OpenGLContext&,
    }, descriptors[binding].desc);
 }

-void GLDescriptorSet::update(OpenGLContext& gl, HandleAllocatorGL& handleAllocator,
-        descriptor_binding_t binding, TextureHandle th, SamplerParams params) noexcept {
-
-    GLTexture* t = th ? handleAllocator.handle_cast<GLTexture*>(th) : nullptr;
-
+void GLDescriptorSet::update(OpenGLContext& gl,
+        descriptor_binding_t binding, GLTexture* t, SamplerParams params) noexcept {
    assert_invariant(binding < descriptors.size());
    std::visit([=, &gl](auto&& arg) mutable {
        using T = std::decay_t<decltype(arg)>;
@@ -199,12 +171,20 @@ void GLDescriptorSet::update(OpenGLContext& gl, HandleAllocatorGL& handleAllocat
                }
            }

-            arg.handle = th;
+            arg.target = t ? t->gl.target : 0;
+            arg.id = t ? t->gl.id : 0;
+            arg.external = t ? t->gl.external :  false;
            if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, Sampler> ||
                          std::is_same_v<T, SamplerWithAnisotropyWorkaround>) {
                if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, SamplerWithAnisotropyWorkaround>) {
                    arg.anisotropy = float(1u << params.anisotropyLog2);
                }
+                if (t) {
+                    arg.ref = t->ref;
+                    arg.baseLevel = t->gl.baseLevel;
+                    arg.maxLevel = t->gl.maxLevel;
+                    arg.swizzle = t->gl.swizzle;
+                }
 #ifndef FILAMENT_SILENCE_NOT_SUPPORTED_BY_ES2
                arg.sampler = gl.getSampler(params);
 #else
@@ -220,39 +200,39 @@ void GLDescriptorSet::update(OpenGLContext& gl, HandleAllocatorGL& handleAllocat
    }, descriptors[binding].desc);
 }

+template<typename T>
 void GLDescriptorSet::updateTextureView(OpenGLContext& gl,
-        HandleAllocatorGL& handleAllocator, GLuint unit, GLTexture const* t) noexcept {
+        HandleAllocatorGL& handleAllocator, GLuint unit, T const& desc) noexcept {
    // The common case is that we don't have a ref handle (we only have one if
    // the texture ever had a View on it).
-    assert_invariant(t);
-    assert_invariant(t->ref);
-    GLTextureRef* const ref = handleAllocator.handle_cast<GLTextureRef*>(t->ref);
-    if (UTILS_UNLIKELY((t->gl.baseLevel != ref->baseLevel || t->gl.maxLevel != ref->maxLevel))) {
+    assert_invariant(desc.ref);
+    GLTextureRef* const ref = handleAllocator.handle_cast<GLTextureRef*>(desc.ref);
+    if (UTILS_UNLIKELY((desc.baseLevel != ref->baseLevel || desc.maxLevel != ref->maxLevel))) {
        // If we have views, then it's still uncommon that we'll switch often
        // handle the case where we reset to the original texture
-        GLint baseLevel = GLint(t->gl.baseLevel); // NOLINT(*-signed-char-misuse)
-        GLint maxLevel = GLint(t->gl.maxLevel); // NOLINT(*-signed-char-misuse)
+        GLint baseLevel = GLint(desc.baseLevel); // NOLINT(*-signed-char-misuse)
+        GLint maxLevel = GLint(desc.maxLevel); // NOLINT(*-signed-char-misuse)
        if (baseLevel > maxLevel) {
            baseLevel = 0;
            maxLevel = 1000; // per OpenGL spec
        }
        // that is very unfortunate that we have to call activeTexture here
        gl.activeTexture(unit);
-        glTexParameteri(t->gl.target, GL_TEXTURE_BASE_LEVEL, baseLevel);
-        glTexParameteri(t->gl.target, GL_TEXTURE_MAX_LEVEL,  maxLevel);
-        ref->baseLevel = t->gl.baseLevel;
-        ref->maxLevel = t->gl.maxLevel;
+        glTexParameteri(desc.target, GL_TEXTURE_BASE_LEVEL, baseLevel);
+        glTexParameteri(desc.target, GL_TEXTURE_MAX_LEVEL,  maxLevel);
+        ref->baseLevel = desc.baseLevel;
+        ref->maxLevel = desc.maxLevel;
    }
-    if (UTILS_UNLIKELY(t->gl.swizzle != ref->swizzle)) {
+    if (UTILS_UNLIKELY(desc.swizzle != ref->swizzle)) {
        using namespace GLUtils;
        gl.activeTexture(unit);
 #if !defined(__EMSCRIPTEN__)  && !defined(FILAMENT_SILENCE_NOT_SUPPORTED_BY_ES2)
-        glTexParameteri(t->gl.target, GL_TEXTURE_SWIZZLE_R, (GLint)getSwizzleChannel(t->gl.swizzle[0]));
-        glTexParameteri(t->gl.target, GL_TEXTURE_SWIZZLE_G, (GLint)getSwizzleChannel(t->gl.swizzle[1]));
-        glTexParameteri(t->gl.target, GL_TEXTURE_SWIZZLE_B, (GLint)getSwizzleChannel(t->gl.swizzle[2]));
-        glTexParameteri(t->gl.target, GL_TEXTURE_SWIZZLE_A, (GLint)getSwizzleChannel(t->gl.swizzle[3]));
+        glTexParameteri(desc.target, GL_TEXTURE_SWIZZLE_R, (GLint)getSwizzleChannel(desc.swizzle[0]));
+        glTexParameteri(desc.target, GL_TEXTURE_SWIZZLE_G, (GLint)getSwizzleChannel(desc.swizzle[1]));
+        glTexParameteri(desc.target, GL_TEXTURE_SWIZZLE_B, (GLint)getSwizzleChannel(desc.swizzle[2]));
+        glTexParameteri(desc.target, GL_TEXTURE_SWIZZLE_A, (GLint)getSwizzleChannel(desc.swizzle[3]));
 #endif
-        ref->swizzle = t->gl.swizzle;
+        ref->swizzle = desc.swizzle;
    }
 }

@@ -305,31 +285,27 @@ void GLDescriptorSet::bind(
                }
            } else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, Sampler>) {
                GLuint const unit = p.getTextureUnit(set, binding);
-
-
-                if (arg.handle) {
-                    GLTexture const* const t = handleAllocator.handle_cast<GLTexture*>(arg.handle);
-                    gl.bindTexture(unit, t->gl.target, t->gl.id, t->gl.external);
+                if (arg.target) {
+                    gl.bindTexture(unit, arg.target, arg.id, arg.external);
                    gl.bindSampler(unit, arg.sampler);
-                    if (UTILS_UNLIKELY(t->ref)) {
-                        updateTextureView(gl, handleAllocator, unit, t);
+                    if (UTILS_UNLIKELY(arg.ref)) {
+                        updateTextureView(gl, handleAllocator, unit, arg);
                    }
                } else {
                    gl.unbindTextureUnit(unit);
                }
            } else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, SamplerWithAnisotropyWorkaround>) {
                GLuint const unit = p.getTextureUnit(set, binding);
-                if (arg.handle) {
-                    GLTexture const* const t = handleAllocator.handle_cast<GLTexture*>(arg.handle);
-                    gl.bindTexture(unit, t->gl.target, t->gl.id, t->gl.external);
+                if (arg.target) {
+                    gl.bindTexture(unit, arg.target, arg.id, arg.external);
                    gl.bindSampler(unit, arg.sampler);
-                    if (UTILS_UNLIKELY(t->ref)) {
-                        updateTextureView(gl, handleAllocator, unit, t);
+                    if (UTILS_UNLIKELY(arg.ref)) {
+                        updateTextureView(gl, handleAllocator, unit, arg);
                    }
 #if defined(GL_EXT_texture_filter_anisotropic)
                    // Driver claims to support anisotropic filtering, but it fails when set on
                    // the sampler, we have to set it on the texture instead.
-                    glTexParameterf(t->gl.target, GL_TEXTURE_MAX_ANISOTROPY_EXT,
+                    glTexParameterf(arg.target, GL_TEXTURE_MAX_ANISOTROPY_EXT,
                            std::min(gl.gets.max_anisotropy, float(arg.anisotropy)));
 #endif
                } else {
@@ -338,20 +314,19 @@ void GLDescriptorSet::bind(
            } else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, SamplerGLES2>) {
                // in ES2 the sampler parameters need to be set on the texture itself
                GLuint const unit = p.getTextureUnit(set, binding);
-                if (arg.handle) {
-                    GLTexture const* const t = handleAllocator.handle_cast<GLTexture*>(arg.handle);
-                    gl.bindTexture(unit, t->gl.target, t->gl.id, t->gl.external);
+                if (arg.target) {
+                    gl.bindTexture(unit, arg.target, arg.id, arg.external);
                    SamplerParams const params = arg.params;
-                    glTexParameteri(t->gl.target, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER,
+                    glTexParameteri(arg.target, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER,
                            (GLint)GLUtils::getTextureFilter(params.filterMin));
-                    glTexParameteri(t->gl.target, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER,
+                    glTexParameteri(arg.target, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER,
                            (GLint)GLUtils::getTextureFilter(params.filterMag));
-                    glTexParameteri(t->gl.target, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S,
+                    glTexParameteri(arg.target, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S,
                            (GLint)GLUtils::getWrapMode(params.wrapS));
-                    glTexParameteri(t->gl.target, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T,
+                    glTexParameteri(arg.target, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T,
                            (GLint)GLUtils::getWrapMode(params.wrapT));
 #if defined(GL_EXT_texture_filter_anisotropic)
-                    glTexParameterf(t->gl.target, GL_TEXTURE_MAX_ANISOTROPY_EXT,
+                    glTexParameterf(arg.target, GL_TEXTURE_MAX_ANISOTROPY_EXT,
                            std::min(gl.gets.max_anisotropy, arg.anisotropy));
 #endif
                } else {
@@ -59,8 +59,8 @@ struct GLDescriptorSet : public HwDescriptorSet {
            descriptor_binding_t binding, GLBufferObject* bo, size_t offset, size_t size) noexcept;

    // update a sampler descriptor in the set
-    void update(OpenGLContext& gl, HandleAllocatorGL& handleAllocator,
-            descriptor_binding_t binding, TextureHandle th, SamplerParams params) noexcept;
+    void update(OpenGLContext& gl,
+            descriptor_binding_t binding, GLTexture* t, SamplerParams params) noexcept;

    // conceptually bind the set to the command buffer
    void bind(
@@ -111,19 +111,46 @@ private:

    // A sampler descriptor
    struct Sampler {
-        TextureHandle handle;                   // 4
+        uint16_t target;                        // 2 (GLenum)
+        bool external = false;                  // 1
+        bool reserved = false;                  // 1
+        GLuint id = 0;                          // 4
        GLuint sampler = 0;                     // 4
+        Handle<GLTextureRef> ref;               // 4
+        int8_t baseLevel = 0x7f;                // 1
+        int8_t maxLevel = -1;                   // 1
+        std::array<TextureSwizzle, 4> swizzle{  // 4
+                TextureSwizzle::CHANNEL_0,
+                TextureSwizzle::CHANNEL_1,
+                TextureSwizzle::CHANNEL_2,
+                TextureSwizzle::CHANNEL_3
+        };
    };

    struct SamplerWithAnisotropyWorkaround {
-        TextureHandle handle;                   // 4
+        uint16_t target;                        // 2 (GLenum)
+        bool external = false;                  // 1
+        bool reserved = false;                  // 1
+        GLuint id = 0;                          // 4
        GLuint sampler = 0;                     // 4
+        Handle<GLTextureRef> ref;               // 4
        math::half anisotropy = 1.0f;           // 2
+        int8_t baseLevel = 0x7f;                // 1
+        int8_t maxLevel = -1;                   // 1
+        std::array<TextureSwizzle, 4> swizzle{  // 4
+                TextureSwizzle::CHANNEL_0,
+                TextureSwizzle::CHANNEL_1,
+                TextureSwizzle::CHANNEL_2,
+                TextureSwizzle::CHANNEL_3
+        };
    };

    // A sampler descriptor for ES2
    struct SamplerGLES2 {
-        TextureHandle handle;                   // 4
+        uint16_t target;                        // 2 (GLenum)
+        bool external = false;                  // 1
+        bool reserved = false;                  // 1
+        GLuint id = 0;                          // 4
        SamplerParams params{};                 // 4
        float anisotropy = 1.0f;                // 4
    };
@@ -138,8 +165,9 @@ private:
    };
    static_assert(sizeof(Descriptor) <= 32);

+    template<typename T>
    static void updateTextureView(OpenGLContext& gl,
-            HandleAllocatorGL& handleAllocator, GLuint unit, GLTexture const* t) noexcept;
+            HandleAllocatorGL& handleAllocator, GLuint unit, T const& desc) noexcept;

    utils::FixedCapacityVector<Descriptor> descriptors;     // 16
    utils::bitset64 dynamicBuffers;                         // 8
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 #include <backend/Platform.h>
 #include <backend/Program.h>

-#include <private/utils/Tracing.h>
+#include <utils/Systrace.h>

 namespace filament::backend {

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ OpenGLBlobCache::OpenGLBlobCache(OpenGLContext& gl) noexcept

 GLuint OpenGLBlobCache::retrieve(BlobCacheKey* outKey, Platform& platform,
        Program const& program) const noexcept {
-    FILAMENT_TRACING_CALL(FILAMENT_TRACING_CATEGORY_FILAMENT);
+    SYSTRACE_CALL();
    if (!mCachingSupported || !platform.hasRetrieveBlobFunc()) {
        // the key is never updated in that case
        return 0;
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ GLuint OpenGLBlobCache::retrieve(BlobCacheKey* outKey, Platform& platform,
        programId = glCreateProgram();

        { // scope for systrace
-            FILAMENT_TRACING_NAME(FILAMENT_TRACING_CATEGORY_FILAMENT, "glProgramBinary");
+            SYSTRACE_NAME("glProgramBinary");
            glProgramBinary(programId, blob->format, blob->data, programBinarySize);
        }

@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ GLuint OpenGLBlobCache::retrieve(BlobCacheKey* outKey, Platform& platform,

 void OpenGLBlobCache::insert(Platform& platform,
        BlobCacheKey const& key, GLuint program) noexcept {
-    FILAMENT_TRACING_CALL(FILAMENT_TRACING_CATEGORY_FILAMENT);
+    SYSTRACE_CALL();
    if (!mCachingSupported || !platform.hasInsertBlobFunc()) {
        // the key is never updated in that case
        return;
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ void OpenGLBlobCache::insert(Platform& platform,
    GLenum format;
    GLint programBinarySize = 0;
    { // scope for systrace
-        FILAMENT_TRACING_NAME(FILAMENT_TRACING_CATEGORY_FILAMENT, "glGetProgramiv");
+        SYSTRACE_NAME("glGetProgramiv");
        glGetProgramiv(program, GL_PROGRAM_BINARY_LENGTH, &programBinarySize);
    }
    if (programBinarySize) {
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ void OpenGLBlobCache::insert(Platform& platform,
        std::unique_ptr<Blob, decltype(&::free)> blob{ (Blob*)malloc(size), &::free };
        if (UTILS_LIKELY(blob)) {
            { // scope for systrace
-                FILAMENT_TRACING_NAME(FILAMENT_TRACING_CATEGORY_FILAMENT, "glGetProgramBinary");
+                SYSTRACE_NAME("glGetProgramBinary");
                glGetProgramBinary(program, programBinarySize,
                        &programBinarySize, &format, blob->data);
            }
@@ -44,8 +44,6 @@
 #include "private/backend/Dispatcher.h"
 #include "private/backend/DriverApi.h"

-#include <private/utils/Tracing.h>
-
 #include <type_traits>
 #include <utils/BitmaskEnum.h>
 #include <utils/FixedCapacityVector.h>
@@ -53,6 +51,7 @@
 #include <utils/Invocable.h>
 #include <utils/Log.h>
 #include <utils/Panic.h>
+#include <utils/Systrace.h>
 #include <utils/Slice.h>
 #include <utils/compiler.h>
 #include <utils/debug.h>
@@ -99,13 +98,13 @@

 #define DEBUG_GROUP_MARKER_NONE       0x00    // no debug marker
 #define DEBUG_GROUP_MARKER_OPENGL     0x01    // markers in the gl command queue (req. driver support)
-#define DEBUG_GROUP_MARKER_BACKEND    0x02    // markers on the backend side (perfetto)
+#define DEBUG_GROUP_MARKER_BACKEND    0x02    // markers on the backend side (systrace)
 #define DEBUG_GROUP_MARKER_ALL        0xFF    // all markers

 #define DEBUG_MARKER_NONE             0x00    // no debug marker
 #define DEBUG_MARKER_OPENGL           0x01    // markers in the gl command queue (req. driver support)
-#define DEBUG_MARKER_BACKEND          0x02    // markers on the backend side (perfetto)
-#define DEBUG_MARKER_PROFILE          0x04    // profiling on the backend side (perfetto)
+#define DEBUG_MARKER_BACKEND          0x02    // markers on the backend side (systrace)
+#define DEBUG_MARKER_PROFILE          0x04    // profiling on the backend side (systrace)
 #define DEBUG_MARKER_ALL              (0xFF & ~DEBUG_MARKER_PROFILE) // all markers

 // set to the desired debug marker level (for user markers [default: All])
@@ -249,8 +248,8 @@ OpenGLDriver::DebugMarker::DebugMarker(OpenGLDriver& driver, const char* string)
 #endif

 #if DEBUG_MARKER_LEVEL & DEBUG_MARKER_BACKEND
-    FILAMENT_TRACING_CONTEXT(FILAMENT_TRACING_CATEGORY_FILAMENT);
-    FILAMENT_TRACING_NAME_BEGIN(FILAMENT_TRACING_CATEGORY_FILAMENT, string);
+    SYSTRACE_CONTEXT();
+    SYSTRACE_NAME_BEGIN(string);
 #endif
 #endif
 }
@@ -266,8 +265,8 @@ OpenGLDriver::DebugMarker::~DebugMarker() noexcept {
 #endif

 #if DEBUG_MARKER_LEVEL & DEBUG_MARKER_BACKEND
-    FILAMENT_TRACING_CONTEXT(FILAMENT_TRACING_CATEGORY_FILAMENT);
-    FILAMENT_TRACING_NAME_END(FILAMENT_TRACING_CATEGORY_FILAMENT);
+    SYSTRACE_CONTEXT();
+    SYSTRACE_NAME_END();
 #endif
 #endif
 }
@@ -932,12 +931,7 @@ void OpenGLDriver::createTextureR(Handle<HwTexture> th, SamplerType target, uint
 #if defined(BACKEND_OPENGL_LEVEL_GLES31)
                if (gl.features.multisample_texture) {
                    // multi-sample texture on GL 3.2 / GLES 3.1 and above
-                    if (depth <= 1) {
-                        // We forcibly change the target to 2D-multisample only for flat texture.
-                        // A depth value greater than 1 may indicate multiview usage, which requires
-                        // GL_TEXTURE_2D_ARRAY. Also 2D MSAA won't work with non-flat texture anyway.
-                        t->gl.target = GL_TEXTURE_2D_MULTISAMPLE;
-                    }
+                    t->gl.target = GL_TEXTURE_2D_MULTISAMPLE;
                } else {
                    // Turn off multi-sampling for that texture. It's just not supported.
                }
@@ -1213,12 +1207,7 @@ void OpenGLDriver::importTextureR(Handle<HwTexture> th, intptr_t id,
 #if defined(BACKEND_OPENGL_LEVEL_GLES31)
        if (gl.features.multisample_texture) {
            // multi-sample texture on GL 3.2 / GLES 3.1 and above
-            if (depth <= 1) {
-                // We forcibly change the target to 2D-multisample only for flat texture.
-                // A depth value greater than 1 may indicate multiview usage, which requires
-                // GL_TEXTURE_2D_ARRAY. Also 2D MSAA won't work with non-flat texture anyway.
-                t->gl.target = GL_TEXTURE_2D_MULTISAMPLE;
-            }
+            t->gl.target = GL_TEXTURE_2D_MULTISAMPLE;
        } else {
            // Turn off multi-sampling for that texture. It's just not supported.
        }
@@ -1463,15 +1452,8 @@ void OpenGLDriver::framebufferTexture(TargetBufferInfo const& binfo,
 #if !defined(__EMSCRIPTEN__) && !defined(FILAMENT_IOS)
                if (layerCount > 1) {
                    // if layerCount > 1, it means we use the multiview extension.
-                    if (rt->gl.samples > 1) {
-                        // For MSAA
-                        glFramebufferTextureMultisampleMultiviewOVR(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, attachment,
-                                t->gl.id, 0, rt->gl.samples, binfo.layer, layerCount);
-                    }
-                    else {
-                        glFramebufferTextureMultiviewOVR(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, attachment, t->gl.id, 0,
-                                binfo.layer, layerCount);
-                    }
+                    glFramebufferTextureMultiviewOVR(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, attachment,
+                        t->gl.id, 0, binfo.layer, layerCount);
                } else
 #endif // !defined(__EMSCRIPTEN__) && !defined(FILAMENT_IOS)
                {
@@ -2531,33 +2513,10 @@ void OpenGLDriver::makeCurrent(Handle<HwSwapChain> schDraw, Handle<HwSwapChain>

    mPlatform.makeCurrent(scDraw->swapChain, scRead->swapChain,
            [this]() {
-                for (auto t: mTexturesWithStreamsAttached) {
-                    if (t->hwStream->streamType == StreamType::NATIVE) {
-                        mPlatform.detach(t->hwStream->stream);
-                    }
-                }
                // OpenGL context is about to change, unbind everything
                mContext.unbindEverything();
            },
            [this](size_t index) {
-                for (auto t: mTexturesWithStreamsAttached) {
-                    if (t->hwStream->streamType == StreamType::NATIVE) {
-                        if (t->externalTexture) {
-                            glGenTextures(1, &t->externalTexture->id);
-                            t->gl.id = t->externalTexture->id;
-                        } else {
-                            glGenTextures(1, &t->gl.id);
-                        }
-                        mPlatform.attach(t->hwStream->stream, t->gl.id);
-                        mContext.updateTexImage(GL_TEXTURE_EXTERNAL_OES, t->gl.id);
-                    }
-                }
-
-                // force invalidation of all bound descriptor sets
-                decltype(mInvalidDescriptorSetBindings) changed;
-                changed.setValue((1 << MAX_DESCRIPTOR_SET_COUNT) - 1);
-                mInvalidDescriptorSetBindings |= changed;
-
                // OpenGL context has changed, resynchronize the state with the cache
                mContext.synchronizeStateAndCache(index);
                slog.d << "*** OpenGL context change : " << (index ? "protected" : "default") << io::endl;
@@ -3032,7 +2991,6 @@ void OpenGLDriver::attachStream(GLTexture* t, GLStream* hwStream) noexcept {
    switch (hwStream->streamType) {
        case StreamType::NATIVE:
            mPlatform.attach(hwStream->stream, t->gl.id);
-            mContext.updateTexImage(GL_TEXTURE_EXTERNAL_OES, t->gl.id);
            break;
        case StreamType::ACQUIRED:
            break;
@@ -3061,12 +3019,7 @@ void OpenGLDriver::detachStream(GLTexture* t) noexcept {
            break;
    }

-    if (t->externalTexture) {
-        glGenTextures(1, &t->externalTexture->id);
-        t->gl.id = t->externalTexture->id;
-    } else {
-        glGenTextures(1, &t->gl.id);
-    }
+    glGenTextures(1, &t->gl.id);

    t->hwStream = nullptr;
 }
@@ -3090,14 +3043,8 @@ void OpenGLDriver::replaceStream(GLTexture* texture, GLStream* newStream) noexce

    switch (newStream->streamType) {
        case StreamType::NATIVE:
-            if (texture->externalTexture) {
-                glGenTextures(1, &texture->externalTexture->id);
-                texture->gl.id = texture->externalTexture->id;
-            } else {
-                glGenTextures(1, &texture->gl.id);
-            }
+            glGenTextures(1, &texture->gl.id);
            mPlatform.attach(newStream->stream, texture->gl.id);
-            mContext.updateTexImage(GL_TEXTURE_EXTERNAL_OES, texture->gl.id);
            break;
        case StreamType::ACQUIRED:
            // Just re-use the old texture id.
@@ -3401,8 +3348,8 @@ void OpenGLDriver::pushGroupMarker(char const* string) {
 #endif

 #if DEBUG_GROUP_MARKER_LEVEL & DEBUG_GROUP_MARKER_BACKEND
-    FILAMENT_TRACING_CONTEXT(FILAMENT_TRACING_CATEGORY_FILAMENT);
-    FILAMENT_TRACING_NAME_BEGIN(FILAMENT_TRACING_CATEGORY_FILAMENT, string);
+    SYSTRACE_CONTEXT();
+    SYSTRACE_NAME_BEGIN(string);
 #endif
 #endif
 }
@@ -3418,8 +3365,8 @@ void OpenGLDriver::popGroupMarker(int) {
 #endif

 #if DEBUG_GROUP_MARKER_LEVEL & DEBUG_GROUP_MARKER_BACKEND
-    FILAMENT_TRACING_CONTEXT(FILAMENT_TRACING_CATEGORY_FILAMENT);
-    FILAMENT_TRACING_NAME_END(FILAMENT_TRACING_CATEGORY_FILAMENT);
+    SYSTRACE_CONTEXT();
+    SYSTRACE_NAME_END();
 #endif
 #endif
 }
@@ -3738,7 +3685,7 @@ void OpenGLDriver::endFrame(UTILS_UNUSED uint32_t frameId) {
    gl.depthFunc(GL_LESS);
    gl.disable(GL_SCISSOR_TEST);
 #endif
-    //FILAMENT_TRACING_NAME(FILAMENT_TRACING_CATEGORY_FILAMENT, "glFinish");
+    //SYSTRACE_NAME("glFinish");
    //glFinish();
    mPlatform.endFrame(frameId);
    insertEventMarker("endFrame");
@@ -3760,7 +3707,8 @@ void OpenGLDriver::updateDescriptorSetTexture(
        TextureHandle th,
        SamplerParams params) {
    GLDescriptorSet* ds = handle_cast<GLDescriptorSet*>(dsh);
-    ds->update(mContext, mHandleAllocator, binding, th, params);
+    GLTexture* t = th ? handle_cast<GLTexture*>(th) : nullptr;
+    ds->update(mContext, binding, t, params);
 }

 void OpenGLDriver::flush(int) {
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ utils::CString OpenGLPlatform::getRendererString(Driver const* driver) {
 }

 void OpenGLPlatform::makeCurrent(SwapChain* drawSwapChain, SwapChain* readSwapChain,
-        utils::Invocable<void()>, utils::Invocable<void(size_t)>) {
+        utils::Invocable<void()>, utils::Invocable<void(size_t)>) noexcept {
    makeCurrent(getCurrentContextType(), drawSwapChain, readSwapChain);
 }

@@ -25,13 +25,12 @@
 #include <backend/Program.h>
 #include <backend/Handle.h>

-#include <private/utils/Tracing.h>
-
 #include <utils/BitmaskEnum.h>
 #include <utils/compiler.h>
 #include <utils/debug.h>
 #include <utils/FixedCapacityVector.h>
 #include <utils/Log.h>
+#include <utils/Systrace.h>

 #include <algorithm>
 #include <array>
@@ -97,7 +96,8 @@ OpenGLProgram::~OpenGLProgram() noexcept {
 }

 void OpenGLProgram::initialize(OpenGLDriver& gld) {
-    FILAMENT_TRACING_CALL(FILAMENT_TRACING_CATEGORY_FILAMENT);
+
+    SYSTRACE_CALL();

    assert_invariant(gl.program == 0);
    assert_invariant(mToken);
@@ -122,7 +122,8 @@ void OpenGLProgram::initialize(OpenGLDriver& gld) {
 */
 void OpenGLProgram::initializeProgramState(OpenGLContext& context, GLuint program,
        LazyInitializationData& lazyInitializationData) noexcept {
-    FILAMENT_TRACING_CALL(FILAMENT_TRACING_CATEGORY_FILAMENT);
+
+    SYSTRACE_CALL();

    // from the pipeline layout we compute a mapping from {set, binding} to {binding}
    // for both buffers and textures
@@ -174,31 +175,7 @@ void OpenGLProgram::initializeProgramState(OpenGLContext& context, GLuint progra
                    }
                    break;
                }
-                case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_FLOAT:
-                case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_INT:
-                case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_UINT:
-                case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_DEPTH:
-                case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_ARRAY_FLOAT:
-                case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_ARRAY_INT:
-                case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_ARRAY_UINT:
-                case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_ARRAY_DEPTH:
-                case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_CUBE_FLOAT:
-                case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_CUBE_INT:
-                case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_CUBE_UINT:
-                case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_CUBE_DEPTH:
-                case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_CUBE_ARRAY_FLOAT:
-                case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_CUBE_ARRAY_INT:
-                case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_CUBE_ARRAY_UINT:
-                case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_CUBE_ARRAY_DEPTH:
-                case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_3D_FLOAT:
-                case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_3D_INT:
-                case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_3D_UINT:
-                case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_MS_FLOAT:
-                case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_MS_INT:
-                case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_MS_UINT:
-                case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_MS_ARRAY_FLOAT:
-                case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_MS_ARRAY_INT:
-                case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_MS_ARRAY_UINT:
+                case DescriptorType::SAMPLER:
                case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_EXTERNAL: {
                    if (!entry.name.empty()) {
                        GLint const loc = glGetUniformLocation(program, entry.name.c_str());
@@ -23,13 +23,12 @@
 #include <backend/platforms/OpenGLPlatform.h>
 #include <backend/DriverEnums.h>

-#include <private/utils/Tracing.h>
-
 #include <utils/compiler.h>
 #include <utils/debug.h>
 #include <utils/JobSystem.h>
 #include <utils/Log.h>
 #include <utils/Mutex.h>
+#include <utils/Systrace.h>

 #include <atomic>
 #include <memory>
@@ -241,8 +240,8 @@ void TimerQueryFenceFactory::beginTimeElapsedQuery(GLTimerQuery* tq) {
        if (state) {
            platform.waitFence(fence, FENCE_WAIT_FOR_EVER);
            state->then = clock::now().time_since_epoch().count();
-            FILAMENT_TRACING_CONTEXT(FILAMENT_TRACING_CATEGORY_FILAMENT);
-            FILAMENT_TRACING_ASYNC_BEGIN(FILAMENT_TRACING_CATEGORY_FILAMENT, "OpenGLTimerQueryFence", intptr_t(state.get()));
+            SYSTRACE_CONTEXT();
+            SYSTRACE_ASYNC_BEGIN("OpenGLTimerQueryFence", intptr_t(state.get()));
        }
        platform.destroyFence(fence);
    });
@@ -258,8 +257,8 @@ void TimerQueryFenceFactory::endTimeElapsedQuery(OpenGLDriver&, GLTimerQuery* tq
            platform.waitFence(fence, FENCE_WAIT_FOR_EVER);
            int64_t const now = clock::now().time_since_epoch().count();
            state->elapsed.store(now - state->then, std::memory_order_relaxed);
-            FILAMENT_TRACING_CONTEXT(FILAMENT_TRACING_CATEGORY_FILAMENT);
-            FILAMENT_TRACING_ASYNC_END(FILAMENT_TRACING_CATEGORY_FILAMENT, "OpenGLTimerQueryFence", intptr_t(state.get()));
+            SYSTRACE_CONTEXT();
+            SYSTRACE_ASYNC_END("OpenGLTimerQueryFence", intptr_t(state.get()));
        }
        platform.destroyFence(fence);
    });
@@ -23,14 +23,11 @@
 #include "OpenGLDriver.h"

 #include <iterator>
-#include <optional>
 #include <private/backend/BackendUtils.h>

 #include <backend/DriverEnums.h>
 #include <backend/Program.h>

-#include <private/utils/Tracing.h>
-
 #include <utils/compiler.h>
 #include <utils/CString.h>
 #include <utils/debug.h>
@@ -39,6 +36,7 @@
 #include <utils/Log.h>
 #include <utils/ostream.h>
 #include <utils/Panic.h>
+#include <utils/Systrace.h>

 #include <algorithm>
 #include <array>
@@ -111,17 +109,7 @@ struct ShaderCompilerService::OpenGLProgramToken : ProgramToken {
        cond.wait(l, [this] { return signaled; });
    }

-    // This is invoked upon token completion, which occurs after a successful `gl.program`
-    // population or upon cancellation. In either scenario, the callback handle must be submitted
-    // to notify the caller that resource loading has concluded.
-    void trySubmittingCallback() noexcept {
-        if (handle) {
-            compiler.submitCallbackHandle(*handle);
-            handle = std::nullopt;
-        }
-    }
-
-    std::optional<CallbackManager::Handle> handle{};
+    CallbackManager::Handle handle{};
    BlobCacheKey key;

    // Used for the `THREAD_POOL` mode.
@@ -131,7 +119,7 @@ struct ShaderCompilerService::OpenGLProgramToken : ProgramToken {
 };

 ShaderCompilerService::OpenGLProgramToken::~OpenGLProgramToken() {
-    trySubmittingCallback();
+    compiler.submitCallbackHandle(handle);
 }

 /* static */ void ShaderCompilerService::setUserData(const program_token_t& token,
@@ -350,7 +338,7 @@ GLuint ShaderCompilerService::getProgram(program_token_t& token) {

    // Cleanup the token.
    token->compiler.cancelTickOp(token);
-    token = nullptr; // This will try submitting a callback handle to the callback manager.
+    token = nullptr;// This will submit a callback condition (handle) to the callback manager.
 }

 void ShaderCompilerService::tick() {
@@ -379,7 +367,7 @@ void ShaderCompilerService::notifyWhenAllProgramsAreReady(

 GLuint ShaderCompilerService::initialize(program_token_t& token) {

-    FILAMENT_TRACING_CALL(FILAMENT_TRACING_CATEGORY_FILAMENT);
+    SYSTRACE_CALL();

    assert_invariant(token);// This function should be called when the token is still alive.

@@ -403,7 +391,7 @@ GLuint ShaderCompilerService::initialize(program_token_t& token) {

    // Cleanup the token.
    token->compiler.cancelTickOp(token);
-    token = nullptr;
+    token = nullptr;// This will submit a callback condition (handle) to the callback manager.

    return program;
 }
@@ -466,8 +454,8 @@ void ShaderCompilerService::runAtNextTick(CompilerPriorityQueue priority,
            });
    ops.emplace(pos, priority, token, std::move(job));

-    FILAMENT_TRACING_CONTEXT(FILAMENT_TRACING_CATEGORY_FILAMENT);
-    FILAMENT_TRACING_VALUE(FILAMENT_TRACING_CATEGORY_FILAMENT, "ShaderCompilerService Jobs", mRunAtNextTickOps.size());
+    SYSTRACE_CONTEXT();
+    SYSTRACE_VALUE32("ShaderCompilerService Jobs", mRunAtNextTickOps.size());
 }

 bool ShaderCompilerService::cancelTickOp(program_token_t const& token) noexcept {
@@ -480,8 +468,8 @@ bool ShaderCompilerService::cancelTickOp(program_token_t const& token) noexcept
        ops.erase(pos);
        return true;
    }
-    FILAMENT_TRACING_CONTEXT(FILAMENT_TRACING_CATEGORY_FILAMENT);
-    FILAMENT_TRACING_VALUE(FILAMENT_TRACING_CATEGORY_FILAMENT, "ShaderCompilerService Jobs", ops.size());
+    SYSTRACE_CONTEXT();
+    SYSTRACE_VALUE32("ShaderCompilerService Jobs", ops.size());
    return false;
 }

@@ -497,15 +485,15 @@ void ShaderCompilerService::executeTickOps() noexcept {
            ++it;
        }
    }
-    FILAMENT_TRACING_CONTEXT(FILAMENT_TRACING_CATEGORY_FILAMENT);
-    FILAMENT_TRACING_VALUE(FILAMENT_TRACING_CATEGORY_FILAMENT, "ShaderCompilerService Jobs", ops.size());
+    SYSTRACE_CONTEXT();
+    SYSTRACE_VALUE32("ShaderCompilerService Jobs", ops.size());
 }

 /* static */ void ShaderCompilerService::compileShaders(OpenGLContext& context,
        Program::ShaderSource shadersSource,
        FixedCapacityVector<Program::SpecializationConstant> const& specializationConstants,
        bool multiview, program_token_t const& token) noexcept {
-    FILAMENT_TRACING_CALL(FILAMENT_TRACING_CATEGORY_FILAMENT);
+    SYSTRACE_CALL();

    auto const appendSpecConstantString = +[](std::string& s, Program::SpecializationConstant const& sc) {
        s += "#define SPIRV_CROSS_CONSTANT_ID_" + std::to_string(sc.id) + ' ';
@@ -628,7 +616,7 @@ void ShaderCompilerService::executeTickOps() noexcept {
 }

 /* static */ void ShaderCompilerService::checkCompileStatus(program_token_t const& token) noexcept {
-    FILAMENT_TRACING_CALL(FILAMENT_TRACING_CATEGORY_FILAMENT);
+    SYSTRACE_CALL();

    UTILS_NOUNROLL
    for (size_t i = 0; i < Program::SHADER_TYPE_COUNT; i++) {
@@ -651,7 +639,7 @@ void ShaderCompilerService::executeTickOps() noexcept {

 /* static */ void ShaderCompilerService::linkProgram(OpenGLContext const& context,
        program_token_t const& token) noexcept {
-    FILAMENT_TRACING_CALL(FILAMENT_TRACING_CATEGORY_FILAMENT);
+    SYSTRACE_CALL();

    // Shader compilation should be completed by now. Check the status and log errors on failure.
    checkCompileStatus(token);
@@ -670,7 +658,6 @@ void ShaderCompilerService::executeTickOps() noexcept {
    }
    glLinkProgram(program);
    token->gl.program = program;
-    token->trySubmittingCallback();
 }

 /* static */ bool ShaderCompilerService::isLinkCompleted(program_token_t const& token) noexcept {
@@ -688,7 +675,7 @@ void ShaderCompilerService::executeTickOps() noexcept {

 /* static */ bool ShaderCompilerService::checkLinkStatusAndCleanupShaders(
        program_token_t const& token) noexcept {
-    FILAMENT_TRACING_CALL(FILAMENT_TRACING_CATEGORY_FILAMENT);
+    SYSTRACE_CALL();
    assert_invariant(token->gl.program);

    bool linked = true;
@@ -70,9 +70,6 @@ PFNGLMAXSHADERCOMPILERTHREADSKHRPROC glMaxShaderCompilerThreadsKHR;
 #ifdef GL_OVR_multiview
 PFNGLFRAMEBUFFERTEXTUREMULTIVIEWOVRPROC glFramebufferTextureMultiviewOVR;
 #endif
-#ifdef GL_OVR_multiview_multisampled_render_to_texture
-PFNGLFRAMEBUFFERTEXTUREMULTISAMPLEMULTIVIEWOVRPROC glFramebufferTextureMultisampleMultiviewOVR;
-#endif

 #if defined(__ANDROID__) && !defined(FILAMENT_SILENCE_NOT_SUPPORTED_BY_ES2)
 // On Android, If we want to support a build system less than ANDROID_API 21, we need to
@@ -126,9 +123,6 @@ void importGLESExtensionsEntryPoints() {
 #ifdef GL_OVR_multiview
        getProcAddress(glFramebufferTextureMultiviewOVR, "glFramebufferTextureMultiviewOVR");
 #endif
-#ifdef GL_OVR_multiview_multisampled_render_to_texture
-        getProcAddress(glFramebufferTextureMultisampleMultiviewOVR, "glFramebufferTextureMultisampleMultiviewOVR");
-#endif
 #if defined(__ANDROID__) && !defined(FILAMENT_SILENCE_NOT_SUPPORTED_BY_ES2)
        getProcAddress(glDispatchCompute, "glDispatchCompute");
 #endif
@@ -154,9 +154,6 @@ extern PFNGLMAXSHADERCOMPILERTHREADSKHRPROC glMaxShaderCompilerThreadsKHR;
 #ifdef GL_OVR_multiview
 extern PFNGLFRAMEBUFFERTEXTUREMULTIVIEWOVRPROC glFramebufferTextureMultiviewOVR;
 #endif
-#ifdef GL_OVR_multiview_multisampled_render_to_texture
-extern PFNGLFRAMEBUFFERTEXTUREMULTISAMPLEMULTIVIEWOVRPROC glFramebufferTextureMultisampleMultiviewOVR;
-#endif
 #if defined(__ANDROID__) && !defined(FILAMENT_SILENCE_NOT_SUPPORTED_BY_ES2)
 extern PFNGLDISPATCHCOMPUTEPROC glDispatchCompute;
 #endif
@@ -255,7 +255,7 @@ void PlatformCocoaGL::destroySwapChain(Platform::SwapChain* swapChain) noexcept
 }

 bool PlatformCocoaGL::makeCurrent(ContextType type, SwapChain* drawSwapChain,
-        SwapChain* readSwapChain) {
+        SwapChain* readSwapChain) noexcept {
    ASSERT_PRECONDITION_NON_FATAL(drawSwapChain == readSwapChain,
            "ContextManagerCocoa does not support using distinct draw/read swap chains.");
    CocoaGLSwapChain* swapChain = (CocoaGLSwapChain*)drawSwapChain;
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ uint32_t PlatformCocoaTouchGL::getDefaultFramebufferObject() noexcept {
 }

 bool PlatformCocoaTouchGL::makeCurrent(ContextType type, SwapChain* drawSwapChain,
-        SwapChain* readSwapChain) {
+        SwapChain* readSwapChain) noexcept {
    ASSERT_PRECONDITION_NON_FATAL(drawSwapChain == readSwapChain,
            "PlatformCocoaTouchGL does not support using distinct draw/read swap chains.");
    CAEAGLLayer* const glLayer = (__bridge CAEAGLLayer*) drawSwapChain;
@@ -577,18 +577,18 @@ OpenGLPlatform::ContextType PlatformEGL::getCurrentContextType() const noexcept
 }

 bool PlatformEGL::makeCurrent(ContextType type,
-        SwapChain* drawSwapChain, SwapChain* readSwapChain) {
+        SwapChain* drawSwapChain, SwapChain* readSwapChain) noexcept {
    SwapChainEGL const* const dsc = static_cast<SwapChainEGL const*>(drawSwapChain);
    SwapChainEGL const* const rsc = static_cast<SwapChainEGL const*>(readSwapChain);
    EGLContext context = getContextForType(type);
    EGLBoolean const success = egl.makeCurrent(context, dsc->sur, rsc->sur);
-    return success == EGL_TRUE;
+    return success == EGL_TRUE ? true : false;
 }

 void PlatformEGL::makeCurrent(SwapChain* drawSwapChain,
        SwapChain* readSwapChain,
        Invocable<void()> preContextChange,
-        Invocable<void(size_t index)> postContextChange) {
+        Invocable<void(size_t index)> postContextChange) noexcept {

    assert_invariant(drawSwapChain);
    assert_invariant(readSwapChain);
@@ -796,7 +796,7 @@ void PlatformEGL::Config::erase(EGLint name) noexcept {
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

 EGLBoolean PlatformEGL::EGL::makeCurrent(EGLContext context, EGLSurface drawSurface,
-        EGLSurface readSurface) {
+        EGLSurface readSurface) noexcept {
    if (UTILS_UNLIKELY((
            mCurrentContext != context ||
            drawSurface != mCurrentDrawSurface || readSurface != mCurrentReadSurface))) {
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ static constexpr const std::string_view kNativeWindowInvalidMsg =

 bool PlatformEGLAndroid::makeCurrent(ContextType type,
        SwapChain* drawSwapChain,
-        SwapChain* readSwapChain) {
+        SwapChain* readSwapChain) noexcept {

    // fast & safe path
    if (UTILS_LIKELY(!mAssertNativeWindowIsValid)) {
@@ -255,7 +255,6 @@ Platform::ExternalImageHandle PlatformEGLAndroid::createExternalImage(AHardwareB
        p->height = hardwareBufferDescription.height;
        p->width = hardwareBufferDescription.width;
        auto textureFormat = mapToFilamentFormat(hardwareBufferDescription.format, sRGB);
-        p->format = textureFormat;
        p->usage = mapToFilamentUsage(hardwareBufferDescription.usage, textureFormat);
        return ExternalImageHandle{ p };
    }
@@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ void PlatformGLX::destroySwapChain(Platform::SwapChain* swapChain) noexcept {
 }

 bool PlatformGLX::makeCurrent(ContextType type, SwapChain* drawSwapChain,
-        SwapChain* readSwapChain) {
+        SwapChain* readSwapChain) noexcept {
    g_glx.setCurrentContext(mGLXDisplay,
            (GLXDrawable)drawSwapChain, (GLXDrawable)readSwapChain, mGLXContext);
    return true;
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ void PlatformOSMesa::destroySwapChain(Platform::SwapChain* swapChain) noexcept {
 }

 bool PlatformOSMesa::makeCurrent(ContextType type, SwapChain* drawSwapChain,
-        SwapChain* readSwapChain) {
+        SwapChain* readSwapChain) noexcept {
    OSMesaAPI* api = (OSMesaAPI*) mOsMesaApi;
    OSMesaSwapchain* impl = (OSMesaSwapchain*) drawSwapChain;

@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ void PlatformWGL::destroySwapChain(Platform::SwapChain* swapChain) noexcept {
 }

 bool PlatformWGL::makeCurrent(ContextType type, SwapChain* drawSwapChain,
-        SwapChain* readSwapChain) {
+        SwapChain* readSwapChain) noexcept {
    ASSERT_PRECONDITION_NON_FATAL(drawSwapChain == readSwapChain,
                                  "PlatformWGL does not support distinct draw/read swap chains.");

@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ void PlatformWebGL::destroySwapChain(Platform::SwapChain* swapChain) noexcept {
 }

 bool PlatformWebGL::makeCurrent(ContextType type, SwapChain* drawSwapChain,
-        SwapChain* readSwapChain) {
+        SwapChain* readSwapChain) noexcept {
    return true;
 }

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ VulkanBuffer::VulkanBuffer(VmaAllocator allocator, VulkanStagePool& stagePool,
    : mAllocator(allocator),
      mStagePool(stagePool),
      mUsage(usage),
-      mUpdatedOffset(0),
+	  mUpdatedOffset(0),
      mUpdatedBytes(0) {
    // for now make sure that only 1 bit is set in usage
    // (because loadFromCpu() assumes that somewhat)
@@ -56,12 +56,11 @@ void VulkanBuffer::loadFromCpu(VkCommandBuffer cmdbuf, const void* cpuData, uint
    vmaMapMemory(mAllocator, stage->memory, &mapped);
    memcpy(mapped, cpuData, numBytes);
    vmaUnmapMemory(mAllocator, stage->memory);
-    vmaFlushAllocation(mAllocator, stage->memory, 0, numBytes);
+    vmaFlushAllocation(mAllocator, stage->memory, byteOffset, numBytes);

    // If there was a previous update, then we need to make sure the following write is properly
    // synced with the previous read.
-    if (mUpdatedBytes > 0 &&
-            (byteOffset >= mUpdatedOffset && byteOffset <= (mUpdatedOffset + mUpdatedBytes))) {
+    if (mUpdatedBytes > 0) {
        VkAccessFlags srcAccess = 0;
        VkPipelineStageFlags srcStage = 0;
        if (mUsage & VK_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BIT) {
@@ -75,28 +74,28 @@ void VulkanBuffer::loadFromCpu(VkCommandBuffer cmdbuf, const void* cpuData, uint
            srcStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_VERTEX_INPUT_BIT;
        }

-        VkBufferMemoryBarrier barrier = {
+        VkBufferMemoryBarrier barrier{
            .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_MEMORY_BARRIER,
            .srcAccessMask = srcAccess,
            .dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT,
            .srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
            .dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
            .buffer = mGpuBuffer,
-            .offset = byteOffset,
-            .size = numBytes,
+			.offset = mUpdatedOffset,
+            .size = mUpdatedBytes,
        };
        vkCmdPipelineBarrier(cmdbuf, srcStage, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT, 0, 0, nullptr, 1,
                &barrier, 0, nullptr);
    }

-    VkBufferCopy region = {
-        .srcOffset = 0,
-        .dstOffset = byteOffset,
-        .size = numBytes,
+    VkBufferCopy region {
+            .srcOffset = 0,
+            .dstOffset = byteOffset,
+            .size = numBytes,
    };
    vkCmdCopyBuffer(cmdbuf, stage->buffer, mGpuBuffer, 1, &region);

-    mUpdatedOffset = byteOffset;
+	mUpdatedOffset = byteOffset;
    mUpdatedBytes = numBytes;

    // Firstly, ensure that the copy finishes before the next draw call.
@@ -113,21 +112,21 @@ void VulkanBuffer::loadFromCpu(VkCommandBuffer cmdbuf, const void* cpuData, uint
        dstAccessMask |= VK_ACCESS_INDEX_READ_BIT;
        dstStageMask |= VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_VERTEX_INPUT_BIT;
    } else if (mUsage & VK_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BIT) {
-        dstAccessMask |= VK_ACCESS_SHADER_READ_BIT;
-        dstStageMask |= VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT | VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_VERTEX_SHADER_BIT;
+        dstAccessMask |= VK_ACCESS_UNIFORM_READ_BIT;
+        dstStageMask |=
+                (VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_VERTEX_SHADER_BIT | VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT);
    } else if (mUsage & VK_BUFFER_USAGE_STORAGE_BUFFER_BIT) {
        // TODO: implement me
    }

-    VkBufferMemoryBarrier barrier = {
+    VkBufferMemoryBarrier barrier{
        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_MEMORY_BARRIER,
        .srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT,
        .dstAccessMask = dstAccessMask,
        .srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
        .dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
        .buffer = mGpuBuffer,
-        .offset = byteOffset,
-        .size = numBytes,
+        .size = VK_WHOLE_SIZE,
    };

    vkCmdPipelineBarrier(cmdbuf, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT, dstStageMask, 0, 0, nullptr, 1,
@@ -151,13 +151,13 @@ static_assert(FVK_ENABLED(FVK_DEBUG_VALIDATION));

 #elif FVK_ENABLED(FVK_DEBUG_SYSTRACE)

-    #include <private/utils/Tracing.h>
-
-    #define FVK_SYSTRACE_CONTEXT()      FILAMENT_TRACING_CONTEXT(FILAMENT_TRACING_CATEGORY_FILAMENT)
-    #define FVK_SYSTRACE_START(marker)  FILAMENT_TRACING_NAME_BEGIN(FILAMENT_TRACING_CATEGORY_FILAMENT, marker)
-    #define FVK_SYSTRACE_END()          FILAMENT_TRACING_NAME_END(FILAMENT_TRACING_CATEGORY_FILAMENT)
-    #define FVK_SYSTRACE_SCOPE()        FILAMENT_TRACING_CALL(FILAMENT_TRACING_CATEGORY_FILAMENT)
-    #define FVK_PROFILE_MARKER(marker)  FILAMENT_TRACING_CALL(FILAMENT_TRACING_CATEGORY_FILAMENT)
+    #include <utils/Systrace.h>
+    
+    #define FVK_SYSTRACE_CONTEXT()      SYSTRACE_CONTEXT()
+    #define FVK_SYSTRACE_START(marker)  SYSTRACE_NAME_BEGIN(marker)
+    #define FVK_SYSTRACE_END()          SYSTRACE_NAME_END()
+    #define FVK_SYSTRACE_SCOPE()        SYSTRACE_NAME(__func__)
+    #define FVK_PROFILE_MARKER(marker)  FVK_SYSTRACE_SCOPE()

 #else
    #define FVK_SYSTRACE_CONTEXT()
@@ -358,11 +358,12 @@ void VulkanDescriptorSetCache::updateSamplerImpl(VkDescriptorSet vkset, uint8_t
        range.levelCount = 1;
        range.layerCount = 1;
    }
-    VkDescriptorImageInfo info = {
+    VkDescriptorImageInfo info{
        .sampler = sampler,
        .imageView = texture->getView(range),
-        .imageLayout = fvkutils::getVkLayout(texture->getSamplerLayout()),
+        .imageLayout = fvkutils::getVkLayout(texture->getDefaultLayout()),
    };
+
    VkWriteDescriptorSet descriptorWrite = {
        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_WRITE_DESCRIPTOR_SET,
        .pNext = nullptr,
@@ -622,7 +622,7 @@ void VulkanDriver::createTextureExternalImage2R(Handle<HwTexture> th, backend::S
    auto& commands = mCommands.get();
    // Unlike uploaded textures or swapchains, we need to explicit transition this
    // texture into the read layout.
-    texture->transitionLayout(&commands, texture->getPrimaryViewRange(), VulkanLayout::FRAG_READ);
+    texture->transitionLayout(&commands, texture->getPrimaryViewRange(), VulkanLayout::READ_ONLY);

    if (imgData.external.valid()) {
        mExternalImageManager.addExternallySampledTexture(texture, externalImage);
@@ -93,32 +93,7 @@ BitmaskGroup fromBackendLayout(DescriptorSetLayout const& layout) {
            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_EXTERNAL:
                fromStageFlags(binding.stageFlags, binding.binding, mask.externalSampler);
                UTILS_FALLTHROUGH;
-
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_FLOAT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_INT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_UINT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_DEPTH:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_ARRAY_FLOAT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_ARRAY_INT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_ARRAY_UINT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_ARRAY_DEPTH:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_CUBE_FLOAT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_CUBE_INT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_CUBE_UINT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_CUBE_DEPTH:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_CUBE_ARRAY_FLOAT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_CUBE_ARRAY_INT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_CUBE_ARRAY_UINT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_CUBE_ARRAY_DEPTH:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_3D_FLOAT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_3D_INT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_3D_UINT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_MS_FLOAT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_MS_INT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_MS_UINT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_MS_ARRAY_FLOAT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_MS_ARRAY_INT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_MS_ARRAY_UINT: {
+            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER: {
                fromStageFlags(binding.stageFlags, binding.binding, mask.sampler);
                break;
            }
@@ -520,8 +495,7 @@ void VulkanRenderTarget::emitBarriersEndRenderPass(VulkanCommandBuffer& commands
            }
        } else {
            texture->setLayout(range, VulkanFboCache::FINAL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_LAYOUT);
-            if (texture->isSampleable() &&
-                    !texture->transitionLayout(&commands, range, VulkanLayout::FRAG_READ)) {
+            if (!texture->transitionLayout(&commands, range, VulkanLayout::READ_WRITE)) {
                texture->attachmentToSamplerBarrier(&commands, range);
            }
        }
@@ -234,7 +234,6 @@ void VulkanReadPixels::run(fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanRenderTarget> srcTarget

    VulkanAttachment const srcAttachment = srcTarget->getColor0();
    VkImageSubresourceRange const srcRange = srcAttachment.getSubresourceRange();
-    VulkanLayout const srcLayout = srcAttachment.getLayout();
    srcTexture->transitionLayout(cmdbuffer, srcRange, VulkanLayout::TRANSFER_SRC);

    VkImageCopy const imageCopyRegion = {
@@ -271,7 +270,7 @@ void VulkanReadPixels::run(fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanRenderTarget> srcTarget
            fvkutils::getVkLayout(VulkanLayout::TRANSFER_DST), 1, &imageCopyRegion);

    // Restore the source image layout.
-    srcTexture->transitionLayout(cmdbuffer, srcRange, srcLayout);
+    srcTexture->transitionLayout(cmdbuffer, srcRange, srcTexture->getDefaultLayout());

    vkEndCommandBuffer(cmdbuffer);

@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ VulkanStageImage const* VulkanStagePool::acquireImage(PixelDataFormat format, Pi
    fvkutils::transitionLayout(cmdbuffer, {
            .image = image->image,
            .oldLayout = VulkanLayout::UNDEFINED,
-            .newLayout = VulkanLayout::STAGING, // (= VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_GENERAL)
+            .newLayout = VulkanLayout::READ_WRITE, // (= VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_GENERAL)
            .subresources = { aspectFlags, 0, 1, 0, 1 },
        });
    return image;
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ inline VulkanLayout getDefaultLayoutImpl(TextureUsage usage) {
        return VulkanLayout::COLOR_ATTACHMENT;
    }
    // Finally, the layout for an immutable texture is optimal read-only.
-    return VulkanLayout::FRAG_READ;
+    return VulkanLayout::READ_ONLY;
 }

 inline VulkanLayout getDefaultLayoutImpl(VkImageUsageFlags vkusage) {
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ VkImageUsageFlags getUsage(VulkanContext const& context, uint8_t samples,
            VkFormatProperties props;
            vkGetPhysicalDeviceFormatProperties(physicalDevice, vkFormat, &props);
            if (!(props.optimalTilingFeatures & VK_FORMAT_FEATURE_SAMPLED_IMAGE_BIT)) {
-                FVK_LOGW << "Texture usage is SAMPLEABLE but format " << vkFormat << " is not "
+                FVK_LOGW << "Texture usage is SAMPLEABLE but format " << mState->mVkFormat << " is not "
                        "sampleable with optimal tiling." << utils::io::endl;
            }
        }
@@ -691,7 +691,6 @@ bool VulkanTexture::transitionLayout(VkCommandBuffer cmdbuf, VkImageSubresourceR
                 << " is skipped because of no change in layout" << utils::io::endl;
 #endif
    }
-
    return hasTransitions;
 }

@@ -701,15 +700,16 @@ void VulkanTexture::samplerToAttachmentBarrier(VulkanCommandBuffer* commands,
    VkImageLayout const layout =
            fvkutils::getVkLayout(getLayout(range.baseArrayLayer, range.baseMipLevel));
    VkImageMemoryBarrier barrier = {
-        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_BARRIER,
-        .srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_SHADER_READ_BIT,
-        .dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_READ_BIT | VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT,
-        .oldLayout = layout,
-        .newLayout = layout,
-        .srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
-        .dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
-        .image = mState->mTextureImage,
-        .subresourceRange = range,
+            .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_BARRIER,
+            .srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_SHADER_READ_BIT,
+            .dstAccessMask =
+                    VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_READ_BIT | VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT,
+            .oldLayout = layout,
+            .newLayout = layout,
+            .srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
+            .dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
+            .image = mState->mTextureImage,
+            .subresourceRange = range,
    };
    vkCmdPipelineBarrier(cmdbuf, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT,
            VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_EARLY_FRAGMENT_TESTS_BIT |
@@ -723,15 +723,15 @@ void VulkanTexture::attachmentToSamplerBarrier(VulkanCommandBuffer* commands,
    VkImageLayout const layout
            = fvkutils::getVkLayout(getLayout(range.baseArrayLayer, range.baseMipLevel));
    VkImageMemoryBarrier barrier = {
-        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_BARRIER,
-        .srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT,
-        .dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_SHADER_READ_BIT,
-        .oldLayout = layout,
-        .newLayout = layout,
-        .srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
-        .dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
-        .image = mState->mTextureImage,
-        .subresourceRange = range,
+            .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_BARRIER,
+            .srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT,
+            .dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_SHADER_READ_BIT,
+            .oldLayout = layout,
+            .newLayout = layout,
+            .srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
+            .dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
+            .image = mState->mTextureImage,
+            .subresourceRange = range,
    };
    vkCmdPipelineBarrier(cmdbuf, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT,
            VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT, 0, 0, nullptr, 0, nullptr, 1, &barrier);
@@ -145,14 +145,8 @@ struct VulkanTexture : public HwTexture, fvkmemory::Resource {

    VkImageSubresourceRange const& getPrimaryViewRange() const { return mPrimaryViewRange; }

-    VulkanLayout getSamplerLayout() const {
-        if (!isSampleable()) {
-            return VulkanLayout::UNDEFINED;
-        }
-        if (mState->mUsage & VK_IMAGE_USAGE_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_BIT) {
-            return VulkanLayout::DEPTH_SAMPLER;
-        }
-        return VulkanLayout::FRAG_READ;
+    VulkanLayout getPrimaryImageLayout() const {
+        return getLayout(mPrimaryViewRange.baseArrayLayer, mPrimaryViewRange.baseMipLevel);
    }

    // Returns the layout for the intended use of this texture (and not the expected layout at the
@@ -186,10 +180,6 @@ struct VulkanTexture : public HwTexture, fvkmemory::Resource {
        return mState->mUsage & VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSIENT_ATTACHMENT_BIT;
    }

-    bool isSampleable() const {
-        return mState->mUsage & VK_IMAGE_USAGE_SAMPLED_BIT;
-    }
-
    bool getIsProtected() const {
        return mState->mIsProtected;
    }
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@

 #include <utils/bitset.h>
 #include <utils/FixedCapacityVector.h>
-#include <utils/Panic.h>

 #include <bluevk/BlueVK.h>

@@ -42,22 +42,20 @@ getVkTransition(const VulkanLayoutTransition& transition) {
            srcStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_ALL_GRAPHICS_BIT;
            break;
        case VulkanLayout::COLOR_ATTACHMENT:
-            srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_READ_BIT |
+            srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_SHADER_READ_BIT | VK_ACCESS_SHADER_WRITE_BIT |
+                            VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_READ_BIT |
                            VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT;
-            srcStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT;
+            srcStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_VERTEX_SHADER_BIT | VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT |
+                       VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT;
            break;
-        case VulkanLayout::STAGING:
+        case VulkanLayout::READ_WRITE:
            srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_SHADER_READ_BIT | VK_ACCESS_SHADER_WRITE_BIT;
            srcStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT;
            break;
-        case VulkanLayout::FRAG_READ:
+        case VulkanLayout::READ_ONLY:
            srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_SHADER_READ_BIT;
            srcStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT;
            break;
-        case VulkanLayout::VERT_READ:
-            srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_SHADER_READ_BIT;
-            srcStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_VERTEX_SHADER_BIT;
-            break;
        case VulkanLayout::TRANSFER_SRC:
            srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_READ_BIT;
            srcStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT;
@@ -71,7 +69,7 @@ getVkTransition(const VulkanLayoutTransition& transition) {
            srcStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_LATE_FRAGMENT_TESTS_BIT;
            break;
        case VulkanLayout::DEPTH_SAMPLER:
-            srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_SHADER_READ_BIT;
+            srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_MEMORY_READ_BIT;
            srcStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT;
            break;
        case VulkanLayout::COLOR_ATTACHMENT_RESOLVE:
@@ -86,21 +84,19 @@ getVkTransition(const VulkanLayoutTransition& transition) {

    switch (transition.newLayout) {
        case VulkanLayout::COLOR_ATTACHMENT:
-            dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_READ_BIT
+            dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_SHADER_READ_BIT | VK_ACCESS_SHADER_WRITE_BIT
+                            | VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_READ_BIT
                            | VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT;
-            dstStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT | VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT;
+            dstStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_VERTEX_SHADER_BIT | VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT
+                       | VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT;
            break;
-        case VulkanLayout::STAGING:
+        case VulkanLayout::READ_WRITE:
            dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_SHADER_READ_BIT | VK_ACCESS_SHADER_WRITE_BIT;
            dstStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT;
            break;
-        case VulkanLayout::FRAG_READ:
+        case VulkanLayout::READ_ONLY:
            dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_SHADER_READ_BIT;
-            dstStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT;
-            break;
-        case VulkanLayout::VERT_READ:
-            dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_SHADER_READ_BIT;
-            dstStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_VERTEX_SHADER_BIT;
+            dstStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT | VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_VERTEX_SHADER_BIT;
            break;
        case VulkanLayout::TRANSFER_SRC:
            dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_READ_BIT;
@@ -116,8 +112,10 @@ getVkTransition(const VulkanLayoutTransition& transition) {
            dstStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_EARLY_FRAGMENT_TESTS_BIT;
            break;
        case VulkanLayout::DEPTH_SAMPLER:
-            dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_SHADER_READ_BIT;
-            dstStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT;
+            dstAccessMask =
+                    VK_ACCESS_SHADER_READ_BIT | VK_ACCESS_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT;
+            dstStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT |
+                       VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_EARLY_FRAGMENT_TESTS_BIT;
            break;
        case VulkanLayout::PRESENT:
        case VulkanLayout::COLOR_ATTACHMENT_RESOLVE:
@@ -140,6 +138,7 @@ bool transitionLayout(VkCommandBuffer cmdbuffer,
    }
    auto [srcAccessMask, dstAccessMask, srcStage, dstStage, oldLayout, newLayout]
            = getVkTransition(transition);
+
    if (oldLayout == newLayout) {
        return false;
    }
@@ -156,7 +155,7 @@ bool transitionLayout(VkCommandBuffer cmdbuffer,
            .image = transition.image,
            .subresourceRange = transition.subresources,
    };
-   vkCmdPipelineBarrier(cmdbuffer, srcStage, dstStage, 0, 0, nullptr, 0, nullptr, 1, &barrier);
+    vkCmdPipelineBarrier(cmdbuffer, srcStage, dstStage, 0, 0, nullptr, 0, nullptr, 1, &barrier);
    return true;
 }

@@ -265,9 +264,8 @@ utils::io::ostream& operator<<(utils::io::ostream& out,
        const filament::backend::VulkanLayout& layout) {
    switch (layout) {
        CASE(UNDEFINED)
-        CASE(FRAG_READ)
-        CASE(VERT_READ)
-        CASE(STAGING)
+        CASE(READ_ONLY)
+        CASE(READ_WRITE)
        CASE(TRANSFER_SRC)
        CASE(TRANSFER_DST)
        CASE(DEPTH_ATTACHMENT)
@@ -32,11 +32,9 @@ enum class VulkanLayout : uint8_t {
    // any transition.
    UNDEFINED,
    // Fragment/vertex shader accessible layout for reading and writing.
-    STAGING,
-    // Fragment shader accessible layout for reading only.
-    FRAG_READ,
-    // Vertex shader accessible layout for reading only.
-    VERT_READ,
+    READ_WRITE,
+    // Fragment/vertex shader accessible layout for reading only.
+    READ_ONLY,
    // For the source of a copy operation.
    TRANSFER_SRC,
    // For the destination of a copy operation.
@@ -67,10 +65,9 @@ constexpr inline VkImageLayout getVkLayout(VulkanLayout layout) {
    switch (layout) {
        case VulkanLayout::UNDEFINED:
            return VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
-        case VulkanLayout::STAGING:
+        case VulkanLayout::READ_WRITE:
            return VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_GENERAL;
-        case VulkanLayout::FRAG_READ:
-        case VulkanLayout::VERT_READ:
+        case VulkanLayout::READ_ONLY:
            return VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL;
        case VulkanLayout::TRANSFER_SRC:
            return VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_SRC_OPTIMAL;
@@ -83,8 +80,9 @@ constexpr inline VkImageLayout getVkLayout(VulkanLayout layout) {
        case VulkanLayout::PRESENT:
            return VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_PRESENT_SRC_KHR;
        // Filament sometimes samples from one miplevel while writing to another level in the
-        // same texture (e.g. bloom does this). So, keep it simple and use GENERAL for all
-        // color-attachable textures.
+        // same texture (e.g. bloom does this). Moreover we'd like to avoid lots of expensive
+        // layout transitions. So, keep it simple and use GENERAL for all color-attachable
+        // textures.
        case VulkanLayout::COLOR_ATTACHMENT:
            return VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_GENERAL;
        case VulkanLayout::COLOR_ATTACHMENT_RESOLVE:
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@
 #include "WebGPUHandles.h"

 #include "WebGPUConstants.h"
-#include "WebGPUStrings.h"

 #include "DriverBase.h"
 #include <backend/DriverEnums.h>
@@ -29,116 +28,39 @@
 #include <webgpu/webgpu_cpp.h>

 #include <algorithm>
-#include <cstdint>
 #include <sstream>
-#include <string>
 #include <string_view>
-#include <unordered_map>
-#include <variant>
+#include <vector>

 namespace filament::backend {

 namespace {

-[[nodiscard]] std::string replaceSpecConstants(std::string_view shaderLabel,
-        std::string_view shaderSource,
-        std::unordered_map<uint32_t, std::variant<int32_t, float, bool>> const&
-                specConstants) {
-    assert_invariant(!specConstants.empty());
-    constexpr std::string_view specConstantPrefix = "FILAMENT_SPEC_CONST_";
-    constexpr size_t specConstantPrefixSize = specConstantPrefix.size();
-    const char* const sourceData = shaderSource.data();
-    std::stringstream processedShaderSourceStr{};
-    size_t pos = 0;
-    while (pos < shaderSource.size()) {
-        const size_t posOfNextSpecConstant = shaderSource.find(specConstantPrefix, pos);
-        if (posOfNextSpecConstant == std::string::npos) {
-            // no more spec constants, so just stream the rest of the source code string
-            processedShaderSourceStr
-                    << std::string_view(sourceData + pos, shaderSource.size() - pos);
-            break;
-        }
-        const size_t posOfId = posOfNextSpecConstant + specConstantPrefixSize;
-        const size_t posAfterId = shaderSource.find('_', posOfId);
-        FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(posAfterId != std::string::npos)
-                << "malformed " << shaderLabel << ". Found spec constant prefix '"
-                << specConstantPrefix << "' without an id or '_' after it.";
-        const std::string_view idStr =
-                std::string_view(sourceData + posOfId, posAfterId - posOfId);
-        const size_t posEndOfStatement = shaderSource.find(';', posAfterId);
-        FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(posEndOfStatement != std::string::npos)
-                << "malformed " << shaderLabel << ". Found spec constant assignment with id "
-                << idStr << " without a terminating ';' character?";
-        const std::string_view statementSegment =
-                std::string_view(sourceData + posAfterId, posEndOfStatement - posAfterId);
-        size_t posOfEqual = statementSegment.find('=');
-        if (posOfEqual == std::string::npos) {
-            // not an assignment statement, so stream to the end of the statement and continue...
-            processedShaderSourceStr
-                    << std::string_view(sourceData + pos, posEndOfStatement + 1 - pos);
-            pos = posEndOfStatement + 1;
-            continue;
-        }
-        posOfEqual += posAfterId; // position in original source, not just the segment
-        int id = 0;
-        try {
-            id = std::stoi(idStr.data());
-        } catch (const std::invalid_argument& e) {
-            PANIC_POSTCONDITION("Invalid spec constant id '%s' in %s (not a valid integer?): %s",
-                    idStr.data(), shaderLabel.data(), e.what());
-        } catch (const std::out_of_range& e) {
-            PANIC_POSTCONDITION(
-                    "Invalid spec constant id '%s' in %s (not an integer? out of range?): %s",
-                    idStr.data(), shaderLabel.data(), e.what());
-        }
-        const auto newValueItr = specConstants.find(static_cast<uint32_t>(id));
-        if (newValueItr == specConstants.end()) {
-            // not going to override the constant (stream to the end of the statement)...
-            processedShaderSourceStr
-                    << std::string_view(sourceData + pos, posEndOfStatement + 1 - pos);
-            pos = posEndOfStatement + 1;
-            continue;
-        }
-        // need to override the constant...
-        const std::variant<int32_t, float, bool> newValue = newValueItr->second;
-        // stream up to the equal sign...
-        processedShaderSourceStr << std::string_view(sourceData + pos, posOfEqual + 1 - pos);
-        // stream the new value...
-        if (auto* v = std::get_if<int32_t>(&newValue)) {
-            processedShaderSourceStr << " " << *v << "i";
-        } else if (auto* f = std::get_if<float>(&newValue)) {
-            processedShaderSourceStr << " " << *f << "f";
-        } else if (auto* b = std::get_if<bool>(&newValue)) {
-            processedShaderSourceStr << " " << ((*b) ? "true" : "false");
-        }
-        processedShaderSourceStr << ";";
-        // and skip to after the end of the statement in the original source...
-        pos = posEndOfStatement + 1;
+[[nodiscard]] constexpr std::string_view toString(ShaderStage stage) {
+    switch (stage) {
+        case ShaderStage::VERTEX:
+            return "vertex";
+        case ShaderStage::FRAGMENT:
+            return "fragment";
+        case ShaderStage::COMPUTE:
+            return "compute";
    }
-    return processedShaderSourceStr.str();
 }

-[[nodiscard]] wgpu::ShaderModule createShaderModule(wgpu::Device& device, Program& program,
-        ShaderStage stage,
-        std::unordered_map<uint32_t, std::variant<int32_t, float, bool>> const& specConstants) {
-    const char* const programName = program.getName().c_str_safe();
-    std::array<utils::FixedCapacityVector<uint8_t>, Program::SHADER_TYPE_COUNT> const&
-            shaderSource = program.getShadersSource();
+[[nodiscard]] wgpu::ShaderModule createShaderModule(wgpu::Device& device, const char* programName,
+        std::array<utils::FixedCapacityVector<uint8_t>, Program::SHADER_TYPE_COUNT> const&
+                shaderSource,
+        ShaderStage stage) {
    utils::FixedCapacityVector<uint8_t> const& sourceBytes =
            shaderSource[static_cast<size_t>(stage)];
    if (sourceBytes.empty()) {
        return nullptr;// nothing to compile, the shader was not provided
    }
-    std::stringstream labelStream;
-    labelStream << programName << " " << filamentShaderStageToString(stage) << " shader";
-    auto label = labelStream.str();
-    const std::string processedShaderSource =
-            specConstants.empty()
-                    ? reinterpret_cast<const char*>(sourceBytes.data())
-                    : replaceSpecConstants(label, reinterpret_cast<const char*>(sourceBytes.data()),
-                              specConstants);
    wgpu::ShaderModuleWGSLDescriptor wgslDescriptor{};
-    wgslDescriptor.code = wgpu::StringView(processedShaderSource);
+    wgslDescriptor.code = wgpu::StringView(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(sourceBytes.data()));
+    std::stringstream labelStream;
+    labelStream << programName << " " << toString(stage) << " shader";
+    auto label = labelStream.str();
    wgpu::ShaderModuleDescriptor descriptor{
        .nextInChain = &wgslDescriptor,
        .label = label.data()
@@ -197,33 +119,85 @@ namespace {
                                    << ":\n"
                                    << errorStream.str();
                        }
-#if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_DEBUG_VALIDATION)
                        FWGPU_LOGD << descriptor.label << " compiled successfully"
                                   << utils::io::endl;
-#endif
                    }),
-            SHADER_COMPILATION_TIMEOUT_NANOSECONDS);
+            UINT16_MAX);
    return module;
 }

-void toMap(utils::FixedCapacityVector<Program::SpecializationConstant> const& specConstants,
-        std::unordered_map<uint32_t, std::variant<int32_t, float, bool>>& constantById) {
-    constantById.reserve(specConstants.size());
-    for (auto const& specConstant: specConstants) {
-        constantById.emplace(specConstant.id, specConstant.value);
+// This is a 1 to 1 mapping of the ReservedSpecializationConstants enum in EngineEnums.h
+// The _hack is a workaround until https://issues.chromium.org/issues/42250586 is resolved
+// This workaround is the same one being used on the generateSpecializationConstant() function
+wgpu::StringView getSpecConstantStringId(uint32_t id) {
+    switch (id) {
+        case 0:
+            return "0";// BACKEND_FEATURE_LEVEL_hack
+        case 1:
+            return "1";// CONFIG_MAX_INSTANCES_hack
+        case 2:
+            return "2";// ONFIG_STATIC_TEXTURE_TARGET_WORKAROUND_hack
+        case 3:
+            return "3";// CONFIG_SRGB_SWAPCHAIN_EMULATION_hack
+        case 4:
+            return "4";// CONFIG_FROXEL_BUFFER_HEIGHT_hack
+        case 5:
+            return "5";// CONFIG_POWER_VR_SHADER_WORKAROUNDS_hack
+        case 6:
+            return "6";// CONFIG_DEBUG_DIRECTIONAL_SHADOWMAP_hack
+        case 7:
+            return "7";// CONFIG_DEBUG_FROXEL_VISUALIZATION_hack
+        case 8:
+            return "8";// CONFIG_STEREO_EYE_COUNT_hack
+        case 9:
+            return "9";// CONFIG_SH_BANDS_COUNT_hack
+        case 10:
+            return "10";// CONFIG_SHADOW_SAMPLING_METHOD_hack
+        default:
+            PANIC_POSTCONDITION("Unknown/unhandled spec constant key/id: %d", id);
    }
 }

+std::vector<wgpu::ConstantEntry> convertConstants(
+        utils::FixedCapacityVector<filament::backend::Program::SpecializationConstant> const&
+                constantsInfo) {
+    std::vector<wgpu::ConstantEntry> constants;
+    constants.reserve(constantsInfo.size());
+    for (filament::backend::Program::SpecializationConstant const& constant: constantsInfo) {
+        // CONFIG_MAX_INSTANCES (1) and CONFIG_FROXEL_BUFFER_HEIGHT (4) will not be present
+        // as constant overrides in the generated WGSL, because WGSL doesn't support specialization
+        // constants as an array length
+        // More information at https://github.com/gpuweb/gpuweb/issues/572#issuecomment-649760005
+        // CONFIG_SRGB_SWAPCHAIN_EMULATION (3) is being skipped all together since it's only
+        // included for the case of mFeatureLevel == FeatureLevel::FEATURE_LEVEL_0, which should
+        // not be possible for WebGPU
+        if (constant.id == 1 || constant.id == 3 || constant.id == 4) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        double value = 0.0;
+        if (auto* v = std::get_if<int32_t>(&constant.value)) {
+            value = static_cast<double>(*v);
+        } else if (auto* f = std::get_if<float>(&constant.value)) {
+            value = static_cast<double>(*f);
+        } else if (auto* b = std::get_if<bool>(&constant.value)) {
+            value = *b ? 0.0 : 1.0;
+        }
+        constants.push_back(
+                wgpu::ConstantEntry{ .key = getSpecConstantStringId(constant.id), .value = value });
+    }
+    return constants;
+}
+
 }// namespace

 WGPUProgram::WGPUProgram(wgpu::Device& device, Program& program)
-    : HwProgram(program.getName()) {
-    std::unordered_map<uint32_t, std::variant<int32_t, float, bool>> specConstants;
-    toMap(program.getSpecializationConstants(), specConstants);
-    vertexShaderModule = createShaderModule(device, program, ShaderStage::VERTEX, specConstants);
-    fragmentShaderModule =
-            createShaderModule(device, program, ShaderStage::FRAGMENT, specConstants);
-    computeShaderModule = createShaderModule(device, program, ShaderStage::COMPUTE, specConstants);
-}
+    : HwProgram(program.getName()),
+      vertexShaderModule(createShaderModule(device, name.c_str_safe(), program.getShadersSource(),
+              ShaderStage::VERTEX)),
+      fragmentShaderModule(createShaderModule(device, name.c_str_safe(), program.getShadersSource(),
+              ShaderStage::FRAGMENT)),
+      computeShaderModule(createShaderModule(device, name.c_str_safe(), program.getShadersSource(),
+              ShaderStage::COMPUTE)),
+      constants(convertConstants(program.getSpecializationConstants())) {}

 }// namespace filament::backend
@@ -63,13 +63,4 @@
    #define FWGPU_LOGI (utils::slog.i)
 #endif

-constexpr uint64_t REQUEST_ADAPTER_TIMEOUT_NANOSECONDS =
-        /* milliseconds */ 1000u * /* converted to ns */ 1000000u;
-
-constexpr uint64_t REQUEST_DEVICE_TIMEOUT_NANOSECONDS =
-        /* milliseconds */ 1000u * /* converted to ns */ 1000000u;
-
-constexpr uint64_t SHADER_COMPILATION_TIMEOUT_NANOSECONDS =
-        /* milliseconds */ 1000u * /* converted to ns */ 1000000u;
-
 #endif// TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_WEBGPUCONSTANTS_H
@@ -26,24 +26,193 @@
 #include <backend/DriverEnums.h>
 #include <backend/Handle.h>
 #include <backend/TargetBufferInfo.h>
-#include <private/backend/BackendUtils.h>
+
 #include <math/mat3.h>
 #include <utils/CString.h>
 #include <utils/Panic.h>
 #include <utils/ostream.h>

+#include <dawn/webgpu_cpp_print.h>
 #include <webgpu/webgpu_cpp.h>

 #include <algorithm>
 #include <array>
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <cstdint>
-#include <memory>
 #include <sstream>
+#include <string_view>
 #include <utility>
+#include <variant>

 namespace filament::backend {

+namespace {
+
+#if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
+void printInstanceDetails(wgpu::Instance const& instance) {
+    wgpu::SupportedWGSLLanguageFeatures supportedWGSLLanguageFeatures{};
+    if (!instance.GetWGSLLanguageFeatures(&supportedWGSLLanguageFeatures)) {
+        FWGPU_LOGW << "Failed to get WebGPU instance supported WGSL language features"
+                   << utils::io::endl;
+    } else {
+        FWGPU_LOGI << "WebGPU instance supported WGSL language features ("
+                   << supportedWGSLLanguageFeatures.featureCount << "):" << utils::io::endl;
+        if (supportedWGSLLanguageFeatures.featureCount > 0 &&
+                supportedWGSLLanguageFeatures.features != nullptr) {
+            std::for_each(supportedWGSLLanguageFeatures.features,
+                    supportedWGSLLanguageFeatures.features +
+                            supportedWGSLLanguageFeatures.featureCount,
+                    [](wgpu::WGSLLanguageFeatureName const featureName) {
+                        std::stringstream nameStream{};
+                        nameStream << featureName;
+                        FWGPU_LOGI << "  " << nameStream.str() << utils::io::endl;
+                    });
+        }
+    }
+}
+#endif
+
+#if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
+void printLimit(std::string_view name, const std::variant<uint32_t, uint64_t> value) {
+    FWGPU_LOGI << "  " << name.data() << ": ";
+    bool undefined = true;
+    if (std::holds_alternative<uint32_t>(value)) {
+        if (std::get<uint32_t>(value) != WGPU_LIMIT_U32_UNDEFINED) {
+            undefined = false;
+            FWGPU_LOGI << std::get<uint32_t>(value);
+        }
+    } else if (std::holds_alternative<uint64_t>(value)) {
+        if (std::get<uint64_t>(value) != WGPU_LIMIT_U64_UNDEFINED) {
+            undefined = false;
+            FWGPU_LOGI << std::get<uint64_t>(value);
+        }
+    }
+    if (undefined) {
+        FWGPU_LOGI << "UNDEFINED";
+    }
+    FWGPU_LOGI << utils::io::endl;
+}
+#endif
+
+#if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
+void printLimits(wgpu::Limits const& limits) {
+    printLimit("maxTextureDimension1D", limits.maxTextureDimension1D);
+    printLimit("maxTextureDimension2D", limits.maxTextureDimension2D);
+    printLimit("maxTextureDimension3D", limits.maxTextureDimension3D);
+    printLimit("maxTextureArrayLayers", limits.maxTextureArrayLayers);
+    printLimit("maxBindGroups", limits.maxBindGroups);
+    printLimit("maxBindGroupsPlusVertexBuffers", limits.maxBindGroupsPlusVertexBuffers);
+    printLimit("maxBindingsPerBindGroup", limits.maxBindingsPerBindGroup);
+    printLimit("maxDynamicUniformBuffersPerPipelineLayout",
+            limits.maxDynamicUniformBuffersPerPipelineLayout);
+    printLimit("maxDynamicStorageBuffersPerPipelineLayout",
+            limits.maxDynamicStorageBuffersPerPipelineLayout);
+    printLimit("maxSampledTexturesPerShaderStage", limits.maxSampledTexturesPerShaderStage);
+    printLimit("maxSamplersPerShaderStage", limits.maxSamplersPerShaderStage);
+    printLimit("maxStorageBuffersPerShaderStage", limits.maxStorageBuffersPerShaderStage);
+    printLimit("maxStorageTexturesPerShaderStage", limits.maxStorageTexturesPerShaderStage);
+    printLimit("maxUniformBuffersPerShaderStage", limits.maxUniformBuffersPerShaderStage);
+    printLimit("maxUniformBufferBindingSize", limits.maxUniformBufferBindingSize);
+    printLimit("maxStorageBufferBindingSize", limits.maxStorageBufferBindingSize);
+    printLimit("minUniformBufferOffsetAlignment", limits.minUniformBufferOffsetAlignment);
+    printLimit("minStorageBufferOffsetAlignment", limits.minStorageBufferOffsetAlignment);
+    printLimit("maxVertexBuffers", limits.maxVertexBuffers);
+    printLimit("maxBufferSize", limits.maxBufferSize);
+    printLimit("maxVertexAttributes", limits.maxVertexAttributes);
+    printLimit("maxVertexBufferArrayStride", limits.maxVertexBufferArrayStride);
+    printLimit("maxInterStageShaderVariables", limits.maxInterStageShaderVariables);
+    printLimit("maxColorAttachments", limits.maxColorAttachments);
+    printLimit("maxColorAttachmentBytesPerSample", limits.maxColorAttachmentBytesPerSample);
+    printLimit("maxComputeWorkgroupStorageSize", limits.maxComputeWorkgroupStorageSize);
+    printLimit("maxComputeInvocationsPerWorkgroup", limits.maxComputeInvocationsPerWorkgroup);
+    printLimit("maxComputeWorkgroupSizeX", limits.maxComputeWorkgroupSizeX);
+    printLimit("maxComputeWorkgroupSizeY", limits.maxComputeWorkgroupSizeY);
+    printLimit("maxComputeWorkgroupSizeZ", limits.maxComputeWorkgroupSizeZ);
+    printLimit("maxComputeWorkgroupsPerDimension", limits.maxComputeWorkgroupsPerDimension);
+    printLimit("maxStorageBuffersInVertexStage", limits.maxStorageBuffersInVertexStage);
+    printLimit("maxStorageTexturesInVertexStage", limits.maxStorageTexturesInVertexStage);
+    printLimit("maxStorageBuffersInFragmentStage", limits.maxStorageBuffersInFragmentStage);
+    printLimit("maxStorageTexturesInFragmentStage", limits.maxStorageTexturesInFragmentStage);
+}
+#endif
+
+#if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
+void printAdapterDetails(wgpu::Adapter const& adapter) {
+    wgpu::DawnAdapterPropertiesPowerPreference powerPreferenceProperties{};
+    wgpu::AdapterInfo adapterInfo{};
+    adapterInfo.nextInChain = &powerPreferenceProperties;
+    if (!adapter.GetInfo(&adapterInfo)) {
+        FWGPU_LOGW << "Failed to get WebGPU adapter info" << utils::io::endl;
+    } else {
+        std::stringstream backendTypeStream{};
+        backendTypeStream << adapterInfo.backendType;
+        std::stringstream adapterTypeStream{};
+        adapterTypeStream << adapterInfo.adapterType;
+        std::stringstream powerPreferenceStream{};
+        powerPreferenceStream << powerPreferenceProperties.powerPreference;
+        FWGPU_LOGI << "WebGPU adapter info:" << utils::io::endl;
+        FWGPU_LOGI << "  vendor: " << adapterInfo.vendor.data << utils::io::endl;
+        FWGPU_LOGI << "  architecture: " << adapterInfo.architecture.data << utils::io::endl;
+        FWGPU_LOGI << "  device: " << adapterInfo.device.data << utils::io::endl;
+        FWGPU_LOGI << "  description: " << adapterInfo.description.data << utils::io::endl;
+        FWGPU_LOGI << "  backend type: " << backendTypeStream.str().data() << utils::io::endl;
+        FWGPU_LOGI << "  adapter type: " << adapterTypeStream.str().data() << utils::io::endl;
+        FWGPU_LOGI << "  device ID: " << adapterInfo.deviceID << utils::io::endl;
+        FWGPU_LOGI << "  vendor ID: " << adapterInfo.vendorID << utils::io::endl;
+        FWGPU_LOGI << "  subgroup min size: " << adapterInfo.subgroupMinSize << utils::io::endl;
+        FWGPU_LOGI << "  subgroup max size: " << adapterInfo.subgroupMaxSize << utils::io::endl;
+        FWGPU_LOGI << "  power preference: " << powerPreferenceStream.str() << utils::io::endl;
+    }
+    wgpu::SupportedFeatures supportedFeatures{};
+    adapter.GetFeatures(&supportedFeatures);
+    FWGPU_LOGI << "WebGPU adapter supported features (" << supportedFeatures.featureCount
+               << "):" << utils::io::endl;
+    if (supportedFeatures.featureCount > 0 && supportedFeatures.features != nullptr) {
+        std::for_each(supportedFeatures.features,
+                supportedFeatures.features + supportedFeatures.featureCount,
+                [](wgpu::FeatureName const name) {
+                    std::stringstream nameStream{};
+                    nameStream << name;
+                    FWGPU_LOGI << "  " << nameStream.str().data() << utils::io::endl;
+                });
+    }
+    wgpu::Limits supportedLimits{};
+    if (!adapter.GetLimits(&supportedLimits)) {
+        FWGPU_LOGW << "Failed to get WebGPU adapter supported limits" << utils::io::endl;
+    } else {
+        FWGPU_LOGI << "WebGPU adapter supported limits:" << utils::io::endl;
+        printLimits(supportedLimits);
+    }
+}
+#endif
+
+#if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
+void printDeviceDetails(wgpu::Device const& device) {
+    wgpu::SupportedFeatures supportedFeatures{};
+    device.GetFeatures(&supportedFeatures);
+    FWGPU_LOGI << "WebGPU device supported features (" << supportedFeatures.featureCount
+               << "):" << utils::io::endl;
+    if (supportedFeatures.featureCount > 0 && supportedFeatures.features != nullptr) {
+        std::for_each(supportedFeatures.features,
+                supportedFeatures.features + supportedFeatures.featureCount,
+                [](wgpu::FeatureName const name) {
+                    std::stringstream nameStream{};
+                    nameStream << name;
+                    FWGPU_LOGI << "  " << nameStream.str().data() << utils::io::endl;
+                });
+    }
+    wgpu::Limits supportedLimits{};
+    if (!device.GetLimits(&supportedLimits)) {
+        FWGPU_LOGW << "Failed to get WebGPU supported device limits" << utils::io::endl;
+    } else {
+        FWGPU_LOGI << "WebGPU device supported limits:" << utils::io::endl;
+        printLimits(supportedLimits);
+    }
+}
+#endif
+
+}// namespace
+
 Driver* WebGPUDriver::create(WebGPUPlatform& platform, const Platform::DriverConfig& driverConfig) noexcept {
    constexpr size_t defaultSize = FILAMENT_WEBGPU_HANDLE_ARENA_SIZE_IN_MB * 1024U * 1024U;
    Platform::DriverConfig validConfig {driverConfig};
@@ -51,16 +220,23 @@ Driver* WebGPUDriver::create(WebGPUPlatform& platform, const Platform::DriverCon
    return new WebGPUDriver(platform, validConfig);
 }

-WebGPUDriver::WebGPUDriver(WebGPUPlatform& platform,
-        const Platform::DriverConfig& driverConfig) noexcept
+WebGPUDriver::WebGPUDriver(WebGPUPlatform& platform, const Platform::DriverConfig& driverConfig) noexcept
    : mPlatform(platform),
-      mHandleAllocator("Handles", driverConfig.handleArenaSize,
-              driverConfig.disableHandleUseAfterFreeCheck, driverConfig.disableHeapHandleTags) {
+      mHandleAllocator("Handles",
+              driverConfig.handleArenaSize,
+              driverConfig.disableHandleUseAfterFreeCheck,
+              driverConfig.disableHeapHandleTags) {
+#if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
+    printInstanceDetails(mPlatform.getInstance());
+#endif
    mAdapter = mPlatform.requestAdapter(nullptr);
+#if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
+    printAdapterDetails(mAdapter);
+#endif
    mDevice = mPlatform.requestDevice(mAdapter);
-    wgpu::Limits supportedLimits{};
-    mDevice.GetLimits(&supportedLimits);
-    mMinUniformBufferOffsetAlignment = supportedLimits.minUniformBufferOffsetAlignment;
+#if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
+    printDeviceDetails(mDevice);
+#endif
    mQueue = mDevice.GetQueue();
 }

@@ -174,20 +350,6 @@ void WebGPUDriver::destroyProgram(Handle<HwProgram> ph) {
 }

 void WebGPUDriver::destroyRenderTarget(Handle<HwRenderTarget> rth) {
-    if (rth) {
-        WGPURenderTarget* rt = handleCast<WGPURenderTarget>(rth);
-        if (rt == mDefaultRenderTarget) {
-            mDefaultRenderTarget = nullptr;
-        }
-        if (rt == mCurrentRenderTarget) {
-            mCurrentRenderTarget = nullptr;
-        }
-        // WGPURenderTarget destructor is trivial.
-        // The HwTexture handles stored within WGPURenderTarget (via MRT, TargetBufferInfo)
-        // are not owned by WGPURenderTarget, so they are not destroyed here.
-        // They are destroyed via WebGPUDriver::destroyTexture.
-        destructHandle<WGPURenderTarget>(rth);
-    }
 }

 void WebGPUDriver::destroySwapChain(Handle<HwSwapChain> sch) {
@@ -210,19 +372,6 @@ void WebGPUDriver::destroyDescriptorSetLayout(Handle<HwDescriptorSetLayout> tqh)
 }

 void WebGPUDriver::destroyDescriptorSet(Handle<HwDescriptorSet> tqh) {
-    auto* bindGroup = handleCast<WebGPUDescriptorSet>(tqh);
-    assert_invariant(bindGroup);
-    if (bindGroup->getBindGroup() != nullptr) {
-        for (size_t i = 0; i < MAX_DESCRIPTOR_SET_COUNT; i++) {
-            if (mCurrentDescriptorSets[i].bindGroup != nullptr &&
-                    bindGroup->getBindGroup().Get() == mCurrentDescriptorSets[i].bindGroup.Get()) {
-                // Clear this from our current entries
-                mCurrentDescriptorSets[i].bindGroup = nullptr;
-                mCurrentDescriptorSets[i].offsets.clear();
-                mCurrentDescriptorSets[i].offsetCount = 0;
-            }
-        }
-    }
    if (tqh) {
        destructHandle<WebGPUDescriptorSet>(tqh);
    }
@@ -319,10 +468,11 @@ void WebGPUDriver::createSwapChainR(Handle<HwSwapChain> sch, void* nativeWindow,
    mSwapChain = constructHandle<WebGPUSwapChain>(sch, std::move(surface), surfaceSize, mAdapter,
            mDevice, flags);
    assert_invariant(mSwapChain);
-
-    FWGPU_LOGW << "WebGPU support is highly experimental, in development, and tested for only a "
-                  "small set of simple samples (e.g. hellotriangle and texturedquad), thus issues "
-                  "are likely to be encountered at this stage."
+    WebGPUDescriptorSet::initializeDummyResourcesIfNotAlready(mDevice,
+            mSwapChain->getColorFormat());
+    FWGPU_LOGW << "WebGPU support is still essentially a no-op at this point in development (only "
+                  "background components have been instantiated/selected, such as surface/screen, "
+                  "graphics device/GPU, etc.), thus nothing is being drawn to the screen."
               << utils::io::endl;
 #if !FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM) && !defined(NDEBUG)
    FWGPU_LOGI << "If the FILAMENT_BACKEND_DEBUG_FLAG variable were set with the " << utils::io::hex
@@ -427,21 +577,7 @@ void WebGPUDriver::createDefaultRenderTargetR(Handle<HwRenderTarget> rth, int) {

 void WebGPUDriver::createRenderTargetR(Handle<HwRenderTarget> rth, TargetBufferFlags targets,
        uint32_t width, uint32_t height, uint8_t samples, uint8_t layerCount, MRT color,
-        TargetBufferInfo depth, TargetBufferInfo stencil) {
-    // The `targets` flags indicate which of the `color`, `depth`, `stencil` TargetBufferInfo
-    // are actually active for this render target.
-    // We'll pass all TargetBufferInfo to WGPURenderTarget; it will use them if their handles are valid.
-
-    // Ensure that textures intended for use as attachments were created with
-    // wgpu::TextureUsage::RenderAttachment. This check should ideally be in createTextureR
-    // or validated here if possible.
-
-    // The `layerCount` parameter might be for creating array textures that this RT targets.
-    // Individual attachments (color[i].layer, depth.layer, stencil.layer) specify which layer
-    // of an array texture to bind. For now, we assume textures are pre-configured.
-
-    constructHandle<WGPURenderTarget>(rth, width, height, samples, color, depth, stencil);
-}
+        TargetBufferInfo depth, TargetBufferInfo stencil) {}

 void WebGPUDriver::createFenceR(Handle<HwFence> fh, int) {}

@@ -585,20 +721,17 @@ size_t WebGPUDriver::getMaxArrayTextureLayers() {

 void WebGPUDriver::updateIndexBuffer(Handle<HwIndexBuffer> ibh, BufferDescriptor&& p,
        uint32_t byteOffset) {
-    handleCast<WGPUIndexBuffer>(ibh)->updateGPUBuffer(p, byteOffset, mQueue);
-    scheduleDestroy(std::move(p));
+    updateGPUBuffer(handleCast<WGPUIndexBuffer>(ibh), std::move(p), byteOffset);
 }

 void WebGPUDriver::updateBufferObject(Handle<HwBufferObject> ibh, BufferDescriptor&& p,
        uint32_t byteOffset) {
-    handleCast<WGPUBufferObject>(ibh)->updateGPUBuffer(p, byteOffset, mQueue);
-    scheduleDestroy(std::move(p));
+    updateGPUBuffer(handleCast<WGPUBufferObject>(ibh), std::move(p), byteOffset);
 }

 void WebGPUDriver::updateBufferObjectUnsynchronized(Handle<HwBufferObject> ibh,
        BufferDescriptor&& p, uint32_t byteOffset) {
-    handleCast<WGPUBufferObject>(ibh)->updateGPUBuffer(p, byteOffset, mQueue);
-    scheduleDestroy(std::move(p));
+    updateGPUBuffer(handleCast<WGPUBufferObject>(ibh), std::move(p), byteOffset);
 }

 void WebGPUDriver::resetBufferObject(Handle<HwBufferObject> boh) {
@@ -610,76 +743,15 @@ void WebGPUDriver::setVertexBufferObject(Handle<HwVertexBuffer> vbh, uint32_t in
    auto* vertexBuffer = handleCast<WGPUVertexBuffer>(vbh);
    auto* bufferObject = handleCast<WGPUBufferObject>(boh);
    assert_invariant(index < vertexBuffer->buffers.size());
-    assert_invariant(bufferObject->getBuffer().GetUsage() & wgpu::BufferUsage::Vertex);
-    vertexBuffer->buffers[index] = bufferObject->getBuffer();
+    assert_invariant(bufferObject->buffer.GetUsage() & wgpu::BufferUsage::Vertex);
+    vertexBuffer->buffers[index] = bufferObject->buffer;
 }

-void WebGPUDriver::update3DImage(Handle<HwTexture> th, uint32_t level, uint32_t xoffset,
-        uint32_t yoffset, uint32_t zoffset, uint32_t width, uint32_t height, uint32_t depth,
-        PixelBufferDescriptor&& p) {
-    PixelBufferDescriptor* data = &p;
-    PixelBufferDescriptor reshapedData;
-    if (reshape(p, reshapedData)) {
-        data = &reshapedData;
-    }
-    auto texture = handleCast<WGPUTexture>(th);
-
-    // TODO: Writing to a depth texture is illegal and errors. I'm not sure why Filament is trying
-    // to do so, but early returning is working?
-    if(texture->getAspect() == wgpu::TextureAspect::DepthOnly){
-        scheduleDestroy(std::move(p));
-        return;
-    }
-    size_t blockWidth = texture->getBlockWidth();
-    size_t blockHeight = texture->getBlockHeight();
-    // WebGPU specification requires that for compressed textures, the x and y offsets
-    // must be a multiple of the compressed texture format's block width and height.
-    // See: https://www.w3.org/TR/webgpu/#abstract-opdef-validating-gputexelcopytextureinfo
-    if (blockWidth > 1 || blockHeight > 1) {
-        FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(xoffset % blockWidth == 0)
-                << "xoffset must be aligned to blockwidth, but offset is " << blockWidth
-                << "and offset is " << xoffset;
-        FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(yoffset % blockHeight == 0)
-                << "yoffset must be aligned to blockHeight, but offset is " << blockHeight
-                << "and offset is " << yoffset;
-    }
-
-    auto copyInfo = wgpu::TexelCopyTextureInfo{ .texture = texture->getTexture(),
-        .mipLevel = level,
-        .origin = { .x = xoffset, .y = yoffset, .z = zoffset },
-        .aspect = texture->getAspect() };
-    uint32_t bytesPerRow = static_cast<uint32_t>(
-            PixelBufferDescriptor::computePixelSize(data->format, data->type) * width);
-    auto extent = wgpu::Extent3D{ .width = width, .height = height, .depthOrArrayLayers = depth };
-
-    const uint8_t* dataBuff = static_cast<const uint8_t*>(data->buffer);
-    size_t dataSize = data->size;
-    std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> paddedBuffer;
-
-    if (bytesPerRow % 256 != 0) {
-        uint32_t padding = 256 - (bytesPerRow % 256);
-        uint32_t paddedBytesPerRow = bytesPerRow + padding;
-
-        size_t paddedBufferSize = static_cast<size_t>(paddedBytesPerRow) * height * depth;
-        paddedBuffer = std::make_unique<uint8_t[]>(paddedBufferSize);
-        uint8_t* dest = paddedBuffer.get();
-
-        for (uint32_t z = 0; z < depth; ++z) {
-            for (uint32_t y = 0; y < height; ++y) {
-                std::memcpy(dest, dataBuff, bytesPerRow);
-                dest += paddedBytesPerRow;
-                dataBuff += bytesPerRow;
-            }
-        }
-        dataBuff = paddedBuffer.get();
-        dataSize = paddedBufferSize;
-        bytesPerRow = paddedBytesPerRow;
-    }
-
-    auto layout = wgpu::TexelCopyBufferLayout{ .bytesPerRow = bytesPerRow, .rowsPerImage = height };
-
-    mQueue.WriteTexture(&copyInfo, dataBuff, dataSize, &layout, &extent);
-    scheduleDestroy(std::move(p));
+void WebGPUDriver::update3DImage(Handle<HwTexture> th,
+        uint32_t level, uint32_t xoffset, uint32_t yoffset, uint32_t zoffset,
+        uint32_t width, uint32_t height, uint32_t depth,
+        PixelBufferDescriptor&& data) {
+    scheduleDestroy(std::move(data));
 }

 void WebGPUDriver::setupExternalImage(void* image) {
@@ -706,82 +778,56 @@ void WebGPUDriver::compilePrograms(CompilerPriorityQueue priority,

 void WebGPUDriver::beginRenderPass(Handle<HwRenderTarget> rth, RenderPassParams const& params) {
    assert_invariant(mCommandEncoder);
+
    auto* renderTarget = handleCast<WGPURenderTarget>(rth);
-
-    wgpu::TextureView defaultColorView = nullptr;
-    wgpu::TextureView defaultDepthStencilView = nullptr;
-
-    std::array<wgpu::TextureView, MRT::MAX_SUPPORTED_RENDER_TARGET_COUNT> customColorViews{};
-    uint32_t customColorViewCount = 0;
-    wgpu::TextureView customDepthView = nullptr;
-    wgpu::TextureFormat customDepthFormat = wgpu::TextureFormat::Undefined;
-    wgpu::TextureFormat customStencilFormat = wgpu::TextureFormat::Undefined;
-    wgpu::TextureView customStencilView = nullptr;
-
-    mCurrentRenderTarget = renderTarget;
-    if (renderTarget->isDefaultRenderTarget()) {
-        assert_invariant(mSwapChain && mTextureView);
-        defaultColorView = mTextureView;
-        defaultDepthStencilView = mSwapChain->getDepthTextureView();
+    // if (renderTarget == mDefaultRenderTarget) {
+    //     FWGPU_LOGW << "Default render target"
+    //                << utils::io::endl;
+    // } else {
+    //     FWGPU_LOGW << "Non Default render target"
+    //                << utils::io::endl;
+    // }
+    wgpu::RenderPassDescriptor renderPassDescriptor2;
+    wgpu::RenderPassDepthStencilAttachment depthStencilAttachment{
+        .view = mSwapChain->getDepthTextureView(),
+        .depthLoadOp = WGPURenderTarget::getLoadOperation(params, TargetBufferFlags::DEPTH),
+        .depthStoreOp = WGPURenderTarget::getStoreOperation(params, TargetBufferFlags::DEPTH),
+        .depthClearValue = static_cast<float>(params.clearDepth),
+        .depthReadOnly = (params.readOnlyDepthStencil & RenderPassParams::READONLY_DEPTH) > 0,
+        .stencilLoadOp = WGPURenderTarget::getLoadOperation(params, TargetBufferFlags::STENCIL),
+        .stencilStoreOp = WGPURenderTarget::getStoreOperation(params, TargetBufferFlags::STENCIL),
+        .stencilClearValue = params.clearStencil,
+        .stencilReadOnly = (params.readOnlyDepthStencil & RenderPassParams::READONLY_STENCIL) > 0
+    };
+    renderTarget->setUpRenderPassAttachments(renderPassDescriptor2, mTextureView, params);
+    renderPassDescriptor2.depthStencilAttachment = &depthStencilAttachment;
+    // TODO: Remove this code once WebGPU pipeline is implemented
+    static float red = 1.0f;
+    if (red - 0.01 > 0) {
+        red -= 0.01;
    } else {
-        // Resolve views for custom render target
-        const auto& colorInfos = renderTarget->getColorAttachmentInfos();
-        for (int i = 0; i < MRT::MAX_SUPPORTED_RENDER_TARGET_COUNT; ++i) {
-            if (colorInfos[i].handle) {
-                auto* hwTexture = handleCast<WGPUTexture>(colorInfos[i].handle);
-                if (hwTexture) {
-                    // TODO: Consider colorInfos[i].level and colorInfos[i].layer for view creation
-                    // if WGPUTexture::getTextureView() isn't sufficient or needs parameters.
-                    customColorViews[customColorViewCount++] = hwTexture->getTextureView();
-
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        const auto& depthInfo = renderTarget->getDepthAttachmentInfo();
-        if (depthInfo.handle) {
-            auto* hwTexture = handleCast<WGPUTexture>(depthInfo.handle);
-            if (hwTexture) {
-                customDepthView = hwTexture->getTextureView();
-                customDepthFormat = hwTexture->getFormat();
-            }
-        }
-
-        const auto& stencilInfo = renderTarget->getStencilAttachmentInfo();
-        if (stencilInfo.handle) {
-            // If depth and stencil use the same texture handle, this will re-cast but that's fine.
-            auto* hwTexture = handleCast<WGPUTexture>(stencilInfo.handle);
-            if (hwTexture) {
-                customStencilView = hwTexture->getTextureView();
-                customStencilFormat = hwTexture->getFormat();
-            }
-        }
+        red = 1.0f;
    }
-    wgpu::RenderPassDescriptor renderPassDescriptor{};
-    renderTarget->setUpRenderPassAttachments(renderPassDescriptor,
-            params,
-            defaultColorView,
-            defaultDepthStencilView,
-            customColorViews.data(),
-            customColorViewCount,
-            customDepthView,
-            customStencilView,
-            customDepthFormat,
-            customStencilFormat);
+    assert_invariant(mTextureView);
+    wgpu::RenderPassColorAttachment renderPassColorAttachment = {
+        .view = mTextureView,
+        // TODO: remove this code once WebGPU Pipeline is implemented with render targets, pipeline and buffers.
+        .depthSlice = wgpu::kDepthSliceUndefined,
+        .loadOp = wgpu::LoadOp::Clear,
+        .storeOp = wgpu::StoreOp::Store,
+        .clearValue = wgpu::Color{red, 0 , 0 , 1},
+    };

-    mRenderPassEncoder = mCommandEncoder.BeginRenderPass(&renderPassDescriptor);
+    wgpu::RenderPassDescriptor renderPassDescriptor = {
+        .colorAttachmentCount = 1,
+        .colorAttachments = &renderPassColorAttachment,
+        .depthStencilAttachment = nullptr,
+        .timestampWrites = nullptr,
+    };

-    // Ensure viewport dimensions are not 0
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(params.viewport.width > 0) << "viewport width is 0?";
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(params.viewport.height > 0) << "viewport height is 0?";
-
-    mRenderPassEncoder.SetViewport(
-            static_cast<float>(params.viewport.left),
-            static_cast<float>(params.viewport.bottom),
-            static_cast<float>(params.viewport.width),
-            static_cast<float>(params.viewport.height),
-            params.depthRange.near,
-            params.depthRange.far);
+    mRenderPassEncoder = mCommandEncoder.BeginRenderPass(&renderPassDescriptor2);
+    mRenderPassEncoder.SetViewport(params.viewport.left, params.viewport.bottom,
+            params.viewport.width, params.viewport.height, params.depthRange.near, params.depthRange.far);
 }

 void WebGPUDriver::endRenderPass(int /* dummy */) {
@@ -874,7 +920,7 @@ void WebGPUDriver::bindPipeline(PipelineState const& pipelineState) {
    // VulkanPipelineCache to handle this, may be missing nuance
    static auto pipleineStateHasher = utils::hash::MurmurHashFn<filament::backend::PipelineState>();
    auto hash = pipleineStateHasher(pipelineState);
-    if (mPipelineMap.find(hash) != mPipelineMap.end()) {
+    if(mPipelineMap.find(hash) != mPipelineMap.end()){
        mRenderPassEncoder.SetPipeline(mPipelineMap[hash]);
        return;
    }
@@ -910,96 +956,42 @@ void WebGPUDriver::bindPipeline(PipelineState const& pipelineState) {
            << layoutDescriptor.label;
    auto const* vertexBufferInfo = handleCast<WGPUVertexBufferInfo>(pipelineState.vertexBufferInfo);
    assert_invariant(vertexBufferInfo);
-
-    std::vector<wgpu::TextureFormat> pipelineColorFormats;
-    wgpu::TextureFormat pipelineDepthFormat = wgpu::TextureFormat::Undefined;
-    uint8_t pipelineSamples = 1;
-
-    if (mCurrentRenderTarget->isDefaultRenderTarget()) {
-        pipelineColorFormats.push_back(mSwapChain->getColorFormat());
-        pipelineDepthFormat = mSwapChain->getDepthFormat();
-        pipelineSamples =
-                mCurrentRenderTarget->getSamples();// Default RT should have samples (usually 1)
-    } else {
-        const auto& mrtColorAttachments = mCurrentRenderTarget->getColorAttachmentInfos();
-        for (size_t i = 0; i < MRT::MAX_SUPPORTED_RENDER_TARGET_COUNT; ++i) {
-            if (mrtColorAttachments[i].handle) {
-                const auto* colorTexture = handleCast<WGPUTexture>(mrtColorAttachments[i].handle);
-                if (colorTexture) {
-                    pipelineColorFormats.push_back(colorTexture->getTexture().GetFormat());
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        const auto& depthInfo = mCurrentRenderTarget->getDepthAttachmentInfo();
-        const auto& stencilInfo = mCurrentRenderTarget->getStencilAttachmentInfo();
-        if (depthInfo.handle) {
-            FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(!stencilInfo.handle)
-                    << "depth and stencil attachments cannot both be provided for WebGPU";
-            const auto* dfTexture = handleCast<WGPUTexture>(depthInfo.handle);
-            if (dfTexture) pipelineDepthFormat = dfTexture->getTexture().GetFormat();
-        } else {
-            if (stencilInfo.handle) {
-                const auto* sfTexture = handleCast<WGPUTexture>(stencilInfo.handle);
-                // Assuming combined depth/stencil format if only stencil is present
-                if (sfTexture) {
-                    pipelineDepthFormat = sfTexture->getTexture().GetFormat();
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        pipelineSamples = mCurrentRenderTarget->getSamples();
-    }
-
-    // TODO: We expected this to be a sane check, however it complains when running shadowtest.
-    //if (program->fragmentShaderModule != nullptr) {
-    //    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(!pipelineColorFormats.empty())
-    //            << "Render pipeline with fragment shader must have at least one color target "
-    //               "format.";
-    //}
-    wgpu::RenderPipeline pipeline = createWebGPURenderPipeline(mDevice, *program, *vertexBufferInfo,
-            layout, pipelineState.rasterState, pipelineState.stencilState,
-            pipelineState.polygonOffset, pipelineState.primitiveType, pipelineColorFormats,
-            pipelineDepthFormat, pipelineSamples);
-    assert_invariant(pipeline);
+    const wgpu::RenderPipeline pipeline = createWebGPURenderPipeline(mDevice, *program,
+            *vertexBufferInfo, layout, pipelineState.rasterState, pipelineState.stencilState,
+            pipelineState.polygonOffset, pipelineState.primitiveType, mSwapChain->getColorFormat(),
+            mSwapChain->getDepthFormat());
    mPipelineMap[hash] = pipeline;
    mRenderPassEncoder.SetPipeline(pipeline);
 }

 void WebGPUDriver::bindRenderPrimitive(Handle<HwRenderPrimitive> rph) {
    auto* renderPrimitive = handleCast<WGPURenderPrimitive>(rph);
+
+    // This *must* match the WGPUVertexBufferInfo that was bound in bindPipeline(). But we want
+    // to allow to call this before bindPipeline(), so the validation can only happen in draw()
    auto vbi = handleCast<WGPUVertexBufferInfo>(renderPrimitive->vertexBuffer->vbih);
-    for (const auto& webGPUSlotBindings: vbi->getWebGPUSlotBindingInfos()) {
-        mRenderPassEncoder.SetVertexBuffer(webGPUSlotBindings.slot,
-                renderPrimitive->vertexBuffer->buffers[webGPUSlotBindings.sourceBuffer],
-                webGPUSlotBindings.bufferOffset);
+    assert_invariant(
+            vbi->getVertexBufferLayoutSize() == renderPrimitive->vertexBuffer->buffers.size());
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < vbi->getVertexBufferLayoutSize(); i++) {
+        mRenderPassEncoder.SetVertexBuffer(i, renderPrimitive->vertexBuffer->buffers[i]);
    }

-    mRenderPassEncoder.SetIndexBuffer(renderPrimitive->indexBuffer->getBuffer(),
+    mRenderPassEncoder.SetIndexBuffer(renderPrimitive->indexBuffer->buffer,
            renderPrimitive->indexBuffer->indexFormat);
 }

 void WebGPUDriver::draw2(uint32_t indexOffset, uint32_t indexCount, uint32_t instanceCount) {
-    // We defer actually binding until we actually draw
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < MAX_DESCRIPTOR_SET_COUNT; i++) {
-        auto& binding = mCurrentDescriptorSets[i];
-        if (binding.bindGroup) {
-            mRenderPassEncoder.SetBindGroup(i, binding.bindGroup, binding.offsetCount,
-                    binding.offsets.data());
-        }
-    }
-
-    mRenderPassEncoder.DrawIndexed(indexCount, instanceCount, indexOffset, 0, 0);
+    // Calling DrawIndexed with "firstInstance = 0" results in a NON spinning triangle
+    //    mRenderPassEncoder.DrawIndexed(indexCount, instanceCount, indexOffset, 0, 0);
+    // Calling DrawIndexed with "firstInstance = 1" results in a spinning triangle
+    mRenderPassEncoder.DrawIndexed(indexCount, instanceCount, indexOffset, 0, 1);
+    // Calling Draw with "firstInstance = 0" results in a NON spinning triangle
+    // Calling Draw with "firstInstance = 1" results in a spinning triangle
+    //    mRenderPassEncoder.Draw(indexCount, instanceCount, 0, 1);
 }

-void WebGPUDriver::draw(PipelineState pipelineState,
-        Handle<HwRenderPrimitive> renderPrimitiveHandle, uint32_t indexOffset, uint32_t indexCount,
-        uint32_t instanceCount) {
-    WGPURenderPrimitive const* const renderPrimitive =
-            handleCast<WGPURenderPrimitive>(renderPrimitiveHandle);
-    pipelineState.primitiveType = renderPrimitive->type;
-    pipelineState.vertexBufferInfo = renderPrimitive->vertexBuffer->vbih;
-    bindPipeline(pipelineState);
-    bindRenderPrimitive(renderPrimitiveHandle);
+void WebGPUDriver::draw(PipelineState, Handle<HwRenderPrimitive>, uint32_t indexOffset,
+        uint32_t indexCount, uint32_t instanceCount) {
    draw2(indexOffset, indexCount, instanceCount);
 }

@@ -1026,11 +1018,8 @@ void WebGPUDriver::updateDescriptorSetBuffer(Handle<HwDescriptorSet> dsh,
    auto buffer = handleCast<WGPUBufferObject>(boh);
    if (!bindGroup->getIsLocked()) {
        // TODO making assumptions that size and offset mean the same thing here.
-        FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(offset % mMinUniformBufferOffsetAlignment == 0)
-                << "Binding offset must be multiple of " << mMinUniformBufferOffsetAlignment
-                << "But requested offset is " << offset;
        wgpu::BindGroupEntry entry{ .binding = static_cast<uint32_t>(binding * 2),
-            .buffer = buffer->getBuffer(),
+            .buffer = buffer->buffer,
            .offset = offset,
            .size = size };
        bindGroup->addEntry(entry.binding, std::move(entry));
@@ -1048,7 +1037,7 @@ void WebGPUDriver::updateDescriptorSetTexture(Handle<HwDescriptorSet> dsh,
        auto sampler = makeSampler(params);
        // TODO making assumptions that size and offset mean the same thing here.
        wgpu::BindGroupEntry tEntry{ .binding = static_cast<uint32_t>(binding * 2),
-            .textureView = texture->getTextureView() };
+            .textureView = texture->getTexView() };
        bindGroup->addEntry(tEntry.binding, std::move(tEntry));

        wgpu::BindGroupEntry sEntry{ .binding = static_cast<uint32_t>(binding * 2 + 1),
@@ -1059,26 +1048,27 @@ void WebGPUDriver::updateDescriptorSetTexture(Handle<HwDescriptorSet> dsh,

 void WebGPUDriver::bindDescriptorSet(Handle<HwDescriptorSet> dsh,
        backend::descriptor_set_t setIndex, backend::DescriptorSetOffsetArray&& offsets) {
-    assert_invariant(setIndex < MAX_DESCRIPTOR_SET_COUNT);
    const auto bindGroup = handleCast<WebGPUDescriptorSet>(dsh);
    const auto wbg = bindGroup->lockAndReturn(mDevice);
-
-    mCurrentDescriptorSets[setIndex] = { .bindGroup = wbg,
-        .offsetCount = bindGroup->countEntitiesWithDynamicOffsets(),
-        .offsets = std::move(offsets) };
+    assert_invariant(mRenderPassEncoder);
+    // TODO is this how we should be getting the dynamic offsets?
+    //      should we add offsets for unused entries or is the input already have them?
+    //      this implementation assumes unused entries are not provided, and adds dummy values.
+    //      The count also includes unused entities, as not doing so produces errors
+    const size_t dynamicOffsetCount = bindGroup->countEntitiesWithDynamicOffsets();
+    uint32_t const* const dynamicOffsetsWithUnused = bindGroup->setDynamicOffsets(offsets.data());
+    mRenderPassEncoder.SetBindGroup(setIndex, wbg, dynamicOffsetCount, dynamicOffsetsWithUnused);
 }

 void WebGPUDriver::setDebugTag(HandleBase::HandleId handleId, utils::CString tag) {
 }
-
 wgpu::Sampler WebGPUDriver::makeSampler(SamplerParams const& params) {
-    wgpu::SamplerDescriptor desc{};
+    wgpu::SamplerDescriptor desc;

    desc.label = "TODO";
    desc.addressModeU = fWrapModeToWAddressMode(params.wrapS);
    desc.addressModeV = fWrapModeToWAddressMode(params.wrapR);
    desc.addressModeW = fWrapModeToWAddressMode(params.wrapT);
-
    switch (params.filterMag) {
        case SamplerMagFilter::NEAREST: {
            desc.magFilter = wgpu::FilterMode::Nearest;
@@ -1089,16 +1079,20 @@ wgpu::Sampler WebGPUDriver::makeSampler(SamplerParams const& params) {
            break;
        }
    }
-
    switch (params.filterMin) {
        case SamplerMinFilter::NEAREST: {
            desc.minFilter = wgpu::FilterMode::Nearest;
-            desc.mipmapFilter = wgpu::MipmapFilterMode::Undefined;
+            // Metal Driver uses an explicit not-mipmapped value webgpu lacks. Nearest should
+            // suffice
+            desc.mipmapFilter = wgpu::MipmapFilterMode::Nearest;
            break;
        }
        case SamplerMinFilter::LINEAR: {
            desc.minFilter = wgpu::FilterMode::Linear;
-            desc.mipmapFilter = wgpu::MipmapFilterMode::Undefined;
+            // Metal Driver uses an explicit not-mipmapped value webgpu lacks. Nearest should
+            // suffice
+
+            desc.mipmapFilter = wgpu::MipmapFilterMode::Nearest;
            break;
        }
        case SamplerMinFilter::NEAREST_MIPMAP_NEAREST: {
@@ -1109,11 +1103,13 @@ wgpu::Sampler WebGPUDriver::makeSampler(SamplerParams const& params) {
        case SamplerMinFilter::LINEAR_MIPMAP_NEAREST: {
            desc.minFilter = wgpu::FilterMode::Linear;
            desc.mipmapFilter = wgpu::MipmapFilterMode::Nearest;
+
            break;
        }
        case SamplerMinFilter::NEAREST_MIPMAP_LINEAR: {
            desc.minFilter = wgpu::FilterMode::Nearest;
            desc.mipmapFilter = wgpu::MipmapFilterMode::Linear;
+
            break;
        }
        case SamplerMinFilter::LINEAR_MIPMAP_LINEAR: {
@@ -1122,48 +1118,48 @@ wgpu::Sampler WebGPUDriver::makeSampler(SamplerParams const& params) {
            break;
        }
    }
-    if (params.compareMode == SamplerCompareMode::COMPARE_TO_TEXTURE) {
-        switch (params.compareFunc) {
-            case SamplerCompareFunc::LE: {
-                desc.compare = wgpu::CompareFunction::LessEqual;
-                break;
-            }
-            case SamplerCompareFunc::GE: {
-                desc.compare = wgpu::CompareFunction::GreaterEqual;
-                break;
-            }
-            case SamplerCompareFunc::L: {
-                desc.compare = wgpu::CompareFunction::Less;
-                break;
-            }
-            case SamplerCompareFunc::G: {
-                desc.compare = wgpu::CompareFunction::Greater;
-                break;
-            }
-            case SamplerCompareFunc::E: {
-                desc.compare = wgpu::CompareFunction::Equal;
-                break;
-            }
-            case SamplerCompareFunc::NE: {
-                desc.compare = wgpu::CompareFunction::NotEqual;
-                break;
-            }
-            case SamplerCompareFunc::A: {
-                desc.compare = wgpu::CompareFunction::Always;
-                break;
-            }
-            case SamplerCompareFunc::N: {
-                desc.compare = wgpu::CompareFunction::Never;
-                break;
-            }
+    switch (params.compareFunc) {
+        case SamplerCompareFunc::LE: {
+            desc.compare = wgpu::CompareFunction::LessEqual;
+            break;
+        }
+        case SamplerCompareFunc::GE: {
+            desc.compare = wgpu::CompareFunction::GreaterEqual;
+            break;
+        }
+        case SamplerCompareFunc::L: {
+            desc.compare = wgpu::CompareFunction::Less;
+            break;
+        }
+        case SamplerCompareFunc::G: {
+            desc.compare = wgpu::CompareFunction::Greater;
+            break;
+        }
+        case SamplerCompareFunc::E: {
+            desc.compare = wgpu::CompareFunction::Equal;
+            break;
+        }
+        case SamplerCompareFunc::NE: {
+            desc.compare = wgpu::CompareFunction::NotEqual;
+            break;
+        }
+        case SamplerCompareFunc::A: {
+            desc.compare = wgpu::CompareFunction::Always;
+            break;
+        }
+        case SamplerCompareFunc::N: {
+            desc.compare = wgpu::CompareFunction::Never;
+            break;
        }
    }

    desc.maxAnisotropy = 1u << params.anisotropyLog2;

-    // Unused: WGPU lodMinClamp/lodMaxClamp unnecessary

-    return mDevice.CreateSampler(&desc);
+    // Unused: Filament's compareMode, WGPU lodMinClamp/lodMaxClamp
+
+    //TODO Once we can properly map to descriptorsetlayout use the sampler.
+    return mDevice.CreateSampler(/*&desc*/);
 }
 wgpu::AddressMode WebGPUDriver::fWrapModeToWAddressMode(const SamplerWrapMode& fWrapMode) {
    switch (fWrapMode) {
@@ -1183,4 +1179,5 @@ wgpu::AddressMode WebGPUDriver::fWrapModeToWAddressMode(const SamplerWrapMode& f
    return wgpu::AddressMode::Undefined;
 }

+
 } // namespace filament
@@ -58,13 +58,32 @@ private:
    [[nodiscard]] ShaderLanguage getShaderLanguage() const noexcept final;
    [[nodiscard]] wgpu::Sampler makeSampler(SamplerParams const& params);
    [[nodiscard]] static wgpu::AddressMode fWrapModeToWAddressMode(const filament::backend::SamplerWrapMode& fUsage);
+    template<typename GPUBufferObject>
+    void updateGPUBuffer(GPUBufferObject* gpuBufferObject, BufferDescriptor&& bufferDescriptor,
+            uint32_t byteOffset) {
+        FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(bufferDescriptor.buffer)
+                << "copyIntoBuffer called with a null buffer";
+        FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(
+                bufferDescriptor.size + byteOffset <= gpuBufferObject->buffer.GetSize())
+                << "Attempting to copy " << bufferDescriptor.size << " bytes into a buffer of size "
+                << gpuBufferObject->buffer.GetSize() << " at offset " << byteOffset;
+
+        // TODO: All buffer objects are created with CopyDst usage.
+        // This may have some performance implications. That should be investigated later.
+        assert_invariant(gpuBufferObject->buffer.GetUsage() & wgpu::BufferUsage::CopyDst);
+
+        // WriteBuffer is an async call. But cpu buffer data is already written to the staging
+        // buffer on return from the WriteBuffer.
+        mQueue.WriteBuffer(gpuBufferObject->buffer, byteOffset, bufferDescriptor.buffer,
+                bufferDescriptor.size);
+        scheduleDestroy(std::move(bufferDescriptor));
+    }

    // the platform (e.g. OS) specific aspects of the WebGPU backend are strictly only
    // handled in the WebGPUPlatform
    WebGPUPlatform& mPlatform;
    wgpu::Adapter mAdapter = nullptr;
    wgpu::Device mDevice = nullptr;
-    uint32_t mMinUniformBufferOffsetAlignment;
    wgpu::Queue mQueue = nullptr;
    void* mNativeWindow = nullptr;
    WebGPUSwapChain* mSwapChain = nullptr;
@@ -74,16 +93,8 @@ private:
    wgpu::RenderPassEncoder mRenderPassEncoder = nullptr;
    wgpu::CommandBuffer mCommandBuffer = nullptr;
    WGPURenderTarget* mDefaultRenderTarget = nullptr;
-    WGPURenderTarget* mCurrentRenderTarget = nullptr;

    tsl::robin_map<uint32_t, wgpu::RenderPipeline> mPipelineMap;
-
-    struct DescriptorSetBindingInfo{
-        wgpu::BindGroup bindGroup;
-        size_t offsetCount;
-        backend::DescriptorSetOffsetArray offsets;
-    };
-    std::array<DescriptorSetBindingInfo,MAX_DESCRIPTOR_SET_COUNT> mCurrentDescriptorSets;
    /*
     * Driver interface
     */
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@

 #include <utils/BitmaskEnum.h>
 #include <utils/Panic.h>
-#include <private/backend/BackendUtils.h>
+
 #include <webgpu/webgpu_cpp.h>

 #include <algorithm>
@@ -41,6 +41,15 @@ constexpr wgpu::BufferUsage getBufferObjectUsage(
    }
 }

+wgpu::Buffer createBuffer(wgpu::Device const& device, wgpu::BufferUsage usage, uint32_t size,
+        char const* label) {
+    wgpu::BufferDescriptor descriptor{ .label = label,
+        .usage = usage,
+        .size = size,
+        .mappedAtCreation = false };
+    return device.CreateBuffer(&descriptor);
+}
+
 wgpu::VertexFormat getVertexFormat(filament::backend::ElementType type, bool normalized, bool integer) {
    using ElementType = filament::backend::ElementType;
    using VertexFormat = wgpu::VertexFormat;
@@ -68,7 +77,7 @@ wgpu::VertexFormat getVertexFormat(filament::backend::ElementType type, bool nor
            case ElementType::BYTE4: return VertexFormat::Snorm8x4;
            case ElementType::UBYTE4: return VertexFormat::Unorm8x4;
            case ElementType::SHORT4: return VertexFormat::Snorm16x4;
-            case ElementType::USHORT4: return VertexFormat::Unorm16x4;
+            case ElementType::USHORT4: return VertexFormat::Unorm8x4;
            default:
                FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(false) << "Normalized format does not exist.";
                return VertexFormat::Float32x3;
@@ -126,7 +135,7 @@ wgpu::StringView getUserTextureLabel(filament::backend::SamplerType target) {
        case SamplerType::SAMPLER_3D:
            return "a_3D_user_texture";
        case SamplerType::SAMPLER_CUBEMAP_ARRAY:
-            return "a_cube_map_array_user_texture";
+            return "a_cube_mape_array_user_texture";
    }
 }

@@ -145,7 +154,7 @@ wgpu::StringView getUserTextureViewLabel(filament::backend::SamplerType target)
        case SamplerType::SAMPLER_3D:
            return "a_3D_user_texture_view";
        case SamplerType::SAMPLER_CUBEMAP_ARRAY:
-            return "a_cube_map_array_user_texture_view";
+            return "a_cube_mape_array_user_texture_view";
    }
 }

@@ -153,142 +162,51 @@ wgpu::StringView getUserTextureViewLabel(filament::backend::SamplerType target)

 namespace filament::backend {

-void WGPUBufferBase::createBuffer(const wgpu::Device& device, wgpu::BufferUsage usage,
-        uint32_t size, const char* label) {
-    // Write size must be divisible by 4. If the whole buffer is written to as is common, so must
-    // the buffer size.
-    size += (4 - (size % 4)) % 4;
-    wgpu::BufferDescriptor descriptor{ .label = label,
-        .usage = usage,
-        .size = size,
-        .mappedAtCreation = false };
-    buffer = device.CreateBuffer(&descriptor);
-}
-
-void WGPUBufferBase::updateGPUBuffer(BufferDescriptor& bufferDescriptor, uint32_t byteOffset,
-        wgpu::Queue queue) {
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(bufferDescriptor.buffer)
-            << "copyIntoBuffer called with a null buffer";
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(bufferDescriptor.size + byteOffset <= buffer.GetSize())
-            << "Attempting to copy " << bufferDescriptor.size << " bytes into a buffer of size "
-            << buffer.GetSize() << " at offset " << byteOffset;
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(byteOffset % 4 == 0)
-            << "Byte offset must be a multiple of 4 but is " << byteOffset;
-
-    // TODO: All buffer objects are created with CopyDst usage.
-    // This may have some performance implications. That should be investigated later.
-    assert_invariant(buffer.GetUsage() & wgpu::BufferUsage::CopyDst);
-
-    size_t remainder = bufferDescriptor.size % 4;
-
-    // WriteBuffer is an async call. But cpu buffer data is already written to the staging
-    // buffer on return from the WriteBuffer.
-    auto legalSize = bufferDescriptor.size - remainder;
-    queue.WriteBuffer(buffer, byteOffset, bufferDescriptor.buffer, legalSize);
-    if (remainder != 0) {
-        const uint8_t* remainderStart =
-                static_cast<const uint8_t*>(bufferDescriptor.buffer) + legalSize;
-        memcpy(mRemainderChunk.data(), remainderStart, remainder);
-        // Pad the remainder with zeros to ensure deterministic behavior, though GPU shouldn't
-        // access this
-        std::memset(mRemainderChunk.data() + remainder, 0, 4 - remainder);
-
-        queue.WriteBuffer(buffer, byteOffset + legalSize, &mRemainderChunk, 4);
-    }
-}
-
-static constexpr uint32_t DUMMY_WEBGPU_SLOT = 0;
-
 WGPUVertexBufferInfo::WGPUVertexBufferInfo(uint8_t bufferCount, uint8_t attributeCount,
        AttributeArray const& attributes)
    : HwVertexBufferInfo(bufferCount, attributeCount),
-      // TODO: max limits may not be supported by webgpu driver. This should be addressed in the
-      // hardening part.
-      mVertexBufferLayouts(MAX_VERTEX_BUFFER_COUNT),
-      mVertexAttributes(MAX_VERTEX_BUFFER_COUNT) {
-
-    // It starts from 1 because slot 0 is now reserved for the dummy.
-    uint32_t currentWebGPUSlotIndex = 1;
-    // A reasonable dummy stride (e.g., for vec4)
-    const uint32_t DUMMY_STRIDE = 16;
-
-    // Initialize the layout for the dummy slot (slot 0)
-    mVertexBufferLayouts[DUMMY_WEBGPU_SLOT].arrayStride = DUMMY_STRIDE;
-    mVertexBufferLayouts[DUMMY_WEBGPU_SLOT].stepMode = wgpu::VertexStepMode::Vertex;
-    mVertexBufferLayouts[DUMMY_WEBGPU_SLOT].attributeCount = 0;
-
-    mWebGPUSlotBindingInfos.push_back({
-        .sourceBuffer = 0,
-        .slot = DUMMY_WEBGPU_SLOT,
-        .bufferOffset = 0,
-        .stride = DUMMY_STRIDE,
-    });
-
-    for (uint32_t attributeIndex = 0; attributeIndex < attributes.size(); ++attributeIndex) {
-        const auto& attribute = attributes[attributeIndex];
-
-        bool const isInteger = attribute.flags & Attribute::FLAG_INTEGER_TARGET;
-        bool const isNormalized = attribute.flags & Attribute::FLAG_NORMALIZED;
-        wgpu::VertexFormat vertexFormat = getVertexFormat(attribute.type, isNormalized, isInteger);
-
-        if (attribute.buffer == Attribute::BUFFER_UNUSED) {
-            // Use some dummy format
-            vertexFormat = isInteger ? wgpu::VertexFormat::Uint8x4 : wgpu::VertexFormat::Unorm8x4;
-            mVertexAttributes[DUMMY_WEBGPU_SLOT].push_back({
-                .format = vertexFormat,
-                .offset = 0,
-                .shaderLocation = attributeIndex,
-            });
-            mVertexBufferLayouts[DUMMY_WEBGPU_SLOT].attributeCount++;
+      mVertexBufferLayout(bufferCount),
+      mAttributes(bufferCount) {
+    assert_invariant(attributeCount > 0);
+    assert_invariant(bufferCount > 0);
+    for (uint32_t attribIndex = 0; attribIndex < attributes.size(); attribIndex++) {
+        Attribute const& attrib = attributes[attribIndex];
+        // Ignore the attributes which are not bind to vertex buffers.
+        if (attrib.buffer == Attribute::BUFFER_UNUSED) {
            continue;
        }

-        auto it = std::find_if(mWebGPUSlotBindingInfos.begin(), mWebGPUSlotBindingInfos.end(),
-                [&](const auto& info) {
-                    return info.sourceBuffer == attribute.buffer && info.stride == attribute.stride;
-                });
+        assert_invariant(attrib.buffer < bufferCount);
+        bool const isInteger = attrib.flags & Attribute::FLAG_INTEGER_TARGET;
+        bool const isNormalized = attrib.flags & Attribute::FLAG_NORMALIZED;
+        wgpu::VertexFormat vertexFormat = getVertexFormat(attrib.type, isNormalized, isInteger);

-        uint32_t assignedSlot;
-        if (it != mWebGPUSlotBindingInfos.end()) {
-            assignedSlot = it->slot;
-        } else {
-            // New combination, allocate a new WebGPU slot
-            assert_invariant(currentWebGPUSlotIndex < MAX_VERTEX_BUFFER_COUNT);
-            assignedSlot = currentWebGPUSlotIndex++;
-
-            mWebGPUSlotBindingInfos.push_back({
-                .sourceBuffer = attribute.buffer,
-                .slot = assignedSlot,
-                .bufferOffset = attribute.offset - (attribute.offset % attribute.stride),
-                .stride = attribute.stride,
-            });
-
-            mVertexBufferLayouts[assignedSlot].arrayStride = attribute.stride;
-            mVertexBufferLayouts[assignedSlot].stepMode = wgpu::VertexStepMode::Vertex;
-            mVertexBufferLayouts[assignedSlot].attributeCount = 0;
-        }
-
-        mVertexAttributes[assignedSlot].push_back({
+        // Attributes are sequential per buffer
+        mAttributes[attrib.buffer].push_back({
            .format = vertexFormat,
-            .offset = attribute.offset % attribute.stride,
-            .shaderLocation = attributeIndex,
+            .offset = attrib.offset,
+            .shaderLocation = attribIndex,
        });
-        mVertexBufferLayouts[assignedSlot].attributeCount++;
+
+        mVertexBufferLayout[attrib.buffer].stepMode = wgpu::VertexStepMode::Vertex;
+        if (mVertexBufferLayout[attrib.buffer].arrayStride == 0) {
+            mVertexBufferLayout[attrib.buffer].arrayStride = attrib.stride;
+        } else {
+            assert_invariant(mVertexBufferLayout[attrib.buffer].arrayStride == attrib.stride);
+        }
    }

-    mVertexBufferLayouts.resize(currentWebGPUSlotIndex);
-
-    for (const auto& info: mWebGPUSlotBindingInfos) {
-        mVertexBufferLayouts[info.slot].attributes = mVertexAttributes[info.slot].data();
+    for (uint32_t bufferIndex = 0; bufferIndex < bufferCount; bufferIndex++) {
+        mVertexBufferLayout[bufferIndex].attributeCount = mAttributes[bufferIndex].size();
+        mVertexBufferLayout[bufferIndex].attributes = mAttributes[bufferIndex].data();
    }
 }

 WGPUIndexBuffer::WGPUIndexBuffer(wgpu::Device const& device, uint8_t elementSize,
        uint32_t indexCount)
-    : indexFormat(elementSize == 2 ? wgpu::IndexFormat::Uint16 : wgpu::IndexFormat::Uint32) {
-    createBuffer(device, wgpu::BufferUsage::CopyDst | wgpu::BufferUsage::Index,
-            elementSize * indexCount, "index_buffer");
-}
+    : buffer(createBuffer(device, wgpu::BufferUsage::CopyDst | wgpu::BufferUsage::Index,
+              elementSize * indexCount, "index_buffer")),
+      indexFormat(elementSize == 2 ? wgpu::IndexFormat::Uint16 : wgpu::IndexFormat::Uint32) {}


 WGPUVertexBuffer::WGPUVertexBuffer(wgpu::Device const& device, uint32_t vertexCount,
@@ -299,10 +217,10 @@ WGPUVertexBuffer::WGPUVertexBuffer(wgpu::Device const& device, uint32_t vertexCo

 WGPUBufferObject::WGPUBufferObject(wgpu::Device const& device, BufferObjectBinding bindingType,
        uint32_t byteCount)
-    : HwBufferObject(byteCount) {
-    createBuffer(device, wgpu::BufferUsage::CopyDst | getBufferObjectUsage(bindingType), byteCount,
-            "buffer_object");
-}
+    : HwBufferObject(byteCount),
+      buffer(createBuffer(device, wgpu::BufferUsage::CopyDst | getBufferObjectUsage(bindingType),
+              byteCount, "buffer_object")),
+      bufferObjectBinding(bindingType) {}

 wgpu::ShaderStage WebGPUDescriptorSetLayout::filamentStageToWGPUStage(ShaderStageFlags fFlags) {
    wgpu::ShaderStage retStages = wgpu::ShaderStage::None;
@@ -337,7 +255,8 @@ WebGPUDescriptorSetLayout::WebGPUDescriptorSetLayout(DescriptorSetLayout const&

    unsigned int samplerCount =
            std::count_if(layout.bindings.begin(), layout.bindings.end(), [](auto& fEntry) {
-                return DescriptorSetLayoutBinding::isSampler(fEntry.type);
+                return fEntry.type == DescriptorType::SAMPLER ||
+                       fEntry.type == DescriptorType::SAMPLER_EXTERNAL;
            });


@@ -353,45 +272,26 @@ WebGPUDescriptorSetLayout::WebGPUDescriptorSetLayout(DescriptorSetLayout const&
        entryInfo.binding = wEntry.binding;

        switch (fEntry.type) {
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_FLOAT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_INT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_UINT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_DEPTH:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_ARRAY_FLOAT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_ARRAY_INT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_ARRAY_UINT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_ARRAY_DEPTH:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_CUBE_FLOAT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_CUBE_INT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_CUBE_UINT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_CUBE_DEPTH:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_CUBE_ARRAY_FLOAT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_CUBE_ARRAY_INT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_CUBE_ARRAY_UINT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_CUBE_ARRAY_DEPTH:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_3D_FLOAT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_3D_INT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_3D_UINT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_MS_FLOAT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_MS_INT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_MS_UINT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_MS_ARRAY_FLOAT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_MS_ARRAY_INT:
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_MS_ARRAY_UINT: {
+            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_EXTERNAL:
+            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER: {
                auto& samplerEntry = wEntries.emplace_back();
                auto& samplerEntryInfo = mBindGroupEntries.emplace_back();
                samplerEntry.binding = fEntry.binding * 2 + 1;
                samplerEntryInfo.binding = samplerEntry.binding;
+                samplerEntryInfo.type = WebGPUDescriptorSetLayout::BindGroupEntryType::SAMPLER;
                samplerEntry.visibility = wEntry.visibility;
-                wEntry.texture.multisampled = isMultiSampledTypeDescriptor(fEntry.type);
-                // TODO: Set once we have the filtering values
-                if (isDepthDescriptor(fEntry.type)) {
-                    samplerEntry.sampler.type = wgpu::SamplerBindingType::Comparison;
-                } else if (isIntDescriptor(fEntry.type)) {
-                    samplerEntry.sampler.type = wgpu::SamplerBindingType::NonFiltering;
+                // We are simply hoping that undefined and defaults suffices here.
+                samplerEntry.sampler.type = wgpu::SamplerBindingType::NonFiltering; // Example default
+                wEntry.texture.sampleType = wgpu::TextureSampleType::Float;      // Example default
+                // TODO: FIX! THIS IS HACK FOR HELLO-TRIANGLE!
+                if (baseLabel.find("Skybox") != std::string::npos ||
+                        (baseLabel == "Filament Default Material_perView" && wEntry.binding == 22)) {
+                    wEntry.texture.viewDimension = wgpu::TextureViewDimension::Cube;
                } else {
-                    samplerEntry.sampler.type = wgpu::SamplerBindingType::Filtering;
+                    wEntry.texture.viewDimension =
+                            wgpu::TextureViewDimension::e2D;// Example default
                }
+                entryInfo.type = WebGPUDescriptorSetLayout::BindGroupEntryType::TEXTURE_VIEW;
                break;
            }
            case DescriptorType::UNIFORM_BUFFER: {
@@ -402,6 +302,7 @@ WebGPUDescriptorSetLayout::WebGPUDescriptorSetLayout(DescriptorSetLayout const&
                // TODO: Ideally we fill minBindingSize
                break;
            }
+
            case DescriptorType::INPUT_ATTACHMENT: {
                PANIC_POSTCONDITION("Input Attachment is not supported");
                break;
@@ -410,48 +311,6 @@ WebGPUDescriptorSetLayout::WebGPUDescriptorSetLayout(DescriptorSetLayout const&
                PANIC_POSTCONDITION("Shader storage is not supported");
                break;
            }
-            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_EXTERNAL: {
-                PANIC_POSTCONDITION("External Sampler is not supported");
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-        if (isDepthDescriptor(fEntry.type))
-        {
-            wEntry.texture.sampleType = wgpu::TextureSampleType::Depth;
-        }
-        else if (isFloatDescriptor(fEntry.type))
-        {
-            // TODO: Set once we have the filtering values
-            wEntry.texture.sampleType = wgpu::TextureSampleType::Float;
-        }
-        else if (isIntDescriptor(fEntry.type))
-        {
-            wEntry.texture.sampleType = wgpu::TextureSampleType::Sint;
-        }
-        else if (isUnsignedIntDescriptor(fEntry.type))
-        {
-            wEntry.texture.sampleType = wgpu::TextureSampleType::Uint;
-        }
-
-        if (is3dTypeDescriptor(fEntry.type))
-        {
-            wEntry.texture.viewDimension = wgpu::TextureViewDimension::e3D;
-        }
-        else if (is2dTypeDescriptor(fEntry.type))
-        {
-            wEntry.texture.viewDimension = wgpu::TextureViewDimension::e2D;
-        }
-        else if (is2dArrayTypeDescriptor(fEntry.type))
-        {
-            wEntry.texture.viewDimension = wgpu::TextureViewDimension::e2DArray;
-        }
-        else if (isCubeTypeDescriptor(fEntry.type))
-        {
-            wEntry.texture.viewDimension = wgpu::TextureViewDimension::Cube;
-        }
-        else if (isCubeArrayTypeDescriptor(fEntry.type))
-        {
-            wEntry.texture.viewDimension = wgpu::TextureViewDimension::CubeArray;
        }
        // fEntry.count is unused currently
    }
@@ -466,26 +325,114 @@ WebGPUDescriptorSetLayout::WebGPUDescriptorSetLayout(DescriptorSetLayout const&

 WebGPUDescriptorSetLayout::~WebGPUDescriptorSetLayout() {}

+wgpu::Buffer WebGPUDescriptorSet::sDummyUniformBuffer = nullptr;
+wgpu::Texture WebGPUDescriptorSet::sDummyTexture = nullptr;
+wgpu::TextureView WebGPUDescriptorSet::sDummyTextureView = nullptr;
+wgpu::Sampler WebGPUDescriptorSet::sDummySampler = nullptr;
+
+void WebGPUDescriptorSet::initializeDummyResourcesIfNotAlready(wgpu::Device const& device,
+        wgpu::TextureFormat aColorFormat) {
+    if (!sDummyUniformBuffer) {
+        wgpu::BufferDescriptor bufferDescriptor{
+            .label = "dummy_uniform_not_to_be_used",
+            .usage = wgpu::BufferUsage::Uniform,
+            .size = 4
+        };
+        sDummyUniformBuffer = device.CreateBuffer(&bufferDescriptor);
+        FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(sDummyUniformBuffer)
+                << "Failed to create dummy uniform buffer?";
+    }
+    if (!sDummyTexture || !sDummyTextureView) {
+        wgpu::TextureDescriptor textureDescriptor{
+            .label = "dummy_texture_not_to_be_used",
+            .usage = wgpu::TextureUsage::TextureBinding,
+            .dimension = wgpu::TextureDimension::e2D,
+            .size = wgpu::Extent3D{ .width = 4, .height = 4, .depthOrArrayLayers = 1 },
+            .format = aColorFormat,
+        };
+        if (!sDummyTexture) {
+            sDummyTexture = device.CreateTexture(&textureDescriptor);
+            FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(sDummyUniformBuffer) << "Failed to create dummy texture?";
+        }
+        if (!sDummyTextureView) {
+            wgpu::TextureViewDescriptor textureViewDescriptor{
+                .label = "dummy_texture_view_not_to_be_used"
+            };
+            sDummyTextureView = sDummyTexture.CreateView(&textureViewDescriptor);
+            FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(sDummyUniformBuffer)
+                    << "Failed to create dummy texture view?";
+        }
+    }
+    if (!sDummySampler) {
+        wgpu::SamplerDescriptor samplerDescriptor{
+            .label = "dummy_sampler_not_to_be_used"
+        };
+        sDummySampler = device.CreateSampler(&samplerDescriptor);
+        FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(sDummyUniformBuffer) << "Failed to create dummy sampler?";
+    }
+}
+
+std::vector<wgpu::BindGroupEntry> WebGPUDescriptorSet::createDummyEntriesSortedByBinding(
+        std::vector<filament::backend::WebGPUDescriptorSetLayout::BindGroupEntryInfo> const&
+                bindGroupEntries) {
+    assert_invariant(WebGPUDescriptorSet::sDummyUniformBuffer &&
+                     "Dummy uniform buffer must have been created before "
+                     "creating dummy bind group entries.");
+    assert_invariant(
+            WebGPUDescriptorSet::sDummyTexture &&
+            "Dummy texture must have been created before creating dummy bind group entries.");
+    assert_invariant(
+            WebGPUDescriptorSet::sDummyTextureView &&
+            "Dummy texture view must have been created before creating dummy bind group entries.");
+    assert_invariant(
+            WebGPUDescriptorSet::sDummySampler &&
+            "Dummy sampler must have been created before creating dummy bind group entries.");
+    using filament::backend::WebGPUDescriptorSetLayout;
+    std::vector<wgpu::BindGroupEntry> entries;
+    entries.reserve(bindGroupEntries.size());
+    for (auto const& entryInfo: bindGroupEntries) {
+        auto& entry = entries.emplace_back();
+        entry.binding = entryInfo.binding;
+        switch (entryInfo.type) {
+            case WebGPUDescriptorSetLayout::BindGroupEntryType::UNIFORM_BUFFER:
+                entry.buffer = WebGPUDescriptorSet::sDummyUniformBuffer;
+                break;
+            case WebGPUDescriptorSetLayout::BindGroupEntryType::TEXTURE_VIEW:
+                entry.textureView = WebGPUDescriptorSet::sDummyTextureView;
+                break;
+            case WebGPUDescriptorSetLayout::BindGroupEntryType::SAMPLER:
+                entry.sampler = WebGPUDescriptorSet::sDummySampler;
+                break;
+        }
+    }
+    std::sort(entries.begin(), entries.end(),
+            [](wgpu::BindGroupEntry const& a, wgpu::BindGroupEntry const& b) {
+                return a.binding < b.binding;
+            });
+    return entries;
+}
+
 WebGPUDescriptorSet::WebGPUDescriptorSet(wgpu::BindGroupLayout const& layout,
        std::vector<WebGPUDescriptorSetLayout::BindGroupEntryInfo> const& bindGroupEntries)
    : mLayout(layout),
-      mEntriesWithDynamicOffsetsCount(std::count_if(bindGroupEntries.begin(),
-              bindGroupEntries.end(), [](auto const& entry) { return entry.hasDynamicOffset; })) {
-
-    mEntries.resize(bindGroupEntries.size());
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < bindGroupEntries.size(); ++i) {
-        mEntries[i].binding = bindGroupEntries[i].binding;
-    }
+      mEntriesSortedByBinding(createDummyEntriesSortedByBinding(bindGroupEntries)) {
    // Establish the size of entries based on the layout. This should be reliable and efficient.
    assert_invariant(INVALID_INDEX > mEntryIndexByBinding.size());
    for (size_t i = 0; i < mEntryIndexByBinding.size(); i++) {
        mEntryIndexByBinding[i] = INVALID_INDEX;
    }
-    for (size_t index = 0; index < mEntries.size(); index++) {
-        wgpu::BindGroupEntry const& entry = mEntries[index];
+    for (size_t index = 0; index < mEntriesSortedByBinding.size(); index++) {
+        wgpu::BindGroupEntry const& entry = mEntriesSortedByBinding[index];
        assert_invariant(entry.binding < mEntryIndexByBinding.size());
        mEntryIndexByBinding[entry.binding] = static_cast<uint8_t>(index);
    }
+    for (auto const& entry : bindGroupEntries) {
+        if (entry.hasDynamicOffset) {
+            assert_invariant(entry.binding < mEntriesByBindingWithDynamicOffsets.size());
+            mEntriesByBindingWithDynamicOffsets[entry.binding] = true;
+        }
+    }
+    mDynamicOffsets.reserve(mEntriesSortedByBinding.size());
 }

 WebGPUDescriptorSet::~WebGPUDescriptorSet() {
@@ -500,15 +447,15 @@ wgpu::BindGroup WebGPUDescriptorSet::lockAndReturn(const wgpu::Device& device) {
    // TODO label? Should we just copy layout label?
    wgpu::BindGroupDescriptor desc{
        .layout = mLayout,
-        .entryCount = mEntries.size(),
-        .entries = mEntries.data()
+        .entryCount = mEntriesSortedByBinding.size(),
+        .entries = mEntriesSortedByBinding.data()
    };
    mBindGroup = device.CreateBindGroup(&desc);
    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(mBindGroup) << "Failed to create bind group?";
    // once we have created the bind group itself we should no longer need any other state
    mLayout = nullptr;
-    mEntries.clear();
-    mEntries.shrink_to_fit();
+    mEntriesSortedByBinding.clear();
+    mEntriesSortedByBinding.shrink_to_fit();
    return mBindGroup;
 }

@@ -526,18 +473,38 @@ void WebGPUDescriptorSet::addEntry(unsigned int index, wgpu::BindGroupEntry&& en
            << index;
    uint8_t entryIndex = mEntryIndexByBinding[index];
    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(
-            entryIndex != INVALID_INDEX && entryIndex < mEntries.size())
+            entryIndex != INVALID_INDEX && entryIndex < mEntriesSortedByBinding.size())
            << "Invalid binding " << index;
    entry.binding = index;
-    mEntries[entryIndex] = std::move(entry);
+    mEntriesSortedByBinding[entryIndex] = std::move(entry);
+    mEntriesByBindingAdded[index] = true;
+}
+
+uint32_t const* WebGPUDescriptorSet::setDynamicOffsets(uint32_t const* offsets) {
+    // mDynamicOffsets already reserves enough memory for the number of entries in the set
+    mDynamicOffsets.clear();
+    // this implementation copies the offsets to mDynamicOffsets, but also adds values for
+    // unused entries TODO: is this necessary?
+    size_t inputIndex = 0;
+    size_t outputIndex = 0;
+    for (auto const& entry : mEntriesSortedByBinding) {
+        if (mEntriesByBindingWithDynamicOffsets[entry.binding]) {
+            if (mEntriesByBindingAdded[entry.binding]) {
+                mDynamicOffsets[outputIndex++] = offsets[inputIndex++];
+            } else {
+                mDynamicOffsets[outputIndex++] = 0; // dummy offset, as it was never added
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return mDynamicOffsets.data();
 }

 size_t WebGPUDescriptorSet::countEntitiesWithDynamicOffsets() const {
-    return mEntriesWithDynamicOffsetsCount;
+    return mEntriesByBindingWithDynamicOffsets.count();
 }

-WGPUTexture::WGPUTexture(SamplerType samplerTargetType, uint8_t levels, TextureFormat format,
-        uint8_t samples, uint32_t width, uint32_t height, uint32_t depth, TextureUsage usage,
+WGPUTexture::WGPUTexture(SamplerType target, uint8_t levels, TextureFormat format, uint8_t samples,
+        uint32_t width, uint32_t height, uint32_t depth, TextureUsage usage,
        wgpu::Device const& device) noexcept {
    assert_invariant(
            samples == 1 ||
@@ -550,10 +517,6 @@ WGPUTexture::WGPUTexture(SamplerType samplerTargetType, uint8_t levels, TextureF
    mUsage = fToWGPUTextureUsage(usage);
    mFormat = fToWGPUTextureFormat(format);
    mAspect = fToWGPUTextureViewAspect(usage, format);
-    mBlockWidth = filament::backend::getBlockWidth(format);
-    mBlockHeight = filament::backend::getBlockHeight(format);
-    target = samplerTargetType;
-
    wgpu::TextureDescriptor textureDescriptor{
        .label = getUserTextureLabel(target),
        .usage = mUsage,
@@ -595,17 +558,12 @@ WGPUTexture::WGPUTexture(SamplerType samplerTargetType, uint8_t levels, TextureF
    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(mTexture)
            << "Failed to create texture for " << textureDescriptor.label;
    // Second, the texture view aspect
-    mTexureView = makeTextureView(0, levels, target);
+    mTexView = makeTextureView(0, levels, target);
 }

 WGPUTexture::WGPUTexture(WGPUTexture* src, uint8_t baseLevel, uint8_t levelCount) noexcept {
    mTexture = src->mTexture;
-    mAspect = src->mAspect;
-    mBlockWidth = src->mBlockWidth;
-    mBlockHeight = src->mBlockHeight;
-    target = src->target;
-
-    mTexureView = makeTextureView(baseLevel, levelCount, target);
+    mTexView = makeTextureView(baseLevel, levelCount, target);
 }

 wgpu::TextureUsage WGPUTexture::fToWGPUTextureUsage(TextureUsage const& fUsage) {
@@ -903,7 +861,7 @@ wgpu::TextureAspect WGPUTexture::fToWGPUTextureViewAspect(TextureUsage const& fU
    const bool isDepth = any(fUsage & TextureUsage::DEPTH_ATTACHMENT);
    const bool isStencil = any(fUsage & TextureUsage::STENCIL_ATTACHMENT);
    const bool isColor = any(fUsage & TextureUsage::COLOR_ATTACHMENT);
-    const bool isSample = any(fUsage & TextureUsage::SAMPLEABLE);
+    const bool isSample = (fUsage == TextureUsage::SAMPLEABLE);

    if (isDepth && !isColor && !isStencil) {
        return wgpu::TextureAspect::DepthOnly;
@@ -974,153 +932,58 @@ wgpu::TextureView WGPUTexture::makeTextureView(const uint8_t& baseLevel, const u
    return textureView;
 }

-WGPURenderTarget::WGPURenderTarget(uint32_t width, uint32_t height, uint8_t samples,
-        const MRT& colorAttachmentsMRT,
-        const Attachment& depthAttachmentInfo,
-        const Attachment& stencilAttachmentInfo)
-    : HwRenderTarget(width, height),
-      defaultRenderTarget(false),
-      samples(samples),
-      mColorAttachments(colorAttachmentsMRT),
-      mDepthAttachment(depthAttachmentInfo),
-      mStencilAttachment(stencilAttachmentInfo) {
-    // TODO Make this an array
-    mColorAttachmentDescriptors.reserve(MRT::MAX_SUPPORTED_RENDER_TARGET_COUNT);
+WGPURenderTarget::Attachment WGPURenderTarget::getDrawColorAttachment(size_t index) {
+    assert_invariant( index < MRT::MAX_SUPPORTED_RENDER_TARGET_COUNT);
+    auto result = color[index];
+    if (index == 0 && defaultRenderTarget) {
+
+    }
+
+    return result;
 }

 wgpu::LoadOp WGPURenderTarget::getLoadOperation(RenderPassParams const& params,
-                                                TargetBufferFlags bufferToOperateOn) {
-    if (any(params.flags.clear & bufferToOperateOn)) {
+                                             TargetBufferFlags buffer) {
+    auto clearFlags = params.flags.clear;
+    auto discardStartFlags = params.flags.discardStart;
+    if (any(clearFlags & buffer)) {
+        return wgpu::LoadOp::Clear;
+    } else if (any(discardStartFlags & buffer)) {
        return wgpu::LoadOp::Clear;
-    }
-    if (any(params.flags.discardStart & bufferToOperateOn)) {
-        return wgpu::LoadOp::Clear; // Or wgpu::LoadOp::Undefined if clear is not desired on discard
    }
    return wgpu::LoadOp::Load;
 }

 wgpu::StoreOp WGPURenderTarget::getStoreOperation(RenderPassParams const& params,
-                                                  TargetBufferFlags bufferToOperateOn) {
-    if (any(params.flags.discardEnd & bufferToOperateOn)) {
+                                               TargetBufferFlags buffer) {
+    const auto discardEndFlags = params.flags.discardEnd;
+    if (any(discardEndFlags & buffer)) {
        return wgpu::StoreOp::Discard;
    }
    return wgpu::StoreOp::Store;
 }
-
 void WGPURenderTarget::setUpRenderPassAttachments(wgpu::RenderPassDescriptor& descriptor,
-        RenderPassParams const& params, wgpu::TextureView const& defaultColorTextureView,
-        wgpu::TextureView const& defaultDepthStencilTextureView,
-        wgpu::TextureView const* customColorTextureViews, uint32_t customColorTextureViewCount,
-        wgpu::TextureView const& customDepthTextureView,
-        wgpu::TextureView const& customStencilTextureView, wgpu::TextureFormat customDepthFormat,
-        wgpu::TextureFormat customStencilFormat) {
-    mColorAttachmentDescriptors.clear();
-    mHasDepthStencilAttachment = false;
-
-    if (defaultRenderTarget) {
-        assert_invariant(defaultColorTextureView);
-        mColorAttachmentDescriptors.push_back({ .view = defaultColorTextureView,
-            .resolveTarget = nullptr,
-            .loadOp = WGPURenderTarget::getLoadOperation(params, TargetBufferFlags::COLOR0),
-            .storeOp = WGPURenderTarget::getStoreOperation(params, TargetBufferFlags::COLOR0),
-            .clearValue = { params.clearColor.r, params.clearColor.g, params.clearColor.b,
-                params.clearColor.a } });
-
-        if (defaultDepthStencilTextureView) {
-            mDepthStencilAttachmentDescriptor = {
-                .view = defaultDepthStencilTextureView,
-                .depthLoadOp = WGPURenderTarget::getLoadOperation(params, TargetBufferFlags::DEPTH),
-                .depthStoreOp =
-                        WGPURenderTarget::getStoreOperation(params, TargetBufferFlags::DEPTH),
-                .depthClearValue = static_cast<float>(params.clearDepth),
-                .depthReadOnly =
-                        (params.readOnlyDepthStencil & RenderPassParams::READONLY_DEPTH) > 0,
-                .stencilLoadOp =
-                        WGPURenderTarget::getLoadOperation(params, TargetBufferFlags::STENCIL),
-                .stencilStoreOp =
-                        WGPURenderTarget::getStoreOperation(params, TargetBufferFlags::STENCIL),
-                .stencilClearValue = params.clearStencil,
-                .stencilReadOnly =
-                        (params.readOnlyDepthStencil & RenderPassParams::READONLY_STENCIL) > 0,
-            };
-            mHasDepthStencilAttachment = true;
-        }
-    } else {// Custom Render Target
-        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < customColorTextureViewCount; ++i) {
-            if (customColorTextureViews[i]) {
-                mColorAttachmentDescriptors.push_back({ .view = customColorTextureViews[i],
-                    // .resolveTarget = nullptr; // TODO: MSAA resolve for custom RT
-                    .loadOp = WGPURenderTarget::getLoadOperation(params, getTargetBufferFlagsAt(i)),
-                    .storeOp =
-                            WGPURenderTarget::getStoreOperation(params, getTargetBufferFlagsAt(i)),
-                    .clearValue = { .r = params.clearColor.r,
-                        .g = params.clearColor.g,
-                        .b = params.clearColor.b,
-                        .a = params.clearColor.a } });
-            }
-        }
-
-        FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(!(customDepthTextureView && customStencilTextureView))
-                << "WebGPU CANNOT support separate texture views for depth + stencil. depth + "
-                   "stencil needs to be in one texture view";
-
-        const bool hasStencil =
-                customStencilTextureView ||
-                (customDepthFormat == wgpu::TextureFormat::Depth24PlusStencil8 ||
-                        customDepthFormat == wgpu::TextureFormat::Depth32FloatStencil8);
-
-        const bool hasDepth =
-                customDepthTextureView ||
-                (customStencilFormat == wgpu::TextureFormat::Depth24PlusStencil8 ||
-                        customDepthFormat == wgpu::TextureFormat::Depth32FloatStencil8);
-
-        if (customDepthTextureView || customStencilTextureView) {
-            assert_invariant((hasDepth || hasStencil) &&
-                             "Depth or Texture view without a valid texture format");
-            mDepthStencilAttachmentDescriptor = {};
-            mDepthStencilAttachmentDescriptor.view =
-                    customDepthTextureView ? customDepthTextureView : customStencilTextureView;
-
-            if (hasDepth) {
-                mDepthStencilAttachmentDescriptor.depthLoadOp =
-                        WGPURenderTarget::getLoadOperation(params, TargetBufferFlags::DEPTH);
-                mDepthStencilAttachmentDescriptor.depthStoreOp =
-                        WGPURenderTarget::getStoreOperation(params, TargetBufferFlags::DEPTH);
-                mDepthStencilAttachmentDescriptor.depthClearValue =
-                        static_cast<float>(params.clearDepth);
-                mDepthStencilAttachmentDescriptor.depthReadOnly =
-                        (params.readOnlyDepthStencil & RenderPassParams::READONLY_DEPTH) > 0;
-            } else {
-                mDepthStencilAttachmentDescriptor.depthLoadOp = wgpu::LoadOp::Undefined;
-                mDepthStencilAttachmentDescriptor.depthStoreOp = wgpu::StoreOp::Undefined;
-                mDepthStencilAttachmentDescriptor.depthReadOnly = true;
-            }
-
-            if (hasStencil) {
-                mDepthStencilAttachmentDescriptor.stencilLoadOp =
-                        WGPURenderTarget::getLoadOperation(params, TargetBufferFlags::STENCIL);
-                mDepthStencilAttachmentDescriptor.stencilStoreOp =
-                        WGPURenderTarget::getStoreOperation(params, TargetBufferFlags::STENCIL);
-                mDepthStencilAttachmentDescriptor.stencilClearValue = params.clearStencil;
-                mDepthStencilAttachmentDescriptor.stencilReadOnly =
-                        (params.readOnlyDepthStencil & RenderPassParams::READONLY_STENCIL) > 0;
-            } else {
-                mDepthStencilAttachmentDescriptor.stencilLoadOp = wgpu::LoadOp::Undefined;
-                mDepthStencilAttachmentDescriptor.stencilStoreOp = wgpu::StoreOp::Undefined;
-                mDepthStencilAttachmentDescriptor.stencilReadOnly = true;
-            }
-            mHasDepthStencilAttachment = true;
-        }
+        wgpu::TextureView const& textureView, RenderPassParams const& params) {
+    // auto discardFlags = params.flags.discardEnd;
+    // (void) discardFlags;
+    // std::vector<wgpu::RenderPassColorAttachment> colorAttachments;
+    colorAttachments.clear();
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < 1/*MRT::MAX_SUPPORTED_RENDER_TARGET_COUNT*/; i++) {
+        // auto attachment = getDrawColorAttachment(i);
+        // if (attachment) {
+            wgpu::RenderPassColorAttachment colorAttachment;
+            colorAttachment.view = textureView;
+            colorAttachment.loadOp  = getLoadOperation(params, getTargetBufferFlagsAt(i));
+            colorAttachment.storeOp = getStoreOperation(params, getTargetBufferFlagsAt(i));
+            colorAttachment.clearValue = { params.clearColor.r, params.clearColor.g, params.clearColor.b, params.clearColor.a };
+            colorAttachments.emplace_back(colorAttachment);
+        // }
    }
-
-    descriptor.colorAttachmentCount = mColorAttachmentDescriptors.size();
-    descriptor.colorAttachments = mColorAttachmentDescriptors.data();
-    descriptor.depthStencilAttachment =
-            mHasDepthStencilAttachment ? &mDepthStencilAttachmentDescriptor : nullptr;
-
-    // descriptor.sampleCount was removed from the core spec. If your webgpu.h still has it,
-    // and your Dawn version expects it, you might need to set it here based on this->samples.
-    // e.g., descriptor.sampleCount = this->samples;
+    descriptor.colorAttachments = colorAttachments.data();
+    descriptor.colorAttachmentCount = colorAttachments.size();
+    descriptor.depthStencilAttachment = nullptr;
+    descriptor.timestampWrites = nullptr;
 }

+
 }// namespace filament::backend
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@
 #include <webgpu/webgpu_cpp.h>

 #include <array>
+#include <bitset>
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <vector>

@@ -43,47 +44,38 @@ public:
    std::vector<wgpu::ConstantEntry> constants;
 };

+struct WGPUBufferObject;

-// WGPUVertexBufferInfo maps Filament vertex attributes to WebGPU buffer binding model.
+// VertexBufferInfo contains layout info for Vertex Buffer based on WebGPU structs. In WebGPU each
+// VertexBufferLayout is associated with a single vertex buffer. So number of mVertexBufferLayout
+// is equal to bufferCount. Each VertexBufferLayout can contain multiple VertexAttribute. Bind index
+// of vertex buffer is implicitly calculated by the position of VertexBufferLayout in an array.
 class WGPUVertexBufferInfo : public HwVertexBufferInfo {
 public:
    WGPUVertexBufferInfo(uint8_t bufferCount, uint8_t attributeCount,
            AttributeArray const& attributes);
-
-    inline wgpu::VertexBufferLayout const* getVertexBufferLayouts() const {
-        return mVertexBufferLayouts.data();
-    }
-    inline uint32_t getVertexBufferLayoutCount() const {
-        return static_cast<uint32_t>(mVertexBufferLayouts.size());
+    inline  wgpu::VertexBufferLayout const* getVertexBufferLayout() const {
+        return mVertexBufferLayout.data();
    }

-    inline wgpu::VertexAttribute const* getVertexAttributes(uint32_t i) const {
-        return mVertexAttributes[i].data();
-    }
-    inline uint32_t getVertexAttributeCount(uint32_t i) const {
-        return static_cast<uint32_t>(mVertexAttributes[i].size());
+    inline uint32_t getVertexBufferLayoutSize() const {
+        return mVertexBufferLayout.size();
    }

-    struct WebGPUSlotBindingInfo {
-        uint8_t sourceBuffer;
-        uint32_t slot;
-        uint64_t bufferOffset;
-        uint32_t stride;
-    };
-    inline const std::vector<WebGPUSlotBindingInfo>& getWebGPUSlotBindingInfos() const {
-        return mWebGPUSlotBindingInfos;
+    inline wgpu::VertexAttribute const* getVertexAttributeForIndex(uint32_t index) const {
+        assert_invariant(index < mAttributes.size());
+        return mAttributes[index].data();
+    }
+
+    inline uint32_t getVertexAttributeSize(uint32_t index) const {
+        assert_invariant(index < mAttributes.size());
+        return mAttributes[index].size();
    }

 private:
-    // This stores the final wgpu::VertexBufferLayout objects, one per WebGPU slot.
-    std::vector<wgpu::VertexBufferLayout> mVertexBufferLayouts;
-
-    // This stores all wgpu::VertexAttribute structs, indexed by their original
-    // Filament attributeIndex.
-    std::vector<std::vector<wgpu::VertexAttribute>> mVertexAttributes;
-
-    // Stores information for the driver to perform setVertexBuffer calls
-    std::vector<WebGPUSlotBindingInfo> mWebGPUSlotBindingInfos;
+    // TODO: can we do better in terms on heap management.
+    std::vector<wgpu::VertexBufferLayout> mVertexBufferLayout{};
+    std::vector<std::vector<wgpu::VertexAttribute>> mAttributes{};
 };

 struct WGPUVertexBuffer : public HwVertexBuffer {
@@ -94,37 +86,33 @@ struct WGPUVertexBuffer : public HwVertexBuffer {
    utils::FixedCapacityVector<wgpu::Buffer> buffers;
 };

-class WGPUBufferBase {
-public:
-    void createBuffer(wgpu::Device const& device, wgpu::BufferUsage usage, uint32_t size,
-            char const* label);
-    void updateGPUBuffer(BufferDescriptor& bufferDescriptor, uint32_t byteOffset,
-            wgpu::Queue queue);
-    const wgpu::Buffer& getBuffer() const { return buffer; }
-protected:
-    wgpu::Buffer buffer;
-private:
-    // 4 bytes to hold any extra chunk we need.
-    std::array<uint8_t,4> mRemainderChunk;
-};
-
-class WGPUIndexBuffer : public HwIndexBuffer, public WGPUBufferBase {
-public:
+struct WGPUIndexBuffer : public HwIndexBuffer {
    WGPUIndexBuffer(wgpu::Device const &device, uint8_t elementSize,
                    uint32_t indexCount);
+
+    wgpu::Buffer buffer;
    wgpu::IndexFormat indexFormat;
 };

-class WGPUBufferObject : public HwBufferObject, public WGPUBufferBase {
-public:
+struct WGPUBufferObject : HwBufferObject {
    WGPUBufferObject(wgpu::Device const &device, BufferObjectBinding bindingType, uint32_t byteCount);
+
+    wgpu::Buffer buffer = nullptr;
+    const BufferObjectBinding bufferObjectBinding;
 };

 class WebGPUDescriptorSetLayout final : public HwDescriptorSetLayout {
 public:

+    enum class BindGroupEntryType : uint8_t {
+        UNIFORM_BUFFER,
+        TEXTURE_VIEW,
+        SAMPLER
+    };
+
    struct BindGroupEntryInfo final {
        uint8_t binding = 0;
+        BindGroupEntryType type = BindGroupEntryType::UNIFORM_BUFFER;
        bool hasDynamicOffset = false;
    };

@@ -137,7 +125,7 @@ public:

 private:
    // TODO: If this is useful elsewhere, remove it from this class
-    // Convert Filament Shader Stage Flags bitmask to webgpu equivalent
+    // Convert Filament Shader Stage Flags bitmask to webgpu equivilant
    static wgpu::ShaderStage filamentStageToWGPUStage(ShaderStageFlags fFlags);
    std::vector<BindGroupEntryInfo> mBindGroupEntries;
    wgpu::BindGroupLayout mLayout;
@@ -145,6 +133,8 @@ private:

 class WebGPUDescriptorSet final : public HwDescriptorSet {
 public:
+    static void initializeDummyResourcesIfNotAlready(wgpu::Device const&,
+            wgpu::TextureFormat aColorFormat);

    WebGPUDescriptorSet(wgpu::BindGroupLayout const& layout,
            std::vector<WebGPUDescriptorSetLayout::BindGroupEntryInfo> const& bindGroupEntries);
@@ -152,35 +142,43 @@ public:

    wgpu::BindGroup lockAndReturn(wgpu::Device const&);
    void addEntry(unsigned int index, wgpu::BindGroupEntry&& entry);
+    [[nodiscard]] uint32_t const* setDynamicOffsets(uint32_t const* offsets);
    [[nodiscard]] bool getIsLocked() const { return mBindGroup != nullptr; }
    [[nodiscard]] size_t countEntitiesWithDynamicOffsets() const;

-    // May be nullptr. Use lockAndReturn to create the bind group when appropriate
-    [[nodiscard]] const wgpu::BindGroup& getBindGroup() const { return mBindGroup; }
-
 private:
+    static wgpu::Buffer sDummyUniformBuffer;
+    static wgpu::Texture sDummyTexture;
+    static wgpu::TextureView sDummyTextureView;
+    static wgpu::Sampler sDummySampler;
+
+    static std::vector<wgpu::BindGroupEntry> createDummyEntriesSortedByBinding(
+            std::vector<filament::backend::WebGPUDescriptorSetLayout::BindGroupEntryInfo> const&);
+
+    // TODO: Consider storing what we used to make the layout. However we need to essentially
+    // Recreate some of the info (Sampler in slot X with the actual sampler) so letting Dawn confirm
+    // there isn't a mismatch may be easiest.
+    // Also storing the wgpu ObjectBase takes care of ownership challenges in theory
    wgpu::BindGroupLayout mLayout = nullptr;
    static constexpr uint8_t INVALID_INDEX = MAX_DESCRIPTOR_COUNT + 1;
    std::array<uint8_t, MAX_DESCRIPTOR_COUNT> mEntryIndexByBinding{};
-    std::vector<wgpu::BindGroupEntry> mEntries;
-    const size_t mEntriesWithDynamicOffsetsCount;
+    std::vector<wgpu::BindGroupEntry> mEntriesSortedByBinding;
+    std::bitset<MAX_DESCRIPTOR_COUNT> mEntriesByBindingWithDynamicOffsets{};
+    std::bitset<MAX_DESCRIPTOR_COUNT> mEntriesByBindingAdded{};
+    std::vector<uint32_t> mDynamicOffsets;
    wgpu::BindGroup mBindGroup = nullptr;
 };

 class WGPUTexture : public HwTexture {
 public:
-    WGPUTexture(SamplerType samplerTargetType, uint8_t levels, TextureFormat format,
-            uint8_t samples, uint32_t width, uint32_t height, uint32_t depth, TextureUsage usage,
+    WGPUTexture(SamplerType target, uint8_t levels, TextureFormat format, uint8_t samples,
+            uint32_t width, uint32_t height, uint32_t depth, TextureUsage usage,
            wgpu::Device const& device) noexcept;

    WGPUTexture(WGPUTexture* src, uint8_t baseLevel, uint8_t levelCount) noexcept;
-    wgpu::TextureAspect getAspect() const { return mAspect; }
-    size_t getBlockWidth() const { return mBlockWidth; }
-    size_t getBlockHeight() const { return mBlockHeight; }

    [[nodiscard]] const wgpu::Texture& getTexture() const { return mTexture; }
-    [[nodiscard]] const wgpu::TextureView& getTextureView() const { return mTexureView; }
-    [[nodiscard]] wgpu::TextureFormat getFormat() const { return mFormat; }
+    [[nodiscard]] const wgpu::TextureView& getTexView() const { return mTexView; }

    static wgpu::TextureFormat fToWGPUTextureFormat(
            filament::backend::TextureFormat const& fFormat);
@@ -199,10 +197,8 @@ private:
    wgpu::TextureFormat mFormat = wgpu::TextureFormat::Undefined;
    wgpu::TextureAspect mAspect = wgpu::TextureAspect::Undefined;
    uint32_t mArrayLayerCount = 1;
-    wgpu::TextureView mTexureView = nullptr;
+    wgpu::TextureView mTexView = nullptr;
    wgpu::TextureUsage fToWGPUTextureUsage(filament::backend::TextureUsage const& fUsage);
-    size_t mBlockWidth;
-    size_t mBlockHeight;
 };

 struct WGPURenderPrimitive : public HwRenderPrimitive {
@@ -213,60 +209,55 @@ struct WGPURenderPrimitive : public HwRenderPrimitive {

 class WGPURenderTarget : public HwRenderTarget {
 public:
-    using Attachment = TargetBufferInfo; // Using TargetBufferInfo directly for attachments
+    class Attachment {
+    public:
+        friend class WGPURenderTarget;
+
+        Attachment() = default;
+        Attachment(WGPUTexture* gpuTexture, uint8_t level = 0, uint16_t layer = 0)
+            : level(level),
+              layer(layer),
+              texture(gpuTexture->getTexture()),
+              mWGPUTexture(gpuTexture) {}
+        operator bool() const {
+            return mWGPUTexture != nullptr;
+        }
+
+        uint8_t level = 0;
+        uint16_t layer = 0;
+
+    private:
+        wgpu::Texture texture = nullptr;
+        WGPUTexture* mWGPUTexture = nullptr;
+    };

    WGPURenderTarget(uint32_t width, uint32_t height, uint8_t samples,
-            const MRT& colorAttachments,
-            const Attachment& depthAttachment,
-            const Attachment& stencilAttachment);
-
-    // Default constructor for the default render target
+            Attachment colorAttachments[MRT::MAX_SUPPORTED_RENDER_TARGET_COUNT]);
    WGPURenderTarget()
        : HwRenderTarget(0, 0),
-          defaultRenderTarget(true),
-          samples(1) {}
+          defaultRenderTarget(true) {}

-    // Updated signature: takes resolved views for custom RTs, and default views for default RT
-    void setUpRenderPassAttachments(
-            wgpu::RenderPassDescriptor& descriptor,
-            RenderPassParams const& params,
-            // For default render target:
-            wgpu::TextureView const& defaultColorTextureView,
-            wgpu::TextureView const& defaultDepthStencilTextureView,
-            // For custom render targets:
-            wgpu::TextureView const* customColorTextureViews, // Array of views
-            uint32_t customColorTextureViewCount,
-            wgpu::TextureView const& customDepthTextureView,
-            wgpu::TextureView const& customStencilTextureView,
-            wgpu::TextureFormat customDepthFormat,
-            wgpu::TextureFormat customStencilFormat);
+    void setUpRenderPassAttachments(wgpu::RenderPassDescriptor& descriptor,
+            wgpu::TextureView const& textureView, RenderPassParams const& params);

+    math::uint2 getAttachmentSize() noexcept;

    bool isDefaultRenderTarget() const { return defaultRenderTarget; }
    uint8_t getSamples() const { return samples; }

-    // Accessors for the driver to get stored attachment info
-    const MRT& getColorAttachmentInfos() const { return mColorAttachments; }
-    const Attachment& getDepthAttachmentInfo() const { return mDepthAttachment; }
-    const Attachment& getStencilAttachmentInfo() const { return mStencilAttachment; }
+    Attachment getDrawColorAttachment(size_t index);
+    Attachment getReadColorAttachment(size_t index);

-    // Static helpers for load/store operations
    static wgpu::LoadOp getLoadOperation(const RenderPassParams& params, TargetBufferFlags buffer);
    static wgpu::StoreOp getStoreOperation(const RenderPassParams& params, TargetBufferFlags buffer);
-
 private:
    bool defaultRenderTarget = false;
    uint8_t samples = 1;

-    MRT mColorAttachments{};
-    // TODO WebGPU only supports a DepthStencil attachment, should this be just mDepthStencilAttachment?
-    Attachment mDepthAttachment{};
-    Attachment mStencilAttachment{};
-
-    // Cached descriptors for the render pass
-    std::vector<wgpu::RenderPassColorAttachment> mColorAttachmentDescriptors;
-    wgpu::RenderPassDepthStencilAttachment mDepthStencilAttachmentDescriptor{};
-    bool mHasDepthStencilAttachment = false;
+    Attachment color[MRT::MAX_SUPPORTED_RENDER_TARGET_COUNT] = {};
+    math::uint2 attachmentSize = {};
+    std::vector<wgpu::RenderPassColorAttachment> colorAttachments{};
 };
+
 }// namespace filament::backend
 #endif// TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_WEBGPUHANDLES_H
@@ -154,9 +154,9 @@ constexpr wgpu::BlendFactor toWebGPU(BlendFunction blendFunction) {
 wgpu::RenderPipeline createWebGPURenderPipeline(wgpu::Device const& device,
        WGPUProgram const& program, WGPUVertexBufferInfo const& vertexBufferInfo,
        wgpu::PipelineLayout const& layout, RasterState const& rasterState,
-        StencilState const& stencilState, PolygonOffset const& polygonOffset, PrimitiveType primitiveType,
-        std::vector<wgpu::TextureFormat> const& colorFormats,
-        wgpu::TextureFormat depthFormat, uint8_t samplesCount) {
+        StencilState const& stencilState, PolygonOffset const& polygonOffset,
+        PrimitiveType primitiveType, wgpu::TextureFormat colorFormat,
+        wgpu::TextureFormat depthFormat) {
    assert_invariant(program.vertexShaderModule);
    const wgpu::DepthStencilState depthStencilState {
        .format = depthFormat,
@@ -191,8 +191,8 @@ wgpu::RenderPipeline createWebGPURenderPipeline(wgpu::Device const& device,
            .entryPoint = "main",
            .constantCount = program.constants.size(),
            .constants = program.constants.data(),
-            .bufferCount = vertexBufferInfo.getVertexBufferLayoutCount(),
-            .buffers = vertexBufferInfo.getVertexBufferLayouts()
+            .bufferCount = vertexBufferInfo.getVertexBufferLayoutSize(),
+            .buffers = vertexBufferInfo.getVertexBufferLayout()
        },
        .primitive = {
            .topology = toWebGPU(primitiveType),
@@ -207,9 +207,9 @@ wgpu::RenderPipeline createWebGPURenderPipeline(wgpu::Device const& device,
            .unclippedDepth = !rasterState.depthClamp &&
                              device.HasFeature(wgpu::FeatureName::DepthClipControl)
        },
-        .depthStencil = depthFormat != wgpu::TextureFormat::Undefined ? &depthStencilState: nullptr,
+        .depthStencil = &depthStencilState,
        .multisample = {
-            .count = samplesCount,
+            .count = 1, // TODO need to get this from the render target
            .mask = 0xFFFFFFFF,
            .alphaToCoverageEnabled = rasterState.alphaToCoverage
        },
@@ -234,16 +234,12 @@ wgpu::RenderPipeline createWebGPURenderPipeline(wgpu::Device const& device,
        fragmentState.entryPoint = "main";
        fragmentState.constantCount = program.constants.size(),
        fragmentState.constants = program.constants.data(),
-        fragmentState.targetCount = colorFormats.size();
+        fragmentState.targetCount = 1; // TODO need to get this from the render target
        fragmentState.targets = colorTargets.data();
        assert_invariant(fragmentState.targetCount <= MRT::MAX_SUPPORTED_RENDER_TARGET_COUNT);
-        // We expect a fragment shader implies at least one color target if it outputs color.
-        // This should be guaranteed by the caller ensuring colorFormats is not empty.
-        // However, this fails on shadowtest.cpp, TODO investigate why
-        // assert_invariant(fragmentState.targetCount > 0);
        for (size_t targetIndex = 0; targetIndex < fragmentState.targetCount; targetIndex++) {
            auto& colorTarget = colorTargets[targetIndex];
-            colorTarget.format = colorFormats[targetIndex];
+            colorTarget.format = colorFormat;
            colorTarget.blend = rasterState.hasBlending() ? &blendState : nullptr;
            colorTarget.writeMask =
                    rasterState.colorWrite ? wgpu::ColorWriteMask::All : wgpu::ColorWriteMask::None;
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@
 #define TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_WEBGPUPIPELINECREATION_H

 #include <cstdint>
-#include <vector>

 namespace wgpu {
 class Device;
@@ -39,9 +38,8 @@ class WGPUProgram;

 [[nodiscard]] wgpu::RenderPipeline createWebGPURenderPipeline(wgpu::Device const&,
        WGPUProgram const&, WGPUVertexBufferInfo const&, wgpu::PipelineLayout const&,
-        RasterState const&, StencilState const&, PolygonOffset const&, PrimitiveType primitiveType,
-        std::vector<wgpu::TextureFormat> const& colorFormats,
-        wgpu::TextureFormat depthFormat, uint8_t samplesCount);
+        RasterState const&, StencilState const&, PolygonOffset const&, PrimitiveType,
+        wgpu::TextureFormat colorFormat, wgpu::TextureFormat depthFormat);

 }// namespace filament::backend

@@ -1,188 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2025 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#ifndef TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_WEBGPUSTRINGS_H
-#define TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_WEBGPUSTRINGS_H
-
-#include "WebGPUConstants.h"
-
-#include <backend/DriverEnums.h>
-
-#include <utils/Panic.h>
-#include <utils/ostream.h>
-
-#if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
-#include <dawn/webgpu_cpp_print.h>
-#endif
-#include <webgpu/webgpu_cpp.h>
-
-#include <cstdint>
-#if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
-#include <sstream>
-#endif
-#include <string_view>
-
-/**
- * Reusable set of convenience functions for strings -- generally string views, literals, &
- * streaming -- used in the WebGPU backend
- */
-
-namespace filament::backend {
-
-#if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
-/**
- * Convenience template to print WGPU types (which don't support Filament's utils::io::ostream)
- * @tparam WebGPUPrintable e.g. wgpu::FeatureName type
- * @param out stream to print to
- * @param printable the instance to print
- * @return the stream printed to
- *
- * Example usage (because including the template operator override itself does not compile):
- * #if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
- * utils::io::ostream& operator<<(utils::io::ostream& out,
- *       const wgpu::FeatureName featureName) noexcept {
- *   return streamInsertWebGPUPrintable(out, featureName);
- * }
- * #endif
- */
-template<typename WebGPUPrintable>
-utils::io::ostream& streamInsertWebGPUPrintable(utils::io::ostream& out,
-        const WebGPUPrintable printable) {
-    std::stringstream printableStream;
-    printableStream << printable;
-    out << printableStream.str();
-    return out;
-}
-#endif
-
-[[nodiscard]] constexpr std::string_view errorTypeToString(const wgpu::ErrorType errorType) {
-    switch (errorType) {
-        case wgpu::ErrorType::NoError:     return "NO_ERROR";
-        case wgpu::ErrorType::Validation:  return "VALIDATION";
-        case wgpu::ErrorType::OutOfMemory: return "OUT_OF_MEMORY";
-        case wgpu::ErrorType::Internal:    return "INTERNAL";
-        case wgpu::ErrorType::Unknown:     return "UNKNOWN";
-    }
-}
-
-[[nodiscard]] constexpr std::string_view powerPreferenceToString(
-        const wgpu::PowerPreference powerPreference) {
-    switch (powerPreference) {
-        case wgpu::PowerPreference::Undefined:       return "UNDEFINED";
-        case wgpu::PowerPreference::LowPower:        return "LOW_POWER";
-        case wgpu::PowerPreference::HighPerformance: return "HIGH_PERFORMANCE";
-    }
-}
-
-[[nodiscard]] static inline std::string_view powerPreferenceToString(
-        const wgpu::DawnAdapterPropertiesPowerPreference powerPreference) {
-    return powerPreferenceToString(powerPreference.powerPreference);
-}
-
-[[nodiscard]] constexpr std::string_view backendTypeToString(const wgpu::BackendType backendType) {
-    switch (backendType) {
-        case wgpu::BackendType::Undefined: return "UNDEFINED";
-        case wgpu::BackendType::Null:      return "NULL";
-        case wgpu::BackendType::WebGPU:    return "WEBGPU";
-        case wgpu::BackendType::D3D11:     return "D3D11";
-        case wgpu::BackendType::D3D12:     return "D3D12";
-        case wgpu::BackendType::Metal:     return "METAL";
-        case wgpu::BackendType::Vulkan:    return "VULKAN";
-        case wgpu::BackendType::OpenGL:    return "OPENGL";
-        case wgpu::BackendType::OpenGLES:  return "OPENGLES";
-    }
-}
-
-[[nodiscard]] constexpr std::string_view adapterTypeToString(const wgpu::AdapterType adapterType) {
-    switch (adapterType) {
-        case wgpu::AdapterType::DiscreteGPU:   return "DISCRETE_GPU";
-        case wgpu::AdapterType::IntegratedGPU: return "INTEGRATED_GPU";
-        case wgpu::AdapterType::CPU:           return "CPU";
-        case wgpu::AdapterType::Unknown:       return "UNKNOWN";
-    }
-}
-
-/**
- * Convenience template to print wgpu::RequestAdapterOptions
- * @tparam STREAM_TYPE useful namely for streaming to either an utils::io::ostream OR
- * utils::details::PanicStream, but also for any kind of stream
- * @param out stream to print to
- * @param options instance to be printed
- * @return stream printed to
- *
- * Example usage (because including the template operator override itself does not compile):
- * template<typename STREAM_TYPE>
- * STREAM_TYPE& operator<<(STREAM_TYPE& out, wgpu::RequestAdapterOptions const& options) noexcept {
- *   return streamInsertRequestAdapterOptions(out, options);
- * }
- */
-template<typename STREAM_TYPE>
-STREAM_TYPE& streamInsertRequestAdapterOptions(STREAM_TYPE& out,
-        wgpu::RequestAdapterOptions const& options) noexcept {
-    out << "power preference " << powerPreferenceToString(options.powerPreference)
-        << " force fallback adapter " << bool(options.forceFallbackAdapter) << " backend type "
-        << backendTypeToString(options.backendType);
-    return out;
-}
-
-/**
- * Convenience template to print wgpu::AdapterInfo
- * @tparam STREAM_TYPE useful namely for streaming to either an utils::io::ostream OR
- * utils::details::PanicStream, but also for any kind of stream
- * @param out stream to print to
- * @param options instance to be printed
- * @return stream printed to
- *
- * Example usage (because including the template operator override itself does not compile):
- * template<typename STREAM_TYPE>
- * STREAM_TYPE& operator<<(STREAM_TYPE& out, wgpu::AdapterInfo const& info) noexcept {
- *   return streamInsertRequestAdapterInfo(out, info);
- * }
- */
-template<class STREAM_TYPE>
-STREAM_TYPE& streamInsertRequestAdapterInfo(STREAM_TYPE& out,
-        wgpu::AdapterInfo const& info) noexcept {
-    out << "vendor (" << info.vendorID << ") '" << info.vendor
-        << "' device (" << info.deviceID << ") '" << info.device
-        << "' adapter " << adapterTypeToString(info.adapterType)
-        << " backend " << backendTypeToString(info.backendType)
-        << " architecture '" << info.architecture
-        << "' subgroupMinSize " << info.subgroupMinSize
-        << " subgroupMaxSize " << info.subgroupMaxSize;
-    return out;
-}
-
-[[nodiscard]] constexpr std::string_view deviceLostReasonToString(
-        const wgpu::DeviceLostReason reason) {
-    switch (reason) {
-        case wgpu::DeviceLostReason::Unknown:           return "UNKNOWN";
-        case wgpu::DeviceLostReason::Destroyed:         return "DESTROYED";
-        case wgpu::DeviceLostReason::CallbackCancelled: return "CALLBACK_CANCELLED";
-        case wgpu::DeviceLostReason::FailedCreation:    return "FAILED_CREATION";
-    }
-}
-
-[[nodiscard]] constexpr std::string_view filamentShaderStageToString(ShaderStage stage) {
-    switch (stage) {
-        case ShaderStage::VERTEX:   return "vertex";
-        case ShaderStage::FRAGMENT: return "fragment";
-        case ShaderStage::COMPUTE:  return "compute";
-    }
-}
-
-}// namespace filament::backend
-
-#endif// TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_WEBGPUSTRINGS_H
@@ -17,50 +17,34 @@
 #include "webgpu/WebGPUSwapChain.h"

 #include "webgpu/WebGPUConstants.h"
-#if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
-#include "webgpu/WebGPUStrings.h"
-#endif

 #include "backend/DriverEnums.h"

 #include <utils/Panic.h>
 #include <utils/ostream.h>

+#include <dawn/webgpu_cpp_print.h>
 #include <webgpu/webgpu_cpp.h>

 #include <algorithm>
 #include <cstdint>
+#include <sstream>

 namespace {

 #if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
-utils::io::ostream& operator<<(utils::io::ostream& out, const wgpu::TextureFormat format) noexcept {
-    return filament::backend::streamInsertWebGPUPrintable(out, format);
-}
-
-utils::io::ostream& operator<<(utils::io::ostream& out,
-        const wgpu::TextureUsage textureUsage) noexcept {
-    return filament::backend::streamInsertWebGPUPrintable(out, textureUsage);
-}
-
-utils::io::ostream& operator<<(utils::io::ostream& out,
-        const wgpu::PresentMode presentMode) noexcept {
-    return filament::backend::streamInsertWebGPUPrintable(out, presentMode);
-}
-
-utils::io::ostream& operator<<(utils::io::ostream& out,
-        const wgpu::CompositeAlphaMode alphaMode) noexcept {
-    return filament::backend::streamInsertWebGPUPrintable(out, alphaMode);
-}
-
 void printSurfaceCapabilitiesDetails(wgpu::SurfaceCapabilities const& capabilities) {
+    std::stringstream usagesStream{};
+    usagesStream << capabilities.usages;
    FWGPU_LOGI << "WebGPU surface capabilities:" << utils::io::endl;
-    FWGPU_LOGI << "  surface usages: " << capabilities.usages << utils::io::endl;
+    FWGPU_LOGI << "  surface usages: " << usagesStream.str().data() << utils::io::endl;
    FWGPU_LOGI << "  surface formats (" << capabilities.formatCount << "):" << utils::io::endl;
    if (capabilities.formatCount > 0 && capabilities.formats != nullptr) {
        std::for_each(capabilities.formats, capabilities.formats + capabilities.formatCount,
                [](wgpu::TextureFormat const format) {
-                    FWGPU_LOGI << "    " << format << utils::io::endl;
+                    std::stringstream formatStream{};
+                    formatStream << format;
+                    FWGPU_LOGI << "    " << formatStream.str().data() << utils::io::endl;
                });
    }
    FWGPU_LOGI << "  surface present modes (" << capabilities.presentModeCount
@@ -69,7 +53,9 @@ void printSurfaceCapabilitiesDetails(wgpu::SurfaceCapabilities const& capabiliti
        std::for_each(capabilities.presentModes,
                capabilities.presentModes + capabilities.presentModeCount,
                [](wgpu::PresentMode const presentMode) {
-                    FWGPU_LOGI << "    " << presentMode << utils::io::endl;
+                    std::stringstream presentModeStream{};
+                    presentModeStream << presentMode;
+                    FWGPU_LOGI << "    " << presentModeStream.str().data() << utils::io::endl;
                });
    }
    FWGPU_LOGI << "  surface alpha modes (" << capabilities.alphaModeCount
@@ -78,30 +64,46 @@ void printSurfaceCapabilitiesDetails(wgpu::SurfaceCapabilities const& capabiliti
        std::for_each(capabilities.alphaModes,
                capabilities.alphaModes + capabilities.alphaModeCount,
                [](wgpu::CompositeAlphaMode const alphaMode) {
-                    FWGPU_LOGI << "    " << alphaMode << utils::io::endl;
+                    std::stringstream alphaModeStream{};
+                    alphaModeStream << alphaMode;
+                    FWGPU_LOGI << "    " << alphaModeStream.str().data() << utils::io::endl;
                });
    }
 }
+#endif

+#if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
 void printSurfaceConfiguration(wgpu::SurfaceConfiguration const& config,
        wgpu::TextureFormat depthFormat) {
+    std::stringstream formatStream{};
+    formatStream << config.format;
+    std::stringstream usageStream{};
+    usageStream << config.usage;
+    std::stringstream alphaModeStream{};
+    alphaModeStream << config.alphaMode;
+    std::stringstream presentModeStream{};
+    presentModeStream << config.presentMode;
+    std::stringstream depthFormatStream;
+    depthFormatStream << depthFormat;
    FWGPU_LOGI << "WebGPU surface configuration:" << utils::io::endl;
-    FWGPU_LOGI << "  surface format: " << config.format << utils::io::endl;
-    FWGPU_LOGI << "  surface usage: " << config.usage << utils::io::endl;
+    FWGPU_LOGI << "  surface format: " << formatStream.str() << utils::io::endl;
+    FWGPU_LOGI << "  surface usage: " << usageStream.str() << utils::io::endl;
    FWGPU_LOGI << "  surface view formats (" << config.viewFormatCount << "):" << utils::io::endl;
    if (config.viewFormatCount > 0 && config.viewFormats != nullptr) {
        std::for_each(config.viewFormats, config.viewFormats + config.viewFormatCount,
                [](wgpu::TextureFormat const viewFormat) {
-                    FWGPU_LOGI << "    " << viewFormat << utils::io::endl;
+                    std::stringstream viewFormatStream{};
+                    viewFormatStream << viewFormat;
+                    FWGPU_LOGI << "    " << viewFormatStream.str().data() << utils::io::endl;
                });
    }
-    FWGPU_LOGI << "  surface alpha mode: " << config.alphaMode << utils::io::endl;
+    FWGPU_LOGI << "  surface alpha mode: " << alphaModeStream.str() << utils::io::endl;
    FWGPU_LOGI << "  surface width: " << config.width << utils::io::endl;
    FWGPU_LOGI << "  surface height: " << config.height << utils::io::endl;
-    FWGPU_LOGI << "  surface present mode: " << config.presentMode << utils::io::endl;
-    FWGPU_LOGI << "WebGPU selected depth format: " << depthFormat << utils::io::endl;
+    FWGPU_LOGI << "  surface present mode: " << presentModeStream.str() << utils::io::endl;
+    FWGPU_LOGI << "WebGPU selected depth format: " << depthFormatStream.str() << utils::io::endl;
 }
-#endif// FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
+#endif

 [[nodiscard]] constexpr wgpu::TextureFormat selectColorFormat(size_t availableFormatsCount,
        wgpu::TextureFormat const* availableFormats, bool useSRGBColorSpace) {
@@ -18,30 +18,16 @@

 #include "webgpu/WebGPUConstants.h"
 #include "webgpu/WebGPUDriver.h"
-#include "webgpu/WebGPUStrings.h"

-#include <backend/DriverEnums.h>
 #include <backend/Platform.h>
-#include <utils/Hash.h>
 #include <utils/Panic.h>
 #include <utils/ostream.h>

 #include <dawn/webgpu_cpp_print.h>
 #include <webgpu/webgpu_cpp.h>

-#include <algorithm>
-#include <array>
 #include <cstdint>
-#include <functional>
-#include <mutex>
-#include <sstream>// for one-time-ish setup string concatenation, namely error messaging
-#include <unordered_set>
-#include <utility>
-#include <vector>
-#if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
-#include <string_view>
-#include <variant>
-#endif
+#include <sstream>

 /**
 * WebGPU Backend implementation common across platforms or operating systems (at least for now).
@@ -53,215 +39,6 @@ namespace filament::backend {

 namespace {

-constexpr std::array REQUIRED_FEATURES = { wgpu::FeatureName::TransientAttachments,
-    /*To make filtering assumptions like we want while waiting for Filament to provide that info,
-       float 32 needs to be filterable*/
-    wgpu::FeatureName::Float32Filterable };
-
-constexpr std::array OPTIONAL_FEATURES = {
-    wgpu::FeatureName::DepthClipControl,
-    wgpu::FeatureName::Depth32FloatStencil8,
-    wgpu::FeatureName::CoreFeaturesAndLimits };
-
-enum class LimitToValidate : uint8_t {
-    begin = 0,// needs to be first for iterating through all possible values in the enum
-    MAX_BIND_GROUPS,
-    MAX_BINDINGS_PER_BIND_GROUP,
-    MAX_SAMPLERS_PER_SHADER_STAGE,
-    MAX_STORAGE_BUFFERS_PER_SHADER_STAGE,
-    MAX_VERTEX_BUFFERS,
-    MAX_VERTEX_ATTRIBUTES,
-    end// needs to be last for iterating through all possible values in the enum
-       // (Sentinel value)
-};
-
-// Only the attributes identified by the LimitToValidate enum above will actually be validated
-// at runtime. Thus, if you add a limit here add the associated enum value in LimitToValidate!
-constexpr wgpu::Limits REQUIRED_LIMITS = {
-    .maxBindGroups = filament::backend::MAX_DESCRIPTOR_SET_COUNT,
-    .maxBindingsPerBindGroup = filament::backend::MAX_DESCRIPTOR_COUNT,
-    .maxSamplersPerShaderStage = 16, // TODO should be set to filament::backend::MAX_SAMPLER_COUNT,
-    .maxStorageBuffersPerShaderStage = filament::backend::MAX_SSBO_COUNT,
-    .maxVertexBuffers = 8, // TODO should be set to filament::backend::MAX_VERTEX_BUFFER_COUNT,
-    .maxVertexAttributes = filament::backend::MAX_VERTEX_ATTRIBUTE_COUNT,
-};
-
-constexpr void forEachLimitToValidate(std::function<bool(LimitToValidate const)> const& func) {
-    for (auto limit = static_cast<uint8_t>(LimitToValidate::begin) + 1;
-            limit < static_cast<uint8_t>(LimitToValidate::end); limit++) {
-        auto castedLimit = static_cast<LimitToValidate>(limit);
-        bool castedToValidValue = false;
-        switch (castedLimit) {
-            case LimitToValidate::begin:
-            case LimitToValidate::MAX_BIND_GROUPS:
-            case LimitToValidate::MAX_BINDINGS_PER_BIND_GROUP:
-            case LimitToValidate::MAX_SAMPLERS_PER_SHADER_STAGE:
-            case LimitToValidate::MAX_STORAGE_BUFFERS_PER_SHADER_STAGE:
-            case LimitToValidate::MAX_VERTEX_BUFFERS:
-            case LimitToValidate::MAX_VERTEX_ATTRIBUTES:
-            case LimitToValidate::end:
-                castedToValidValue = true;
-                break;
-        }
-        assert_invariant(castedToValidValue &&
-                         "LimitToValidate enum values are not sequentially incremented by 1? "
-                         "Compilers normally do this by default; which compiler was used here?");
-        if (func(castedLimit)) {
-            break;
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-#if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
-utils::io::ostream& operator<<(utils::io::ostream& out,
-        const wgpu::WGSLLanguageFeatureName languageFeatureName) noexcept {
-    return streamInsertWebGPUPrintable(out, languageFeatureName);
-}
-
-utils::io::ostream& operator<<(utils::io::ostream& out,
-        const wgpu::FeatureName featureName) noexcept {
-    return streamInsertWebGPUPrintable(out, featureName);
-}
-#endif
-
-template<typename STREAM_TYPE>
-STREAM_TYPE& operator<<(STREAM_TYPE& out, wgpu::RequestAdapterOptions const& options) noexcept {
-    return streamInsertRequestAdapterOptions(out, options);
-}
-
-template<class STREAM_TYPE>
-STREAM_TYPE& operator<<(STREAM_TYPE& out, wgpu::AdapterInfo const& info) noexcept {
-    return streamInsertRequestAdapterInfo(out, info);
-}
-
-constexpr bool isDefined(uint32_t limit) { return limit < wgpu::kLimitU32Undefined; }
-
-[[maybe_unused]] constexpr bool isDefined(uint64_t limit) {
-    return limit < wgpu::kLimitU64Undefined;
-}
-
-void assertLimitsAreExpressedInRequirementsStruct() {
-    forEachLimitToValidate([](LimitToValidate const limit) {
-        switch (limit) {
-            case LimitToValidate::MAX_BIND_GROUPS:
-                static_assert(isDefined(REQUIRED_LIMITS.maxBindGroups));
-                break;
-            case LimitToValidate::MAX_BINDINGS_PER_BIND_GROUP:
-                static_assert(isDefined(REQUIRED_LIMITS.maxBindingsPerBindGroup));
-                break;
-            case LimitToValidate::MAX_SAMPLERS_PER_SHADER_STAGE:
-                static_assert(isDefined(REQUIRED_LIMITS.maxSamplersPerShaderStage));
-                break;
-            case LimitToValidate::MAX_STORAGE_BUFFERS_PER_SHADER_STAGE:
-                static_assert(isDefined(REQUIRED_LIMITS.maxStorageBuffersPerShaderStage));
-                break;
-            case LimitToValidate::MAX_VERTEX_BUFFERS:
-                static_assert(isDefined(REQUIRED_LIMITS.maxVertexBuffers));
-                break;
-            case LimitToValidate::MAX_VERTEX_ATTRIBUTES:
-                static_assert(isDefined(REQUIRED_LIMITS.maxVertexAttributes));
-                break;
-            case LimitToValidate::begin:
-            case LimitToValidate::end:
-                break;
-        }
-        return false; // should not break
-    });
-}
-
-#if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
-[[nodiscard]] std::string_view toString(LimitToValidate limit) {
-    switch (limit) {
-        case LimitToValidate::MAX_BIND_GROUPS:
-            return "MAX_BIND_GROUPS";
-        case LimitToValidate::MAX_BINDINGS_PER_BIND_GROUP:
-            return "MAX_BINDINGS_PER_BIND_GROUP";
-        case LimitToValidate::MAX_SAMPLERS_PER_SHADER_STAGE:
-            return "MAX_SAMPLERS_PER_SHADER_STAGE";
-        case LimitToValidate::MAX_STORAGE_BUFFERS_PER_SHADER_STAGE:
-            return "MAX_STORAGE_BUFFERS_PER_SHADER_STAGE";
-        case LimitToValidate::MAX_VERTEX_BUFFERS:
-            return "MAX_VERTEX_BUFFERS";
-        case LimitToValidate::MAX_VERTEX_ATTRIBUTES:
-            return "MAX_VERTEX_ATTRIBUTES";
-        case LimitToValidate::begin:
-        case LimitToValidate::end:
-            return "UNKNOWN";
-    }
-}
-#endif
-
-[[nodiscard]] uint64_t valueForLimit(wgpu::Limits const& limits, LimitToValidate limit) {
-    switch (limit) {
-        case LimitToValidate::MAX_BIND_GROUPS:
-            return limits.maxBindGroups;
-        case LimitToValidate::MAX_BINDINGS_PER_BIND_GROUP:
-            return limits.maxBindingsPerBindGroup;
-        case LimitToValidate::MAX_SAMPLERS_PER_SHADER_STAGE:
-            return limits.maxSamplersPerShaderStage;
-        case LimitToValidate::MAX_STORAGE_BUFFERS_PER_SHADER_STAGE:
-            return limits.maxStorageBuffersPerShaderStage;
-        case LimitToValidate::MAX_VERTEX_BUFFERS:
-            return limits.maxVertexBuffers;
-        case LimitToValidate::MAX_VERTEX_ATTRIBUTES:
-            return limits.maxVertexAttributes;
-        case LimitToValidate::begin:
-        case LimitToValidate::end:
-            return 0;
-    }
-}
-
-[[nodiscard]] bool satisfiesLimits(wgpu::Limits const& limits) {
-    size_t failedLimitCount = 0;
-#if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
-    std::stringstream failedLimitsStream;
-#endif
-    forEachLimitToValidate([&](LimitToValidate const limit) {
-        uint64_t supportedValue = valueForLimit(limits, limit);
-        uint64_t requiredValue = valueForLimit(REQUIRED_LIMITS, limit);
-        if (supportedValue < requiredValue) {
-            failedLimitCount++;
-#if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
-            failedLimitsStream << toString(limit) << " required " << requiredValue << " but found "
-                               << supportedValue << ". ";
-#else
-            return true;// break early if not printing anything
-#endif
-        }
-        return false;// don't break, keep going
-    });
-    if (failedLimitCount == 0) {
-        return true;
-    }
-#if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
-    FWGPU_LOGI << "Failed to satisfy " << failedLimitCount
-               << " limit(s): " << failedLimitsStream.str();
-#endif
-    return false;
-}
-
-#if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
-void printInstanceDetails(wgpu::Instance const& instance) {
-    wgpu::SupportedWGSLLanguageFeatures supportedWGSLLanguageFeatures{};
-    if (!instance.GetWGSLLanguageFeatures(&supportedWGSLLanguageFeatures)) {
-        FWGPU_LOGW << "Failed to get WebGPU instance supported WGSL language features"
-                   << utils::io::endl;
-    } else {
-        FWGPU_LOGI << "WebGPU instance supported WGSL language features ("
-                   << supportedWGSLLanguageFeatures.featureCount << "):" << utils::io::endl;
-        if (supportedWGSLLanguageFeatures.featureCount > 0 &&
-                supportedWGSLLanguageFeatures.features != nullptr) {
-            std::for_each(supportedWGSLLanguageFeatures.features,
-                    supportedWGSLLanguageFeatures.features +
-                            supportedWGSLLanguageFeatures.featureCount,
-                    [](wgpu::WGSLLanguageFeatureName const featureName) {
-                        FWGPU_LOGI << "  " << featureName << utils::io::endl;
-                    });
-        }
-    }
-}
-#endif
-
 //either returns a valid instance or panics
 [[nodiscard]] wgpu::Instance createInstance() {
    wgpu::DawnTogglesDescriptor dawnTogglesDescriptor{};
@@ -286,409 +63,119 @@ void printInstanceDetails(wgpu::Instance const& instance) {
        }
    };
    wgpu::Instance instance = wgpu::CreateInstance(&instanceDescriptor);
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(instance != nullptr) << "Unable to create WebGPU instance.";
-#if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
-    printInstanceDetails(instance);
-#endif
+    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(instance != nullptr) << "Unable to create webgpu instance.";
    return instance;
 }

-#if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
-void printLimit(std::string_view name, const std::variant<uint32_t, uint64_t> value) {
-    FWGPU_LOGI << "  " << name.data() << ": ";
-    bool undefined = true;
-    if (std::holds_alternative<uint32_t>(value)) {
-        if (std::get<uint32_t>(value) != WGPU_LIMIT_U32_UNDEFINED) {
-            undefined = false;
-            FWGPU_LOGI << std::get<uint32_t>(value);
-        }
-    } else if (std::holds_alternative<uint64_t>(value)) {
-        if (std::get<uint64_t>(value) != WGPU_LIMIT_U64_UNDEFINED) {
-            undefined = false;
-            FWGPU_LOGI << std::get<uint64_t>(value);
-        }
-    }
-    if (undefined) {
-        FWGPU_LOGI << "UNDEFINED";
-    }
-    FWGPU_LOGI << utils::io::endl;
-}
-#endif// FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
-
-#if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
-void printLimits(wgpu::Limits const& limits) {
-    printLimit("maxTextureDimension1D", limits.maxTextureDimension1D);
-    printLimit("maxTextureDimension2D", limits.maxTextureDimension2D);
-    printLimit("maxTextureDimension3D", limits.maxTextureDimension3D);
-    printLimit("maxTextureArrayLayers", limits.maxTextureArrayLayers);
-    printLimit("maxBindGroups", limits.maxBindGroups);
-    printLimit("maxBindGroupsPlusVertexBuffers", limits.maxBindGroupsPlusVertexBuffers);
-    printLimit("maxBindingsPerBindGroup", limits.maxBindingsPerBindGroup);
-    printLimit("maxDynamicUniformBuffersPerPipelineLayout",
-            limits.maxDynamicUniformBuffersPerPipelineLayout);
-    printLimit("maxDynamicStorageBuffersPerPipelineLayout",
-            limits.maxDynamicStorageBuffersPerPipelineLayout);
-    printLimit("maxSampledTexturesPerShaderStage", limits.maxSampledTexturesPerShaderStage);
-    printLimit("maxSamplersPerShaderStage", limits.maxSamplersPerShaderStage);
-    printLimit("maxStorageBuffersPerShaderStage", limits.maxStorageBuffersPerShaderStage);
-    printLimit("maxStorageTexturesPerShaderStage", limits.maxStorageTexturesPerShaderStage);
-    printLimit("maxUniformBuffersPerShaderStage", limits.maxUniformBuffersPerShaderStage);
-    printLimit("maxUniformBufferBindingSize", limits.maxUniformBufferBindingSize);
-    printLimit("maxStorageBufferBindingSize", limits.maxStorageBufferBindingSize);
-    printLimit("minUniformBufferOffsetAlignment", limits.minUniformBufferOffsetAlignment);
-    printLimit("minStorageBufferOffsetAlignment", limits.minStorageBufferOffsetAlignment);
-    printLimit("maxVertexBuffers", limits.maxVertexBuffers);
-    printLimit("maxBufferSize", limits.maxBufferSize);
-    printLimit("maxVertexAttributes", limits.maxVertexAttributes);
-    printLimit("maxVertexBufferArrayStride", limits.maxVertexBufferArrayStride);
-    printLimit("maxInterStageShaderVariables", limits.maxInterStageShaderVariables);
-    printLimit("maxColorAttachments", limits.maxColorAttachments);
-    printLimit("maxColorAttachmentBytesPerSample", limits.maxColorAttachmentBytesPerSample);
-    printLimit("maxComputeWorkgroupStorageSize", limits.maxComputeWorkgroupStorageSize);
-    printLimit("maxComputeInvocationsPerWorkgroup", limits.maxComputeInvocationsPerWorkgroup);
-    printLimit("maxComputeWorkgroupSizeX", limits.maxComputeWorkgroupSizeX);
-    printLimit("maxComputeWorkgroupSizeY", limits.maxComputeWorkgroupSizeY);
-    printLimit("maxComputeWorkgroupSizeZ", limits.maxComputeWorkgroupSizeZ);
-    printLimit("maxComputeWorkgroupsPerDimension", limits.maxComputeWorkgroupsPerDimension);
-    printLimit("maxStorageBuffersInVertexStage", limits.maxStorageBuffersInVertexStage);
-    printLimit("maxStorageTexturesInVertexStage", limits.maxStorageTexturesInVertexStage);
-    printLimit("maxStorageBuffersInFragmentStage", limits.maxStorageBuffersInFragmentStage);
-    printLimit("maxStorageTexturesInFragmentStage", limits.maxStorageTexturesInFragmentStage);
-}
-#endif
-
-struct AdapterDetails final {
-    AdapterDetails()
-        : AdapterDetails(nullptr) {}
-    explicit AdapterDetails(wgpu::Adapter adapter)
-        : adapter(std::move(adapter)) {
-        info.nextInChain = &powerPreference;
-    }
-    AdapterDetails(wgpu::AdapterInfo&& info,
-            wgpu::DawnAdapterPropertiesPowerPreference& powerPreference, wgpu::Adapter&& adapter)
-        : info(std::move(info)),
-          powerPreference(powerPreference),
-          adapter(std::move(adapter)) {}
-    AdapterDetails& operator=(AdapterDetails&& other) noexcept {
-        adapter = std::exchange(other.adapter, nullptr);
-        info = std::exchange(other.info, {});
-        powerPreference = std::exchange(other.powerPreference, {});
-        return *this;
-    }
-
-    wgpu::AdapterInfo info{};
-    wgpu::DawnAdapterPropertiesPowerPreference powerPreference{};
-    wgpu::Adapter adapter = nullptr;
-
-    bool operator==(AdapterDetails const& other) const {
-        return info.vendorID == other.info.vendorID &&
-               info.deviceID == other.info.deviceID &&
-               info.backendType == other.info.backendType &&
-               info.adapterType == other.info.adapterType &&
-               powerPreference.powerPreference == other.powerPreference.powerPreference;
-    }
-};
-
-template<class STREAM_TYPE>
-STREAM_TYPE& operator<<(STREAM_TYPE& out, AdapterDetails const& details) noexcept {
-    out << details.info
-        << " power preference " << powerPreferenceToString(details.powerPreference);
-    return out;
-}
-
-#if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
-void printAdapterDetails(AdapterDetails const& details) {
-    FWGPU_LOGI << "Selected WebGPU adapter info: " << details << utils::io::endl;
-    wgpu::SupportedFeatures supportedFeatures{};
-    details.adapter.GetFeatures(&supportedFeatures);
-    FWGPU_LOGI << "WebGPU adapter supported features (" << supportedFeatures.featureCount
-               << "):" << utils::io::endl;
-    if (supportedFeatures.featureCount > 0 && supportedFeatures.features != nullptr) {
-        std::for_each(supportedFeatures.features,
-                supportedFeatures.features + supportedFeatures.featureCount,
-                [](wgpu::FeatureName const featureName) {
-                    FWGPU_LOGI << "  " << featureName << utils::io::endl;
-                });
-    }
-    wgpu::Limits supportedLimits{};
-    if (!details.adapter.GetLimits(&supportedLimits)) {
-        FWGPU_LOGW << "Failed to get WebGPU adapter supported limits" << utils::io::endl;
-    } else {
-        FWGPU_LOGI << "WebGPU adapter supported limits:" << utils::io::endl;
-        printLimits(supportedLimits);
-    }
-}
-#endif
-
-struct AdapterDetailsHash final {
-    size_t operator()(AdapterDetails const& details) const {
-        using utils::hash::combine;
-        size_t hash = 0;
-        combine(hash, details.info.vendorID);
-        combine(hash, details.info.deviceID);
-        combine(hash, static_cast<uint32_t>(details.info.backendType));
-        combine(hash, static_cast<uint32_t>(details.info.adapterType));
-        combine(hash, static_cast<uint32_t>(details.powerPreference.powerPreference));
-        return hash;
-    }
-};
-
-[[nodiscard]] bool adapterMeetsMinimumRequirements(AdapterDetails const& details) {
-    // check if the adapter has all required features...
-    if (!std::all_of(REQUIRED_FEATURES.begin(), REQUIRED_FEATURES.end(),
-                [&details](auto const& featureName) {
-                    return details.adapter.HasFeature(featureName);
-                })) {
-#if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
-        FWGPU_LOGI << "WebGPU adapter " << details
-                   << " does not have the minimum required features." << utils::io::endl;
-        FWGPU_LOGI << "  Missing required feature(s): ";
-        for (wgpu::FeatureName const& requiredFeature: REQUIRED_FEATURES) {
-            if (!details.adapter.HasFeature(requiredFeature)) {
-                FWGPU_LOGI << requiredFeature << " ";
-            }
-        }
-        FWGPU_LOGI << utils::io::endl;
-#endif
-        return false;
-    }
-    wgpu::Limits supportedLimits {};
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(details.adapter.GetLimits(&supportedLimits))
-            << "Failed to get limits for WebGPU adapter: " << details;
-    if (!satisfiesLimits(supportedLimits)) {
-#if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
-        FWGPU_LOGI << " (for WebGPU adapter " << details << ")" << utils::io::endl;
-#endif
-        return false;
-    }
-    return true;
-}
-
-// trys to get a set of compatible adapters (whether the meet minimum requirements or not).
-// It panics if none are found.
-[[nodiscard]] std::unordered_set<AdapterDetails, AdapterDetailsHash> requestCompatibleAdapters(
-        wgpu::Instance const& instance, std::vector<wgpu::RequestAdapterOptions> const& requests) {
-    // make the series of requests asynchronously, collecting compatible adapter results...
-    std::unordered_set<AdapterDetails, AdapterDetailsHash> compatibleAdapters;
-    compatibleAdapters.reserve(requests.size());
-    std::mutex adaptersMutex;
-    std::vector<wgpu::Future> futures(requests.size());
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < requests.size(); i++) {
-        wgpu::RequestAdapterOptions const& options = requests[i];
-        futures[i] = instance.RequestAdapter(&options, wgpu::CallbackMode::WaitAnyOnly,
-                [&options, &compatibleAdapters,
-                        &adaptersMutex](wgpu::RequestAdapterStatus const status,
-                        wgpu::Adapter const& readyAdapter, wgpu::StringView const message) {
-                    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(
-                            status != wgpu::RequestAdapterStatus::CallbackCancelled)
-                            << "Failed to request a WebGPU adapter due to the request callback "
-                               "being cancelled? Options: "
-                            << options << " " << message.data;
-                    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(status != wgpu::RequestAdapterStatus::Error)
-                            << "Failed to request a WebGPU adapter due to an error. Options: "
-                            << options << " Error: " << message.data;
-                    if (status == wgpu::RequestAdapterStatus::Success) {
-                        AdapterDetails details = AdapterDetails(readyAdapter);
-                        FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(readyAdapter.GetInfo(&details.info))
-                                << "Failed to get info for adapter (options: " << options << ")";
-                        const std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(adaptersMutex);
-                        compatibleAdapters.emplace(std::move(details.info), details.powerPreference,
-                                std::move(details.adapter));
-                        return;
-                    }
-                    assert_invariant(status == wgpu::RequestAdapterStatus::Unavailable);
-                });
-    }
-    // wait for all the results to return...
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < futures.size(); i++) {
-        wgpu::RequestAdapterOptions const& options = requests[i];
-        wgpu::Future& future = futures[i];
-        wgpu::WaitStatus status = instance.WaitAny(future, REQUEST_ADAPTER_TIMEOUT_NANOSECONDS);
-        FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(status != wgpu::WaitStatus::TimedOut)
-                << "Timed out requesting a WebGPU adapter with options " << options;
-        FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(status != wgpu::WaitStatus::Error)
-                << "Failed to request a WebGPU adapter with options " << options
-                << " due to an error (as request was made synchronous)";
-        assert_invariant(status == wgpu::WaitStatus::Success);
-    }
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(!compatibleAdapters.empty()) << "No WebGPU adapters found!";
-#if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
-    FWGPU_LOGI << compatibleAdapters.size() << " WebGPU adapter(s) found:" << utils::io::endl;
-    for (auto& details: compatibleAdapters) {
-        FWGPU_LOGI << "  WebGPU adapter: " << details << utils::io::endl;
-    }
-#endif
-    return compatibleAdapters;
-}
-
-// selects one preferred adapter or panics if none can be found
-wgpu::Adapter selectPreferredAdapter(
-        std::unordered_set<AdapterDetails, AdapterDetailsHash> const& compatibleAdapters) {
-    // for each unique adapter...
-    AdapterDetails const* selectedAdapter = nullptr;
-    size_t selectedOptionalFeaturesCount = 0;
-
-    // choose the most desirable adapter that meets the minimum requirements...
-    for (AdapterDetails const& details: compatibleAdapters) {
-        if (!adapterMeetsMinimumRequirements(details)) {
-            continue;
-        }
-        size_t supportedOptionalFeaturesCount = std::count_if(OPTIONAL_FEATURES.begin(),
-                OPTIONAL_FEATURES.end(), [&details](auto const& featureName) {
-                    return details.adapter.HasFeature(featureName);
-                });
-        // select this one if it is the first (perhaps it is the only one anyway)...
-        if (selectedAdapter == nullptr) {
-            selectedAdapter = &details;
-            selectedOptionalFeaturesCount = supportedOptionalFeaturesCount;
-            continue;
-        }
-        // NOTE: we can make this selection logic more dynamic, configurable,
-        // and robust in the future as needed, such as the app preferring lower power
-        // (prioritizing battery life) or weighting specific optional features in its decision, etc.
-        // This is just a good start that works for now.
-        //
-        // first, prefer higher performance...
-        if (details.powerPreference.powerPreference >
-                selectedAdapter->powerPreference.powerPreference) {
-            selectedAdapter = &details;
-            selectedOptionalFeaturesCount = supportedOptionalFeaturesCount;
-            continue;
-        }
-        // second, prefer more optional features supported...
-        if (supportedOptionalFeaturesCount > selectedOptionalFeaturesCount) {
-            selectedAdapter = &details;
-            selectedOptionalFeaturesCount = supportedOptionalFeaturesCount;
-            continue;
-        }
-        // otherwise keep the selected adapter
-        assert_invariant(selectedAdapter != nullptr);
-    }
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(selectedAdapter != nullptr)
-            << "Could not find a WebGPU adapter that meets the minimum requirements.";
-#if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
-    printAdapterDetails(*selectedAdapter);
-#endif
-    return selectedAdapter->adapter;
-}
-
-#if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
-void printDeviceDetails(wgpu::Device const& device) {
-    wgpu::SupportedFeatures supportedFeatures{};
-    device.GetFeatures(&supportedFeatures);
-    FWGPU_LOGI << "WebGPU device supported features (" << supportedFeatures.featureCount
-               << "):" << utils::io::endl;
-    if (supportedFeatures.featureCount > 0 && supportedFeatures.features != nullptr) {
-        std::for_each(supportedFeatures.features,
-                supportedFeatures.features + supportedFeatures.featureCount,
-                [](wgpu::FeatureName const featureName) {
-                    FWGPU_LOGI << "  " << featureName << utils::io::endl;
-                });
-    }
-    wgpu::Limits supportedLimits{};
-    if (!device.GetLimits(&supportedLimits)) {
-        FWGPU_LOGW << "Failed to get WebGPU supported device limits" << utils::io::endl;
-    } else {
-        FWGPU_LOGI << "WebGPU device supported limits:" << utils::io::endl;
-        printLimits(supportedLimits);
-    }
-}
-#endif
-
 }// namespace

 wgpu::Adapter WebGPUPlatform::requestAdapter(wgpu::Surface const& surface) {
-    assertLimitsAreExpressedInRequirementsStruct();
-    std::vector<wgpu::RequestAdapterOptions> requests = getAdapterOptions();
-    for (auto& request: requests) {
-        request.compatibleSurface = surface;
-    }
-    const std::unordered_set<AdapterDetails, AdapterDetailsHash> compatibleAdapters =
-            requestCompatibleAdapters(mInstance, requests);
-    return selectPreferredAdapter(compatibleAdapters);
+    // TODO consider power preference etc. (can be custom preferences passed to the platform or
+    //                                      based on whether this is a Mobile or Desktop system,
+    //                                      etc...)
+    wgpu::RequestAdapterOptions adaptorOptions{ .compatibleSurface = surface };
+    // note this just gets the first adapter
+    wgpu::Adapter adapter = nullptr;
+    wgpu::WaitStatus status = mInstance.WaitAny(
+            mInstance.RequestAdapter(&adaptorOptions, wgpu::CallbackMode::WaitAnyOnly,
+                    [&adapter](wgpu::RequestAdapterStatus const status,
+                            wgpu::Adapter const& readyAdapter, wgpu::StringView const message) {
+                        // TODO consider more robust error handling
+                        FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(status == wgpu::RequestAdapterStatus::Success)
+                                << "Unable to request a WebGPU adapter. Status "
+                                << static_cast<uint32_t>(status)
+                                << " with message: " << message.data;
+                        adapter = readyAdapter;
+                    }),
+            UINT16_MAX);// TODO define reasonable timeout (or do this asynchronously)
+    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(status == wgpu::WaitStatus::Success)
+            << "Non-successful wait status requesting a WebGPU adapter "
+            << static_cast<uint32_t>(status);
+    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(adapter != nullptr)
+            << "Failed to get a WebGPU adapter for the platform";
+    // TODO consider validating adapter has required features and/or limits
+    return adapter;
 }

 wgpu::Device WebGPUPlatform::requestDevice(wgpu::Adapter const& adapter) {
+    // TODO consider passing limits
+    constexpr std::array optionalFeatures = { wgpu::FeatureName::DepthClipControl,
+        wgpu::FeatureName::Depth32FloatStencil8, wgpu::FeatureName::CoreFeaturesAndLimits };
+
+    constexpr std::array requiredFeatures = { wgpu::FeatureName::TransientAttachments };
+
+    wgpu::SupportedFeatures supportedFeatures;
+    adapter.GetFeatures(&supportedFeatures);
+
    std::vector<wgpu::FeatureName> enabledFeatures;
-    enabledFeatures.reserve(REQUIRED_FEATURES.size() + OPTIONAL_FEATURES.size());
-    for (auto const& requiredFeature : REQUIRED_FEATURES) {
-        enabledFeatures.push_back(requiredFeature);
-    }
-    for (auto const& optionalFeature : OPTIONAL_FEATURES) {
-        if (adapter.HasFeature(optionalFeature)) {
-            enabledFeatures.push_back(optionalFeature);
+    enabledFeatures.reserve(requiredFeatures.size() + optionalFeatures.size());
+
+    std::set_intersection(supportedFeatures.features,
+            supportedFeatures.features + supportedFeatures.featureCount, requiredFeatures.begin(),
+            requiredFeatures.end(), std::back_inserter(enabledFeatures));
+
+    if (enabledFeatures.size() != requiredFeatures.size()) {
+        std::vector<wgpu::FeatureName> missingFeatures;
+        std::set_difference(requiredFeatures.begin(), requiredFeatures.end(),
+                supportedFeatures.features,
+                supportedFeatures.features + supportedFeatures.featureCount,
+                std::back_inserter(missingFeatures));
+
+        std::stringstream missingFeaturesStream{};
+        for (const auto& entry: missingFeatures) {
+            missingFeaturesStream << std::to_string(static_cast<uint32_t>(entry)) << " ";
        }
+        PANIC_POSTCONDITION("Some required features are not available %s/n",
+                missingFeaturesStream.str().c_str());
    }
+
+    std::set_intersection(supportedFeatures.features,
+            supportedFeatures.features + supportedFeatures.featureCount, optionalFeatures.begin(),
+            optionalFeatures.end(), std::back_inserter(enabledFeatures));
+
    wgpu::DeviceDescriptor deviceDescriptor{};
    deviceDescriptor.label = "graphics_device";
    deviceDescriptor.defaultQueue.label = "default_queue";
    deviceDescriptor.requiredFeatureCount = enabledFeatures.size();
    deviceDescriptor.requiredFeatures = enabledFeatures.data();
-    deviceDescriptor.requiredLimits = &REQUIRED_LIMITS;
    deviceDescriptor.SetDeviceLostCallback(wgpu::CallbackMode::AllowSpontaneous,
            [](wgpu::Device const&, wgpu::DeviceLostReason const& reason,
                    wgpu::StringView message) {
                if (reason == wgpu::DeviceLostReason::Destroyed) {
-#if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_DEBUG_VALIDATION)
                    FWGPU_LOGD << "WebGPU device lost due to being destroyed (expected)"
                               << utils::io::endl;
-#endif
                    return;
                }
                // TODO try recreating the device instead of just panicking
+                std::stringstream reasonStream{};
+                reasonStream << reason;
                FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(reason != wgpu::DeviceLostReason::Destroyed)
-                        << "WebGPU device lost: " << deviceLostReasonToString(reason) << " "
-                        << message.data;
+                        << "WebGPU device lost: " << reasonStream.str() << " " << message.data;
            });
    deviceDescriptor.SetUncapturedErrorCallback(
            [](wgpu::Device const&, wgpu::ErrorType errorType, wgpu::StringView message) {
-                FWGPU_LOGE << "WebGPU device error: " << errorTypeToString(errorType) << " "
-                           << message.data << utils::io::endl;
+                std::stringstream typeStream{};
+                typeStream << errorType;
+                FWGPU_LOGE << "WebGPU device error: " << typeStream.str() << " " << message.data
+                           << utils::io::endl;
            });
    wgpu::Device device = nullptr;
    wgpu::WaitStatus status = mInstance.WaitAny(
            adapter.RequestDevice(&deviceDescriptor, wgpu::CallbackMode::WaitAnyOnly,
                    [&device](wgpu::RequestDeviceStatus const status,
                            wgpu::Device const& readyDevice, wgpu::StringView const message) {
-                        FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(
-                                status != wgpu::RequestDeviceStatus::CallbackCancelled)
-                                << "Failed to request a WebGPU device due to the callback being "
-                                   "cancelled? "
-                                << message;
-                        FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(status != wgpu::RequestDeviceStatus::Error)
-                                << "Failed to request a WebGPU device due to en error: " << message;
-                        assert_invariant(status == wgpu::RequestDeviceStatus::Success);
+                        FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(status == wgpu::RequestDeviceStatus::Success)
+                                << "Unable to request a WebGPU device. Status: "
+                                << static_cast<uint32_t>(status)
+                                << " with message: " << message.data;
                        device = readyDevice;
                    }),
-            REQUEST_DEVICE_TIMEOUT_NANOSECONDS);
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(status != wgpu::WaitStatus::TimedOut)
-            << "Failed to request a WebGPU device due to a timeout.";
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(status != wgpu::WaitStatus::Error)
-            << "Failed to request a WebGPU device due to an error.";
-    assert_invariant(status == wgpu::WaitStatus::Success);
+            UINT64_MAX);// TODO define reasonable timeout (or do this asynchronously)
+    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(status == wgpu::WaitStatus::Success)
+            << "Non-successful wait status requesting a WebGPU device "
+            << static_cast<uint32_t>(status);
    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(device != nullptr)
-            << "Failed to get a WebGPU device for the platform. null device returned?";
-    size_t missingFeatures = 0;
-    std::stringstream featureNamesStream;
-    for (wgpu::FeatureName const& enabledFeature : enabledFeatures) {
-        if (!device.HasFeature(enabledFeature)) {
-            missingFeatures += 1;
-            featureNamesStream << enabledFeature << " ";
-        }
-    }
-    if (missingFeatures > 0) {
-        PANIC_POSTCONDITION("WebGPU device is missing %d requested feature(s) even though the "
-                            "adapter should support them: %s\n",
-                missingFeatures, featureNamesStream.str().data());
-    }
-    wgpu::Limits supportedLimits {};
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(device.GetLimits(&supportedLimits))
-            << "Failed to get limits for the device?";
-    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(satisfiesLimits(supportedLimits))
-            << "WebGPU device failed to statify required limits.";
-#if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM)
-    printDeviceDetails(device);
-#endif
+            << "Failed to get a WebGPU device for the platform.";
    return device;
 }

@@ -21,9 +21,7 @@
 #include <android/native_window.h>
 #include <webgpu/webgpu_cpp.h>

-#include <array>
 #include <cstdint>
-#include <vector>

 /**
 * Android OS specific implementation aspects of the WebGPU backend
@@ -31,30 +29,6 @@

 namespace filament::backend {

-std::vector<wgpu::RequestAdapterOptions> WebGPUPlatform::getAdapterOptions() {
-    constexpr std::array powerPreferences = {
-        wgpu::PowerPreference::HighPerformance,
-        wgpu::PowerPreference::LowPower };
-    constexpr std::array backendTypes = { wgpu::BackendType::Vulkan, wgpu::BackendType::OpenGLES };
-    constexpr std::array forceFallbackAdapters = { false, true };
-    constexpr size_t totalCombinations =
-            powerPreferences.size() * backendTypes.size() * forceFallbackAdapters.size();
-    std::vector<wgpu::RequestAdapterOptions> requests;
-    requests.reserve(totalCombinations);
-    for (auto powerPreference: powerPreferences) {
-        for (auto backendType: backendTypes) {
-            for (auto forceFallbackAdapter: forceFallbackAdapters) {
-                requests.emplace_back(
-                        wgpu::RequestAdapterOptions{
-                            .powerPreference = powerPreference,
-                            .forceFallbackAdapter = forceFallbackAdapter,
-                            .backendType = backendType });
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    return requests;
-}
-
 wgpu::Extent2D WebGPUPlatform::getSurfaceExtent(void* nativeWindow) const {
    ANativeWindow* window = static_cast<ANativeWindow*>(nativeWindow);
    return wgpu::Extent2D{
@@ -21,9 +21,7 @@

 #include <webgpu/webgpu_cpp.h>

-#include <array>
 #include <cstdint>
-#include <vector>

 // Platform specific includes and defines
 #include <Cocoa/Cocoa.h>
@@ -35,30 +33,6 @@

 namespace filament::backend {

-std::vector<wgpu::RequestAdapterOptions> WebGPUPlatform::getAdapterOptions() {
-    constexpr std::array powerPreferences = {
-        wgpu::PowerPreference::HighPerformance,
-        wgpu::PowerPreference::LowPower };
-    constexpr std::array backendTypes = { wgpu::BackendType::Metal };
-    constexpr std::array forceFallbackAdapters = { false, true };
-    constexpr size_t totalCombinations =
-            powerPreferences.size() * backendTypes.size() * forceFallbackAdapters.size();
-    std::vector<wgpu::RequestAdapterOptions> requests;
-    requests.reserve(totalCombinations);
-    for (auto powerPreference: powerPreferences) {
-        for (auto backendType: backendTypes) {
-            for (auto forceFallbackAdapter: forceFallbackAdapters) {
-                requests.emplace_back(
-                        wgpu::RequestAdapterOptions{
-                            .powerPreference = powerPreference,
-                            .forceFallbackAdapter = forceFallbackAdapter,
-                            .backendType = backendType });
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    return requests;
-}
-
 wgpu::Extent2D WebGPUPlatform::getSurfaceExtent(void* nativeWindow) const {
    // Both IOS and MacOS expects CAMetalLayer.
    CAMetalLayer* metalLayer = (__bridge CAMetalLayer*) nativeWindow;
@@ -21,10 +21,8 @@

 #include <webgpu/webgpu_cpp.h>

-#include <array>
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <cstdint>
-#include <vector>

 #if defined(__linux__) || defined(__FreeBSD__)
    #define LINUX_OR_FREEBSD 1
@@ -81,33 +79,6 @@

 namespace filament::backend {

-std::vector<wgpu::RequestAdapterOptions> WebGPUPlatform::getAdapterOptions() {
-    constexpr std::array powerPreferences = {
-        wgpu::PowerPreference::HighPerformance,
-        wgpu::PowerPreference::LowPower };
-    constexpr std::array backendTypes = {
-        wgpu::BackendType::Vulkan,
-        wgpu::BackendType::OpenGL,
-        wgpu::BackendType::OpenGLES };
-    constexpr std::array forceFallbackAdapters = { false, true };
-    constexpr size_t totalCombinations =
-            powerPreferences.size() * backendTypes.size() * forceFallbackAdapters.size();
-    std::vector<wgpu::RequestAdapterOptions> requests;
-    requests.reserve(totalCombinations);
-    for (auto powerPreference: powerPreferences) {
-        for (auto backendType: backendTypes) {
-            for (auto forceFallbackAdapter: forceFallbackAdapters) {
-                requests.emplace_back(
-                        wgpu::RequestAdapterOptions{
-                            .powerPreference = powerPreference,
-                            .forceFallbackAdapter = forceFallbackAdapter,
-                            .backendType = backendType });
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    return requests;
-}
-
 wgpu::Extent2D WebGPUPlatform::getSurfaceExtent(void* nativeWindow) const {
    auto surfaceExtent = wgpu::Extent2D{};
 #if defined(__linux__) && defined(FILAMENT_SUPPORTS_WAYLAND)
@@ -20,9 +20,7 @@

 #include <webgpu/webgpu_cpp.h>

-#include <array>
 #include <cstdint>
-#include <vector>

 #include <Windows.h>

@@ -32,35 +30,6 @@

 namespace filament::backend {

-std::vector<wgpu::RequestAdapterOptions> WebGPUPlatform::getAdapterOptions() {
-    constexpr std::array powerPreferences = {
-        wgpu::PowerPreference::HighPerformance,
-        wgpu::PowerPreference::LowPower };
-    constexpr std::array backendTypes = {
-        wgpu::BackendType::Vulkan,
-        wgpu::BackendType::OpenGL,
-        wgpu::BackendType::OpenGLES,
-        wgpu::BackendType::D3D12,
-        wgpu::BackendType::D3D11 };
-    constexpr std::array forceFallbackAdapters = { false, true };
-    constexpr size_t totalCombinations =
-            powerPreferences.size() * backendTypes.size() * forceFallbackAdapters.size();
-    std::vector<wgpu::RequestAdapterOptions> requests;
-    requests.reserve(totalCombinations);
-    for (auto powerPreference: powerPreferences) {
-        for (auto backendType: backendTypes) {
-            for (auto forceFallbackAdapter: forceFallbackAdapters) {
-                requests.emplace_back(
-                        wgpu::RequestAdapterOptions{
-                            .powerPreference = powerPreference,
-                            .forceFallbackAdapter = forceFallbackAdapter,
-                            .backendType = backendType });
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    return requests;
-}
-
 wgpu::Extent2D WebGPUPlatform::getSurfaceExtent(void* nativeWindow) const {
    HWND window = static_cast<HWND>(nativeWindow);
    RECT windowRect;
@@ -32,7 +32,6 @@ static constexpr size_t CONFIG_COMMAND_BUFFERS_SIZE     = 3 * CONFIG_MIN_COMMAND

 using namespace filament;
 using namespace filament::backend;
-using namespace filament::math;

 #ifndef FILAMENT_IOS
 #include <imageio/ImageEncoder.h>
@@ -58,8 +57,6 @@ BackendTest::BackendTest() : commandBufferQueue(CONFIG_MIN_COMMAND_BUFFERS_SIZE,
        CONFIG_COMMAND_BUFFERS_SIZE, /*mPaused=*/false) {
    initializeDriver();
    mImageExpectations.emplace(getDriverApi());
-    NativeView nativeView = getNativeView();
-    mScreenSize = {nativeView.width, nativeView.height};
 }

 BackendTest::~BackendTest() {
@@ -109,43 +106,59 @@ Handle<HwSwapChain> BackendTest::createSwapChain() {
    return getDriverApi().createSwapChain(view.ptr, 0);
 }

-PipelineState BackendTest::getColorWritePipelineState() {
-    PipelineState result;
-    result.rasterState.colorWrite = true;
-    result.rasterState.depthWrite = false;
-    result.rasterState.depthFunc = RasterState::DepthFunc::A;
-    return result;
+void BackendTest::fullViewport(RenderPassParams& params) {
+    fullViewport(params.viewport);
 }

-filament::backend::Viewport BackendTest::getFullViewport() const {
-   const NativeView& view = getNativeView();
-   return Viewport {
-       .left = 0,
-       .bottom = 0,
-       .width = static_cast<uint32_t>(view.width),
-       .height = static_cast<uint32_t>(view.height)
-   };
+void BackendTest::fullViewport(Viewport& viewport) {
+    const NativeView& view = getNativeView();
+    viewport.left = 0;
+    viewport.bottom = 0;
+    viewport.width = view.width;
+    viewport.height = view.height;
 }

-filament::backend::RenderPassParams BackendTest::getClearColorRenderPass(float4 color) {
+void BackendTest::renderTriangle(
+        PipelineLayout const& pipelineLayout,
+        Handle<filament::backend::HwRenderTarget> renderTarget,
+        Handle<filament::backend::HwSwapChain> swapChain,
+        Handle<filament::backend::HwProgram> program) {
    RenderPassParams params = {};
+    fullViewport(params);
    params.flags.clear = TargetBufferFlags::COLOR;
+    params.clearColor = {0.f, 0.f, 1.f, 1.f};
    params.flags.discardStart = TargetBufferFlags::ALL;
    params.flags.discardEnd = TargetBufferFlags::NONE;
-    params.clearColor = color;
-    return params;
+    params.viewport.height = 512;
+    params.viewport.width = 512;
+    renderTriangle(pipelineLayout, renderTarget, swapChain, program, params);
 }

-filament::backend::RenderPassParams BackendTest::getNoClearRenderPass() {
-    return RenderPassParams{};
-}
+void BackendTest::renderTriangle(
+        PipelineLayout const& pipelineLayout,
+        Handle<HwRenderTarget> renderTarget,
+        Handle<HwSwapChain> swapChain,
+        Handle<HwProgram> program,
+        const RenderPassParams& params) {
+    auto& api = getDriverApi();

-std::size_t BackendTest::screenWidth() const {
-    return mScreenSize[0];
-}
+    TrianglePrimitive triangle(api);

-std::size_t BackendTest::screenHeight() const {
-    return mScreenSize[1];
+    api.makeCurrent(swapChain, swapChain);
+
+    api.beginRenderPass(renderTarget, params);
+
+    PipelineState state;
+    state.program = program;
+    state.pipelineLayout = pipelineLayout;
+    state.rasterState.colorWrite = true;
+    state.rasterState.depthWrite = false;
+    state.rasterState.depthFunc = RasterState::DepthFunc::A;
+    state.rasterState.culling = CullingMode::NONE;
+
+    api.draw(state, triangle.getRenderPrimitive(), 0, 3, 1);
+
+    api.endRenderPass();
 }

 bool BackendTest::matchesEnvironment(Backend backend) {
@@ -52,23 +52,28 @@ protected:

    filament::backend::Handle<filament::backend::HwSwapChain> createSwapChain();

-    static filament::backend::PipelineState getColorWritePipelineState();
+    // Helper methods to set the viewport to the full extent of the swap chain.
+    static void fullViewport(filament::backend::RenderPassParams& params);
+    static void fullViewport(filament::backend::Viewport& viewport);

-    // Gets the full back buffer's viewport
-    filament::backend::Viewport getFullViewport() const;
-    // If color is unset this defaults to using opaque cyan
-    static filament::backend::RenderPassParams getClearColorRenderPass(
-            filament::math::float4 color = filament::math::float4(0, 1, 1, 1));
-    static filament::backend::RenderPassParams getNoClearRenderPass();
+    void renderTriangle(
+            filament::backend::PipelineLayout const& pipelineLayout,
+            filament::backend::Handle<filament::backend::HwRenderTarget> renderTarget,
+            filament::backend::Handle<filament::backend::HwSwapChain> swapChain,
+            filament::backend::Handle<filament::backend::HwProgram> program);
+
+    void renderTriangle(
+            filament::backend::PipelineLayout const& pipelineLayout,
+            filament::backend::Handle<filament::backend::HwRenderTarget> renderTarget,
+            filament::backend::Handle<filament::backend::HwSwapChain> swapChain,
+            filament::backend::Handle<filament::backend::HwProgram> program,
+            const filament::backend::RenderPassParams& params);

    filament::backend::DriverApi& getDriverApi() { return *commandStream; }
    filament::backend::Driver& getDriver() { return *driver; }

    ImageExpectations& getExpectations() { return *mImageExpectations; }

-    std::size_t screenWidth() const;
-    std::size_t screenHeight() const;
-
    static bool matchesEnvironment(Backend backend);
    static bool matchesEnvironment(OperatingSystem operatingSystem);
 private:
@@ -88,8 +93,6 @@ private:
    // This isn't truly optional, it just needs to delay construction until after the driver has
    // been initialized
    std::optional<ImageExpectations> mImageExpectations;
-
-    std::array<size_t, 2> mScreenSize;
 };

 } // namespace test
@@ -56,35 +56,26 @@ Shader::Shader(DriverApi& api, Cleanup& cleanup, ShaderConfig config) : mCleanup
    mProgram = cleanup.add(api.createProgram(std::move(prog)));

    if (!kLayouts.empty()) {
-        mDescriptorSetLayout = cleanup.add(
-                api.createDescriptorSetLayout(DescriptorSetLayout{ .bindings = kLayouts }));
+        mDescriptorSetLayout =
+                cleanup.add(api.createDescriptorSetLayout(DescriptorSetLayout{ .bindings = kLayouts }));
    }
 }

-DescriptorSetHandle Shader::createDescriptorSet(DriverApi& api) const {
+filament::backend::DescriptorSetHandle Shader::createDescriptorSet(DriverApi& api) const {
    return mCleanup.add(api.createDescriptorSet(mDescriptorSetLayout));
 }

-ProgramHandle Shader::getProgram() const {
+filament::backend::ProgramHandle Shader::getProgram() const {
    assert(mProgram);
    EXPECT_THAT(mProgram, ::testing::IsTrue())
                        << "Shader program accessed despite being null.";
    return mProgram;
 }

-DescriptorSetLayoutHandle Shader::getDescriptorSetLayout() const {
+filament::backend::DescriptorSetLayoutHandle Shader::getDescriptorSetLayout() const {
    EXPECT_THAT(mDescriptorSetLayout, ::testing::IsTrue())
            << "Shader descriptor set layout accessed despite being null.";
    return mDescriptorSetLayout;
 }

-void Shader::addProgramToPipelineState(PipelineState& state) const {
-    state.program = getProgram();
-    // In case another shader was set first, clear the set layout and then set this shader's values.
-    state.pipelineLayout.setLayout = PipelineLayout::SetLayout();
-    if (mDescriptorSetLayout) {
-        state.pipelineLayout.setLayout[0] = { getDescriptorSetLayout() };
-    }
-}
-
 } // namespace test
@@ -90,8 +90,6 @@ public:
    filament::backend::ProgramHandle getProgram() const;
    filament::backend::DescriptorSetLayoutHandle getDescriptorSetLayout() const;

-    void addProgramToPipelineState(filament::backend::PipelineState& state) const;
-
    filament::backend::DescriptorSetHandle createDescriptorSet(
            filament::backend::DriverApi& api) const;

@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ ShaderGenerator::Blob ShaderGenerator::transpileShader(ShaderStage stage, std::s
    } else if (backend == Backend::VULKAN) {
        shader.insert(pos, "#define TARGET_VULKAN_ENVIRONMENT\n");
    } else if (backend == Backend::WEBGPU) {
-        shader.insert(pos, "#define TARGET_WEBGPU_ENVIRONMENT\n");
+        shader.insert(pos, "#define TARGET_VULKAN_ENVIRONMENT\n");
    }

    const char* shaderCString = shader.c_str();
@@ -186,16 +186,4 @@ Program ShaderGenerator::getProgram(filament::backend::DriverApi&) noexcept {
    return program;
 }

-Program ShaderGenerator::getProgramWithPushConstants(filament::backend::DriverApi&,
-        std::array<PushConstants, filament::backend::Program::SHADER_TYPE_COUNT> constants) {
-    Program program;
-    program.shaderLanguage(mShaderLanguage);
-    program.shader(ShaderStage::VERTEX, mVertexBlob.data(), mVertexBlob.size());
-    program.shader(ShaderStage::FRAGMENT, mFragmentBlob.data(), mFragmentBlob.size());
-    for (auto const stage : {ShaderStage::VERTEX, ShaderStage::FRAGMENT }) {
-        program.pushConstants(stage, constants[uint8_t(stage)]);
-    }
-    return program;
-}
-
 } // namespace test
@@ -48,10 +48,6 @@ public:

    filament::backend::Program getProgram(filament::backend::DriverApi&) noexcept;

-    using PushConstants = utils::FixedCapacityVector<filament::backend::Program::PushConstant>;
-    filament::backend::Program getProgramWithPushConstants(filament::backend::DriverApi&,
-            std::array<PushConstants, filament::backend::Program::SHADER_TYPE_COUNT> constants);
-
 private:
    using ShaderStage = filament::backend::ShaderStage;

@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ std::vector<UniformConfig> GetUniformConfig(ShaderUniformType type) {
                    "backend_test", "test_tex", 0,
                    SamplerType::SAMPLER_2D, SamplerFormat::FLOAT, Precision::HIGH, false };
            return {{
-                            "test_tex", DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_FLOAT, samplerInfo
+                            "test_tex", DescriptorType::SAMPLER, samplerInfo
                    }};
        }
        default:
@@ -55,8 +55,6 @@ public:
    void updateIndices(const index_type* indices) noexcept;
    void updateIndices(const index_type* indices, int count, int offset) noexcept;

-    VertexInfoHandle getVertexBufferInfo() const { return mVertexBufferInfo; }
-
 private:

    size_t mVertexCount = 3;
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More
Author	SHA1	Message	Date
bridgewaterrobbie	43ab60521c	Quick change to hello triangle to comply with WebGPU requirements on alignment. Long term it would check for which backend is in use	2025-05-14 19:59:34 -04:00
bridgewaterrobbie	b7c685647a	Revert "Dawn change to enable writeBuffer for size != multiple of 4" This reverts commit `b94c802076`.	2025-05-14 19:58:11 -04:00