Fix validation error on gltf_viewer

Inline header defined method to remove compiler warning

.clang-format

@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ SpaceBeforeInheritanceColon: true
 SpaceBeforeParens: ControlStatements
 SpaceBeforeRangeBasedForLoopColon: false
 SpaceInEmptyParentheses: false
-SpacesBeforeTrailingComments: 0
+SpacesBeforeTrailingComments: 1
 SpacesInAngles: false
 SpacesInCStyleCastParentheses: false
 SpacesInContainerLiterals: false

.github/actions/get-commit-msg/action.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+name: 'Get commit message'
+outputs:
+  msg:
+    value: ${{ steps.action_output.outputs.msg }}
+runs:
+  using: "composite"
+  steps:
+    - name: Find commit message (on push)
+      if: github.event_name == 'push'
+      shell: bash
+      run: |
+        AUTHOR_NAME="${{ github.event.head_commit.author.name }}"
+        AUTHOR_EMAIL="${{ github.event.head_commit.author.email }}"
+        TSTAMP="${{ github.event.head_commit.timestamp }}"
+        echo "commit ${{ github.event.head_commit.id }}" >> /tmp/commit_msg.txt
+        echo "Author: ${AUTHOR_NAME}<${AUTHOR_EMAIL}>" >> /tmp/commit_msg.txt
+        echo "Date: ${TSTAMP}" >> /tmp/commit_msg.txt
+        echo "" >> /tmp/commit_msg.txt
+        echo "${{ github.event.head_commit.message }}" >> /tmp/commit_msg.txt
+    - name: Find commit message (PR)
+      shell: bash
+      id: checkout_code
+      if: github.event_name == 'pull_request'
+      run: |
+        echo "+++++ head commit message +++++"
+        echo "$(git log -1 --no-merges)"
+        echo "+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++"
+        echo "hash=$(git rev-parse HEAD)" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+        git checkout ${{ github.event.pull_request.head.sha }}
+        echo "$(git log -1 --no-merges)" >> /tmp/commit_msg.txt
+    - shell: bash
+      id: action_output
+      run: |
+        DELIMITER="EOF_FILE_CONTENT_$(date +%s)" # Using timestamp to make it more unique
+        echo "msg<<$DELIMITER" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+        cat /tmp/commit_msg.txt >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+        echo "$DELIMITER" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+        echo "----- got commit message ---"
+        cat /tmp/commit_msg.txt
+        echo "----------------------------"
+    - name: Cleanup Find commit message (PR)
+      shell: bash
+      if: github.event_name == 'pull_request'
+      run: |
+        git checkout ${{ steps.checkout_code.outputs.hash }}

.github/workflows/postsubmit.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+name: 'Post-submit tasks'
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches:
+      - main
+
+jobs:
+  update-renderdiff-goldens:
+    name: update-renderdiff-goldens
+    runs-on: 'ubuntu-24.04-4core'
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.6
+        with:
+          fetch-depth: 0
+      - uses: ./.github/actions/linux-prereq
+      - id: get_commit_msg
+        uses: ./.github/actions/get-commit-msg
+      - name: Prerequisites
+        run: pip install tifffile numpy
+      - name: Run update script
+        env:
+          GH_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.FILAMENTBOT_TOKEN }}
+        run: |
+          GOLDEN_BRANCH=$(echo "${{ steps.get_commit_msg.outputs.msg }}" | python3 test/renderdiff/src/commit_msg.py)
+          COMMIT_HASH=$(echo "${{ steps.get_commit_msg.outputs.msg }}" | head -n 1 | tr -d 'commit ')
+          if [[ "${GOLDEN_BRANCH}" != "main" ]]; then
+              git config --global user.email "filament.bot@gmail.com"
+              git config --global user.name "Filament Bot"
+              git config --global credential.helper cache
+              echo "branch==${GOLDEN_BRANCH}"
+              echo "hash==${COMMIT_HASH}"
+              python3 test/renderdiff/src/update_golden.py --branch=${GOLDEN_BRANCH} \
+                  --merge-to-main --filament-tag=${COMMIT_HASH} --golden-repo-token=${GH_TOKEN}
+          fi

.github/workflows/presubmit.yml

@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@ name: Presubmit
 on:
   push:
     branches:
-    - main
+      - main
   pull_request:
     branches:
-    - main
+      - main
 
 jobs:
   build-desktop-mac:
@@ -41,8 +41,7 @@ jobs:
 
   build-windows:
     name: build-windows
-    runs-on: win-2019-16core
-
+    runs-on: windows-2022-32core
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.6
         with:
@@ -110,9 +109,9 @@ jobs:
           fetch-depth: 0
       - name: Check for manual edits to /docs
         run: |
-           echo "${{ github.event.pull_request.head.sha }} -- ${{ github.event.pull_request.head.sha }}"
-           # disable for now
-           # bash docs_src/build/presubmit_check.sh ${{ github.event.pull_request.head.sha }}
+          echo "${{ github.event.pull_request.head.sha }} -- ${{ github.event.pull_request.head.sha }}"
+          # disable for now
+          # bash docs_src/build/presubmit_check.sh ${{ github.event.pull_request.head.sha }}
 
   test-renderdiff:
     name: test-renderdiff
@@ -121,20 +120,21 @@ jobs:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.6
         with:
           fetch-depth: 0
+      - id: get_commit_msg
+        uses: ./.github/actions/get-commit-msg
       - uses: ./.github/actions/mac-prereq
       - name: Cache Mesa and deps
-        id: mesa-cache
         uses: actions/cache@v4
         with:
           path: mesa
           key: ${{ runner.os }}-mesa-deps-2-${{ vars.MESA_VERSION }}
       - name: Prerequisites
-        id: prereqs
         run: |
           bash build/common/get-mesa.sh
           pip install tifffile numpy
       - name: Run Test
-        run: bash test/renderdiff/test.sh
+        run: |
+          echo "${{ steps.get_commit_msg.outputs.msg }}" | bash test/renderdiff/test.sh
       - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
         with:
           name: presubmit-renderdiff-result

.github/workflows/release.yml

@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ jobs:
 
   build-windows:
     name: build-windows
-    runs-on: windows-2019-32core
+    runs-on: windows-2022-32core
     if: github.event_name == 'release' || github.event.inputs.platform == 'windows'
 
     steps:

.github/workflows/windows-continuous.yml

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ on:
 jobs:
   build-windows:
     name: build-windows
-    runs-on: windows-2019-32core
+    runs-on: windows-2022-32core
 
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.6

CMakeLists.txt

@@ -49,6 +49,8 @@ option(FILAMENT_SUPPORTS_OSMESA "Enable OSMesa (headless GL context) for Filamen
 
 option(FILAMENT_ENABLE_FGVIEWER "Enable the frame graph viewer" OFF)
 
+option(FILAMENT_USE_ABSEIL_LOGGING "Use Abseil to log, may increase binary size" OFF)
+
 # This is to disable GTAO for the short-term while we investigate a way to better manage size increases.
 # On the regular filament build (where size is of less concern), we enable GTAO by default.
 option(FILAMENT_DISABLE_GTAO "Disable GTAO" OFF)
@@ -591,6 +593,10 @@ if (CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE STREQUAL "Debug" AND NOT FILAMENT_BACKEND_DEBUG_FLAG STREQU
     unset(FILAMENT_BACKEND_DEBUG_FLAG)
 endif()
 
+if (FILAMENT_USE_ABSEIL_LOGGING)
+    add_definitions(-DFILAMENT_USE_ABSEIL_LOGGING)
+endif()
+
 # ==================================================================================================
 # Material compilation flags
 # ==================================================================================================

NEW_RELEASE_NOTES.md

@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 # Filament Release Notes log
 
 **If you are merging a PR into main**: please add the release note below, under the *Release notes
-for next branch cut* header.
+We are chaning the way Vulkan buffers are handled. We need to switch over to a managed (or view-based) model where the data stored inside the object is a proxy to a Vulkan object that can dynamically be swapped around.
 
 **If you are cherry-picking a commit into an rc/ branch**: add the release note under the
 appropriate header in [RELEASE_NOTES.md](./RELEASE_NOTES.md).
 
-## Release notes for next branch cut
+## Release notes for next branch cut

README.md

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ repositories {
 }
 
 dependencies {
-    implementation 'com.google.android.filament:filament-android:1.60.1'
+    implementation 'com.google.android.filament:filament-android:1.61.1'
 }
 ```
 
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ Here are all the libraries available in the group `com.google.android.filament`:
 iOS projects can use CocoaPods to install the latest release:
 
 ```shell
-pod 'Filament', '~> 1.60.1'
+pod 'Filament', '~> 1.61.1'
 ```
 
 ## Documentation

RELEASE_NOTES.md

@@ -7,6 +7,13 @@ A new header is inserted each time a *tag* is created.
 Instead, if you are authoring a PR for the main branch, add your release note to
 [NEW_RELEASE_NOTES.md](./NEW_RELEASE_NOTES.md).
 
+## v1.61.2
+
+- samples: samples now have a CLI to select backend api
+
+## v1.61.1
+
+
 ## v1.61.0
 
 - materials: sampler now export their type in the material binary [⚠️ **New Material Version**]

android/filament-android/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -59,6 +59,10 @@ add_library(smol-v STATIC IMPORTED)
 set_target_properties(smol-v PROPERTIES IMPORTED_LOCATION
         ${FILAMENT_DIR}/lib/${ANDROID_ABI}/libsmol-v.a)
 
+add_library(abseil STATIC IMPORTED)
+set_target_properties(abseil PROPERTIES IMPORTED_LOCATION
+        ${FILAMENT_DIR}/lib/${ANDROID_ABI}/libabseil.a)
+
 if (FILAMENT_ENABLE_FGVIEWER)
     add_library(fgviewer STATIC IMPORTED)
     set_target_properties(fgviewer PROPERTIES IMPORTED_LOCATION
@@ -128,6 +132,7 @@ target_link_libraries(filament-jni
     PRIVATE jnigraphics
     PRIVATE utils
     PRIVATE perfetto
+    PRIVATE abseil
 
     # libgeometry is PUBLIC because gltfio uses it.
     PUBLIC geometry

android/gradle.properties

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 GROUP=com.google.android.filament
-VERSION_NAME=1.60.1
+VERSION_NAME=1.61.1
 
 POM_DESCRIPTION=Real-time physically based rendering engine for Android.
 

build/common/get-mesa.sh

@@ -41,6 +41,8 @@ for cmd in "${NEEDED_PYTHON_DEPS[@]}"; do
 done
 deactivate
 
+LOCAL_PKG_CONFIG_PATH=
+
 # Install system deps
 if [[ "$OS_NAME" == "Linux" ]]; then
     if [[ "$GITHUB_WORKFLOW" ]]; then
@@ -82,6 +84,9 @@ elif [[ "$OS_NAME" == "Darwin" ]]; then
         fi
     fi
     HOMEBREW_NO_INSTALLED_DEPENDENTS_CHECK=true brew install autoconf automake libx11 libxext libxrandr llvm@${LLVM_VERSION} ninja meson pkg-config libxshmfence
+
+    # For reasons unknown, this is necessary for pkg-config to find homebrew's packages
+    LOCAL_PKG_CONFIG_PATH="/opt/homebrew/lib/pkgconfig:$PKG_CONFIG_PATH"
 fi # [[ "$OS_NAME" == x ]]
 
 LOCAL_LDFLAGS=${LDFLAGS}
@@ -134,9 +139,11 @@ fi
 # -Dgallium-drivers=swrast  => builds GL software rasterizer
 # -Dvulkan-drivers=swrast   => builds VK software rasterizer
 # -Dgallium-drivers=llvmpipe is needed for GL >= 4.1 pipe-screen (see src/gallium/auxiliary/target-helpers/inline_sw_helper.h)
-CXX=${LOCAL_CXX} CC=${LOCAL_CC} PATH=${LOCAL_PATH} LDFLAGS=${LOCAL_LDFLAGS} CPPFLAGS=${LOCAL_CPPFLAGS} \
+PKG_CONFIG_PATH=${LOCAL_PKG_CONFIG_PATH} PATH=${LOCAL_PATH} \
+CXX=${LOCAL_CXX} CC=${LOCAL_CC} LDFLAGS=${LOCAL_LDFLAGS} CPPFLAGS=${LOCAL_CPPFLAGS} \
    meson setup --wipe builddir/ -Dprefix="${MESA_DIR}/out" -Dglx=xlib -Dosmesa=true -Dgallium-drivers=llvmpipe,swrast -Dvulkan-drivers=swrast
-CXX=${LOCAL_CXX} CC=${LOCAL_CC} PATH=${LOCAL_PATH} LDFLAGS=${LOCAL_LDFLAGS} CPPFLAGS=${LOCAL_CPPFLAGS} \
+PKG_CONFIG_PATH=${LOCAL_PKG_CONFIG_PATH} PATH=${LOCAL_PATH} \
+CXX=${LOCAL_CXX} CC=${LOCAL_CC} LDFLAGS=${LOCAL_LDFLAGS} CPPFLAGS=${LOCAL_CPPFLAGS} \
    meson install -C builddir/
 
 # Disable python venv

build/common/upload-release-assets/package-lock.json

@@ -204,9 +204,10 @@
       "license": "Apache-2.0"
     },
     "node_modules/brace-expansion": {
-      "version": "1.1.11",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/brace-expansion/-/brace-expansion-1.1.11.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-iCuPHDFgrHX7H2vEI/5xpz07zSHB00TpugqhmYtVmMO6518mCuRMoOYFldEBl0g187ufozdaHgWKcYFb61qGiA==",
+      "version": "1.1.12",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/brace-expansion/-/brace-expansion-1.1.12.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-9T9UjW3r0UW5c1Q7GTwllptXwhvYmEzFhzMfZ9H7FQWt+uZePjZPjBP/W1ZEyZ1twGWom5/56TF4lPcqjnDHcg==",
+      "license": "MIT",
       "dependencies": {
         "balanced-match": "^1.0.0",
         "concat-map": "0.0.1"
@@ -409,9 +410,9 @@
       "integrity": "sha512-Nik3Sc0ncrMK4UUdXQmAnRtzmNQTAAXmXIopizwZ1W1t8QmfJj+zL4OA2I7XPTPW5z5TDqv4hRo/JzouDJnX3A=="
     },
     "brace-expansion": {
-      "version": "1.1.11",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/brace-expansion/-/brace-expansion-1.1.11.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-iCuPHDFgrHX7H2vEI/5xpz07zSHB00TpugqhmYtVmMO6518mCuRMoOYFldEBl0g187ufozdaHgWKcYFb61qGiA==",
+      "version": "1.1.12",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/brace-expansion/-/brace-expansion-1.1.12.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-9T9UjW3r0UW5c1Q7GTwllptXwhvYmEzFhzMfZ9H7FQWt+uZePjZPjBP/W1ZEyZ1twGWom5/56TF4lPcqjnDHcg==",
       "requires": {
         "balanced-match": "^1.0.0",
         "concat-map": "0.0.1"

build/windows/build-github.bat

@@ -47,7 +47,11 @@ if "%RUNNING_LOCALLY%" == "1" (
     set "PATH=%PATH%;C:\Program Files\7-Zip"
 )
 
-call "C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\2019\%VISUAL_STUDIO_VERSION%\VC\Auxiliary\Build\vcvars64.bat"
+:: Outdated windows-2019 pattern
+:: call "C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\2019\%VISUAL_STUDIO_VERSION%\VC\Auxiliary\Build\vcvars64.bat"
+
+call "C:\Program Files\Microsoft Visual Studio\2022\%VISUAL_STUDIO_VERSION%\VC\Auxiliary\Build\vcvars64.bat"
+echo Passed vcvars64.bat
 if errorlevel 1 exit /b %errorlevel%
 
 msbuild /version
@@ -107,7 +111,7 @@ cd out\cmake-%variant%
 if errorlevel 1 exit /b %errorlevel%
 
 cmake ..\.. ^
-    -G "Visual Studio 16 2019" ^
+    -G "Visual Studio 17 2022" ^
     -A x64 ^
     %flag% ^
     -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=..\%variant% ^

filament/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -601,6 +601,10 @@ target_link_libraries(${TARGET} PUBLIC filaflat)
 target_link_libraries(${TARGET} PUBLIC filabridge)
 target_link_libraries(${TARGET} PUBLIC ibl-lite)
 
+if (FILAMENT_USE_ABSEIL_LOGGING)
+    target_link_libraries(${TARGET} PUBLIC absl::log)
+endif()
+
 if (FILAMENT_ENABLE_FGVIEWER)
     target_link_libraries(${TARGET} PUBLIC fgviewer)
     add_definitions(-DFILAMENT_ENABLE_FGVIEWER=1)

filament/README.md

@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ Copy your platform's Makefile below into a `Makefile` inside the same directory.
 ### Linux
 
 ```make
-FILAMENT_LIBS=-lfilament -lbackend -lbluegl -lbluevk -lfilabridge -lfilaflat -lutils -lgeometry -lsmol-v -lvkshaders -libl
+FILAMENT_LIBS=-lfilament -lbackend -lbluegl -lbluevk -lfilabridge -lfilaflat -lutils -lgeometry -lsmol-v -lvkshaders -libl -labseil
 CC=clang++
 
 main: main.o
@@ -110,12 +110,13 @@ clean:
 ### macOS
 
 ```make
-FILAMENT_LIBS=-lfilament -lbackend -lbluegl -lbluevk -lfilabridge -lfilaflat -lutils -lgeometry -lsmol-v -lvkshaders -libl
+FILAMENT_LIBS=-lfilament -lbackend -lbluegl -lbluevk -lfilabridge -lfilaflat -lutils -lgeometry -lsmol-v -lvkshaders -libl -labseil
 FRAMEWORKS=-framework Cocoa -framework Metal -framework CoreVideo
 CC=clang++
+ARCH ?= $(shell uname -m)
 
 main: main.o
-	$(CC) -Llib/x86_64/ main.o $(FILAMENT_LIBS) $(FRAMEWORKS) -o main
+	$(CC) -Llib/$(ARCH)/ main.o $(FILAMENT_LIBS) $(FRAMEWORKS) -o main
 
 main.o: main.cpp
 	$(CC) -Iinclude/ -std=c++17 -c main.cpp
@@ -139,7 +140,7 @@ used to change the run-time library version.
 
 ```make
 FILAMENT_LIBS=filament.lib backend.lib bluegl.lib bluevk.lib filabridge.lib filaflat.lib \
-              utils.lib geometry.lib smol-v.lib ibl.lib vkshaders.lib
+              utils.lib geometry.lib smol-v.lib ibl.lib vkshaders.lib abseil.lib
 CC=cl.exe
 
 main.exe: main.obj

filament/backend/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -180,8 +180,11 @@ if (FILAMENT_SUPPORTS_VULKAN)
             src/vulkan/VulkanAsyncHandles.h
             src/vulkan/VulkanBlitter.cpp
             src/vulkan/VulkanBlitter.h
-            src/vulkan/VulkanBuffer.cpp
             src/vulkan/VulkanBuffer.h
+            src/vulkan/VulkanBufferCache.h
+            src/vulkan/VulkanBufferCache.cpp
+            src/vulkan/VulkanBufferProxy.h
+            src/vulkan/VulkanBufferProxy.cpp
             src/vulkan/VulkanCommands.cpp
             src/vulkan/VulkanCommands.h
             src/vulkan/VulkanConstants.h
@@ -254,17 +257,36 @@ if (FILAMENT_SUPPORTS_WEBGPU)
     list(APPEND SRCS
             include/backend/platforms/WebGPUPlatform.h
             src/webgpu/platform/WebGPUPlatform.cpp
+            src/webgpu/SpdMipmapGenerator/SpdMipmapGenerator.cpp
+            src/webgpu/WebGPUBufferBase.cpp
+            src/webgpu/WebGPUBufferBase.h
+            src/webgpu/WebGPUBufferObject.cpp
+            src/webgpu/WebGPUBufferObject.h
             src/webgpu/WebGPUConstants.h
+            src/webgpu/WebGPUDescriptorSet.cpp
+            src/webgpu/WebGPUDescriptorSet.h
+            src/webgpu/WebGPUDescriptorSetLayout.cpp
+            src/webgpu/WebGPUDescriptorSetLayout.h
             src/webgpu/WebGPUDriver.cpp
             src/webgpu/WebGPUDriver.h
-            src/webgpu/WebGPUHandles.cpp
-            src/webgpu/WebGPUHandles.h
+            src/webgpu/WebGPUIndexBuffer.cpp
+            src/webgpu/WebGPUIndexBuffer.h
             src/webgpu/WebGPUPipelineCreation.cpp
             src/webgpu/WebGPUPipelineCreation.h
+            src/webgpu/WebGPUProgram.cpp
+            src/webgpu/WebGPUProgram.h
+            src/webgpu/WebGPURenderPrimitive.h
+            src/webgpu/WebGPURenderTarget.cpp
+            src/webgpu/WebGPURenderTarget.h
             src/webgpu/WebGPUStrings.h
             src/webgpu/WebGPUSwapChain.cpp
             src/webgpu/WebGPUSwapChain.h
-            src/webgpu/WGPUProgram.cpp
+            src/webgpu/WebGPUTexture.cpp
+            src/webgpu/WebGPUTexture.h
+            src/webgpu/WebGPUVertexBuffer.cpp
+            src/webgpu/WebGPUVertexBuffer.h
+            src/webgpu/WebGPUVertexBufferInfo.cpp
+            src/webgpu/WebGPUVertexBufferInfo.h
     )
     if (WIN32)
         list(APPEND SRCS src/webgpu/platform/WebGPUPlatformWindows.cpp)
@@ -382,6 +404,10 @@ endif()
 target_link_libraries(${TARGET} PUBLIC math)
 target_link_libraries(${TARGET} PUBLIC utils)
 
+if (FILAMENT_USE_ABSEIL_LOGGING)
+    target_link_libraries(${TARGET} PRIVATE absl::log)
+endif()
+
 # Android, iOS, and WebGL do not use bluegl.
 if(FILAMENT_SUPPORTS_OPENGL AND NOT IOS AND NOT ANDROID AND NOT WEBGL)
     target_link_libraries(${TARGET} PRIVATE bluegl)

filament/backend/include/backend/DriverEnums.h

@@ -495,18 +495,12 @@ struct DescriptorSetLayoutBinding {
     DescriptorFlags flags = DescriptorFlags::NONE;
     uint16_t count = 0;
 
-    //  TODO: uncomment when needed.  Note that this class is used as hash key.  We need to ensure
-    //  no uninitialized padding bytes.
-    //    uint8_t externalSamplerDataIndex = EXTERNAL_SAMPLER_DATA_INDEX_UNUSED;
-
     friend bool operator==(DescriptorSetLayoutBinding const& lhs,
             DescriptorSetLayoutBinding const& rhs) noexcept {
         return lhs.type == rhs.type &&
                lhs.flags == rhs.flags &&
                lhs.count == rhs.count &&
                lhs.stageFlags == rhs.stageFlags;
-//               lhs.stageFlags == rhs.stageFlags &&
-//               lhs.externalSamplerDataIndex == rhs.externalSamplerDataIndex;
     }
 };
 
@@ -1254,26 +1248,6 @@ enum class SamplerCompareFunc : uint8_t {
     N           //!< Never. The depth / stencil test always fails.
 };
 
-//! this API is copied from (and only applies to) the Vulkan spec.
-//! These specify YUV to RGB conversions.
-enum class SamplerYcbcrModelConversion : uint8_t {
-    RGB_IDENTITY = 0,
-    YCBCR_IDENTITY = 1,
-    YCBCR_709 = 2,
-    YCBCR_601 = 3,
-    YCBCR_2020 = 4,
-};
-
-enum class SamplerYcbcrRange : uint8_t {
-    ITU_FULL = 0,
-    ITU_NARROW = 1,
-};
-
-enum class ChromaLocation : uint8_t {
-    COSITED_EVEN = 0,
-    MIDPOINT = 1,
-};
-
 //! Sampler parameters
 struct SamplerParams {             // NOLINT
     SamplerMagFilter filterMag      : 1;    //!< magnification filter (NEAREST)
@@ -1342,94 +1316,9 @@ static_assert(sizeof(SamplerParams) == 4);
 static_assert(sizeof(SamplerParams) <= sizeof(uint64_t),
         "SamplerParams must be no more than 64 bits");
 
-//! Sampler parameters
-struct SamplerYcbcrConversion {// NOLINT
-    SamplerYcbcrModelConversion ycbcrModel : 4;
-    TextureSwizzle r : 4;
-    TextureSwizzle g : 4;
-    TextureSwizzle b : 4;
-    TextureSwizzle a : 4;
-    SamplerYcbcrRange ycbcrRange : 1;
-    ChromaLocation xChromaOffset : 1;
-    ChromaLocation yChromaOffset : 1;
-    SamplerMagFilter chromaFilter : 1;
-    uint8_t padding;
-
-    struct Hasher {
-        size_t operator()(const SamplerYcbcrConversion p) const noexcept {
-            // we don't use std::hash<> here, so we don't have to include <functional>
-            return *reinterpret_cast<uint32_t const*>(reinterpret_cast<char const*>(&p));
-        }
-    };
-
-    struct EqualTo {
-        bool operator()(SamplerYcbcrConversion lhs, SamplerYcbcrConversion rhs) const noexcept {
-            assert_invariant(lhs.padding == 0);
-            auto* pLhs = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t const*>(reinterpret_cast<char const*>(&lhs));
-            auto* pRhs = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t const*>(reinterpret_cast<char const*>(&rhs));
-            return *pLhs == *pRhs;
-        }
-    };
-
-    struct LessThan {
-        bool operator()(SamplerYcbcrConversion lhs, SamplerYcbcrConversion rhs) const noexcept {
-            assert_invariant(lhs.padding == 0);
-            auto* pLhs = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t const*>(reinterpret_cast<char const*>(&lhs));
-            auto* pRhs = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t const*>(reinterpret_cast<char const*>(&rhs));
-            return *pLhs < *pRhs;
-        }
-    };
-
-private:
-    friend bool operator == (SamplerYcbcrConversion lhs, SamplerYcbcrConversion rhs)
-            noexcept {
-        return SamplerYcbcrConversion::EqualTo{}(lhs, rhs);
-    }
-    friend bool operator != (SamplerYcbcrConversion lhs, SamplerYcbcrConversion rhs)
-            noexcept {
-        return  !SamplerYcbcrConversion::EqualTo{}(lhs, rhs);
-    }
-    friend bool operator < (SamplerYcbcrConversion lhs, SamplerYcbcrConversion rhs)
-            noexcept {
-        return SamplerYcbcrConversion::LessThan{}(lhs, rhs);
-    }
-};
-
-static_assert(sizeof(SamplerYcbcrConversion) == 4);
-
-static_assert(sizeof(SamplerYcbcrConversion) <= sizeof(uint64_t),
-        "SamplerYcbcrConversion must be no more than 64 bits");
-
-struct ExternalSamplerDatum {
-    ExternalSamplerDatum(SamplerYcbcrConversion ycbcr, SamplerParams spm, uint32_t extFmt)
-        : YcbcrConversion(ycbcr),
-          samplerParams(spm),
-          externalFormat(extFmt) {}
-    bool operator==(ExternalSamplerDatum const& rhs) const {
-        return (YcbcrConversion == rhs.YcbcrConversion && samplerParams == rhs.samplerParams &&
-                externalFormat == rhs.externalFormat);
-    }
-    struct EqualTo {
-        bool operator()(const ExternalSamplerDatum& lhs,
-                const ExternalSamplerDatum& rhs) const noexcept {
-            return (lhs.YcbcrConversion == rhs.YcbcrConversion &&
-                lhs.samplerParams == rhs.samplerParams &&
-                lhs.externalFormat == rhs.externalFormat);
-        }
-    };
-    SamplerYcbcrConversion YcbcrConversion;
-    SamplerParams samplerParams;
-    uint32_t externalFormat;
-};
-// No implicit padding allowed due to it being a hash key.
-static_assert(sizeof(ExternalSamplerDatum) == 12);
-
 struct DescriptorSetLayout {
     std::variant<utils::StaticString, utils::CString, std::monostate> label;
     utils::FixedCapacityVector<DescriptorSetLayoutBinding> bindings;
-
-//  TODO: uncomment when needed
-//    utils::FixedCapacityVector<ExternalSamplerDatum> externalSamplerData;
 };
 
 //! blending equation function

filament/backend/include/backend/Platform.h

@@ -149,6 +149,13 @@ public:
          *      - PlatformEGLAndroid
          */
         bool assertNativeWindowIsValid = false;
+
+        /**
+         * The action to take if a Drawable cannot be acquired. If true, the
+         * frame is aborted instead of panic. This is only supported for:
+         *      - PlatformMetal
+         */
+        bool metalDisablePanicOnDrawableFailure = false;
     };
 
     Platform() noexcept;

filament/backend/include/backend/platforms/PlatformEGL.h

@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ protected:
     bool setExternalImage(ExternalImageHandleRef externalImage, ExternalTexture* texture) noexcept override;
 
     /**
-     * Logs glGetError() to slog.e
+     * Logs glGetError() to LOG(ERROR)
      * @param name a string giving some context on the error. Typically __func__.
      */
     static void logEglError(const char* name) noexcept;

filament/backend/include/private/backend/Driver.h

@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@
 #define FILAMENT_DEBUG_COMMANDS_NONE         0x0
 // Command debugging enabled. No logging by default.
 #define FILAMENT_DEBUG_COMMANDS_ENABLE       0x1
-// Command debugging enabled. Every command logged to slog.d
+// Command debugging enabled. Every command logged to DLOG(INFO)
 #define FILAMENT_DEBUG_COMMANDS_LOG          0x2
 // Command debugging enabled. Every command logged to systrace
 #define FILAMENT_DEBUG_COMMANDS_SYSTRACE     0x4

filament/backend/src/CircularBuffer.cpp

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 
 #include "private/backend/CircularBuffer.h"
 
-#include <utils/Log.h>
+#include <utils/Logger.h>
 #include <utils/Panic.h>
 #include <utils/architecture.h>
 #include <utils/ashmem.h>
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ void* CircularBuffer::alloc(size_t size) {
                 "couldn't allocate " << (size * 2 / 1024) <<
                 " KiB of virtual address space for the command buffer";
 
-        slog.w << "Using 'soft' CircularBuffer (" << (size * 2 / 1024) << " KiB)" << io::endl;
+        LOG(WARNING) << "Using 'soft' CircularBuffer (" << (size * 2 / 1024) << " KiB)";
 
         // guard page at the end
         void* guard = (void*)(uintptr_t(data) + size * 2);

filament/backend/src/CommandBufferQueue.cpp

@@ -20,12 +20,12 @@
 
 #include <private/utils/Tracing.h>
 
-#include <utils/compiler.h>
-#include <utils/Log.h>
+#include <utils/Logger.h>
 #include <utils/Mutex.h>
-#include <utils/ostream.h>
 #include <utils/Panic.h>
+#include <utils/compiler.h>
 #include <utils/debug.h>
+#include <utils/ostream.h>
 
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <mutex>
@@ -121,11 +121,10 @@ void CommandBufferQueue::flush() {
 
 #ifndef NDEBUG
         size_t const totalUsed = circularBuffer.size() - mFreeSpace;
-        slog.d << "CommandStream used too much space (will block): "
-                << "needed space " << requiredSize << " out of " << mFreeSpace
-                << ", totalUsed=" << totalUsed << ", current=" << used
-                << ", queue size=" << mCommandBuffersToExecute.size() << " buffers"
-                << io::endl;
+        DLOG(INFO) << "CommandStream used too much space (will block): "
+                   << "needed space " << requiredSize << " out of " << mFreeSpace
+                   << ", totalUsed=" << totalUsed << ", current=" << used
+                   << ", queue size=" << mCommandBuffersToExecute.size() << " buffers";
 
         mHighWatermark = std::max(mHighWatermark, totalUsed);
 #endif

filament/backend/src/CommandStream.cpp

@@ -22,10 +22,13 @@
 #include <utils/CallStack.h>
 #endif
 
-#include <utils/compiler.h>
-#include <utils/Log.h>
-#include <utils/ostream.h>
+#include <private/utils/Tracing.h>
+
+#include <utils/Logger.h>
 #include <utils/Profiler.h>
+#include <utils/compiler.h>
+#include <utils/ostream.h>
+#include <utils/sstream.h>
 
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <functional>
@@ -129,9 +132,10 @@ void CommandType<void (Driver::*)(ARGS...)>::Command<METHOD>::log(std::index_seq
 #if DEBUG_COMMAND_STREAM
     static_assert(UTILS_HAS_RTTI, "DEBUG_COMMAND_STREAM can only be used with RTTI");
     std::string command = utils::CallStack::demangleTypeName(typeid(Command).name()).c_str();
-    slog.d << extractMethodName(command) << " : size=" << sizeof(Command) << "\n\t";
-    printParameterPack(slog.d, std::get<I>(mArgs)...);
-    slog.d << io::endl;
+    DLOG(INFO) << extractMethodName(command) << " : size=" << sizeof(Command);
+    utils::io::sstream parameterPack;
+    printParameterPack(parameterPack, std::get<I>(mArgs)...);
+    DLOG(INFO) << "\t" << parameterPack.c_str();
 #endif
 }
 

filament/backend/src/Driver.cpp

@@ -25,9 +25,9 @@
 
 #include <private/utils/Tracing.h>
 
+#include <utils/Logger.h>
 #include <utils/compiler.h>
 #include <utils/debug.h>
-#include <utils/Log.h>
 #include <utils/ostream.h>
 
 #include <math/half.h>
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ void DriverBase::scheduleRelease(AcquiredImage const& image) noexcept {
 void DriverBase::debugCommandBegin(CommandStream* cmds, bool synchronous, const char* methodName) noexcept {
     if constexpr (bool(FILAMENT_DEBUG_COMMANDS > FILAMENT_DEBUG_COMMANDS_NONE)) {
         if constexpr (bool(FILAMENT_DEBUG_COMMANDS & FILAMENT_DEBUG_COMMANDS_LOG)) {
-            utils::slog.d << methodName << utils::io::endl;
+            DLOG(INFO) << methodName;
         }
         if constexpr (bool(FILAMENT_DEBUG_COMMANDS & FILAMENT_DEBUG_COMMANDS_SYSTRACE)) {
             FILAMENT_TRACING_CONTEXT(FILAMENT_TRACING_CATEGORY_FILAMENT);

filament/backend/src/HandleAllocator.cpp

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 
 #include <utils/Allocator.h>
 #include <utils/CString.h>
-#include <utils/Log.h>
+#include <utils/Logger.h>
 #include <utils/Panic.h>
 #include <utils/compiler.h>
 #include <utils/debug.h>
@@ -57,8 +57,8 @@ HandleAllocator<P0, P1, P2>::Allocator::Allocator(AreaPolicy::HeapArea const& ar
     size_t const maxHeapSize = std::min(area.size(), HANDLE_INDEX_MASK * getAlignment());
 
     if (UTILS_UNLIKELY(maxHeapSize != area.size())) {
-        slog.w << "HandleAllocator heap size reduced to "
-               << maxHeapSize << " from " << area.size() << io::endl;
+        LOG(WARNING) << "HandleAllocator heap size reduced to " << maxHeapSize << " from "
+                     << area.size();
     }
 
     // make sure we start with a clean arena. This is needed to ensure that all blocks start

filament/backend/src/metal/MetalBlitter.mm

@@ -19,8 +19,8 @@
 #include "MetalContext.h"
 #include "MetalUtils.h"
 
+#include <utils/Logger.h>
 #include <utils/Panic.h>
-#include <utils/Log.h>
 
 namespace filament::backend {
 
@@ -323,7 +323,7 @@ id<MTLFunction> MetalBlitter::compileFragmentFunction(BlitFunctionKey key) const
     if (!library || !function) {
         if (error) {
             auto description = [error.localizedDescription cStringUsingEncoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding];
-            utils::slog.e << description << utils::io::endl;
+            LOG(ERROR) << description;
         }
     }
     FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(library && function)
@@ -349,7 +349,7 @@ id<MTLFunction> MetalBlitter::getBlitVertexFunction() {
     if (!library || !function) {
         if (error) {
             auto description = [error.localizedDescription cStringUsingEncoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding];
-            utils::slog.e << description << utils::io::endl;
+            LOG(ERROR) << description;
         }
     }
     FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(library && function)

filament/backend/src/metal/MetalBufferPool.mm

@@ -18,8 +18,8 @@
 
 #include "MetalContext.h"
 
+#include <utils/Logger.h>
 #include <utils/Panic.h>
-#include <utils/Log.h>
 #include <utils/trap.h>
 
 #include <thread>
@@ -77,8 +77,7 @@ void MetalBufferPool::releaseBuffer(MetalBufferPoolEntry const *stage) noexcept
 
     auto iter = mUsedStages.find(stage);
     if (iter == mUsedStages.end()) {
-        utils::slog.e << "Unknown Metal buffer: " << stage->capacity << " bytes"
-                << utils::io::endl;
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Unknown Metal buffer: " << stage->capacity << " bytes";
         return;
     }
     stage->lastAccessed = mCurrentFrame;

filament/backend/src/metal/MetalContext.mm

@@ -18,8 +18,9 @@
 
 #include "MetalHandles.h"
 
-#include <utils/debug.h>
 #include <utils/FixedCapacityVector.h>
+#include <utils/Logger.h>
+#include <utils/debug.h>
 
 #include <utility>
 
@@ -112,8 +113,8 @@ id<MTLCommandBuffer> getPendingCommandBuffer(MetalContext* context) {
         auto errorCode = (MTLCommandBufferError)buffer.error.code;
         if (@available(macOS 11.0, *)) {
             if (errorCode == MTLCommandBufferErrorMemoryless) {
-                utils::slog.w << "Metal: memoryless geometry limit reached. "
-                        "Continuing with private storage mode." << utils::io::endl;
+                LOG(WARNING) << "Metal: memoryless geometry limit reached. Continuing with private "
+                                "storage mode.";
                 context->memorylessLimitsReached = true;
             }
         }

filament/backend/src/metal/MetalDriver.mm

@@ -38,10 +38,10 @@
 #include <Metal/Metal.h>
 #include <QuartzCore/QuartzCore.h>
 
-#include <utils/Log.h>
+#include <utils/Invocable.h>
+#include <utils/Logger.h>
 #include <utils/Panic.h>
 #include <utils/sstream.h>
-#include <utils/Invocable.h>
 
 #include <algorithm>
 
@@ -78,20 +78,18 @@ Driver* MetalDriverFactory::create(PlatformMetal* const platform, const Platform
     //    MetalVertexBufferInfo        : 552       moderate
     // -- less than or equal to 552 bytes
 
-    utils::slog.d
-           << "\nMetalSwapChain: " << sizeof(MetalSwapChain)
-           << "\nMetalBufferObject: " << sizeof(MetalBufferObject)
-           << "\nMetalVertexBuffer: " << sizeof(MetalVertexBuffer)
-           << "\nMetalVertexBufferInfo: " << sizeof(MetalVertexBufferInfo)
-           << "\nMetalIndexBuffer: " << sizeof(MetalIndexBuffer)
-           << "\nMetalRenderPrimitive: " << sizeof(MetalRenderPrimitive)
-           << "\nMetalTexture: " << sizeof(MetalTexture)
-           << "\nMetalTimerQuery: " << sizeof(MetalTimerQuery)
-           << "\nHwStream: " << sizeof(HwStream)
-           << "\nMetalRenderTarget: " << sizeof(MetalRenderTarget)
-           << "\nMetalFence: " << sizeof(MetalFence)
-           << "\nMetalProgram: " << sizeof(MetalProgram)
-           << utils::io::endl;
+    DLOG(INFO) << "MetalSwapChain: " << sizeof(MetalSwapChain);
+    DLOG(INFO) << "MetalBufferObject: " << sizeof(MetalBufferObject);
+    DLOG(INFO) << "MetalVertexBuffer: " << sizeof(MetalVertexBuffer);
+    DLOG(INFO) << "MetalVertexBufferInfo: " << sizeof(MetalVertexBufferInfo);
+    DLOG(INFO) << "MetalIndexBuffer: " << sizeof(MetalIndexBuffer);
+    DLOG(INFO) << "MetalRenderPrimitive: " << sizeof(MetalRenderPrimitive);
+    DLOG(INFO) << "MetalTexture: " << sizeof(MetalTexture);
+    DLOG(INFO) << "MetalTimerQuery: " << sizeof(MetalTimerQuery);
+    DLOG(INFO) << "HwStream: " << sizeof(HwStream);
+    DLOG(INFO) << "MetalRenderTarget: " << sizeof(MetalRenderTarget);
+    DLOG(INFO) << "MetalFence: " << sizeof(MetalFence);
+    DLOG(INFO) << "MetalProgram: " << sizeof(MetalProgram);
 #endif
     return MetalDriver::create(platform, driverConfig);
 }
@@ -135,19 +133,18 @@ MetalDriver::MetalDriver(
 
     initializeSupportedGpuFamilies(mContext);
 
-    utils::slog.v << "Supported GPU families: " << utils::io::endl;
+    LOG(INFO) << "Supported GPU families: ";
     if (mContext->highestSupportedGpuFamily.common > 0) {
-        utils::slog.v << "  MTLGPUFamilyCommon" << (int) mContext->highestSupportedGpuFamily.common << utils::io::endl;
+        LOG(INFO) << "  MTLGPUFamilyCommon" << (int) mContext->highestSupportedGpuFamily.common;
     }
     if (mContext->highestSupportedGpuFamily.apple > 0) {
-        utils::slog.v << "  MTLGPUFamilyApple" << (int) mContext->highestSupportedGpuFamily.apple << utils::io::endl;
+        LOG(INFO) << "  MTLGPUFamilyApple" << (int) mContext->highestSupportedGpuFamily.apple;
     }
     if (mContext->highestSupportedGpuFamily.mac > 0) {
-        utils::slog.v << "  MTLGPUFamilyMac" << (int) mContext->highestSupportedGpuFamily.mac << utils::io::endl;
+        LOG(INFO) << "  MTLGPUFamilyMac" << (int) mContext->highestSupportedGpuFamily.mac;
     }
-    utils::slog.v << "Features:" << utils::io::endl;
-    utils::slog.v << "  readWriteTextureSupport: " <<
-            (bool) mContext->device.readWriteTextureSupport << utils::io::endl;
+    LOG(INFO) << "Features:";
+    LOG(INFO) << "  readWriteTextureSupport: " << (bool) mContext->device.readWriteTextureSupport;
 
     // In order to support texture swizzling, the GPU needs to support it and the system be running
     // iOS 13+.
@@ -588,7 +585,7 @@ void MetalDriver::createProgramR(Handle<HwProgram> rph, Program&& program) {
 #if FILAMENT_METAL_DEBUG_LOG
     auto handleId = rph.getId();
     DEBUG_LOG("createProgramR(rph = %d, program = ", handleId);
-    utils::slog.d << program << utils::io::endl;
+    DLOG(INFO) << program;
 #endif
     construct_handle<MetalProgram>(rph, *mContext, std::move(program));
 }
@@ -2077,7 +2074,7 @@ void MetalDriver::dispatchCompute(Handle<HwProgram> program, math::uint3 workGro
                                                             error:&error];
     if (error) {
         auto description = [error.localizedDescription cStringUsingEncoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding];
-        utils::slog.e << description << utils::io::endl;
+        LOG(ERROR) << description;
     }
     assert_invariant(!error);
 

filament/backend/src/metal/MetalExternalImage.mm

@@ -20,14 +20,14 @@
 #include "MetalEnums.h"
 #include "MetalUtils.h"
 
+#include <utils/Logger.h>
 #include <utils/Panic.h>
-#include <utils/Log.h>
 #include <utils/trap.h>
 
 #define NSERROR_CHECK(message)                                                                     \
     if (error) {                                                                                   \
         auto description = [error.localizedDescription cStringUsingEncoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding]; \
-        utils::slog.e << description << utils::io::endl;                                           \
+        LOG(ERROR) << description;                                                                 \
     }                                                                                              \
     FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(error == nil) << message;
 

filament/backend/src/metal/MetalHandles.mm

@@ -27,10 +27,11 @@
 
 #include "private/backend/BackendUtils.h"
 
-#include <utils/compiler.h>
+#include <utils/Logger.h>
 #include <utils/Panic.h>
-#include <utils/trap.h>
+#include <utils/compiler.h>
 #include <utils/debug.h>
+#include <utils/trap.h>
 
 #include <math/scalar.h>
 
@@ -115,14 +116,14 @@ MetalSwapChain::MetalSwapChain(
       type(SwapChainType::CAMETALLAYER) {
 
     if (!(flags & SwapChain::CONFIG_TRANSPARENT) && !nativeWindow.opaque) {
-        utils::slog.w << "Warning: Filament SwapChain has no CONFIG_TRANSPARENT flag, "
-                         "but the CAMetaLayer(" << (__bridge void*) nativeWindow << ")"
-                         " has .opaque set to NO." << utils::io::endl;
+        LOG(WARNING) << "Warning: Filament SwapChain has no CONFIG_TRANSPARENT flag, but the "
+                        "CAMetaLayer("
+                     << (__bridge void*) nativeWindow << ") has .opaque set to NO.";
     }
     if ((flags & SwapChain::CONFIG_TRANSPARENT) && nativeWindow.opaque) {
-        utils::slog.w << "Warning: Filament SwapChain has the CONFIG_TRANSPARENT flag, "
-                         "but the CAMetaLayer(" << (__bridge void*) nativeWindow << ")"
-                         " has .opaque set to YES." << utils::io::endl;
+        LOG(WARNING) << "Warning: Filament SwapChain has the CONFIG_TRANSPARENT flag, but the "
+                        "CAMetaLayer("
+                     << (__bridge void*) nativeWindow << ") has .opaque set to YES.";
     }
 
     // Needed so we can use the SwapChain as a blit source.

filament/backend/src/metal/MetalShaderCompiler.mm

@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 #include <backend/Program.h>
 
 #include <utils/JobSystem.h>
+#include <utils/Logger.h>
 #include <utils/Mutex.h>
 
 #include <chrono>
@@ -147,7 +148,7 @@ bool MetalShaderCompiler::isParallelShaderCompileSupported() const noexcept {
             if (error) {
                 auto description =
                         [error.localizedDescription cStringUsingEncoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding];
-                utils::slog.w << description << utils::io::endl;
+                LOG(WARNING) << description;
                 errorMessage = error.localizedDescription;
             }
             PANIC_LOG("Failed to compile Metal program.");
@@ -178,7 +179,7 @@ bool MetalShaderCompiler::isParallelShaderCompileSupported() const noexcept {
             if (error) {
                 auto description =
                         [error.localizedDescription cStringUsingEncoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding];
-                utils::slog.w << description << utils::io::endl;
+                LOG(WARNING) << description;
                 errorMessage = error.localizedDescription;
             }
             PANIC_LOG("Failed to load main0 in Metal program.");

filament/backend/src/metal/MetalState.mm

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 
 #include "MetalEnums.h"
 
-#include <utils/Log.h>
+#include <utils/Logger.h>
 
 namespace filament {
 namespace backend {
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ id<MTLRenderPipelineState> PipelineStateCreator::operator()(id<MTLDevice> device
             [NSString stringWithFormat:@"Could not create Metal pipeline state: %@",
                 error ? error.localizedDescription : @"unknown error"];
         auto description = [errorMessage cStringUsingEncoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding];
-        utils::slog.e << description << utils::io::endl;
+        LOG(ERROR) << description;
         [[NSException exceptionWithName:@"MetalRenderPipelineFailure"
                                  reason:errorMessage
                                userInfo:nil] raise];
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ id<MTLSamplerState> SamplerStateCreator::operator()(id<MTLDevice> device,
     // MTLSamplerDescriptor.
     // In practice, this means shadows are not supported when running in the simulator.
     if (![device supportsFeatureSet:MTLFeatureSet_iOS_GPUFamily3_v1]) {
-        utils::slog.w << "Warning: sample comparison not supported by this GPU" << utils::io::endl;
+        LOG(WARNING) << "Warning: sample comparison not supported by this GPU";
         samplerDescriptor.compareFunction = MTLCompareFunctionNever;
     }
 #endif

filament/backend/src/metal/PlatformMetal.mm

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 
 #include "MetalDriverFactory.h"
 
-#include <utils/Log.h>
+#include <utils/Logger.h>
 
 #import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
 
@@ -53,6 +53,9 @@ PlatformMetal::~PlatformMetal() noexcept {
 }
 
 Driver* PlatformMetal::createDriver(void* /*sharedContext*/, const Platform::DriverConfig& driverConfig) noexcept {
+    pImpl->mDrawableFailureBehavior = driverConfig.metalDisablePanicOnDrawableFailure
+            ? DrawableFailureBehavior::ABORT_FRAME
+            : DrawableFailureBehavior::PANIC;
     return MetalDriverFactory::create(this, driverConfig);
 }
 
@@ -129,9 +132,8 @@ void PlatformMetalImpl::createDeviceImpl(MetalDevice& outDevice) {
         result = MTLCreateSystemDefaultDevice();
     }
 
-    utils::slog.i << "Selected physical device '"
-                  << [result.name cStringUsingEncoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding] << "'"
-                  << utils::io::endl;
+    LOG(INFO) << "Selected physical device '"
+              << [result.name cStringUsingEncoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding] << "'";
 
     outDevice.device = result;
     mDevice = result;

filament/backend/src/opengl/GLDescriptorSet.cpp

@@ -162,8 +162,11 @@ void GLDescriptorSet::update(OpenGLContext&,
     }, descriptors[binding].desc);
 }
 
-void GLDescriptorSet::update(OpenGLContext& gl,
-        descriptor_binding_t binding, GLTexture* t, SamplerParams params) noexcept {
+void GLDescriptorSet::update(OpenGLContext& gl, HandleAllocatorGL& handleAllocator,
+        descriptor_binding_t binding, TextureHandle th, SamplerParams params) noexcept {
+
+    GLTexture* t = th ? handleAllocator.handle_cast<GLTexture*>(th) : nullptr;
+
     assert_invariant(binding < descriptors.size());
     std::visit([=, &gl](auto&& arg) mutable {
         using T = std::decay_t<decltype(arg)>;
@@ -196,20 +199,12 @@ void GLDescriptorSet::update(OpenGLContext& gl,
                 }
             }
 
-            arg.target = t ? t->gl.target : 0;
-            arg.id = t ? t->gl.id : 0;
-            arg.external = t ? t->gl.external :  false;
+            arg.handle = th;
             if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, Sampler> ||
                           std::is_same_v<T, SamplerWithAnisotropyWorkaround>) {
                 if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, SamplerWithAnisotropyWorkaround>) {
                     arg.anisotropy = float(1u << params.anisotropyLog2);
                 }
-                if (t) {
-                    arg.ref = t->ref;
-                    arg.baseLevel = t->gl.baseLevel;
-                    arg.maxLevel = t->gl.maxLevel;
-                    arg.swizzle = t->gl.swizzle;
-                }
 #ifndef FILAMENT_SILENCE_NOT_SUPPORTED_BY_ES2
                 arg.sampler = gl.getSampler(params);
 #else
@@ -225,39 +220,39 @@ void GLDescriptorSet::update(OpenGLContext& gl,
     }, descriptors[binding].desc);
 }
 
-template<typename T>
 void GLDescriptorSet::updateTextureView(OpenGLContext& gl,
-        HandleAllocatorGL& handleAllocator, GLuint unit, T const& desc) noexcept {
+        HandleAllocatorGL& handleAllocator, GLuint unit, GLTexture const* t) noexcept {
     // The common case is that we don't have a ref handle (we only have one if
     // the texture ever had a View on it).
-    assert_invariant(desc.ref);
-    GLTextureRef* const ref = handleAllocator.handle_cast<GLTextureRef*>(desc.ref);
-    if (UTILS_UNLIKELY((desc.baseLevel != ref->baseLevel || desc.maxLevel != ref->maxLevel))) {
+    assert_invariant(t);
+    assert_invariant(t->ref);
+    GLTextureRef* const ref = handleAllocator.handle_cast<GLTextureRef*>(t->ref);
+    if (UTILS_UNLIKELY((t->gl.baseLevel != ref->baseLevel || t->gl.maxLevel != ref->maxLevel))) {
         // If we have views, then it's still uncommon that we'll switch often
         // handle the case where we reset to the original texture
-        GLint baseLevel = GLint(desc.baseLevel); // NOLINT(*-signed-char-misuse)
-        GLint maxLevel = GLint(desc.maxLevel); // NOLINT(*-signed-char-misuse)
+        GLint baseLevel = GLint(t->gl.baseLevel); // NOLINT(*-signed-char-misuse)
+        GLint maxLevel = GLint(t->gl.maxLevel); // NOLINT(*-signed-char-misuse)
         if (baseLevel > maxLevel) {
             baseLevel = 0;
             maxLevel = 1000; // per OpenGL spec
         }
         // that is very unfortunate that we have to call activeTexture here
         gl.activeTexture(unit);
-        glTexParameteri(desc.target, GL_TEXTURE_BASE_LEVEL, baseLevel);
-        glTexParameteri(desc.target, GL_TEXTURE_MAX_LEVEL,  maxLevel);
-        ref->baseLevel = desc.baseLevel;
-        ref->maxLevel = desc.maxLevel;
+        glTexParameteri(t->gl.target, GL_TEXTURE_BASE_LEVEL, baseLevel);
+        glTexParameteri(t->gl.target, GL_TEXTURE_MAX_LEVEL,  maxLevel);
+        ref->baseLevel = t->gl.baseLevel;
+        ref->maxLevel = t->gl.maxLevel;
     }
-    if (UTILS_UNLIKELY(desc.swizzle != ref->swizzle)) {
+    if (UTILS_UNLIKELY(t->gl.swizzle != ref->swizzle)) {
         using namespace GLUtils;
         gl.activeTexture(unit);
 #if !defined(__EMSCRIPTEN__)  && !defined(FILAMENT_SILENCE_NOT_SUPPORTED_BY_ES2)
-        glTexParameteri(desc.target, GL_TEXTURE_SWIZZLE_R, (GLint)getSwizzleChannel(desc.swizzle[0]));
-        glTexParameteri(desc.target, GL_TEXTURE_SWIZZLE_G, (GLint)getSwizzleChannel(desc.swizzle[1]));
-        glTexParameteri(desc.target, GL_TEXTURE_SWIZZLE_B, (GLint)getSwizzleChannel(desc.swizzle[2]));
-        glTexParameteri(desc.target, GL_TEXTURE_SWIZZLE_A, (GLint)getSwizzleChannel(desc.swizzle[3]));
+        glTexParameteri(t->gl.target, GL_TEXTURE_SWIZZLE_R, (GLint)getSwizzleChannel(t->gl.swizzle[0]));
+        glTexParameteri(t->gl.target, GL_TEXTURE_SWIZZLE_G, (GLint)getSwizzleChannel(t->gl.swizzle[1]));
+        glTexParameteri(t->gl.target, GL_TEXTURE_SWIZZLE_B, (GLint)getSwizzleChannel(t->gl.swizzle[2]));
+        glTexParameteri(t->gl.target, GL_TEXTURE_SWIZZLE_A, (GLint)getSwizzleChannel(t->gl.swizzle[3]));
 #endif
-        ref->swizzle = desc.swizzle;
+        ref->swizzle = t->gl.swizzle;
     }
 }
 
@@ -310,27 +305,31 @@ void GLDescriptorSet::bind(
                 }
             } else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, Sampler>) {
                 GLuint const unit = p.getTextureUnit(set, binding);
-                if (arg.target) {
-                    gl.bindTexture(unit, arg.target, arg.id, arg.external);
+
+
+                if (arg.handle) {
+                    GLTexture const* const t = handleAllocator.handle_cast<GLTexture*>(arg.handle);
+                    gl.bindTexture(unit, t->gl.target, t->gl.id, t->gl.external);
                     gl.bindSampler(unit, arg.sampler);
-                    if (UTILS_UNLIKELY(arg.ref)) {
-                        updateTextureView(gl, handleAllocator, unit, arg);
+                    if (UTILS_UNLIKELY(t->ref)) {
+                        updateTextureView(gl, handleAllocator, unit, t);
                     }
                 } else {
                     gl.unbindTextureUnit(unit);
                 }
             } else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, SamplerWithAnisotropyWorkaround>) {
                 GLuint const unit = p.getTextureUnit(set, binding);
-                if (arg.target) {
-                    gl.bindTexture(unit, arg.target, arg.id, arg.external);
+                if (arg.handle) {
+                    GLTexture const* const t = handleAllocator.handle_cast<GLTexture*>(arg.handle);
+                    gl.bindTexture(unit, t->gl.target, t->gl.id, t->gl.external);
                     gl.bindSampler(unit, arg.sampler);
-                    if (UTILS_UNLIKELY(arg.ref)) {
-                        updateTextureView(gl, handleAllocator, unit, arg);
+                    if (UTILS_UNLIKELY(t->ref)) {
+                        updateTextureView(gl, handleAllocator, unit, t);
                     }
 #if defined(GL_EXT_texture_filter_anisotropic)
                     // Driver claims to support anisotropic filtering, but it fails when set on
                     // the sampler, we have to set it on the texture instead.
-                    glTexParameterf(arg.target, GL_TEXTURE_MAX_ANISOTROPY_EXT,
+                    glTexParameterf(t->gl.target, GL_TEXTURE_MAX_ANISOTROPY_EXT,
                             std::min(gl.gets.max_anisotropy, float(arg.anisotropy)));
 #endif
                 } else {
@@ -339,19 +338,20 @@ void GLDescriptorSet::bind(
             } else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, SamplerGLES2>) {
                 // in ES2 the sampler parameters need to be set on the texture itself
                 GLuint const unit = p.getTextureUnit(set, binding);
-                if (arg.target) {
-                    gl.bindTexture(unit, arg.target, arg.id, arg.external);
+                if (arg.handle) {
+                    GLTexture const* const t = handleAllocator.handle_cast<GLTexture*>(arg.handle);
+                    gl.bindTexture(unit, t->gl.target, t->gl.id, t->gl.external);
                     SamplerParams const params = arg.params;
-                    glTexParameteri(arg.target, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER,
+                    glTexParameteri(t->gl.target, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER,
                             (GLint)GLUtils::getTextureFilter(params.filterMin));
-                    glTexParameteri(arg.target, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER,
+                    glTexParameteri(t->gl.target, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER,
                             (GLint)GLUtils::getTextureFilter(params.filterMag));
-                    glTexParameteri(arg.target, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S,
+                    glTexParameteri(t->gl.target, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S,
                             (GLint)GLUtils::getWrapMode(params.wrapS));
-                    glTexParameteri(arg.target, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T,
+                    glTexParameteri(t->gl.target, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T,
                             (GLint)GLUtils::getWrapMode(params.wrapT));
 #if defined(GL_EXT_texture_filter_anisotropic)
-                    glTexParameterf(arg.target, GL_TEXTURE_MAX_ANISOTROPY_EXT,
+                    glTexParameterf(t->gl.target, GL_TEXTURE_MAX_ANISOTROPY_EXT,
                             std::min(gl.gets.max_anisotropy, arg.anisotropy));
 #endif
                 } else {
@@ -360,7 +360,7 @@ void GLDescriptorSet::bind(
             }
         }, entry.desc);
     });
-    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
 }
 
 void GLDescriptorSet::validate(HandleAllocatorGL& allocator,

filament/backend/src/opengl/GLDescriptorSet.h

@@ -59,8 +59,8 @@ struct GLDescriptorSet : public HwDescriptorSet {
             descriptor_binding_t binding, GLBufferObject* bo, size_t offset, size_t size) noexcept;
 
     // update a sampler descriptor in the set
-    void update(OpenGLContext& gl,
-            descriptor_binding_t binding, GLTexture* t, SamplerParams params) noexcept;
+    void update(OpenGLContext& gl, HandleAllocatorGL& handleAllocator,
+            descriptor_binding_t binding, TextureHandle th, SamplerParams params) noexcept;
 
     // conceptually bind the set to the command buffer
     void bind(
@@ -111,46 +111,19 @@ private:
 
     // A sampler descriptor
     struct Sampler {
-        uint16_t target;                        // 2 (GLenum)
-        bool external = false;                  // 1
-        bool reserved = false;                  // 1
-        GLuint id = 0;                          // 4
+        TextureHandle handle;                   // 4
         GLuint sampler = 0;                     // 4
-        Handle<GLTextureRef> ref;               // 4
-        int8_t baseLevel = 0x7f;                // 1
-        int8_t maxLevel = -1;                   // 1
-        std::array<TextureSwizzle, 4> swizzle{  // 4
-                TextureSwizzle::CHANNEL_0,
-                TextureSwizzle::CHANNEL_1,
-                TextureSwizzle::CHANNEL_2,
-                TextureSwizzle::CHANNEL_3
-        };
     };
 
     struct SamplerWithAnisotropyWorkaround {
-        uint16_t target;                        // 2 (GLenum)
-        bool external = false;                  // 1
-        bool reserved = false;                  // 1
-        GLuint id = 0;                          // 4
+        TextureHandle handle;                   // 4
         GLuint sampler = 0;                     // 4
-        Handle<GLTextureRef> ref;               // 4
         math::half anisotropy = 1.0f;           // 2
-        int8_t baseLevel = 0x7f;                // 1
-        int8_t maxLevel = -1;                   // 1
-        std::array<TextureSwizzle, 4> swizzle{  // 4
-                TextureSwizzle::CHANNEL_0,
-                TextureSwizzle::CHANNEL_1,
-                TextureSwizzle::CHANNEL_2,
-                TextureSwizzle::CHANNEL_3
-        };
     };
 
     // A sampler descriptor for ES2
     struct SamplerGLES2 {
-        uint16_t target;                        // 2 (GLenum)
-        bool external = false;                  // 1
-        bool reserved = false;                  // 1
-        GLuint id = 0;                          // 4
+        TextureHandle handle;                   // 4
         SamplerParams params{};                 // 4
         float anisotropy = 1.0f;                // 4
     };
@@ -165,9 +138,8 @@ private:
     };
     static_assert(sizeof(Descriptor) <= 32);
 
-    template<typename T>
     static void updateTextureView(OpenGLContext& gl,
-            HandleAllocatorGL& handleAllocator, GLuint unit, T const& desc) noexcept;
+            HandleAllocatorGL& handleAllocator, GLuint unit, GLTexture const* t) noexcept;
 
     utils::FixedCapacityVector<Descriptor> descriptors;     // 16
     utils::bitset64 dynamicBuffers;                         // 8

filament/backend/src/opengl/GLUtils.cpp

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 
 #include "private/backend/Driver.h"
 
+#include <utils/Logger.h>
 #include <utils/compiler.h>
 #include <utils/ostream.h>
 #include <utils/trap.h>
@@ -25,6 +26,7 @@
 #include <string_view>
 
 #include <stddef.h>
+#include <cstdio>
 
 namespace filament::backend {
 
@@ -55,19 +57,21 @@ std::string_view getGLErrorString(GLenum error) noexcept {
 }
 
 UTILS_NOINLINE
-GLenum checkGLError(io::ostream& out, const char* function, size_t line) noexcept {
+GLenum checkGLError(const char* function, size_t line) noexcept {
     GLenum const error = glGetError();
     if (UTILS_VERY_UNLIKELY(error != GL_NO_ERROR)) {
         auto const string = getGLErrorString(error);
-        out << "OpenGL error " << io::hex << error << " (" << string << ") in \""
-            << function << "\" at line " << io::dec << line << io::endl;
+        char hexError[16];
+        snprintf(hexError, sizeof(hexError), "%#x", error);
+        LOG(ERROR) << "OpenGL error " << hexError << " (" << string << ") in \"" << function
+                   << "\" at line " << line;
     }
     return error;
 }
 
 UTILS_NOINLINE
-void assertGLError(io::ostream& out, const char* function, size_t line) noexcept {
-    GLenum const err = checkGLError(out, function, line);
+void assertGLError(const char* function, size_t line) noexcept {
+    GLenum const err = checkGLError(function, line);
     if (UTILS_VERY_UNLIKELY(err != GL_NO_ERROR)) {
         debug_trap();
     }
@@ -97,19 +101,21 @@ std::string_view getFramebufferStatusString(GLenum status) noexcept {
 }
 
 UTILS_NOINLINE
-GLenum checkFramebufferStatus(io::ostream& out, GLenum target, const char* function, size_t line) noexcept {
+GLenum checkFramebufferStatus(GLenum target, const char* function, size_t line) noexcept {
     GLenum const status = glCheckFramebufferStatus(target);
     if (UTILS_VERY_UNLIKELY(status != GL_FRAMEBUFFER_COMPLETE)) {
         auto const string = getFramebufferStatusString(status);
-        out << "OpenGL framebuffer error " << io::hex << status << " (" << string << ") in \""
-            << function << "\" at line " << io::dec << line << io::endl;
+        char hexStatus[16];
+        snprintf(hexStatus, sizeof(hexStatus), "%#x", status);
+        LOG(ERROR) << "OpenGL framebuffer error " << hexStatus << " (" << string << ") in \""
+                   << function << "\" at line " << line;
     }
     return status;
 }
 
 UTILS_NOINLINE
-void assertFramebufferStatus(io::ostream& out, GLenum target, const char* function, size_t line) noexcept {
-    GLenum const status = checkFramebufferStatus(out, target, function, line);
+void assertFramebufferStatus(GLenum target, const char* function, size_t line) noexcept {
+    GLenum const status = checkFramebufferStatus(target, function, line);
     if (UTILS_VERY_UNLIKELY(status != GL_FRAMEBUFFER_COMPLETE)) {
         debug_trap();
     }

filament/backend/src/opengl/GLUtils.h

@@ -33,21 +33,21 @@
 namespace filament::backend::GLUtils {
 
 std::string_view getGLErrorString(GLenum error) noexcept;
-GLenum checkGLError(utils::io::ostream& out, const char* function, size_t line) noexcept;
-void assertGLError(utils::io::ostream& out, const char* function, size_t line) noexcept;
+GLenum checkGLError(const char* function, size_t line) noexcept;
+void assertGLError(const char* function, size_t line) noexcept;
 
 std::string_view getFramebufferStatusString(GLenum err) noexcept;
-GLenum checkFramebufferStatus(utils::io::ostream& out, GLenum target, const char* function, size_t line) noexcept;
-void assertFramebufferStatus(utils::io::ostream& out, GLenum target, const char* function, size_t line) noexcept;
+GLenum checkFramebufferStatus(GLenum target, const char* function, size_t line) noexcept;
+void assertFramebufferStatus(GLenum target, const char* function, size_t line) noexcept;
 
 #ifdef NDEBUG
-#   define CHECK_GL_ERROR(out)
-#   define CHECK_GL_ERROR_NON_FATAL(out)
-#   define CHECK_GL_FRAMEBUFFER_STATUS(out, target)
+#   define CHECK_GL_ERROR()
+#   define CHECK_GL_ERROR_NON_FATAL()
+#   define CHECK_GL_FRAMEBUFFER_STATUS(target)
 #else
-#   define CHECK_GL_ERROR(out) { GLUtils::assertGLError(out, __func__, __LINE__); }
-#   define CHECK_GL_ERROR_NON_FATAL(out) { GLUtils::checkGLError(out, __func__, __LINE__); }
-#   define CHECK_GL_FRAMEBUFFER_STATUS(out, target) { GLUtils::checkFramebufferStatus(out, target, __func__, __LINE__); }
+#   define CHECK_GL_ERROR() { GLUtils::assertGLError(__func__, __LINE__); }
+#   define CHECK_GL_ERROR_NON_FATAL() { GLUtils::checkGLError(__func__, __LINE__); }
+#   define CHECK_GL_FRAMEBUFFER_STATUS(target) { GLUtils::checkFramebufferStatus( target, __func__, __LINE__); }
 #endif
 
 constexpr GLuint getComponentCount(ElementType const type) noexcept {

filament/backend/src/opengl/OpenGLContext.cpp

@@ -22,9 +22,9 @@
 #include <backend/platforms/OpenGLPlatform.h>
 #include <backend/DriverEnums.h>
 
+#include <utils/Logger.h>
 #include <utils/compiler.h>
 #include <utils/debug.h>
-#include <utils/Log.h>
 #include <utils/ostream.h>
 
 #include <functional>
@@ -77,8 +77,8 @@ OpenGLContext::OpenGLContext(OpenGLPlatform& platform,
     state.version  = (char const*)glGetString(GL_VERSION);
     state.shader   = (char const*)glGetString(GL_SHADING_LANGUAGE_VERSION);
 
-    slog.v << "[" << state.vendor << "], [" << state.renderer << "], "
-              "[" << state.version << "], [" << state.shader << "]" << io::endl;
+    LOG(INFO) << "[" << state.vendor << "], [" << state.renderer << "], "
+                 "[" << state.version << "], [" << state.shader << "]";
 
     /*
      * Figure out GL / GLES version, extensions and capabilities we need to
@@ -164,51 +164,33 @@ OpenGLContext::OpenGLContext(OpenGLPlatform& platform,
     }
 #endif
 
-    slog.v << "Feature level: " << +mFeatureLevel << '\n';
-    slog.v << "Active workarounds: " << '\n';
+    LOG(INFO) << "Feature level: " << +mFeatureLevel;
+    LOG(INFO) << "Active workarounds: ";
     UTILS_NOUNROLL
     for (auto [enabled, name, _] : mBugDatabase) {
         if (enabled) {
-            slog.v << name << '\n';
+            LOG(INFO) << name;
         }
     }
-    flush(slog.v);
 
 #ifndef NDEBUG
     // this is useful for development
-    slog.v
-            << "GL_MAX_TEXTURE_MAX_ANISOTROPY_EXT = "
-                    << gets.max_anisotropy << '\n'
-            << "GL_MAX_COMBINED_TEXTURE_IMAGE_UNITS = "
-                    << gets.max_combined_texture_image_units << '\n'
-            << "GL_MAX_TEXTURE_SIZE = "
-                    << gets.max_texture_size << '\n'
-            << "GL_MAX_CUBE_MAP_TEXTURE_SIZE = "
-                    << gets.max_cubemap_texture_size << '\n'
-            << "GL_MAX_3D_TEXTURE_SIZE = "
-                    << gets.max_3d_texture_size << '\n'
-            << "GL_MAX_ARRAY_TEXTURE_LAYERS = "
-                    << gets.max_array_texture_layers << '\n'
-            << "GL_MAX_DRAW_BUFFERS = "
-                    << gets.max_draw_buffers << '\n'
-            << "GL_MAX_RENDERBUFFER_SIZE = "
-                    << gets.max_renderbuffer_size << '\n'
-            << "GL_MAX_SAMPLES = "
-                    << gets.max_samples << '\n'
-            << "GL_MAX_TEXTURE_IMAGE_UNITS = "
-                    << gets.max_texture_image_units << '\n'
-            << "GL_MAX_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_SEPARATE_ATTRIBS = "
-                    << gets.max_transform_feedback_separate_attribs << '\n'
-            << "GL_MAX_UNIFORM_BLOCK_SIZE = "
-                    << gets.max_uniform_block_size << '\n'
-            << "GL_MAX_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BINDINGS = "
-                    << gets.max_uniform_buffer_bindings << '\n'
-            << "GL_NUM_PROGRAM_BINARY_FORMATS = "
-                    << gets.num_program_binary_formats << '\n'
-            << "GL_UNIFORM_BUFFER_OFFSET_ALIGNMENT = "
-                    << gets.uniform_buffer_offset_alignment << '\n'
-            ;
-    flush(slog.v);
+    LOG(INFO) << "GL_MAX_TEXTURE_MAX_ANISOTROPY_EXT = " << gets.max_anisotropy;
+    LOG(INFO) << "GL_MAX_COMBINED_TEXTURE_IMAGE_UNITS = " << gets.max_combined_texture_image_units;
+    LOG(INFO) << "GL_MAX_TEXTURE_SIZE = " << gets.max_texture_size;
+    LOG(INFO) << "GL_MAX_CUBE_MAP_TEXTURE_SIZE = " << gets.max_cubemap_texture_size;
+    LOG(INFO) << "GL_MAX_3D_TEXTURE_SIZE = " << gets.max_3d_texture_size;
+    LOG(INFO) << "GL_MAX_ARRAY_TEXTURE_LAYERS = " << gets.max_array_texture_layers;
+    LOG(INFO) << "GL_MAX_DRAW_BUFFERS = " << gets.max_draw_buffers;
+    LOG(INFO) << "GL_MAX_RENDERBUFFER_SIZE = " << gets.max_renderbuffer_size;
+    LOG(INFO) << "GL_MAX_SAMPLES = " << gets.max_samples;
+    LOG(INFO) << "GL_MAX_TEXTURE_IMAGE_UNITS = " << gets.max_texture_image_units;
+    LOG(INFO) << "GL_MAX_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_SEPARATE_ATTRIBS = "
+              << gets.max_transform_feedback_separate_attribs;
+    LOG(INFO) << "GL_MAX_UNIFORM_BLOCK_SIZE = " << gets.max_uniform_block_size;
+    LOG(INFO) << "GL_MAX_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BINDINGS = " << gets.max_uniform_buffer_bindings;
+    LOG(INFO) << "GL_NUM_PROGRAM_BINARY_FORMATS = " << gets.num_program_binary_formats;
+    LOG(INFO) << "GL_UNIFORM_BUFFER_OFFSET_ALIGNMENT = " << gets.uniform_buffer_offset_alignment;
 #endif
 
 #ifndef FILAMENT_SILENCE_NOT_SUPPORTED_BY_ES2
@@ -242,15 +224,14 @@ OpenGLContext::OpenGLContext(OpenGLPlatform& platform,
     if (ext.KHR_debug) {
         auto cb = +[](GLenum, GLenum type, GLuint, GLenum severity, GLsizei length,
                 const GLchar* message, const void *) {
-            io::ostream* stream = &slog.i;
+            auto logSeverity = utils::LogSeverity::kInfo;
             switch (severity) {
-                case GL_DEBUG_SEVERITY_HIGH:    stream = &slog.e;   break;
-                case GL_DEBUG_SEVERITY_MEDIUM:  stream = &slog.w;   break;
-                case GL_DEBUG_SEVERITY_LOW:     stream = &slog.d;   break;
+                case GL_DEBUG_SEVERITY_HIGH:    logSeverity = utils::LogSeverity::kError;   break;
+                case GL_DEBUG_SEVERITY_MEDIUM:  logSeverity = utils::LogSeverity::kWarning; break;
+                case GL_DEBUG_SEVERITY_LOW:     logSeverity = utils::LogSeverity::kInfo;    break;
                 case GL_DEBUG_SEVERITY_NOTIFICATION:
                 default: break;
             }
-            io::ostream& out = *stream;
             const char* level = ": ";
             switch (type) {
                 case GL_DEBUG_TYPE_ERROR:               level = "ERROR: ";               break;
@@ -262,7 +243,7 @@ OpenGLContext::OpenGLContext(OpenGLPlatform& platform,
                 case GL_DEBUG_TYPE_MARKER:              level = "MARKER: ";              break;
                 default: break;
             }
-            out << "KHR_debug " << level << std::string_view{ message, size_t(length) } << io::endl;
+            LOG(LEVEL(logSeverity)) << "KHR_debug " << level << std::string_view{ message, size_t(length) };
         };
         glEnable(GL_DEBUG_OUTPUT);
         glEnable(GL_DEBUG_OUTPUT_SYNCHRONOUS);
@@ -707,9 +688,8 @@ void OpenGLContext::initExtensionsGLES(Extensions* ext, GLint major, GLint minor
     GLUtils::unordered_string_set const exts = GLUtils::split(extensions);
     if constexpr (DEBUG_PRINT_EXTENSIONS) {
         for (auto extension: exts) {
-            slog.d << "\"" << std::string_view(extension) << "\"\n";
+            DLOG(INFO) << "\"" << std::string_view(extension) << "\"";
         }
-        flush(slog.d);
     }
 
     // figure out and initialize the extensions we need
@@ -783,9 +763,8 @@ void OpenGLContext::initExtensionsGL(Extensions* ext, GLint major, GLint minor)
     }
     if constexpr (DEBUG_PRINT_EXTENSIONS) {
         for (auto extension: exts) {
-            slog.d << "\"" << std::string_view(extension) << "\"\n";
+            DLOG(INFO) << "\"" << std::string_view(extension) << "\"";
         }
-        flush(slog.d);
     }
 
     using namespace std::literals;
@@ -1045,7 +1024,7 @@ GLuint OpenGLContext::getSamplerSlow(SamplerParams params) const noexcept {
                 std::min(gets.max_anisotropy, anisotropy));
     }
 #endif
-    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
     mSamplerMap[params] = s;
     return s;
 }

filament/backend/src/opengl/OpenGLDriver.cpp

@@ -48,12 +48,13 @@
 
 #include <type_traits>
 #include <utils/BitmaskEnum.h>
-#include <utils/FixedCapacityVector.h>
 #include <utils/CString.h>
+#include <utils/FixedCapacityVector.h>
 #include <utils/Invocable.h>
-#include <utils/Log.h>
+#include <utils/Logger.h>
 #include <utils/Panic.h>
 #include <utils/Slice.h>
+#include <utils/Systrace.h>
 #include <utils/compiler.h>
 #include <utils/debug.h>
 #include <utils/ostream.h>
@@ -184,20 +185,18 @@ OpenGLDriver* OpenGLDriver::create(OpenGLPlatform* platform,
     //    GLVertexBufferInfo        : 132       moderate
     // -- less than or equal to 136 bytes
 
-    slog.d
-           << "\nGLSwapChain: " << sizeof(GLSwapChain)
-           << "\nGLBufferObject: " << sizeof(GLBufferObject)
-           << "\nGLVertexBuffer: " << sizeof(GLVertexBuffer)
-           << "\nGLVertexBufferInfo: " << sizeof(GLVertexBufferInfo)
-           << "\nGLIndexBuffer: " << sizeof(GLIndexBuffer)
-           << "\nGLRenderPrimitive: " << sizeof(GLRenderPrimitive)
-           << "\nGLTexture: " << sizeof(GLTexture)
-           << "\nGLTimerQuery: " << sizeof(GLTimerQuery)
-           << "\nGLStream: " << sizeof(GLStream)
-           << "\nGLRenderTarget: " << sizeof(GLRenderTarget)
-           << "\nGLFence: " << sizeof(GLFence)
-           << "\nOpenGLProgram: " << sizeof(OpenGLProgram)
-           << io::endl;
+    DLOG(INFO) << "GLSwapChain: " << sizeof(GLSwapChain);
+    DLOG(INFO) << "GLBufferObject: " << sizeof(GLBufferObject);
+    DLOG(INFO) << "GLVertexBuffer: " << sizeof(GLVertexBuffer);
+    DLOG(INFO) << "GLVertexBufferInfo: " << sizeof(GLVertexBufferInfo);
+    DLOG(INFO) << "GLIndexBuffer: " << sizeof(GLIndexBuffer);
+    DLOG(INFO) << "GLRenderPrimitive: " << sizeof(GLRenderPrimitive);
+    DLOG(INFO) << "GLTexture: " << sizeof(GLTexture);
+    DLOG(INFO) << "GLTimerQuery: " << sizeof(GLTimerQuery);
+    DLOG(INFO) << "GLStream: " << sizeof(GLStream);
+    DLOG(INFO) << "GLRenderTarget: " << sizeof(GLRenderTarget);
+    DLOG(INFO) << "GLFence: " << sizeof(GLFence);
+    DLOG(INFO) << "OpenGLProgram: " << sizeof(OpenGLProgram);
 #endif
 
     // here we check we're on a supported version of GL before initializing the driver
@@ -289,7 +288,7 @@ OpenGLDriver::OpenGLDriver(OpenGLPlatform* platform, const Platform::DriverConfi
     mStreamsWithPendingAcquiredImage.reserve(8);
 
 #ifndef NDEBUG
-    slog.i << "OS version: " << mPlatform.getOSVersion() << io::endl;
+    LOG(INFO) << "OS version: " << mPlatform.getOSVersion();
 #endif
 
     // Timer queries are core in GL 3.3, otherwise we need EXT_disjoint_timer_query
@@ -668,7 +667,7 @@ void OpenGLDriver::createIndexBufferR(
     gl.bindVertexArray(nullptr);
     gl.bindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, ib->gl.buffer);
     glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, size, nullptr, getBufferUsage(usage));
-    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
 }
 
 void OpenGLDriver::createBufferObjectR(Handle<HwBufferObject> boh,
@@ -693,7 +692,7 @@ void OpenGLDriver::createBufferObjectR(Handle<HwBufferObject> boh,
         glBufferData(bo->gl.binding, byteCount, nullptr, getBufferUsage(usage));
     }
 
-    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
 }
 
 void OpenGLDriver::createRenderPrimitiveR(Handle<HwRenderPrimitive> rph,
@@ -730,7 +729,7 @@ void OpenGLDriver::createRenderPrimitiveR(Handle<HwRenderPrimitive> rph,
     // this records the index buffer into the currently bound VAO
     gl.bindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, ib->gl.buffer);
 
-    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
 }
 
 void OpenGLDriver::createProgramR(Handle<HwProgram> ph, Program&& program) {
@@ -760,7 +759,7 @@ void OpenGLDriver::createProgramR(Handle<HwProgram> ph, Program&& program) {
     }
 
     construct<OpenGLProgram>(ph, *this, std::move(program));
-    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
 }
 
 UTILS_NOINLINE
@@ -953,7 +952,7 @@ void OpenGLDriver::createTextureR(Handle<HwTexture> th, SamplerType target, uint
         renderBufferStorage(t->gl.id, internalFormat, w, h, samples);
     }
 
-    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
 }
 
 void OpenGLDriver::createTextureViewR(Handle<HwTexture> th,
@@ -999,7 +998,7 @@ void OpenGLDriver::createTextureViewR(Handle<HwTexture> th,
     assert_invariant(ref);
     ref->count++;
 
-    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
 }
 
 void OpenGLDriver::createTextureViewSwizzleR(Handle<HwTexture> th, Handle<HwTexture> srch,
@@ -1062,7 +1061,7 @@ void OpenGLDriver::createTextureViewSwizzleR(Handle<HwTexture> th, Handle<HwText
     assert_invariant(ref);
     ref->count++;
 
-    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
 }
 
 void OpenGLDriver::createTextureExternalImage2R(Handle<HwTexture> th, SamplerType target,
@@ -1225,7 +1224,7 @@ void OpenGLDriver::importTextureR(Handle<HwTexture> th, intptr_t id,
 #endif
     }
 
-    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
 }
 
 void OpenGLDriver::updateVertexArrayObject(GLRenderPrimitive* rp, GLVertexBuffer const* vb) {
@@ -1485,7 +1484,7 @@ void OpenGLDriver::framebufferTexture(TargetBufferInfo const& binfo,
                 // we shouldn't be here
                 break;
         }
-        CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
+        CHECK_GL_ERROR()
     } else
 #ifndef __EMSCRIPTEN__
 #ifdef GL_EXT_multisampled_render_to_texture
@@ -1506,7 +1505,7 @@ void OpenGLDriver::framebufferTexture(TargetBufferInfo const& binfo,
             glFramebufferRenderbuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, attachment,
                     GL_RENDERBUFFER, t->gl.id);
         }
-        CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
+        CHECK_GL_ERROR()
     } else
 #endif // GL_EXT_multisampled_render_to_texture
 #endif // __EMSCRIPTEN__
@@ -1588,13 +1587,13 @@ void OpenGLDriver::framebufferTexture(TargetBufferInfo const& binfo,
                 break;
         }
 
-        CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
+        CHECK_GL_ERROR()
     }
 
     rt->gl.resolve |= resolveFlags;
 
-    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
-    CHECK_GL_FRAMEBUFFER_STATUS(utils::slog.e, GL_FRAMEBUFFER)
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
+    CHECK_GL_FRAMEBUFFER_STATUS(GL_FRAMEBUFFER)
 }
 
 void OpenGLDriver::renderBufferStorage(GLuint rbo, GLenum internalformat, uint32_t width, // NOLINT(readability-convert-member-functions-to-static)
@@ -1623,7 +1622,7 @@ void OpenGLDriver::renderBufferStorage(GLuint rbo, GLenum internalformat, uint32
     // unbind the renderbuffer, to avoid any later confusion
     glBindRenderbuffer(GL_RENDERBUFFER, 0);
 
-    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
 }
 
 void OpenGLDriver::createDefaultRenderTargetR(
@@ -1720,7 +1719,7 @@ void OpenGLDriver::createRenderTargetR(Handle<HwRenderTarget> rth,
         if (UTILS_LIKELY(!getContext().isES2())) {
             glDrawBuffers((GLsizei)maxDrawBuffers, bufs);
         }
-        CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
+        CHECK_GL_ERROR()
     }
 #endif
 
@@ -1760,7 +1759,7 @@ void OpenGLDriver::createRenderTargetR(Handle<HwRenderTarget> rth,
     assert_invariant(any(targets & TargetBufferFlags::ALL));
     assert_invariant(tmin == tmax);
 
-    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
 }
 
 void OpenGLDriver::createFenceR(Handle<HwFence> fh, int) {
@@ -2111,7 +2110,7 @@ void OpenGLDriver::setAcquiredImage(Handle<HwStream> sh, void* hwbuffer, const m
 
     if (UTILS_UNLIKELY(glstream->user_thread.pending.image)) {
         scheduleRelease(glstream->user_thread.pending);
-        slog.w << "Acquired image is set more than once per frame." << io::endl;
+        LOG(WARNING) << "Acquired image is set more than once per frame.";
     }
 
     glstream->user_thread.pending = mPlatform.transformAcquiredImage({
@@ -2531,13 +2530,36 @@ void OpenGLDriver::makeCurrent(Handle<HwSwapChain> schDraw, Handle<HwSwapChain>
 
     mPlatform.makeCurrent(scDraw->swapChain, scRead->swapChain,
             [this]() {
+                for (auto t: mTexturesWithStreamsAttached) {
+                    if (t->hwStream->streamType == StreamType::NATIVE) {
+                        mPlatform.detach(t->hwStream->stream);
+                    }
+                }
                 // OpenGL context is about to change, unbind everything
                 mContext.unbindEverything();
             },
             [this](size_t index) {
+                for (auto t: mTexturesWithStreamsAttached) {
+                    if (t->hwStream->streamType == StreamType::NATIVE) {
+                        if (t->externalTexture) {
+                            glGenTextures(1, &t->externalTexture->id);
+                            t->gl.id = t->externalTexture->id;
+                        } else {
+                            glGenTextures(1, &t->gl.id);
+                        }
+                        mPlatform.attach(t->hwStream->stream, t->gl.id);
+                        mContext.updateTexImage(GL_TEXTURE_EXTERNAL_OES, t->gl.id);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // force invalidation of all bound descriptor sets
+                decltype(mInvalidDescriptorSetBindings) changed;
+                changed.setValue((1 << MAX_DESCRIPTOR_SET_COUNT) - 1);
+                mInvalidDescriptorSetBindings |= changed;
+
                 // OpenGL context has changed, resynchronize the state with the cache
                 mContext.synchronizeStateAndCache(index);
-                slog.d << "*** OpenGL context change : " << (index ? "protected" : "default") << io::endl;
+                DLOG(INFO) << "*** OpenGL context change : " << (index ? "protected" : "default");
             });
 
     mCurrentDrawSwapChain = scDraw;
@@ -2578,7 +2600,7 @@ void OpenGLDriver::setVertexBufferObject(Handle<HwVertexBuffer> vbh,
         vb->bufferObjectsVersion = (version + 1) % kMaxVersion;
     }
 
-    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
 }
 
 void OpenGLDriver::updateIndexBuffer(
@@ -2595,7 +2617,7 @@ void OpenGLDriver::updateIndexBuffer(
 
     scheduleDestroy(std::move(p));
 
-    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
 }
 
 void OpenGLDriver::registerBufferObjectStreams(Handle<HwBufferObject> boh, BufferObjectStreamDescriptor&& streams) {
@@ -2675,7 +2697,7 @@ void OpenGLDriver::updateBufferObject(
 
     scheduleDestroy(std::move(bd));
 
-    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
 }
 
 void OpenGLDriver::updateBufferObjectUnsynchronized(
@@ -2722,7 +2744,7 @@ retry:
             scheduleDestroy(std::move(bd));
         }
     }
-    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
 #endif
 }
 
@@ -2772,7 +2794,7 @@ void OpenGLDriver::generateMipmaps(Handle<HwTexture> th) {
 
     glGenerateMipmap(t->gl.target);
 
-    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
 }
 
 void OpenGLDriver::setTextureData(GLTexture const* t, uint32_t level,
@@ -2881,7 +2903,7 @@ void OpenGLDriver::setTextureData(GLTexture const* t, uint32_t level,
 
     scheduleDestroy(std::move(p));
 
-    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
 }
 
 void OpenGLDriver::setCompressedTextureData(GLTexture const* t, uint32_t level,
@@ -2967,7 +2989,7 @@ void OpenGLDriver::setCompressedTextureData(GLTexture const* t, uint32_t level,
 
     scheduleDestroy(std::move(p));
 
-    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
 }
 
 void OpenGLDriver::setupExternalImage2(Platform::ExternalImageHandleRef image) {
@@ -3009,6 +3031,7 @@ void OpenGLDriver::attachStream(GLTexture* t, GLStream* hwStream) noexcept {
     switch (hwStream->streamType) {
         case StreamType::NATIVE:
             mPlatform.attach(hwStream->stream, t->gl.id);
+            mContext.updateTexImage(GL_TEXTURE_EXTERNAL_OES, t->gl.id);
             break;
         case StreamType::ACQUIRED:
             break;
@@ -3037,7 +3060,12 @@ void OpenGLDriver::detachStream(GLTexture* t) noexcept {
             break;
     }
 
-    glGenTextures(1, &t->gl.id);
+    if (t->externalTexture) {
+        glGenTextures(1, &t->externalTexture->id);
+        t->gl.id = t->externalTexture->id;
+    } else {
+        glGenTextures(1, &t->gl.id);
+    }
 
     t->hwStream = nullptr;
 }
@@ -3061,8 +3089,14 @@ void OpenGLDriver::replaceStream(GLTexture* texture, GLStream* newStream) noexce
 
     switch (newStream->streamType) {
         case StreamType::NATIVE:
-            glGenTextures(1, &texture->gl.id);
+            if (texture->externalTexture) {
+                glGenTextures(1, &texture->externalTexture->id);
+                texture->gl.id = texture->externalTexture->id;
+            } else {
+                glGenTextures(1, &texture->gl.id);
+            }
             mPlatform.attach(newStream->stream, texture->gl.id);
+            mContext.updateTexImage(GL_TEXTURE_EXTERNAL_OES, texture->gl.id);
             break;
         case StreamType::ACQUIRED:
             // Just re-use the old texture id.
@@ -3118,7 +3152,7 @@ void OpenGLDriver::beginRenderPass(Handle<HwRenderTarget> rth,
     TargetBufferFlags discardFlags = params.flags.discardStart & rt->targets;
 
     GLuint const fbo = gl.bindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, rt->gl.fbo);
-    CHECK_GL_FRAMEBUFFER_STATUS(utils::slog.e, GL_FRAMEBUFFER)
+    CHECK_GL_FRAMEBUFFER_STATUS(GL_FRAMEBUFFER)
 
     // each render-pass starts with a disabled scissor
     gl.disable(GL_SCISSOR_TEST);
@@ -3130,7 +3164,7 @@ void OpenGLDriver::beginRenderPass(Handle<HwRenderTarget> rth,
         if (attachmentCount) {
             gl.procs.invalidateFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, attachmentCount, attachments.data());
         }
-        CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
+        CHECK_GL_ERROR()
     } else {
         // It's important to clear the framebuffer before drawing, as it resets
         // the fb to a known state (resets fb compression and possibly other things).
@@ -3217,7 +3251,7 @@ void OpenGLDriver::endRenderPass(int) {
             if (attachmentCount) {
                 gl.procs.invalidateFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, attachmentCount, attachments.data());
             }
-           CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
+           CHECK_GL_ERROR()
         }
     }
 
@@ -3263,13 +3297,13 @@ void OpenGLDriver::resolvePass(ResolveAction action, GLRenderTarget const* rt,
         gl.bindFramebuffer(GL_READ_FRAMEBUFFER, read);
         gl.bindFramebuffer(GL_DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER, draw);
 
-        CHECK_GL_FRAMEBUFFER_STATUS(utils::slog.e, GL_READ_FRAMEBUFFER)
-        CHECK_GL_FRAMEBUFFER_STATUS(utils::slog.e, GL_DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER)
+        CHECK_GL_FRAMEBUFFER_STATUS(GL_READ_FRAMEBUFFER)
+        CHECK_GL_FRAMEBUFFER_STATUS(GL_DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER)
 
         gl.disable(GL_SCISSOR_TEST);
         glBlitFramebuffer(0, 0, (GLint)rt->width, (GLint)rt->height,
                 0, 0, (GLint)rt->width, (GLint)rt->height, mask, GL_NEAREST);
-        CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
+        CHECK_GL_ERROR()
     }
 #endif
 }
@@ -3448,7 +3482,7 @@ void OpenGLDriver::readPixels(Handle<HwRenderTarget> src,
         if (buffer) {
             gl.bindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, s->gl.fbo_read ? s->gl.fbo_read : s->gl.fbo);
             glReadPixels(GLint(x), GLint(y), GLint(width), GLint(height), glFormat, glType, buffer);
-            CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
+            CHECK_GL_ERROR()
 
             // now we need to flip the buffer vertically to match our API
             size_t const stride = p.stride ? p.stride : width;
@@ -3480,7 +3514,7 @@ void OpenGLDriver::readPixels(Handle<HwRenderTarget> src,
     glBufferData(GL_PIXEL_PACK_BUFFER, pboSize, nullptr, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
     glReadPixels(GLint(x), GLint(y), GLint(width), GLint(height), glFormat, glType, nullptr);
     gl.bindBuffer(GL_PIXEL_PACK_BUFFER, 0);
-    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
 
     // we're forced to make a copy on the heap because otherwise it deletes std::function<> copy
     // constructor.
@@ -3520,7 +3554,7 @@ void OpenGLDriver::readPixels(Handle<HwRenderTarget> src,
         glDeleteBuffers(1, &pbo);
         scheduleDestroy(std::move(p));
         delete pUserBuffer;
-        CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
+        CHECK_GL_ERROR()
     });
 #endif
 }
@@ -3545,7 +3579,7 @@ void OpenGLDriver::readBufferSubData(BufferObjectHandle boh,
         glCopyBufferSubData(bo->gl.binding, GL_PIXEL_PACK_BUFFER, offset, 0, size);
         gl.bindBuffer(bo->gl.binding, 0);
         gl.bindBuffer(GL_PIXEL_PACK_BUFFER, 0);
-        CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
+        CHECK_GL_ERROR()
 
         // then, we schedule a mapBuffer of the PBO later, once the fence has signaled
         auto* pUserBuffer = new BufferDescriptor(std::move(p));
@@ -3562,7 +3596,7 @@ void OpenGLDriver::readBufferSubData(BufferObjectHandle boh,
             glDeleteBuffers(1, &pbo);
             scheduleDestroy(std::move(p));
             delete pUserBuffer;
-            CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
+            CHECK_GL_ERROR()
         });
     } else {
         gl.bindBuffer(bo->gl.binding, bo->gl.id);
@@ -3575,7 +3609,7 @@ void OpenGLDriver::readBufferSubData(BufferObjectHandle boh,
         }
         gl.bindBuffer(bo->gl.binding, 0);
         scheduleDestroy(std::move(p));
-        CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
+        CHECK_GL_ERROR()
     }
 #endif
 }
@@ -3605,7 +3639,7 @@ void OpenGLDriver::whenFrameComplete(const std::function<void()>& fn) noexcept {
 void OpenGLDriver::whenGpuCommandsComplete(const std::function<void()>& fn) noexcept {
     GLsync sync = glFenceSync(GL_SYNC_GPU_COMMANDS_COMPLETE, 0);
     mGpuCommandCompleteOps.emplace_back(sync, fn);
-    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
 }
 
 void OpenGLDriver::executeGpuCommandsCompleteOps() noexcept {
@@ -3725,8 +3759,7 @@ void OpenGLDriver::updateDescriptorSetTexture(
         TextureHandle th,
         SamplerParams params) {
     GLDescriptorSet* ds = handle_cast<GLDescriptorSet*>(dsh);
-    GLTexture* t = th ? handle_cast<GLTexture*>(th) : nullptr;
-    ds->update(mContext, binding, t, params);
+    ds->update(mContext, mHandleAllocator, binding, th, params);
 }
 
 void OpenGLDriver::flush(int) {
@@ -3824,7 +3857,7 @@ void OpenGLDriver::clearWithRasterPipe(TargetBufferFlags clearFlags,
         }
     }
 
-    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
 }
 
 void OpenGLDriver::resolve(
@@ -3935,7 +3968,7 @@ void OpenGLDriver::blit(
         case SamplerType::SAMPLER_EXTERNAL:
             break;
     }
-    CHECK_GL_FRAMEBUFFER_STATUS(utils::slog.e, GL_DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER)
+    CHECK_GL_FRAMEBUFFER_STATUS(GL_DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER)
 
     gl.bindFramebuffer(GL_READ_FRAMEBUFFER, fbo[1]);
     switch (s->target) {
@@ -3961,14 +3994,14 @@ void OpenGLDriver::blit(
         case SamplerType::SAMPLER_EXTERNAL:
             break;
     }
-    CHECK_GL_FRAMEBUFFER_STATUS(utils::slog.e, GL_READ_FRAMEBUFFER)
+    CHECK_GL_FRAMEBUFFER_STATUS(GL_READ_FRAMEBUFFER)
 
     gl.disable(GL_SCISSOR_TEST);
     glBlitFramebuffer(
             srcOrigin.x, srcOrigin.y, srcOrigin.x + size.x, srcOrigin.y + size.y,
             dstOrigin.x, dstOrigin.y, dstOrigin.x + size.x, dstOrigin.y + size.y,
             mask, GL_NEAREST);
-    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
 
     gl.unbindFramebuffer(GL_DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER);
     gl.unbindFramebuffer(GL_READ_FRAMEBUFFER);
@@ -4031,15 +4064,15 @@ void OpenGLDriver::blitDEPRECATED(TargetBufferFlags buffers,
     gl.bindFramebuffer(GL_READ_FRAMEBUFFER, s->gl.fbo);
     gl.bindFramebuffer(GL_DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER, d->gl.fbo);
 
-    CHECK_GL_FRAMEBUFFER_STATUS(utils::slog.e, GL_READ_FRAMEBUFFER)
-    CHECK_GL_FRAMEBUFFER_STATUS(utils::slog.e, GL_DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER)
+    CHECK_GL_FRAMEBUFFER_STATUS(GL_READ_FRAMEBUFFER)
+    CHECK_GL_FRAMEBUFFER_STATUS(GL_DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER)
 
     gl.disable(GL_SCISSOR_TEST);
     glBlitFramebuffer(
             srcRect.left, srcRect.bottom, srcRect.right(), srcRect.top(),
             dstRect.left, dstRect.bottom, dstRect.right(), dstRect.top(),
             GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT, glFilterMode);
-    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
 #endif
 }
 
@@ -4166,9 +4199,9 @@ void OpenGLDriver::draw2(uint32_t indexOffset, uint32_t indexCount, uint32_t ins
 #endif
 
 #if FILAMENT_ENABLE_MATDBG
-    CHECK_GL_ERROR_NON_FATAL(utils::slog.e)
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR_NON_FATAL()
 #else
-    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
 #endif
 }
 
@@ -4198,9 +4231,9 @@ void OpenGLDriver::draw2GLES2(uint32_t indexOffset, uint32_t indexCount, uint32_
             reinterpret_cast<const void*>(indexOffset << rp->gl.indicesShift));
 
 #if FILAMENT_ENABLE_MATDBG
-    CHECK_GL_ERROR_NON_FATAL(utils::slog.e)
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR_NON_FATAL()
 #else
-    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
 #endif
 }
 
@@ -4250,9 +4283,9 @@ void OpenGLDriver::dispatchCompute(Handle<HwProgram> program, uint3 workGroupCou
 #endif // BACKEND_OPENGL_LEVEL_GLES31
 
 #if FILAMENT_ENABLE_MATDBG
-    CHECK_GL_ERROR_NON_FATAL(utils::slog.e)
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR_NON_FATAL()
 #else
-    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
 #endif
 }
 

filament/backend/src/opengl/OpenGLProgram.cpp

@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ void OpenGLProgram::initializeProgramState(OpenGLContext& context, GLuint progra
                 case DescriptorType::INPUT_ATTACHMENT:
                     break;
             }
-            CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
+            CHECK_GL_ERROR()
         }
     }
 

filament/backend/src/opengl/OpenGLTimerQuery.cpp

@@ -114,14 +114,14 @@ void TimerQueryNativeFactory::createTimerQuery(GLTimerQuery* tq) {
 
     tq->state = std::make_shared<GLTimerQuery::State>();
     mContext.procs.genQueries(1u, &tq->state->gl.query);
-    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
 }
 
 void TimerQueryNativeFactory::destroyTimerQuery(GLTimerQuery* tq) {
     assert_invariant(tq->state);
 
     mContext.procs.deleteQueries(1u, &tq->state->gl.query);
-    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
 
     tq->state.reset();
 }
@@ -131,14 +131,14 @@ void TimerQueryNativeFactory::beginTimeElapsedQuery(GLTimerQuery* tq) {
 
     tq->state->elapsed.store(int64_t(TimerQueryResult::NOT_READY), std::memory_order_relaxed);
     mContext.procs.beginQuery(GL_TIME_ELAPSED, tq->state->gl.query);
-    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
 }
 
 void TimerQueryNativeFactory::endTimeElapsedQuery(OpenGLDriver& driver, GLTimerQuery* tq) {
     assert_invariant(tq->state);
 
     mContext.procs.endQuery(GL_TIME_ELAPSED);
-    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
 
     std::weak_ptr<GLTimerQuery::State> const weak = tq->state;
 
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ void TimerQueryNativeFactory::endTimeElapsedQuery(OpenGLDriver& driver, GLTimerQ
 
         GLuint available = 0;
         context.procs.getQueryObjectuiv(state->gl.query, GL_QUERY_RESULT_AVAILABLE, &available);
-        CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
+        CHECK_GL_ERROR()
         if (!available) {
             // we need to try this one again later
             return false;

filament/backend/src/opengl/ShaderCompilerService.cpp

@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 #include "OpenGLDriver.h"
 
 #include <iterator>
+#include <optional>
 #include <private/backend/BackendUtils.h>
 
 #include <backend/DriverEnums.h>
@@ -30,14 +31,14 @@
 
 #include <private/utils/Tracing.h>
 
-#include <utils/compiler.h>
 #include <utils/CString.h>
-#include <utils/debug.h>
 #include <utils/FixedCapacityVector.h>
 #include <utils/JobSystem.h>
-#include <utils/Log.h>
-#include <utils/ostream.h>
+#include <utils/Logger.h>
 #include <utils/Panic.h>
+#include <utils/compiler.h>
+#include <utils/debug.h>
+#include <utils/ostream.h>
 
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <array>
@@ -64,9 +65,9 @@ static std::string to_string(bool const b) { return b ? "true" : "false"; }
 static std::string to_string(int const i) { return std::to_string(i); }
 static std::string to_string(float const f) { return "float(" + std::to_string(f) + ")"; }
 
-static void logCompilationError(io::ostream& out, ShaderStage shaderType, const char* name,
-        GLuint shaderId, CString const& sourceCode) noexcept;
-static void logProgramLinkError(io::ostream& out, char const* name, GLuint program) noexcept;
+static void logCompilationError(ShaderStage shaderType, const char* name, GLuint shaderId,
+        CString const& sourceCode) noexcept;
+static void logProgramLinkError(char const* name, GLuint program) noexcept;
 
 static void process_GOOGLE_cpp_style_line_directive(OpenGLContext const& context, char* source,
         size_t len) noexcept;
@@ -110,17 +111,33 @@ struct ShaderCompilerService::OpenGLProgramToken : ProgramToken {
         cond.wait(l, [this] { return signaled; });
     }
 
-    CallbackManager::Handle handle{};
+    // This is invoked upon token completion, which occurs after a successful `gl.program`
+    // population or upon cancellation. In either scenario, the callback handle must be submitted
+    // to notify the caller that resource loading has concluded.
+    void trySubmittingCallback() noexcept {
+        if (handle) {
+            compiler.submitCallbackHandle(*handle);
+            handle = std::nullopt;
+        }
+    }
+
+    std::optional<CallbackManager::Handle> handle{};
+
+    // Only valid when the blob functions are provided by users. The validity of this variable
+    // doesn't guarantee that the program was created from the cache blob.
     BlobCacheKey key;
 
     // Used for the `THREAD_POOL` mode.
     mutable Mutex lock;
     mutable Condition cond;
     bool signaled = false;
+
+    // Indicate this program was created from the cache blob.
+    bool retrievedFromBlobCache = false;
 };
 
 ShaderCompilerService::OpenGLProgramToken::~OpenGLProgramToken() {
-    compiler.submitCallbackHandle(handle);
+    trySubmittingCallback();
 }
 
 /* static */ void ShaderCompilerService::setUserData(const program_token_t& token,
@@ -248,6 +265,7 @@ ShaderCompilerService::program_token_t ShaderCompilerService::createProgram(
     // Try retrieving the cached program blob if available.
     token->gl.program = mBlobCache.retrieve(&token->key, mDriver.mPlatform, program);
     if (token->gl.program) {
+        token->retrievedFromBlobCache = true;
         return token;
     }
 
@@ -326,12 +344,15 @@ GLuint ShaderCompilerService::getProgram(program_token_t& token) {
 
     assert_invariant(token);// This function should be called when the token is still alive.
 
-    if (token->compiler.mMode == Mode::THREAD_POOL) {
-        auto const job = token->compiler.mCompilerThreadPool.dequeue(token);
-        if (!job) {
-            // It's likely that the job was already completed. But it may be still being
-            // executed at this moment. Just try waiting for it to avoid a race.
-            token->wait();
+    // Finalize any pending shader compilation tasks only when the token was created without cache.
+    if (!token->retrievedFromBlobCache) {
+        if (token->compiler.mMode == Mode::THREAD_POOL) {
+            auto const job = token->compiler.mCompilerThreadPool.dequeue(token);
+            if (!job) {
+                // It's likely that the job was already completed. But it may be still being
+                // executed at this moment. Just try waiting for it to avoid a race.
+                token->wait();
+            }
         }
     }
 
@@ -339,7 +360,7 @@ GLuint ShaderCompilerService::getProgram(program_token_t& token) {
 
     // Cleanup the token.
     token->compiler.cancelTickOp(token);
-    token = nullptr;// This will submit a callback condition (handle) to the callback manager.
+    token = nullptr; // This will try submitting a callback handle to the callback manager.
 }
 
 void ShaderCompilerService::tick() {
@@ -392,7 +413,7 @@ GLuint ShaderCompilerService::initialize(program_token_t& token) {
 
     // Cleanup the token.
     token->compiler.cancelTickOp(token);
-    token = nullptr;// This will submit a callback condition (handle) to the callback manager.
+    token = nullptr;
 
     return program;
 }
@@ -422,8 +443,9 @@ void ShaderCompilerService::ensureTokenIsReady(program_token_t const& token) {
             // just log warnings here instead of repeatedly checking compile status. If this turns
             // out to be a real issue later, we would need to consider doing the canonical way.
             if (!isCompileCompleted(token)) {
-                slog.w << "Shader compilation for OpenGL program " << token->name.c_str_safe()
-                       << " is not completed yet. The following program link may not succeed.";
+                LOG(WARNING)
+                        << "Shader compilation for OpenGL program " << token->name.c_str_safe()
+                        << " is not completed yet. The following program link may not succeed.";
             }
 
             linkProgram(mDriver.getContext(), token);
@@ -633,8 +655,7 @@ void ShaderCompilerService::executeTickOps() noexcept {
         }
         // Something went wrong. Log the error message.
         const ShaderStage type = static_cast<ShaderStage>(i);
-        logCompilationError(slog.e, type, token->name.c_str_safe(), shader,
-                token->shaderSourceCode[i]);
+        logCompilationError(type, token->name.c_str_safe(), shader, token->shaderSourceCode[i]);
     }
 }
 
@@ -659,6 +680,7 @@ void ShaderCompilerService::executeTickOps() noexcept {
     }
     glLinkProgram(program);
     token->gl.program = program;
+    token->trySubmittingCallback();
 }
 
 /* static */ bool ShaderCompilerService::isLinkCompleted(program_token_t const& token) noexcept {
@@ -685,7 +707,7 @@ void ShaderCompilerService::executeTickOps() noexcept {
     glGetProgramiv(token->gl.program, GL_LINK_STATUS, &status);
     if (UTILS_UNLIKELY(status != GL_TRUE)) {
         // Something went wrong. Log the error message.
-        logProgramLinkError(slog.e, token->name.c_str_safe(), token->gl.program);
+        logProgramLinkError(token->name.c_str_safe(), token->gl.program);
         linked = false;
     }
     // No need to keep the shaders around regardless of the result of the program linking.
@@ -735,7 +757,7 @@ void ShaderCompilerService::executeTickOps() noexcept {
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 UTILS_NOINLINE
-/* static */ void logCompilationError(io::ostream& out, ShaderStage shaderType, const char* name,
+/* static */ void logCompilationError(ShaderStage shaderType, const char* name,
         GLuint const shaderId, UTILS_UNUSED_IN_RELEASE CString const& sourceCode) noexcept {
 
     { // scope for the temporary string storage
@@ -757,8 +779,9 @@ UTILS_NOINLINE
         CString infoLog(length);
         glGetShaderInfoLog(shaderId, length, nullptr, infoLog.data());
 
-        out << "Compilation error in " << to_string(shaderType) << " shader \"" << name << "\":\n"
-            << "\"" << infoLog.c_str() << "\"" << io::endl;
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Compilation error in " << to_string(shaderType) << " shader \"" << name
+                   << "\":";
+        LOG(ERROR) << "\"" << infoLog.c_str() << "\"";
     }
 
 #ifndef NDEBUG
@@ -773,26 +796,25 @@ UTILS_NOINLINE
         } else {
             line = shader.substr(start, end - start);
         }
-        out << lc++ << ":   " << line.c_str() << '\n';
+        LOG(ERROR) << lc++ << ":   " << line.c_str();
         if (end == std::string::npos) {
             break;
         }
         start = end + 1;
     }
-    out << io::endl;
+    LOG(ERROR) << "";
 #endif
 }
 
 UTILS_NOINLINE
-/* static */ void logProgramLinkError(io::ostream& out, char const* name, GLuint program) noexcept {
+/* static */ void logProgramLinkError(char const* name, GLuint program) noexcept {
     GLint length = 0;
     glGetProgramiv(program, GL_INFO_LOG_LENGTH, &length);
 
     CString infoLog(length);
     glGetProgramInfoLog(program, length, nullptr, infoLog.data());
 
-    out << "Link error in \"" << name << "\":\n"
-        << "\"" << infoLog.c_str() << "\"" << io::endl;
+    LOG(ERROR) << "Link error in \"" << name << "\":\n" << "\"" << infoLog.c_str() << "\"";
 }
 
 // If usages of the Google-style line directive are present, remove them, as some

filament/backend/src/opengl/platforms/CocoaExternalImage.mm

@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ CocoaExternalImage::SharedGl::~SharedGl() noexcept {
 CocoaExternalImage::CocoaExternalImage(const CVOpenGLTextureCacheRef textureCache,
         const SharedGl &sharedGl) noexcept : mSharedGl(sharedGl), mTextureCache(textureCache) {
     glGenFramebuffers(1, &mFBO);
-    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
 }
 
 CocoaExternalImage::~CocoaExternalImage() noexcept {
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ bool CocoaExternalImage::set(CVPixelBufferRef image) noexcept {
     mTexture = createTextureFromImage(image);
     mRgbaTexture = encodeCopyRectangleToTexture2D(CVOpenGLTextureGetName(mTexture),
             CVPixelBufferGetWidth(image), CVPixelBufferGetHeight(image));
-    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
 
     return true;
 }
@@ -182,33 +182,33 @@ GLuint CocoaExternalImage::encodeCopyRectangleToTexture2D(GLuint rectangle,
     // Create a texture to hold the result of the blit image.
     glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture);
     glTexStorage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 1, GL_RGBA8, width, height);
-    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
 
     // source textures
     glBindSampler(0, mSharedGl.sampler);
     glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
     glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_RECTANGLE, rectangle);
-    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
 
     // destination texture
     glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, mFBO);
     glFramebufferTexture2D(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0, GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture, 0);
-    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
 
-    CHECK_GL_FRAMEBUFFER_STATUS(utils::slog.e, GL_FRAMEBUFFER)
-    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
+    CHECK_GL_FRAMEBUFFER_STATUS(GL_FRAMEBUFFER)
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
 
     // draw
     glViewport(0, 0, width, height);
-    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
     glUseProgram(mSharedGl.program);
-    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
     glDisableVertexAttribArray(0);
     glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 3);
-    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
 
     mState.restore();
-    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
 
     return texture;
 }

filament/backend/src/opengl/platforms/CocoaTouchExternalImage.mm

@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ CocoaTouchExternalImage::CocoaTouchExternalImage(const CVOpenGLESTextureCacheRef
 
     glGenFramebuffers(1, &mFBO);
 
-    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
 }
 
 CocoaTouchExternalImage::~CocoaTouchExternalImage() noexcept {
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ GLuint CocoaTouchExternalImage::encodeColorConversionPass(GLuint yPlaneTexture,
     glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture);
     glTexStorage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 1, GL_RGBA8, width, height);
 
-    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
 
     // source textures
     glBindSampler(0, mSharedGl.sampler);
@@ -261,8 +261,8 @@ GLuint CocoaTouchExternalImage::encodeColorConversionPass(GLuint yPlaneTexture,
     glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, mFBO);
     glFramebufferTexture2D(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0, GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture, 0);
 
-    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
-    CHECK_GL_FRAMEBUFFER_STATUS(utils::slog.e, GL_FRAMEBUFFER)
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
+    CHECK_GL_FRAMEBUFFER_STATUS(GL_FRAMEBUFFER)
 
     // geometry
     glBindVertexArray(0);
@@ -275,7 +275,7 @@ GLuint CocoaTouchExternalImage::encodeColorConversionPass(GLuint yPlaneTexture,
     glUseProgram(mSharedGl.program);
     glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 3);
 
-    CHECK_GL_ERROR(utils::slog.e)
+    CHECK_GL_ERROR()
 
     mState.restore();
 

filament/backend/src/opengl/platforms/ExternalStreamManagerAndroid.cpp

@@ -20,9 +20,9 @@
 
 #include <backend/Platform.h>
 
+#include <utils/Logger.h>
 #include <utils/compiler.h>
 #include <utils/debug.h>
-#include <utils/Log.h>
 #include <utils/ostream.h>
 
 #if __has_include(<android/surface_texture.h>)
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ void ExternalStreamManagerAndroid::destroy(ExternalStreamManagerAndroid* pExtern
 ExternalStreamManagerAndroid::ExternalStreamManagerAndroid() noexcept
         : mVm(VirtualMachineEnv::get()) {
     if (__builtin_available(android 28, *)) {
-        slog.d << "Using ASurfaceTexture" << io::endl;
+        DLOG(INFO) << "Using ASurfaceTexture";
     }
 }
 

filament/backend/src/opengl/platforms/PlatformEGL.cpp

@@ -32,9 +32,9 @@
 #endif
 #include <utils/compiler.h>
 
-#include <utils/debug.h>
 #include <utils/Invocable.h>
-#include <utils/Log.h>
+#include <utils/Logger.h>
+#include <utils/debug.h>
 #include <utils/ostream.h>
 
 #include <algorithm>
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ void PlatformEGL::logEglError(const char* name) noexcept {
 }
 
 void PlatformEGL::logEglError(const char* name, EGLint error) noexcept {
-    slog.e << name << " failed with " << getEglErrorName(error) << io::endl;
+    LOG(ERROR) << name << " failed with " << getEglErrorName(error);
 }
 
 const char* PlatformEGL::getEglErrorName(EGLint error) noexcept {
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ void PlatformEGL::clearGlError() noexcept {
     // clear GL error that may have been set by previous calls
     GLenum const error = glGetError();
     if (error != GL_NO_ERROR) {
-        slog.w << "Ignoring pending GL error " << io::hex << error << io::endl;
+        LOG(WARNING) << "Ignoring pending GL error " << io::hex << error;
     }
 }
 
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ Driver* PlatformEGL::createDriver(void* sharedContext, const DriverConfig& drive
     }
 
     if (UTILS_UNLIKELY(!initialized)) {
-        slog.e << "eglInitialize failed" << io::endl;
+        LOG(ERROR) << "eglInitialize failed";
         return nullptr;
     }
 

filament/backend/src/opengl/platforms/PlatformEGLAndroid.cpp

@@ -29,13 +29,12 @@
 #include <android/native_window.h>
 #include <android/hardware_buffer.h>
 
+#include <utils/Logger.h>
+#include <utils/Panic.h>
 #include <utils/android/PerformanceHintManager.h>
-
+#include <utils/compiler.h>
 #include <utils/compiler.h>
 #include <utils/ostream.h>
-#include <utils/Panic.h>
-#include <utils/Log.h>
-#include <utils/compiler.h>
 #include <utils/ostream.h>
 
 #include <EGL/egl.h>
@@ -327,7 +326,7 @@ bool PlatformEGLAndroid::setImage(ExternalImageEGLAndroid const* eglExternalImag
             EGL_NATIVE_BUFFER_ANDROID, clientBuffer, imageAttrs);
     if (eglImage == EGL_NO_IMAGE_KHR) {
         // Handle error
-        slog.e << "Failed to create EGL image" << io::endl;
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to create EGL image";
         glDeleteTextures(1, &texture->id);
         return false;
     }
@@ -340,7 +339,7 @@ bool PlatformEGLAndroid::setImage(ExternalImageEGLAndroid const* eglExternalImag
     glBindTexture(texture->target, texture->id);
     GLenum error = glGetError();
     if (UTILS_UNLIKELY(error != GL_NO_ERROR)) {
-        slog.e << "Error after glBindTexture: " << error << io::endl;
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Error after glBindTexture: " << error;
         glDeleteTextures(1, &texture->id);
         eglDestroyImageKHR(eglGetCurrentDisplay(), eglImage);
         glActiveTexture(prevActiveTexture);
@@ -350,7 +349,7 @@ bool PlatformEGLAndroid::setImage(ExternalImageEGLAndroid const* eglExternalImag
     glEGLImageTargetTexture2DOES(texture->target, static_cast<GLeglImageOES>(eglImage));
     error = glGetError();
     if (UTILS_UNLIKELY(error != GL_NO_ERROR)) {
-        slog.e << "Error after glEGLImageTargetTexture2DOES: " << error << io::endl;
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Error after glEGLImageTargetTexture2DOES: " << error;
         glDeleteTextures(1, &texture->id);
         eglDestroyImageKHR(eglGetCurrentDisplay(), eglImage);
         glActiveTexture(prevActiveTexture);
@@ -408,7 +407,7 @@ AcquiredImage PlatformEGLAndroid::transformAcquiredImage(AcquiredImage source) n
 
     EGLClientBuffer clientBuffer = eglGetNativeClientBufferANDROID(pHardwareBuffer);
     if (!clientBuffer) {
-        slog.e << "Unable to get EGLClientBuffer from AHardwareBuffer." << io::endl;
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Unable to get EGLClientBuffer from AHardwareBuffer.";
         return {};
     }
 
@@ -427,7 +426,7 @@ AcquiredImage PlatformEGLAndroid::transformAcquiredImage(AcquiredImage source) n
     EGLImageKHR eglImage = eglCreateImageKHR(mEGLDisplay,
             EGL_NO_CONTEXT, EGL_NATIVE_BUFFER_ANDROID, clientBuffer, attributes.data());
     if (eglImage == EGL_NO_IMAGE_KHR) {
-        slog.e << "eglCreateImageKHR returned no image." << io::endl;
+        LOG(ERROR) << "eglCreateImageKHR returned no image.";
         return {};
     }
 
@@ -442,7 +441,7 @@ AcquiredImage PlatformEGLAndroid::transformAcquiredImage(AcquiredImage source) n
     auto patchedCallback = [](void* image, void* userdata) {
         Closure* closure = (Closure*)userdata;
         if (eglDestroyImageKHR(closure->display, (EGLImageKHR) image) == EGL_FALSE) {
-            slog.e << "eglDestroyImageKHR failed." << io::endl;
+            LOG(ERROR) << "eglDestroyImageKHR failed.";
         }
         closure->acquiredImage.callback(closure->acquiredImage.image, closure->acquiredImage.userData);
         delete closure;

filament/backend/src/opengl/platforms/PlatformEGLHeadless.cpp

@@ -21,9 +21,9 @@
 #include <EGL/egl.h>
 #include <EGL/eglext.h>
 
-#include <utils/compiler.h>
-#include <utils/Log.h>
+#include <utils/Logger.h>
 #include <utils/Panic.h>
+#include <utils/compiler.h>
 
 using namespace utils;
 
@@ -42,12 +42,12 @@ backend::Driver* PlatformEGLHeadless::createDriver(void* sharedContext,
         const Platform::DriverConfig& driverConfig) noexcept {
     EGLBoolean bindAPI = eglBindAPI(EGL_OPENGL_API);
     if (UTILS_UNLIKELY(!bindAPI)) {
-        slog.e << "eglBindAPI EGL_OPENGL_API failed" << io::endl;
+        LOG(ERROR) << "eglBindAPI EGL_OPENGL_API failed";
         return nullptr;
     }
     int bindBlueGL = bluegl::bind();
     if (UTILS_UNLIKELY(bindBlueGL != 0)) {
-        slog.e << "bluegl bind failed" << io::endl;
+        LOG(ERROR) << "bluegl bind failed";
         return nullptr;
     }
 

filament/backend/src/opengl/platforms/PlatformGLX.cpp

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 
 #include <backend/platforms/PlatformGLX.h>
 
-#include <utils/Log.h>
+#include <utils/Logger.h>
 #include <utils/Panic.h>
 
 #include <X11/Xlib.h>
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ static PFNGLXGETPROCADDRESSPROC getProcAddress;
 static bool loadLibraries() {
     g_glx.library = dlopen(LIBRARY_GLX, RTLD_LOCAL | RTLD_NOW);
     if (!g_glx.library) {
-        utils::slog.e << "Could not find library " << LIBRARY_GLX << utils::io::endl;
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Could not find library " << LIBRARY_GLX;
         return false;
     }
 
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ static bool loadLibraries() {
 
     g_x11.library = dlopen(LIBRARY_X11, RTLD_LOCAL | RTLD_NOW);
     if (!g_x11.library) {
-        utils::slog.e << "Could not find library " << LIBRARY_X11 << utils::io::endl;
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Could not find library " << LIBRARY_X11;
         return false;
     }
 
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ Driver* PlatformGLX::createDriver(void* sharedGLContext,
     // Get the display device
     mGLXDisplay = g_x11.openDisplay(NULL);
     if (mGLXDisplay == nullptr) {
-        utils::slog.e << "Failed to open X display. (exiting)." << utils::io::endl;
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to open X display. (exiting).";
         exit(1);
     }
 
@@ -145,8 +145,7 @@ Driver* PlatformGLX::createDriver(void* sharedGLContext,
 
         r = g_glx.queryContext(mGLXDisplay, sharedCtx, GLX_FBCONFIG_ID, &usedFbId);
         if (r != 0) {
-            utils::slog.e << "Failed to get GLX_FBCONFIG_ID from shared GL context."
-                          << utils::io::endl;
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to get GLX_FBCONFIG_ID from shared GL context.";
             return nullptr;
         }
 
@@ -154,7 +153,7 @@ Driver* PlatformGLX::createDriver(void* sharedGLContext,
         GLXFBConfig* fbConfigs = g_glx.getFbConfigs(mGLXDisplay, 0, &numConfigs);
 
         if (fbConfigs == nullptr) {
-            utils::slog.e << "Failed to get the available GLXFBConfigs." << utils::io::endl;
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to get the available GLXFBConfigs.";
             return nullptr;
         }
 
@@ -164,8 +163,7 @@ Driver* PlatformGLX::createDriver(void* sharedGLContext,
         for (int i = 0; i < numConfigs; ++i) {
             r = g_glx.getFbConfigAttrib(mGLXDisplay, fbConfigs[i], GLX_FBCONFIG_ID, &fbId);
             if (r != 0) {
-                utils::slog.e << "Failed to get GLX_FBCONFIG_ID for entry " << i << "."
-                              << utils::io::endl;
+                LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to get GLX_FBCONFIG_ID for entry " << i << ".";
                 continue;
             }
 
@@ -176,8 +174,7 @@ Driver* PlatformGLX::createDriver(void* sharedGLContext,
         }
 
         if (fbIndex < 0) {
-            utils::slog.e << "Failed to find an `GLXFBConfig` with the requested ID."
-                          << utils::io::endl;
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to find an `GLXFBConfig` with the requested ID.";
             return nullptr;
         }
 
@@ -202,8 +199,7 @@ Driver* PlatformGLX::createDriver(void* sharedGLContext,
             getProcAddress((GLubyte*)"glXCreateContextAttribsARB");
 
     if (glXCreateContextAttribs == nullptr) {
-        utils::slog.i << "Unable to retrieve function pointer for `glXCreateContextAttribs()`."
-                      << utils::io::endl;
+        LOG(INFO) << "Unable to retrieve function pointer for `glXCreateContextAttribs()`.";
         return nullptr;
     }
 

filament/backend/src/opengl/platforms/PlatformWGL.cpp

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@
 #include "GL/glext.h"
 #include "GL/wglext.h"
 
-#include <utils/Log.h>
+#include <utils/Logger.h>
 #include <utils/Panic.h>
 
 namespace {
@@ -55,8 +55,7 @@ void reportWindowsError(DWORD dwError) {
         0, nullptr
 	);
 
-    utils::slog.e << "Windows error code: " << dwError << ". " << lpMessageBuffer
-            << utils::io::endl;
+    LOG(ERROR) << "Windows error code: " << dwError << ". " << lpMessageBuffer;
 
     LocalFree(lpMessageBuffer);
 }
@@ -106,7 +105,7 @@ Driver* PlatformWGL::createDriver(void* sharedGLContext,
     HDC whdc = mWhdc = GetDC(mHWnd);
     if (whdc == NULL) {
         dwError = GetLastError();
-        utils::slog.e << "CreateWindowA() failed" << utils::io::endl;
+        LOG(ERROR) << "CreateWindowA() failed";
         goto error;
     }
 
@@ -117,8 +116,7 @@ Driver* PlatformWGL::createDriver(void* sharedGLContext,
     tempContext = wglCreateContext(whdc);
     if (!wglMakeCurrent(whdc, tempContext)) {
         dwError = GetLastError();
-        utils::slog.e << "wglMakeCurrent() failed, whdc=" << whdc << ", tempContext=" <<
-                tempContext << utils::io::endl;
+        LOG(ERROR) << "wglMakeCurrent() failed, whdc=" << whdc << ", tempContext=" << tempContext;
         goto error;
     }
 
@@ -142,7 +140,7 @@ Driver* PlatformWGL::createDriver(void* sharedGLContext,
     }
 
     if (!mContext) {
-        utils::slog.e << "wglCreateContextAttribs() failed, whdc=" << whdc << utils::io::endl;
+        LOG(ERROR) << "wglCreateContextAttribs() failed, whdc=" << whdc;
         goto error;
     }
 
@@ -152,8 +150,7 @@ Driver* PlatformWGL::createDriver(void* sharedGLContext,
 
     if (!wglMakeCurrent(whdc, mContext)) {
         dwError = GetLastError();
-        utils::slog.e << "wglMakeCurrent() failed, whdc=" << whdc << ", mContext=" <<
-                mContext << utils::io::endl;
+        LOG(ERROR) << "wglMakeCurrent() failed, whdc=" << whdc << ", mContext=" << mContext;
         goto error;
     }
 

filament/backend/src/vulkan/VulkanBlitter.cpp

@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ inline void blitFast(VulkanCommandBuffer* commands, VkImageAspectFlags aspect, V
         FVK_LOGD << "Fast blit from=" << src.texture->getVkImage() << ",level=" << (int) src.level
                       << " layout=" << src.getLayout()
                       << " to=" << dst.texture->getVkImage() << ",level=" << (int) dst.level
-                      << " layout=" << dst.getLayout() << utils::io::endl;
+                      << " layout=" << dst.getLayout();
     }
 
     VkImageSubresourceRange const srcRange = src.getSubresourceRange();
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ inline void resolveFast(VulkanCommandBuffer* commands, VkImageAspectFlags aspect
         FVK_LOGD << "Fast blit from=" << src.texture->getVkImage() << ",level=" << (int) src.level
                       << " layout=" << src.getLayout()
                       << " to=" << dst.texture->getVkImage() << ",level=" << (int) dst.level
-                      << " layout=" << dst.getLayout() << utils::io::endl;
+                      << " layout=" << dst.getLayout();
     }
 
     VkImageSubresourceRange const srcRange = src.getSubresourceRange();

filament/backend/src/vulkan/VulkanBuffer.h

@@ -17,35 +17,36 @@
 #ifndef TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_VULKANBUFFER_H
 #define TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_VULKANBUFFER_H
 
-#include "VulkanContext.h"
-#include "VulkanStagePool.h"
 #include "VulkanMemory.h"
+#include "memory/Resource.h"
+
+#include <functional>
 
 namespace filament::backend {
 
-// Encapsulates a Vulkan buffer, its attached DeviceMemory and a staging area.
-class VulkanBuffer {
+class VulkanBuffer : public fvkmemory::Resource {
 public:
-    VulkanBuffer(VmaAllocator allocator, VulkanStagePool& stagePool, VkBufferUsageFlags usage,
-            uint32_t numBytes);
-    ~VulkanBuffer();
-    void loadFromCpu(VkCommandBuffer cmdbuf, const void* cpuData, uint32_t byteOffset,
-            uint32_t numBytes);
-    VkBuffer getGpuBuffer() const {
-        return mGpuBuffer;
+    // Because we need to recycle the unused `VulkanGpuBuffer`, we allow for a callback that the
+    // "Pool" can use to acquire the buffer back.
+    using OnRecycle = std::function<void(VulkanGpuBuffer const*)>;
+
+    VulkanBuffer(VulkanGpuBuffer const* gpuBuffer, OnRecycle&& onRecycleFn)
+        : mGpuBuffer(gpuBuffer),
+          mOnRecycleFn(onRecycleFn) {}
+
+    ~VulkanBuffer() {
+        if (mOnRecycleFn) {
+            mOnRecycleFn(mGpuBuffer);
+        }
     }
 
-private:
-    VmaAllocator mAllocator;
-    VulkanStagePool& mStagePool;
+    VulkanGpuBuffer const* getGpuBuffer() const { return mGpuBuffer; }
 
-    VmaAllocation mGpuMemory = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
-    VkBuffer mGpuBuffer = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
-    VkBufferUsageFlags mUsage = {};
-	uint32_t mUpdatedOffset = 0;
-    uint32_t mUpdatedBytes = 0;
+private:
+    VulkanGpuBuffer const* mGpuBuffer;
+    OnRecycle mOnRecycleFn;
 };
 
-} // namespace filament::backend
+}// namespace filament::backend
 
-#endif // TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_VULKANBUFFER_H
+#endif// TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_VULKANBUFFER_H

filament/backend/src/vulkan/VulkanBufferCache.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,207 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2025 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include "VulkanBufferCache.h"
+
+#include "VulkanBuffer.h"
+#include "VulkanConstants.h"
+#include "VulkanMemory.h"
+#include "memory/Resource.h"
+#include "memory/ResourceManager.h"
+
+#include <utility>
+
+namespace filament::backend {
+
+namespace {
+
+VkBufferUsageFlags getVkBufferUsage(VulkanBufferUsage usage) {
+    switch (usage) {
+        case VulkanBufferUsage::VERTEX:
+            return VK_BUFFER_USAGE_VERTEX_BUFFER_BIT;
+        case VulkanBufferUsage::INDEX:
+            return VK_BUFFER_USAGE_INDEX_BUFFER_BIT;
+        case VulkanBufferUsage::UNIFORM:
+            return VK_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BIT;
+        case VulkanBufferUsage::SHADER_STORAGE:
+            return VK_BUFFER_USAGE_STORAGE_BUFFER_BIT;
+        case VulkanBufferUsage::UNKNOWN:
+            return 0;
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+}// namespace
+
+VulkanBufferCache::VulkanBufferCache(VulkanContext const& context,
+        fvkmemory::ResourceManager& resourceManager, VmaAllocator allocator)
+    : mContext(context),
+      mResourceManager(resourceManager),
+      mAllocator(allocator) {}
+
+fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanBuffer> VulkanBufferCache::acquire(VulkanBufferUsage usage,
+        uint32_t numBytes) noexcept {
+    assert_invariant(usage != VulkanBufferUsage::UNKNOWN);
+
+    BufferPool& bufferPool = getPool(usage);
+
+    // First check if an allocation exists whose capacity is greater than or equal to the requested
+    // size.
+    auto iter = bufferPool.lower_bound(numBytes);
+    if (iter != bufferPool.end()) {
+        VulkanGpuBuffer const* gpuBuffer = iter->second.gpuBuffer;
+        bufferPool.erase(iter);
+        return fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanBuffer>::construct(&mResourceManager, gpuBuffer,
+                [this](VulkanGpuBuffer const* gpuBuffer) { this->release(gpuBuffer); });
+    }
+
+    // We were not able to find a sufficiently large allocation, so create a new one that is
+    // recycled after being yielded.
+    VulkanGpuBuffer const* gpuBuffer = allocate(usage, numBytes);
+    return fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanBuffer>::construct(&mResourceManager, gpuBuffer,
+            [this](VulkanGpuBuffer const* gpuBuffer) { this->release(gpuBuffer); });
+}
+
+void VulkanBufferCache::gc() noexcept {
+    FVK_SYSTRACE_CONTEXT();
+    FVK_SYSTRACE_START("VulkanBufferCache::gc");
+
+    // If this is one of the first few frames, return early to avoid wrapping unsigned integers.
+    constexpr uint32_t TIME_BEFORE_EVICTION = 3;
+    if (++mCurrentFrame <= TIME_BEFORE_EVICTION) {
+        return;
+    }
+    const uint64_t evictionTime = mCurrentFrame - TIME_BEFORE_EVICTION;
+
+    // Destroy buffers that have not been used for several frames.
+    for (auto& bufferPool: mGpuBufferPools) {
+        for (auto poolIter = bufferPool.begin(); poolIter != bufferPool.end();) {
+            if (poolIter->second.lastAccessed < evictionTime) {
+#if FVK_ENABLED(FVK_DEBUG_VULKAN_BUFFER_CACHE)
+                FVK_LOGD << "VulkanBufferCache - Destroyed vkBuffer "
+                         << poolIter->second.gpuBuffer->vkbuffer << " with usage "
+                         << static_cast<int>(poolIter->second.gpuBuffer->usage) << utils::io::endl;
+#endif// FVK_DEBUG_VULKAN_BUFFER_CACHE
+
+                destroy(poolIter->second.gpuBuffer);
+                poolIter = bufferPool.erase(poolIter);
+            } else {
+                ++poolIter;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    FVK_SYSTRACE_END();
+}
+
+void VulkanBufferCache::terminate() noexcept {
+    for (auto& bufferPool: mGpuBufferPools) {
+        for (auto& poolEntry: bufferPool) {
+            destroy(poolEntry.second.gpuBuffer);
+        }
+        bufferPool.clear();
+    }
+}
+
+void VulkanBufferCache::release(VulkanGpuBuffer const* gpuBuffer) noexcept {
+    assert_invariant(gpuBuffer != nullptr);
+
+    BufferPool& bufferPool = getPool(gpuBuffer->usage);
+    bufferPool.insert(std::make_pair(gpuBuffer->numBytes, UnusedGpuBuffer{
+                                                              .lastAccessed = mCurrentFrame,
+                                                              .gpuBuffer = gpuBuffer,
+                                                          }));
+}
+
+VulkanGpuBuffer const* VulkanBufferCache::allocate(VulkanBufferUsage usage,
+        uint32_t numBytes) noexcept {
+    VkBufferCreateInfo const bufferInfo{
+        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO,
+        .size = numBytes,
+        // `VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT` is needed to allow updating the buffer through
+        // a staging using `vkCmdCopyBuffer`.
+        .usage = getVkBufferUsage(usage) | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT,
+    };
+
+    VmaAllocationCreateFlags vmaFlags = 0;
+    if (usage == VulkanBufferUsage::UNIFORM) {
+        // In the case of UMA, the uniform buffers will always be mappable
+        if (mContext.isUnifiedMemoryArchitecture()) {
+            vmaFlags |= VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_MAPPED_BIT |
+                        VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_HOST_ACCESS_SEQUENTIAL_WRITE_BIT;
+        }
+    }
+
+    VulkanGpuBuffer* gpuBuffer = new VulkanGpuBuffer{
+        .numBytes = numBytes,
+        .usage = usage,
+    };
+    VmaAllocationCreateInfo const allocInfo{
+        .flags = vmaFlags,
+        .usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO,
+        .requiredFlags = VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT,
+    };
+    UTILS_UNUSED_IN_RELEASE VkResult result = vmaCreateBuffer(mAllocator, &bufferInfo, &allocInfo,
+            &gpuBuffer->vkbuffer, &gpuBuffer->vmaAllocation, &gpuBuffer->allocationInfo);
+
+#if FVK_ENABLED(FVK_DEBUG_VULKAN_BUFFER_CACHE)
+    if (result != VK_SUCCESS) {
+        FVK_LOGE << "VulkanBufferCache - failed to allocate a new vkBuffer of size " << numBytes
+                 << " and usage " << static_cast<int>(usage) << ", error: " << result
+                 << utils::io::endl;
+    } else {
+        FVK_LOGD << "VulkanBufferCache - allocated a vkBuffer " << gpuBuffer->vkbuffer
+                 << " of size " << numBytes << " and usage = " << static_cast<int>(usage)
+                 << "  successfully" << utils::io::endl;
+    }
+#endif// FVK_DEBUG_VULKAN_BUFFER_CACHE
+
+    return gpuBuffer;
+}
+
+void VulkanBufferCache::destroy(VulkanGpuBuffer const* gpuBuffer) noexcept {
+    vmaDestroyBuffer(mAllocator, gpuBuffer->vkbuffer, gpuBuffer->vmaAllocation);
+    delete gpuBuffer;
+    gpuBuffer = nullptr;
+}
+
+VulkanBufferCache::BufferPool& VulkanBufferCache::getPool(VulkanBufferUsage usage) noexcept {
+
+    int poolIndex = -1;
+    switch (usage) {
+        case VulkanBufferUsage::VERTEX:
+            poolIndex = 0;
+            break;
+        case VulkanBufferUsage::INDEX:
+            poolIndex = 1;
+            break;
+        case VulkanBufferUsage::UNIFORM:
+            poolIndex = 2;
+            break;
+        case VulkanBufferUsage::SHADER_STORAGE:
+            poolIndex = 3;
+            break;
+        case VulkanBufferUsage::UNKNOWN:
+            PANIC_LOG("There's no pool for buffers with unkown usage.");
+            break;
+    }
+
+    assert_invariant(poolIndex >= 0 && poolIndex < MAX_POOL_COUNT);
+    return mGpuBufferPools[poolIndex];
+}
+
+}// namespace filament::backend

filament/backend/src/vulkan/VulkanBufferCache.h

@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2025 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#ifndef TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_VULKANBUFFERCACHE_H
+#define TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_VULKANBUFFERCACHE_H
+
+#include "VulkanBuffer.h"
+#include "VulkanContext.h"
+#include "VulkanMemory.h"
+#include "memory/Resource.h"
+#include "memory/ResourceManager.h"
+
+#include <map>
+
+namespace filament::backend {
+
+class VulkanBufferCache {
+public:
+    VulkanBufferCache(VulkanContext const& context, fvkmemory::ResourceManager& resourceManager,
+            VmaAllocator allocator);
+
+    // `VulkanBufferCache` is not copyable.
+    VulkanBufferCache(const VulkanBufferCache&) = delete;
+    VulkanBufferCache& operator=(const VulkanBufferCache&) = delete;
+
+    // Allocates or reuse a new VkBuffer that is device local.
+    // In the case of Unified memory architecture, uniform buffers are also host visible.
+    fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanBuffer> acquire(VulkanBufferUsage usage,
+            uint32_t numBytes) noexcept;
+
+    // Evicts old unused `VulkanGpuBuffer` and bumps the current frame number
+    void gc() noexcept;
+
+    // Destroys all unused `VulkanGpuBuffer`.
+    // This should be called while the context's VkDevice is still alive.
+    void terminate() noexcept;
+
+private:
+    struct UnusedGpuBuffer {
+        uint64_t lastAccessed;
+        VulkanGpuBuffer const* gpuBuffer;
+    };
+
+    using BufferPool = std::multimap<uint32_t, UnusedGpuBuffer>;
+
+    // Return a `VulkanGpuBuffer` back to its corresponding pool
+    void release(VulkanGpuBuffer const* gpuBuffer) noexcept;
+
+    // Allocate a new VkBuffer from the VMA pool of the corresponding `numBytes` and `usage`.
+    VulkanGpuBuffer const* allocate(VulkanBufferUsage usage, uint32_t numBytes) noexcept;
+
+    // Destroy the corresponding VkBuffer and return the VkDeviceMemory to the VMA pool.
+    void destroy(VulkanGpuBuffer const* gpuBuffer) noexcept;
+
+    BufferPool& getPool(VulkanBufferUsage usage) noexcept;
+
+    VulkanContext const& mContext;
+    fvkmemory::ResourceManager& mResourceManager;
+    VmaAllocator mAllocator;
+
+    // Buffers can be recycled, after they are released. Each type of buffer have its own pool
+    static constexpr int MAX_POOL_COUNT = 4;
+    BufferPool mGpuBufferPools[MAX_POOL_COUNT];
+
+    // Store the current "time" (really just a frame count) and LRU eviction parameters.
+    uint64_t mCurrentFrame = 0;
+};
+
+}// namespace filament::backend
+
+#endif// TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_VULKANBUFFERCACHE_H

filament/backend/src/vulkan/VulkanBufferProxy.cpp

@@ -14,49 +14,35 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-#include "VulkanBuffer.h"
+#include "VulkanBufferProxy.h"
+#include "VulkanCommands.h"
 #include "VulkanMemory.h"
 
-#include <utils/Panic.h>
+#include "VulkanBufferCache.h"
+#include "VulkanMemory.h"
 
 using namespace bluevk;
 
 namespace filament::backend {
 
-VulkanBuffer::VulkanBuffer(VmaAllocator allocator, VulkanStagePool& stagePool,
-        VkBufferUsageFlags usage, uint32_t numBytes)
+VulkanBufferProxy::VulkanBufferProxy(VmaAllocator allocator, VulkanStagePool& stagePool,
+        VulkanBufferCache& bufferCache, VulkanBufferUsage usage, uint32_t numBytes)
     : mAllocator(allocator),
       mStagePool(stagePool),
-      mUsage(usage),
+      mBufferCache(bufferCache),
+      mBuffer(mBufferCache.acquire(usage, numBytes)),
       mUpdatedOffset(0),
-      mUpdatedBytes(0) {
-    // for now make sure that only 1 bit is set in usage
-    // (because loadFromCpu() assumes that somewhat)
-    assert_invariant(usage && !(usage & (usage - 1)));
+      mUpdatedBytes(0) {}
 
-    // Create the VkBuffer.
-    VkBufferCreateInfo bufferInfo {
-        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO,
-        .size = numBytes,
-        .usage = usage | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT
-    };
-
-    VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocInfo { .usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_GPU_ONLY };
-    vmaCreateBuffer(mAllocator, &bufferInfo, &allocInfo, &mGpuBuffer, &mGpuMemory, nullptr);
-}
-
-VulkanBuffer::~VulkanBuffer() {
-    vmaDestroyBuffer(mAllocator, mGpuBuffer, mGpuMemory);
-}
-
-void VulkanBuffer::loadFromCpu(VkCommandBuffer cmdbuf, const void* cpuData, uint32_t byteOffset,
-        uint32_t numBytes) {
-    VulkanStage const* stage = mStagePool.acquireStage(numBytes);
-    void* mapped;
-    vmaMapMemory(mAllocator, stage->memory, &mapped);
-    memcpy(mapped, cpuData, numBytes);
-    vmaUnmapMemory(mAllocator, stage->memory);
-    vmaFlushAllocation(mAllocator, stage->memory, 0, numBytes);
+void VulkanBufferProxy::loadFromCpu(VulkanCommandBuffer& commands, const void* cpuData,
+        uint32_t byteOffset, uint32_t numBytes) {
+    // Note: this should be stored within the command buffer before going out of
+    // scope, so that the command buffer can manage its lifecycle.
+    fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanStage::Segment> stage = mStagePool.acquireStage(numBytes);
+    assert_invariant(stage->memory());
+    commands.acquire(stage);
+    memcpy(stage->mapping(), cpuData, numBytes);
+    vmaFlushAllocation(mAllocator, stage->memory(), stage->offset(), numBytes);
 
     // If there was a previous update, then we need to make sure the following write is properly
     // synced with the previous read.
@@ -64,13 +50,13 @@ void VulkanBuffer::loadFromCpu(VkCommandBuffer cmdbuf, const void* cpuData, uint
             (byteOffset >= mUpdatedOffset && byteOffset <= (mUpdatedOffset + mUpdatedBytes))) {
         VkAccessFlags srcAccess = 0;
         VkPipelineStageFlags srcStage = 0;
-        if (mUsage & VK_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BIT) {
+        if (getUsage() == VulkanBufferUsage::UNIFORM) {
             srcAccess = VK_ACCESS_SHADER_READ_BIT;
             srcStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_VERTEX_SHADER_BIT | VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT;
-        } else if (mUsage & VK_BUFFER_USAGE_VERTEX_BUFFER_BIT) {
+        } else if (getUsage() == VulkanBufferUsage::VERTEX) {
             srcAccess = VK_ACCESS_VERTEX_ATTRIBUTE_READ_BIT;
             srcStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_VERTEX_INPUT_BIT;
-        } else if (mUsage & VK_BUFFER_USAGE_INDEX_BUFFER_BIT) {
+        } else if (getUsage() == VulkanBufferUsage::INDEX) {
             srcAccess = VK_ACCESS_INDEX_READ_BIT;
             srcStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_VERTEX_INPUT_BIT;
         }
@@ -81,20 +67,20 @@ void VulkanBuffer::loadFromCpu(VkCommandBuffer cmdbuf, const void* cpuData, uint
             .dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT,
             .srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
             .dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
-            .buffer = mGpuBuffer,
+            .buffer = getVkBuffer(),
             .offset = byteOffset,
             .size = numBytes,
         };
-        vkCmdPipelineBarrier(cmdbuf, srcStage, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT, 0, 0, nullptr, 1,
-                &barrier, 0, nullptr);
+        vkCmdPipelineBarrier(commands.buffer(), srcStage, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT, 0, 0,
+                nullptr, 1, &barrier, 0, nullptr);
     }
 
     VkBufferCopy region = {
-        .srcOffset = 0,
+        .srcOffset = stage->offset(),
         .dstOffset = byteOffset,
         .size = numBytes,
     };
-    vkCmdCopyBuffer(cmdbuf, stage->buffer, mGpuBuffer, 1, &region);
+    vkCmdCopyBuffer(commands.buffer(), stage->buffer(), getVkBuffer(), 1, &region);
 
     mUpdatedOffset = byteOffset;
     mUpdatedBytes = numBytes;
@@ -106,16 +92,16 @@ void VulkanBuffer::loadFromCpu(VkCommandBuffer cmdbuf, const void* cpuData, uint
     VkAccessFlags dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT;
     VkPipelineStageFlags dstStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT;
 
-    if (mUsage & VK_BUFFER_USAGE_VERTEX_BUFFER_BIT) {
+    if (getUsage() == VulkanBufferUsage::VERTEX) {
         dstAccessMask |= VK_ACCESS_VERTEX_ATTRIBUTE_READ_BIT;
         dstStageMask |= VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_VERTEX_INPUT_BIT;
-    } else if (mUsage & VK_BUFFER_USAGE_INDEX_BUFFER_BIT) {
+    } else if (getUsage() == VulkanBufferUsage::INDEX) {
         dstAccessMask |= VK_ACCESS_INDEX_READ_BIT;
         dstStageMask |= VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_VERTEX_INPUT_BIT;
-    } else if (mUsage & VK_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BIT) {
+    } else if (getUsage() == VulkanBufferUsage::UNIFORM) {
         dstAccessMask |= VK_ACCESS_SHADER_READ_BIT;
         dstStageMask |= VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT | VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_VERTEX_SHADER_BIT;
-    } else if (mUsage & VK_BUFFER_USAGE_STORAGE_BUFFER_BIT) {
+    } else if (getUsage() == VulkanBufferUsage::SHADER_STORAGE) {
         // TODO: implement me
     }
 
@@ -125,13 +111,21 @@ void VulkanBuffer::loadFromCpu(VkCommandBuffer cmdbuf, const void* cpuData, uint
         .dstAccessMask = dstAccessMask,
         .srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
         .dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
-        .buffer = mGpuBuffer,
+        .buffer = getVkBuffer(),
         .offset = byteOffset,
         .size = numBytes,
     };
 
-    vkCmdPipelineBarrier(cmdbuf, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT, dstStageMask, 0, 0, nullptr, 1,
-            &barrier, 0, nullptr);
+    vkCmdPipelineBarrier(commands.buffer(), VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT, dstStageMask, 0, 0,
+            nullptr, 1, &barrier, 0, nullptr);
 }
 
-} // namespace filament::backend
+VkBuffer VulkanBufferProxy::getVkBuffer() const noexcept {
+    return mBuffer->getGpuBuffer()->vkbuffer;
+}
+
+VulkanBufferUsage VulkanBufferProxy::getUsage() const noexcept {
+    return mBuffer->getGpuBuffer()->usage;
+}
+
+}// namespace filament::backend

filament/backend/src/vulkan/VulkanBufferProxy.h

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#ifndef TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_VULKANBUFFERPROXY_H
+#define TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_VULKANBUFFERPROXY_H
+
+#include "VulkanBufferCache.h"
+#include "VulkanCommands.h"
+#include "VulkanContext.h"
+#include "VulkanMemory.h"
+#include "VulkanStagePool.h"
+
+namespace filament::backend {
+
+// This class acts as a dynamic wrapper for a `VulkanBuffer`. It allows you to modify the
+// `VulkanBuffer` it references at runtime, wihtout affecting any external objects.
+class VulkanBufferProxy {
+public:
+    VulkanBufferProxy(VmaAllocator allocator, VulkanStagePool& stagePool,
+            VulkanBufferCache& bufferCache, VulkanBufferUsage usage, uint32_t numBytes);
+
+    void loadFromCpu(VulkanCommandBuffer& commands, const void* cpuData, uint32_t byteOffset,
+            uint32_t numBytes);
+
+    VkBuffer getVkBuffer() const noexcept;
+
+    VulkanBufferUsage getUsage() const noexcept;
+
+private:
+    VmaAllocator mAllocator;
+    VulkanStagePool& mStagePool;
+    VulkanBufferCache& mBufferCache;
+
+    fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanBuffer> mBuffer;
+    uint32_t mUpdatedOffset = 0;
+    uint32_t mUpdatedBytes = 0;
+};
+
+}// namespace filament::backend
+
+#endif// TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_VULKANBUFFERPROXY_H

filament/backend/src/vulkan/VulkanCommands.cpp

@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ VkSemaphore VulkanCommandBuffer::submit() {
     }
     FVK_LOGI << ") "
              << " signal=" << mSubmission
-             << " fence=" << mFence << utils::io::endl;
+             << " fence=" << mFence;
 #endif
 
     mFenceStatus->setStatus(VK_NOT_READY);
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ VkSemaphore VulkanCommandBuffer::submit() {
 
 #if FVK_ENABLED(FVK_DEBUG_COMMAND_BUFFER)
     if (result != VK_SUCCESS) {
-        FVK_LOGD << "Failed command buffer submission result: " << result << utils::io::endl;
+        FVK_LOGD << "Failed command buffer submission result: " << result;
     }
 #endif
     assert_invariant(result == VK_SUCCESS);
@@ -490,7 +490,7 @@ void VulkanCommands::pushGroupMarker(char const* str, VulkanGroupMarkers::Timest
         mProtectedPool->pushMarker(str, timestamp);
     }
 #if FVK_ENABLED(FVK_DEBUG_PRINT_GROUP_MARKERS)
-    FVK_LOGD << "----> " << str << utils::io::endl;
+    FVK_LOGD << "----> " << str;
 #endif
 }
 
@@ -502,8 +502,7 @@ void VulkanCommands::popGroupMarker() {
     auto const& startTime = ret.second;
     auto const endTime = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
     std::chrono::duration<double> diff = endTime - startTime;
-    FVK_LOGD << "<---- " << marker << " elapsed: " << (diff.count() * 1000) << " ms"
-             << utils::io::endl;
+    FVK_LOGD << "<---- " << marker << " elapsed: " << (diff.count() * 1000) << " ms";
 #else
     mPool->popMarker();
 #endif // FVK_DEBUG_PRINT_GROUP_MARKERS

filament/backend/src/vulkan/VulkanConstants.h

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 #ifndef TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_VULKANCONSTANTS_H
 #define TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_VULKANCONSTANTS_H
 
-#include <utils/Log.h>
+#include <utils/Logger.h>
 
 #include <stdint.h>
 
@@ -73,14 +73,16 @@
 #define FVK_DEBUG_RESOURCE_LEAK           0x00010000
 
 // Set this to enable logging "only" to one output stream. This is useful in the case where we want
-// to debug with print statements and want ordered logging (e.g slog.i and slog.e will not appear in
-// order of calls).
+// to debug with print statements and want ordered logging (e.g LOG(INFO) and LOG(ERROR) will not
+// appear in order of calls).
 #define FVK_DEBUG_FORCE_LOG_TO_I          0x00020000
 
 // Enable a minimal set of traces to assess the performance of the backend.
 // All other debug features must be disabled.
 #define FVK_DEBUG_PROFILING               0x00040000
 
+#define FVK_DEBUG_VULKAN_BUFFER_CACHE     0x00080000
+
 // Useful default combinations
 #define FVK_DEBUG_EVERYTHING              (0xFFFFFFFF & ~FVK_DEBUG_PROFILING)
 #define FVK_DEBUG_PERFORMANCE     \
@@ -172,15 +174,15 @@ static_assert(FVK_ENABLED(FVK_DEBUG_VALIDATION));
 #endif
 
 #if FVK_ENABLED(FVK_DEBUG_FORCE_LOG_TO_I)
-    #define FVK_LOGI (utils::slog.i)
+    #define FVK_LOGI LOG(INFO)
     #define FVK_LOGD FVK_LOGI
     #define FVK_LOGE FVK_LOGI
     #define FVK_LOGW FVK_LOGI
 #else
-    #define FVK_LOGE (utils::slog.e)
-    #define FVK_LOGW (utils::slog.w)
-    #define FVK_LOGD (utils::slog.d)
-    #define FVK_LOGI (utils::slog.i)
+    #define FVK_LOGE LOG(ERROR)
+    #define FVK_LOGW LOG(WARNING)
+    #define FVK_LOGD DLOG(INFO)
+    #define FVK_LOGI LOG(INFO)
 #endif
 
 // All vkCreate* functions take an optional allocator. For now we select the default allocator by

filament/backend/src/vulkan/VulkanContext.h

@@ -71,23 +71,23 @@ struct VulkanRenderPass {
 struct VulkanContext {
 public:
     static uint32_t selectMemoryType(VkPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties const& memoryProperties,
-            uint32_t flags, VkFlags reqs) {
+            uint32_t types, VkFlags reqs) {
         for (uint32_t i = 0; i < VK_MAX_MEMORY_TYPES; i++) {
-            if (flags & 1) {
+            if (types & 1) {
                 if ((memoryProperties.memoryTypes[i].propertyFlags & reqs) == reqs) {
                     return i;
                 }
             }
-            flags >>= 1;
+            types >>= 1;
         }
         return (uint32_t) VK_MAX_MEMORY_TYPES;
     }
 
-    inline uint32_t selectMemoryType(uint32_t flags, VkFlags reqs) const {
+    inline uint32_t selectMemoryType(uint32_t types, VkFlags reqs) const {
         if ((reqs & VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_PROTECTED_BIT) != 0) {
             assert_invariant(isProtectedMemorySupported());
         }
-        return selectMemoryType(mMemoryProperties, flags, reqs);
+        return selectMemoryType(mMemoryProperties, types, reqs);
     }
 
     inline fvkutils::VkFormatList const& getAttachmentDepthStencilFormats() const {

filament/backend/src/vulkan/VulkanDescriptorSetCache.cpp

@@ -320,7 +320,7 @@ void VulkanDescriptorSetCache::updateBuffer(fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanDescri
         uint8_t binding, fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanBufferObject> bufferObject,
         VkDeviceSize offset, VkDeviceSize size) noexcept {
     VkDescriptorBufferInfo const info = {
-        .buffer = bufferObject->buffer.getGpuBuffer(),
+        .buffer = bufferObject->buffer.getVkBuffer(),
         .offset = offset,
         .range = size,
     };

filament/backend/src/vulkan/VulkanDriver.cpp

@@ -19,7 +19,8 @@
 #include "CommandStreamDispatcher.h"
 #include "SystraceProfile.h"
 #include "VulkanAsyncHandles.h"
-#include "VulkanBuffer.h"
+#include "VulkanBufferCache.h"
+#include "VulkanBufferProxy.h"
 #include "VulkanCommands.h"
 #include "VulkanDriverFactory.h"
 #include "VulkanHandles.h"
@@ -84,7 +85,11 @@ VmaAllocator createAllocator(VkInstance instance, VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevic
         .vkGetImageMemoryRequirements2KHR = vkGetImageMemoryRequirements2KHR
 #endif
     };
-    VmaAllocatorCreateInfo const allocatorInfo {
+    VmaAllocatorCreateInfo const allocatorInfo{
+        // Disable the internal VMA synchronization because the backend is singled threaded.
+        // Improve CPU performance when using VMA functions. The backend will guarantee that all
+        // access to VMA is done in a thread safe way.
+        .flags = VMA_ALLOCATOR_CREATE_EXTERNALLY_SYNCHRONIZED_BIT,
         .physicalDevice = physicalDevice,
         .device = device,
         .pVulkanFunctions = &funcs,
@@ -99,15 +104,15 @@ VKAPI_ATTR VkBool32 VKAPI_CALL debugReportCallback(VkDebugReportFlagsEXT flags,
         VkDebugReportObjectTypeEXT objectType, uint64_t object, size_t location,
         int32_t messageCode, const char* pLayerPrefix, const char* pMessage, void* pUserData) {
     if (flags & VK_DEBUG_REPORT_ERROR_BIT_EXT) {
-        FVK_LOGE << "VULKAN ERROR: (" << pLayerPrefix << ") " << pMessage << utils::io::endl;
+        FVK_LOGE << "VULKAN ERROR: (" << pLayerPrefix << ") " << pMessage;
     } else {
         // TODO: emit best practices warnings about aggressive pipeline barriers.
         if (strstr(pMessage, "ALL_GRAPHICS_BIT") || strstr(pMessage, "ALL_COMMANDS_BIT")) {
             return VK_FALSE;
         }
-        FVK_LOGW << "VULKAN WARNING: (" << pLayerPrefix << ") " << pMessage << utils::io::endl;
+        FVK_LOGW << "VULKAN WARNING: (" << pLayerPrefix << ") " << pMessage;
     }
-    FVK_LOGE << utils::io::endl;
+    FVK_LOGE;
     return VK_FALSE;
 }
 #endif // FVK_ENABLED(FVK_DEBUG_VALIDATION)
@@ -117,18 +122,16 @@ VKAPI_ATTR VkBool32 VKAPI_CALL debugUtilsCallback(VkDebugUtilsMessageSeverityFla
         VkDebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT types, const VkDebugUtilsMessengerCallbackDataEXT* cbdata,
         void* pUserData) {
     if (severity & VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_ERROR_BIT_EXT) {
-        FVK_LOGE << "VULKAN ERROR: (" << cbdata->pMessageIdName << ") " << cbdata->pMessage
-                 << utils::io::endl;
+        FVK_LOGE << "VULKAN ERROR: (" << cbdata->pMessageIdName << ") " << cbdata->pMessage;
     } else {
         // TODO: emit best practices warnings about aggressive pipeline barriers.
         if (strstr(cbdata->pMessage, "ALL_GRAPHICS_BIT")
                 || strstr(cbdata->pMessage, "ALL_COMMANDS_BIT")) {
             return VK_FALSE;
         }
-        FVK_LOGW << "VULKAN WARNING: (" << cbdata->pMessageIdName << ") " << cbdata->pMessage
-                 << utils::io::endl;
+        FVK_LOGW << "VULKAN WARNING: (" << cbdata->pMessageIdName << ") " << cbdata->pMessage;
     }
-    FVK_LOGE << utils::io::endl;
+    FVK_LOGE << "";
     return VK_FALSE;
 }
 #endif // FVK_ENABLED(FVK_DEBUG_DEBUG_UTILS)
@@ -209,7 +212,8 @@ VulkanDriver::VulkanDriver(VulkanPlatform* platform, VulkanContext const& contex
               mPlatform->getProtectedGraphicsQueueFamilyIndex(), &mContext),
       mPipelineLayoutCache(mPlatform->getDevice()),
       mPipelineCache(mPlatform->getDevice()),
-      mStagePool(mAllocator, &mCommands),
+      mStagePool(mAllocator, &mResourceManager, &mCommands, &mContext.getPhysicalDeviceLimits()),
+      mBufferCache(context, mResourceManager, mAllocator),
       mFramebufferCache(mPlatform->getDevice()),
       mYcbcrConversionCache(mPlatform->getDevice()),
       mSamplerCache(mPlatform->getDevice()),
@@ -270,20 +274,18 @@ Driver* VulkanDriver::create(VulkanPlatform* platform, VulkanContext const& cont
     //    VulkanRenderTarget            : 312       few
     // -- less than or equal to 312 bytes
 
-    FVK_LOGD
-           << "\nVulkanSwapChain: " << sizeof(VulkanSwapChain)
-           << "\nVulkanBufferObject: " << sizeof(VulkanBufferObject)
-           << "\nVulkanVertexBuffer: " << sizeof(VulkanVertexBuffer)
-           << "\nVulkanVertexBufferInfo: " << sizeof(VulkanVertexBufferInfo)
-           << "\nVulkanIndexBuffer: " << sizeof(VulkanIndexBuffer)
-           << "\nVulkanRenderPrimitive: " << sizeof(VulkanRenderPrimitive)
-           << "\nVulkanTexture: " << sizeof(VulkanTexture)
-           << "\nVulkanTimerQuery: " << sizeof(VulkanTimerQuery)
-           << "\nHwStream: " << sizeof(HwStream)
-           << "\nVulkanRenderTarget: " << sizeof(VulkanRenderTarget)
-           << "\nVulkanFence: " << sizeof(VulkanFence)
-           << "\nVulkanProgram: " << sizeof(VulkanProgram)
-           << utils::io::endl;
+    FVK_LOGD << "VulkanSwapChain: " << sizeof(VulkanSwapChain);
+    FVK_LOGD << "VulkanBufferObject: " << sizeof(VulkanBufferObject);
+    FVK_LOGD << "VulkanVertexBuffer: " << sizeof(VulkanVertexBuffer);
+    FVK_LOGD << "VulkanVertexBufferInfo: " << sizeof(VulkanVertexBufferInfo);
+    FVK_LOGD << "VulkanIndexBuffer: " << sizeof(VulkanIndexBuffer);
+    FVK_LOGD << "VulkanRenderPrimitive: " << sizeof(VulkanRenderPrimitive);
+    FVK_LOGD << "VulkanTexture: " << sizeof(VulkanTexture);
+    FVK_LOGD << "VulkanTimerQuery: " << sizeof(VulkanTimerQuery);
+    FVK_LOGD << "HwStream: " << sizeof(HwStream);
+    FVK_LOGD << "VulkanRenderTarget: " << sizeof(VulkanRenderTarget);
+    FVK_LOGD << "VulkanFence: " << sizeof(VulkanFence);
+    FVK_LOGD << "VulkanProgram: " << sizeof(VulkanProgram);
 #endif
 
     assert_invariant(platform);
@@ -328,7 +330,6 @@ void VulkanDriver::terminate() {
     // descriptorSetLayoutCache
     mExternalImageManager.terminate();
 
-    mStagePool.terminate();
     mPipelineCache.terminate();
     mFramebufferCache.terminate();
     mSamplerCache.terminate();
@@ -339,6 +340,15 @@ void VulkanDriver::terminate() {
     // Before terminating ResourceManager, we must make sure all of the resource_ptrs have been unset.
     mResourceManager.terminate();
 
+    // Must come after `mResourceManager`.
+    // Before terminating the memory pool, we must make sure all the VulkanBufferMemory are yielded
+    // back to the pool.
+    mBufferCache.terminate();
+
+    // Before terminating stagePool, we need all resources to have been
+    // reclaimed, as they perform cleanup within the stage pool.
+    mStagePool.terminate();
+
 #if FVK_ENABLED(FVK_DEBUG_RESOURCE_LEAK)
     mResourceManager.print();
 #endif
@@ -371,6 +381,7 @@ void VulkanDriver::collectGarbage() {
     mCommands.gc();
     mDescriptorSetCache.gc();
     mStagePool.gc();
+    mBufferCache.gc();
     mFramebufferCache.gc();
     mPipelineCache.gc();
 
@@ -514,7 +525,7 @@ void VulkanDriver::createIndexBufferR(Handle<HwIndexBuffer> ibh, ElementType ele
     FVK_SYSTRACE_SCOPE();
     auto elementSize = (uint8_t) getElementTypeSize(elementType);
     auto ib = resource_ptr<VulkanIndexBuffer>::make(&mResourceManager, ibh, mAllocator, mStagePool,
-            elementSize, indexCount);
+            mBufferCache, elementSize, indexCount);
     ib.inc();
 }
 
@@ -531,7 +542,7 @@ void VulkanDriver::createBufferObjectR(Handle<HwBufferObject> boh, uint32_t byte
         BufferObjectBinding bindingType, BufferUsage usage) {
     FVK_SYSTRACE_SCOPE();
     auto bo = resource_ptr<VulkanBufferObject>::make(&mResourceManager, boh, mAllocator, mStagePool,
-            byteCount, bindingType);
+            mBufferCache, byteCount, bindingType);
     bo.inc();
 }
 
@@ -784,14 +795,12 @@ void VulkanDriver::createSwapChainR(Handle<HwSwapChain> sch, void* nativeWindow,
     mResourceManager.gc();
 
     if ((flags & backend::SWAP_CHAIN_CONFIG_SRGB_COLORSPACE) != 0 && !isSRGBSwapChainSupported()) {
-        FVK_LOGW << "sRGB swapchain requested, but Platform does not support it"
-                 << utils::io::endl;
+        FVK_LOGW << "sRGB swapchain requested, but Platform does not support it";
         flags = flags | ~(backend::SWAP_CHAIN_CONFIG_SRGB_COLORSPACE);
     }
     if (flags & backend::SWAP_CHAIN_CONFIG_PROTECTED_CONTENT) {
         if (!isProtectedContentSupported()) {
-            FVK_LOGW << "protected swapchain requested, but Platform does not support it"
-                << utils::io::endl;
+            FVK_LOGW << "protected swapchain requested, but Platform does not support it";
         }
     }
     auto swapChain = resource_ptr<VulkanSwapChain>::make(&mResourceManager, sch, mPlatform,
@@ -802,8 +811,7 @@ void VulkanDriver::createSwapChainR(Handle<HwSwapChain> sch, void* nativeWindow,
 void VulkanDriver::createSwapChainHeadlessR(Handle<HwSwapChain> sch, uint32_t width,
         uint32_t height, uint64_t flags) {
     if ((flags & backend::SWAP_CHAIN_CONFIG_SRGB_COLORSPACE) != 0 && !isSRGBSwapChainSupported()) {
-        FVK_LOGW << "sRGB swapchain requested, but Platform does not support it"
-                      << utils::io::endl;
+        FVK_LOGW << "sRGB swapchain requested, but Platform does not support it";
         flags = flags | ~(backend::SWAP_CHAIN_CONFIG_SRGB_COLORSPACE);
     }
     assert_invariant(width > 0 && height > 0 && "Vulkan requires non-zero swap chain dimensions.");
@@ -1223,7 +1231,7 @@ void VulkanDriver::updateIndexBuffer(Handle<HwIndexBuffer> ibh, BufferDescriptor
     VulkanCommandBuffer& commands = mCommands.get();
     auto ib = resource_ptr<VulkanIndexBuffer>::cast(&mResourceManager, ibh);
     commands.acquire(ib);
-    ib->buffer.loadFromCpu(commands.buffer(), p.buffer, byteOffset, p.size);
+    ib->buffer.loadFromCpu(commands, p.buffer, byteOffset, p.size);
 
     scheduleDestroy(std::move(p));
 }
@@ -1238,7 +1246,7 @@ void VulkanDriver::updateBufferObject(Handle<HwBufferObject> boh, BufferDescript
 
     auto bo = resource_ptr<VulkanBufferObject>::cast(&mResourceManager, boh);
     commands.acquire(bo);
-    bo->buffer.loadFromCpu(commands.buffer(), bd.buffer, byteOffset, bd.size);
+    bo->buffer.loadFromCpu(commands, bd.buffer, byteOffset, bd.size);
 
     scheduleDestroy(std::move(bd));
 }
@@ -1249,7 +1257,7 @@ void VulkanDriver::updateBufferObjectUnsynchronized(Handle<HwBufferObject> boh,
     auto bo = resource_ptr<VulkanBufferObject>::cast(&mResourceManager, boh);
     commands.acquire(bo);
     // TODO: implement unsynchronized version
-    bo->buffer.loadFromCpu(commands.buffer(), bd.buffer, byteOffset, bd.size);
+    bo->buffer.loadFromCpu(commands, bd.buffer, byteOffset, bd.size);
     scheduleDestroy(std::move(bd));
 }
 
@@ -1291,7 +1299,7 @@ TimerQueryResult VulkanDriver::getTimerQueryValue(Handle<HwTimerQuery> tqh, uint
     uint64_t const end = results.endTime;
     if (begin >= end) {
         // TODO: queries might have ran on different command buffers.
-        FVK_LOGW << "Timestamps are not monotonically increasing. " << utils::io::endl;
+        FVK_LOGW << "Timestamps are not monotonically increasing. ";
         *elapsedTime = 0;
         return TimerQueryResult::ERROR;
     }
@@ -1622,8 +1630,8 @@ void VulkanDriver::readPixels(Handle<HwRenderTarget> src, uint32_t x, uint32_t y
     mReadPixels.run(
             srcTarget, x, y, width, height, mPlatform->getGraphicsQueueFamilyIndex(),
             std::move(pbd),
-            [&context = mContext](uint32_t reqs, VkFlags flags) {
-                return context.selectMemoryType(reqs, flags);
+            [&context = mContext](uint32_t types, VkFlags reqs) {
+                return context.selectMemoryType(types, reqs);
             },
             [this](PixelBufferDescriptor&& pbd) {
                 scheduleDestroy(std::move(pbd));
@@ -1898,7 +1906,7 @@ void VulkanDriver::bindRenderPrimitive(Handle<HwRenderPrimitive> rph) {
     // avoid rebinding these if they are already bound, but since we do not (yet) support subranges
     // it would be rare for a client to make consecutive draw calls with the same render primitive.
     vkCmdBindVertexBuffers(cmdbuffer, 0, bufferCount, buffers, offsets);
-    vkCmdBindIndexBuffer(cmdbuffer, prim->indexBuffer->buffer.getGpuBuffer(), 0,
+    vkCmdBindIndexBuffer(cmdbuffer, prim->indexBuffer->buffer.getVkBuffer(), 0,
             prim->indexBuffer->indexType);
 }
 
@@ -2029,7 +2037,7 @@ void VulkanDriver::debugCommandBegin(CommandStream* cmds, bool synchronous, cons
         assert_invariant(inRenderPass);
         inRenderPass = false;
     } else if (inRenderPass && OUTSIDE_COMMANDS.find(command) != OUTSIDE_COMMANDS.end()) {
-        FVK_LOGE << command.data() << " issued inside a render pass." << utils::io::endl;
+        FVK_LOGE << command.data() << " issued inside a render pass.";
     }
 #endif
 }

filament/backend/src/vulkan/VulkanDriver.h

@@ -18,15 +18,17 @@
 #define TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_VULKANDRIVER_H
 
 #include "VulkanBlitter.h"
+#include "VulkanBufferCache.h"
 #include "VulkanConstants.h"
 #include "VulkanContext.h"
 #include "VulkanFboCache.h"
 #include "VulkanHandles.h"
+#include "VulkanMemory.h"
 #include "VulkanPipelineCache.h"
+#include "VulkanQueryManager.h"
 #include "VulkanReadPixels.h"
 #include "VulkanSamplerCache.h"
 #include "VulkanStagePool.h"
-#include "VulkanQueryManager.h"
 #include "VulkanYcbcrConversionCache.h"
 #include "vulkan/VulkanDescriptorSetCache.h"
 #include "vulkan/VulkanDescriptorSetLayoutCache.h"
@@ -138,6 +140,7 @@ private:
     VulkanPipelineLayoutCache mPipelineLayoutCache;
     VulkanPipelineCache mPipelineCache;
     VulkanStagePool mStagePool;
+    VulkanBufferCache mBufferCache;
     VulkanFboCache mFramebufferCache;
     VulkanYcbcrConversionCache mYcbcrConversionCache;
     VulkanSamplerCache mSamplerCache;

filament/backend/src/vulkan/VulkanFboCache.cpp

@@ -100,8 +100,7 @@ VkFramebuffer VulkanFboCache::getFramebuffer(FboKey const& config) noexcept {
         << "for render pass " << config.renderPass << ", "
         << "samples = " << int(config.samples) << ", "
         << "depth = " << (config.depth ? 1 : 0) << ", "
-        << "attachmentCount = " << attachmentCount
-        << utils::io::endl;
+        << "attachmentCount = " << attachmentCount;
     #endif
 
     VkFramebufferCreateInfo info {
@@ -341,8 +340,7 @@ VkRenderPass VulkanFboCache::getRenderPass(RenderPassKey const& config) noexcept
              << "needsResolveMask = " << int(config.needsResolveMask) << ", "
              << "usesLazilyAllocatedMemory = " << int(config.usesLazilyAllocatedMemory) << ", "
              << "viewCount = " << int(config.viewCount) << ", "
-             << "colorAttachmentCount[0] = " << subpasses[0].colorAttachmentCount
-             << utils::io::endl;
+             << "colorAttachmentCount[0] = " << subpasses[0].colorAttachmentCount;
 #endif
 
     return renderPass;

filament/backend/src/vulkan/VulkanHandles.cpp

@@ -287,7 +287,7 @@ VulkanProgram::VulkanProgram(VkDevice device, Program const& builder) noexcept
 
 #if FVK_ENABLED(FVK_DEBUG_SHADER_MODULE)
     FVK_LOGD << "Created VulkanProgram " << builder << ", shaders = (" << modules[0]
-             << ", " << modules[1] << ")" << utils::io::endl;
+             << ", " << modules[1] << ")";
 #endif
 }
 
@@ -583,22 +583,22 @@ void VulkanVertexBuffer::setBuffer(fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanBufferObject> b
     int8_t const* const attribToBuffer = vbi->getAttributeToBuffer();
     for (uint8_t attribIndex = 0; attribIndex < count; attribIndex++) {
         if (attribToBuffer[attribIndex] == static_cast<int8_t>(index)) {
-            vkbuffers[attribIndex] = bufferObject->buffer.getGpuBuffer();
+            vkbuffers[attribIndex] = bufferObject->buffer.getVkBuffer();
         }
     }
     mResources.push_back(bufferObject);
 }
 
 VulkanBufferObject::VulkanBufferObject(VmaAllocator allocator, VulkanStagePool& stagePool,
-        uint32_t byteCount, BufferObjectBinding bindingType)
+        VulkanBufferCache& bufferCache, uint32_t byteCount, BufferObjectBinding bindingType)
     : HwBufferObject(byteCount),
-      buffer(allocator, stagePool, getBufferObjectUsage(bindingType), byteCount),
+      buffer(allocator, stagePool, bufferCache, getBufferObjectUsage(bindingType), byteCount),
       bindingType(bindingType) {}
 
 VulkanRenderPrimitive::VulkanRenderPrimitive(PrimitiveType pt,
         fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanVertexBuffer> vb,
         fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanIndexBuffer> ib)
-    : HwRenderPrimitive{.type = pt},
+    : HwRenderPrimitive{ .type = pt },
       vertexBuffer(vb),
       indexBuffer(ib) {}
 

filament/backend/src/vulkan/VulkanHandles.h

@@ -21,20 +21,21 @@
 #include "DriverBase.h"
 
 #include "VulkanAsyncHandles.h"
-#include "VulkanBuffer.h"
+#include "VulkanBufferCache.h"
+#include "VulkanBufferProxy.h"
 #include "VulkanFboCache.h"
 #include "VulkanSwapChain.h"
 #include "VulkanTexture.h"
 #include "vulkan/memory/Resource.h"
-#include "vulkan/utils/StaticVector.h"
 #include "vulkan/utils/Definitions.h"
+#include "vulkan/utils/StaticVector.h"
 
 #include <backend/Program.h>
 
-#include <utils/bitset.h>
 #include <utils/FixedCapacityVector.h>
 #include <utils/Mutex.h>
 #include <utils/StructureOfArrays.h>
+#include <utils/bitset.h>
 
 #include <array>
 
@@ -428,21 +429,22 @@ private:
 };
 
 struct VulkanIndexBuffer : public HwIndexBuffer, fvkmemory::Resource {
-    VulkanIndexBuffer(VmaAllocator allocator, VulkanStagePool& stagePool, uint8_t elementSize,
-            uint32_t indexCount)
+    VulkanIndexBuffer(VmaAllocator allocator, VulkanStagePool& stagePool,
+            VulkanBufferCache& bufferCache, uint8_t elementSize, uint32_t indexCount)
         : HwIndexBuffer(elementSize, indexCount),
-          buffer(allocator, stagePool, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_INDEX_BUFFER_BIT, elementSize * indexCount),
+          buffer(allocator, stagePool, bufferCache, VulkanBufferUsage::INDEX,
+                  elementSize * indexCount),
           indexType(elementSize == 2 ? VK_INDEX_TYPE_UINT16 : VK_INDEX_TYPE_UINT32) {}
 
-    VulkanBuffer buffer;
+    VulkanBufferProxy buffer;
     const VkIndexType indexType;
 };
 
 struct VulkanBufferObject : public HwBufferObject, fvkmemory::Resource {
-    VulkanBufferObject(VmaAllocator allocator, VulkanStagePool& stagePool, uint32_t byteCount,
-            BufferObjectBinding bindingType);
+    VulkanBufferObject(VmaAllocator allocator, VulkanStagePool& stagePool,
+            VulkanBufferCache& bufferCache, uint32_t byteCount, BufferObjectBinding bindingType);
 
-    VulkanBuffer buffer;
+    VulkanBufferProxy buffer;
     const BufferObjectBinding bindingType;
 };
 
@@ -455,18 +457,19 @@ struct VulkanRenderPrimitive : public HwRenderPrimitive, fvkmemory::Resource {
     fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanIndexBuffer> indexBuffer;
 };
 
-inline constexpr VkBufferUsageFlagBits getBufferObjectUsage(
-        BufferObjectBinding bindingType) noexcept {
-    switch(bindingType) {
+inline constexpr VulkanBufferUsage getBufferObjectUsage(BufferObjectBinding bindingType) noexcept {
+    switch (bindingType) {
         case BufferObjectBinding::VERTEX:
-            return VK_BUFFER_USAGE_VERTEX_BUFFER_BIT;
+            return VulkanBufferUsage::VERTEX;
         case BufferObjectBinding::UNIFORM:
-            return VK_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BIT;
+            return VulkanBufferUsage::UNIFORM;
         case BufferObjectBinding::SHADER_STORAGE:
-            return VK_BUFFER_USAGE_STORAGE_BUFFER_BIT;
-        // when adding more buffer-types here, make sure to update VulkanBuffer::loadFromCpu()
-        // if necessary.
+            return VulkanBufferUsage::SHADER_STORAGE;
+            // when adding more buffer-types here, make sure to update VulkanBuffer::loadFromCpu()
+            // if necessary.
     }
+
+    return VulkanBufferUsage::UNKNOWN;
 }
 
 } // namespace filament::backend

filament/backend/src/vulkan/VulkanMemory.h

@@ -37,4 +37,24 @@ VK_DEFINE_HANDLE(VmaAllocator)
 VK_DEFINE_HANDLE(VmaAllocation)
 VK_DEFINE_HANDLE(VmaPool)
 
+namespace filament::backend {
+
+enum class VulkanBufferUsage : uint8_t {
+    UNKNOWN,
+    VERTEX,
+    INDEX,
+    UNIFORM,
+    SHADER_STORAGE,
+};
+
+struct VulkanGpuBuffer {
+    VkBuffer vkbuffer = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+    VmaAllocation vmaAllocation = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+    VmaAllocationInfo allocationInfo;
+    uint32_t numBytes = 0;
+    VulkanBufferUsage usage = VulkanBufferUsage::UNKNOWN;
+};
+
+} // namespace filament::backend
+
 #endif // TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_VULKANMEMORY_H

filament/backend/src/vulkan/VulkanPipelineCache.cpp

@@ -218,8 +218,7 @@ VulkanPipelineCache::PipelineCacheEntry* VulkanPipelineCache::createPipeline() n
 
     #if FVK_ENABLED(FVK_DEBUG_SHADER_MODULE)
         FVK_LOGD << "vkCreateGraphicsPipelines with shaders = ("
-                 << shaderStages[0].module << ", " << shaderStages[1].module << ")"
-                 << utils::io::endl;
+                 << shaderStages[0].module << ", " << shaderStages[1].module << ")";
     #endif
     PipelineCacheEntry cacheEntry = {
         .lastUsed = mCurrentTime,
@@ -228,7 +227,7 @@ VulkanPipelineCache::PipelineCacheEntry* VulkanPipelineCache::createPipeline() n
             VKALLOC, &cacheEntry.handle);
     assert_invariant(error == VK_SUCCESS);
     if (error != VK_SUCCESS) {
-        FVK_LOGE << "vkCreateGraphicsPipelines error " << error << utils::io::endl;
+        FVK_LOGE << "vkCreateGraphicsPipelines error " << error;
         return nullptr;
     }
     return &mPipelines.emplace(mPipelineRequirements, cacheEntry).first.value();
@@ -242,7 +241,7 @@ void VulkanPipelineCache::bindProgram(fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanProgram> pro
 #if FVK_ENABLED(FVK_DEBUG_SHADER_MODULE)
     if (mPipelineRequirements.shaders[0] == VK_NULL_HANDLE ||
             mPipelineRequirements.shaders[1] == VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
-        FVK_LOGE << "Binding missing shader: " << program->name.c_str() << utils::io::endl;
+        FVK_LOGE << "Binding missing shader: " << program->name.c_str();
     }
 #endif
 }

filament/backend/src/vulkan/VulkanQueryManager.cpp

@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanTimerQuery> VulkanQueryManager::getNextQuery(
         fvkmemory::ResourceManager* resourceManager) {
     auto unused = ~mUsed;
     if (unused.empty()) {
-        FVK_LOGE << "More than " << mUsed.size() << " timers are not supported." << utils::io::endl;
+        FVK_LOGE << "More than " << mUsed.size() << " timers are not supported.";
         return {};
     }
 

filament/backend/src/vulkan/VulkanReadPixels.cpp

@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ void VulkanReadPixels::run(fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanRenderTarget> srcTarget
         mTaskHandler = std::make_unique<TaskHandler>();
     }
 
-    VkCommandPool& cmdpool = mCommandPool;
+    VkCommandPool const cmdpool = mCommandPool;
 
     fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanTexture> srcTexture = srcTarget->getColor0().texture;
     assert_invariant(srcTexture);
@@ -152,17 +152,17 @@ void VulkanReadPixels::run(fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanRenderTarget> srcTarget
             = srcFormat == VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM || srcFormat == VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_SRGB;
 
     // Create a host visible, linearly tiled image as a staging area.
-    VkImageCreateInfo const imageInfo{
-            .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_CREATE_INFO,
-            .imageType = VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D,
-            .format = srcFormat,
-            .extent = {width, height, 1},
-            .mipLevels = 1,
-            .arrayLayers = 1,
-            .samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT,
-            .tiling = VK_IMAGE_TILING_LINEAR,
-            .usage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT,
-            .initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED,
+    VkImageCreateInfo const imageInfo = {
+        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_CREATE_INFO,
+        .imageType = VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D,
+        .format = srcFormat,
+        .extent = { width, height, 1 },
+        .mipLevels = 1,
+        .arrayLayers = 1,
+        .samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT,
+        .tiling = VK_IMAGE_TILING_LINEAR,
+        .usage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT,
+        .initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED,
     };
 
     VkImage stagingImage;
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ void VulkanReadPixels::run(fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanRenderTarget> srcTarget
 #if FVK_ENABLED(FVK_DEBUG_READ_PIXELS)
     FVK_LOGD << "readPixels created image=" << stagingImage
              << " to copy from image=" << srcTexture->getVkImage()
-             << " src-layout=" << srcTexture->getLayout(0, 0) << utils::io::endl;
+             << " src-layout=" << srcTexture->getLayout(0, 0);
 #endif
 
     VkMemoryRequirements memReqs;
@@ -188,28 +188,27 @@ void VulkanReadPixels::run(fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanRenderTarget> srcTarget
         memoryTypeIndex = selectMemoryFunc(memReqs.memoryTypeBits,
                 VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT);
         FVK_LOGW
-                << "readPixels is slow because VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_CACHED_BIT is not available"
-                << utils::io::endl;
+                << "readPixels is slow because VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_CACHED_BIT is not available";
     }
 
     FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(memoryTypeIndex < VK_MAX_MEMORY_TYPES)
             << "VulkanReadPixels: unable to find a memory type that meets requirements.";
 
     VkMemoryAllocateInfo const allocInfo = {
-            .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_ALLOCATE_INFO,
-            .allocationSize = memReqs.size,
-            .memoryTypeIndex = memoryTypeIndex,
+        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_ALLOCATE_INFO,
+        .allocationSize = memReqs.size,
+        .memoryTypeIndex = memoryTypeIndex,
     };
 
     vkAllocateMemory(device, &allocInfo, VKALLOC, &stagingMemory);
     vkBindImageMemory(device, stagingImage, stagingMemory, 0);
 
     VkCommandBuffer cmdbuffer;
-    VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo const allocateInfo{
-            .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_ALLOCATE_INFO,
-            .commandPool = cmdpool,
-            .level = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY,
-            .commandBufferCount = 1,
+    VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo const allocateInfo = {
+        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_ALLOCATE_INFO,
+        .commandPool = cmdpool,
+        .level = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY,
+        .commandBufferCount = 1,
     };
     vkAllocateCommandBuffers(device, &allocateInfo, &cmdbuffer);
 
@@ -304,9 +303,8 @@ void VulkanReadPixels::run(fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanRenderTarget> srcTarget
                                  cmdpool, cmdbuffer, pUserBuffer,
                                  fence = readCompleteFence]() mutable {
         VkResult status = vkWaitForFences(device, 1, &fence, VK_TRUE, UINT64_MAX);
-        // Fence hasn't been reached. Try waiting again.
         if (status != VK_SUCCESS) {
-            FVK_LOGE << "Failed to wait for readPixels fence" << utils::io::endl;
+            FVK_LOGE << "Failed to wait for readPixels fence";
             return;
         }
 
@@ -324,7 +322,7 @@ void VulkanReadPixels::run(fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanRenderTarget> srcTarget
                     fvkutils::getComponentCount(srcFormat), srcPixels,
                     static_cast<int>(subResourceLayout.rowPitch), static_cast<int>(width),
                     static_cast<int>(height), swizzle)) {
-            FVK_LOGE << "Unsupported PixelDataFormat or PixelDataType" << utils::io::endl;
+            FVK_LOGE << "Unsupported PixelDataFormat or PixelDataType";
         }
 
         vkUnmapMemory(device, stagingMemory);

filament/backend/src/vulkan/VulkanStagePool.cpp

@@ -28,46 +28,111 @@ static constexpr uint32_t TIME_BEFORE_EVICTION = 3;
 
 namespace filament::backend {
 
-VulkanStagePool::VulkanStagePool(VmaAllocator allocator, VulkanCommands* commands)
-    : mAllocator(allocator),
-      mCommands(commands) {}
+namespace {
 
-VulkanStage const* VulkanStagePool::acquireStage(uint32_t numBytes) {
-    // First check if a stage exists whose capacity is greater than or equal to the requested size.
-    auto iter = mFreeStages.lower_bound(numBytes);
-    if (iter != mFreeStages.end()) {
-        auto stage = iter->second;
-        mFreeStages.erase(iter);
-        stage->lastAccessed = mCurrentFrame;
-        mUsedStages.push_back(stage);
-        return stage;
-    }
-    // We were not able to find a sufficiently large stage, so create a new one.
-    VulkanStage* stage = new VulkanStage({
-        .memory = VK_NULL_HANDLE,
-        .buffer = VK_NULL_HANDLE,
-        .capacity = numBytes,
-        .lastAccessed = mCurrentFrame,
+// Note: these are temporary values, they will be configurable.
+static constexpr uint32_t MAX_EMPTY_STAGES_TO_RETAIN = 1;
+constexpr uint32_t STAGE_SIZE = 1048576;
+
+}// namespace
+
+fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanStage::Segment> VulkanStage::acquireSegment(
+        fvkmemory::ResourceManager* resManager, uint32_t numBytes) {
+    auto segment = fvkmemory::resource_ptr<Segment>::construct(
+        resManager, this, numBytes, mCurrentOffset, [this](uint32_t offset) {
+            mSegments.erase(offset);
     });
+    mSegments.insert({mCurrentOffset, segment.get()});
+    mCurrentOffset += numBytes;
+    return segment;
+}
 
-    // Create the VkBuffer.
-    mUsedStages.push_back(stage);
-    VkBufferCreateInfo bufferInfo {
+VulkanStagePool::VulkanStagePool(VmaAllocator allocator, fvkmemory::ResourceManager* resManager,
+        VulkanCommands* commands, const VkPhysicalDeviceLimits* deviceLimits)
+    : mAllocator(allocator),
+      mResManager(resManager),
+      mCommands(commands),
+      mDeviceLimits(deviceLimits) {}
+
+fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanStage::Segment> VulkanStagePool::acquireStage(uint32_t numBytes) {
+    // Apply alignment to the byte count to ensure that, when we later flush
+    // data written by the host, we only flush the atoms that we modified, and
+    // no adjacent atoms.
+    numBytes = alignToNonCoherentAtomSize(numBytes);
+
+    // First check if a stage segment exists whose capacity is greater than or
+    // equal to the requested size.
+    auto iter = mStages.lower_bound(numBytes);
+
+    VulkanStage* pStage;
+    if (iter != mStages.end()) {
+        pStage = iter->second;
+        mStages.erase(iter);
+    } else {
+        pStage = allocateNewStage(std::max(numBytes, STAGE_SIZE));
+    }
+
+    // Note: this allocation updates `currentOffset` and `segments` within
+    // the parent stage. When destroyed, it will update `segments`.
+    fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanStage::Segment> pSegment = pStage->acquireSegment(mResManager, numBytes);
+
+    // Update the stage's metadata, and reinsert it with the remaining segment
+    // capacity.
+    uint32_t spaceRemaining = pStage->capacity() - pStage->currentOffset();
+    mStages.insert({ spaceRemaining, pStage });
+
+    return pSegment;
+}
+
+uint32_t VulkanStagePool::alignToNonCoherentAtomSize(uint32_t bytes) {
+    VkDeviceSize alignment = mDeviceLimits->nonCoherentAtomSize;
+    if (alignment == 0) {
+        return bytes;
+    }
+
+    uint32_t remainder = bytes % alignment;
+    return remainder == 0 ? bytes : bytes + (alignment - remainder);
+}
+
+VulkanStage* VulkanStagePool::allocateNewStage(uint32_t capacity) {
+    VkBufferCreateInfo bufferInfo{
         .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO,
-        .size = numBytes,
+        .size = alignToNonCoherentAtomSize(capacity),
         .usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT,
     };
     VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocInfo { .usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_CPU_ONLY };
-    UTILS_UNUSED_IN_RELEASE VkResult result = vmaCreateBuffer(mAllocator, &bufferInfo,
-            &allocInfo, &stage->buffer, &stage->memory, nullptr);
+    VkBuffer buffer;
+    VmaAllocation memory;
+    VkResult result =
+            vmaCreateBuffer(mAllocator, &bufferInfo, &allocInfo, &buffer, &memory, nullptr);
 
 #if FVK_ENABLED(FVK_DEBUG_STAGING_ALLOCATION)
     if (result != VK_SUCCESS) {
-        FVK_LOGE << "Allocation error: " << result << utils::io::endl;
+        FVK_LOGE << "Allocation error: " << result;
+    } else {
+        FVK_LOGD << "Allocated stage with hndl " << buffer;
     }
 #endif
 
-    return stage;
+    void* pMapping = nullptr;
+    if (result == VK_SUCCESS) {
+        result = vmaMapMemory(mAllocator, memory, &pMapping);
+
+#if FVK_ENABLED(FVK_DEBUG_STAGING_ALLOCATION)
+        if (result != VK_SUCCESS) {
+            FVK_LOGE << "Memory mapping erryr: " << result << utils::io::endl;
+        }
+#endif
+    }
+
+    return new VulkanStage(memory, buffer, capacity, pMapping);
+}
+
+void VulkanStagePool::destroyStage(VulkanStage const*&& stage) {
+    assert(stage->isSafeToReset());  // Ensure all segments have been reset already.
+    vmaUnmapMemory(mAllocator, stage->memory());
+    vmaDestroyBuffer(mAllocator, stage->buffer(), stage->memory());
+    delete stage;
 }
 
 VulkanStageImage const* VulkanStagePool::acquireImage(PixelDataFormat format, PixelDataType type,
@@ -141,27 +206,34 @@ void VulkanStagePool::gc() noexcept {
     }
     const uint64_t evictionTime = mCurrentFrame - TIME_BEFORE_EVICTION;
 
-    // Destroy buffers that have not been used for several frames.
-    decltype(mFreeStages) freeStages;
-    freeStages.swap(mFreeStages);
-    for (auto pair : freeStages) {
-        if (pair.second->lastAccessed < evictionTime) {
-            vmaDestroyBuffer(mAllocator, pair.second->buffer, pair.second->memory);
-            delete pair.second;
-        } else {
-            mFreeStages.insert(pair);
-        }
-    }
+    decltype(mStages) freeStages;
+    freeStages.swap(mStages);
+    uint8_t freeStageCount = 0;  // Assuming we'll never have > 255 free stages
+    for (auto& pair : freeStages) {
+        // First, find any stages that have no segments within them.
+        if (pair.second->isSafeToReset()) {
+            if (++freeStageCount > MAX_EMPTY_STAGES_TO_RETAIN) {
+#if FVK_ENABLED(FVK_DEBUG_STAGING_ALLOCATION)
+                FVK_LOGD << "Destroying a staging buffer with hndl " << pair.second->buffer()
+                         << utils::io::endl;
+#endif
+                destroyStage(std::move(pair.second));
+                continue;
+            }
 
-    // Reclaim buffers that are no longer being used by any command buffer.
-    decltype(mUsedStages) usedStages;
-    usedStages.swap(mUsedStages);
-    for (auto stage : usedStages) {
-        if (stage->lastAccessed < evictionTime) {
-            stage->lastAccessed = mCurrentFrame;
-            mFreeStages.insert(std::make_pair(stage->capacity, stage));
+#if FVK_ENABLED(FVK_DEBUG_STAGING_ALLOCATION)
+            if (pair.first == 0) {
+                FVK_LOGD << "Recycling an unused staging buffer with hndl " << pair.second->buffer()
+                         << utils::io::endl;
+            }
+#endif
+
+            // Note - this segment is free, make sure the structure is cleared
+            // and reinsert it into our free stage list.
+            pair.second->reset();
+            mStages.insert({ pair.second->capacity(), pair.second });
         } else {
-            mUsedStages.push_back(stage);
+            mStages.insert(pair);
         }
     }
 
@@ -192,17 +264,10 @@ void VulkanStagePool::gc() noexcept {
 }
 
 void VulkanStagePool::terminate() noexcept {
-    for (auto stage : mUsedStages) {
-        vmaDestroyBuffer(mAllocator, stage->buffer, stage->memory);
-        delete stage;
+    for (auto& pair : mStages) {
+        destroyStage(std::move(pair.second));
     }
-    mUsedStages.clear();
-
-    for (auto pair : mFreeStages) {
-        vmaDestroyBuffer(mAllocator, pair.second->buffer, pair.second->memory);
-        delete pair.second;
-    }
-    mFreeStages.clear();
+    mStages.clear();
 
     for (auto image : mUsedImages) {
         vmaDestroyImage(mAllocator, image->image, image->memory);

filament/backend/src/vulkan/VulkanStagePool.h

@@ -17,8 +17,11 @@
 #ifndef TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_VULKANSTAGEPOOL_H
 #define TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_VULKANSTAGEPOOL_H
 
-#include "backend/DriverEnums.h"
 #include "VulkanMemory.h"
+#include "backend/DriverEnums.h"
+#include "vulkan/memory/Resource.h"
+#include "vulkan/memory/ResourceManager.h"
+#include "vulkan/memory/ResourcePointer.h"
 
 #include <map>
 #include <unordered_set>
@@ -28,12 +31,96 @@ namespace filament::backend {
 
 class VulkanCommands;
 
-// Immutable POD representing a shared CPU-GPU staging area.
-struct VulkanStage {
-    VmaAllocation memory;
-    VkBuffer buffer;
-    uint32_t capacity;
-    mutable uint64_t lastAccessed;
+// Object representing a shared CPU-GPU staging area, which can be subdivided
+// into smaller buffers as needed.
+class VulkanStage {
+public:
+    VulkanStage(VmaAllocation memory, VkBuffer buffer, uint32_t capacity, void* mapping)
+        : mMemory(memory),
+          mBuffer(buffer),
+          mCapacity(capacity),
+          mMapping(mapping) {}
+
+    ~VulkanStage() = default;
+    VulkanStage(const VulkanStage& other) = delete;
+    VulkanStage(VulkanStage&& other) = delete;
+    VulkanStage& operator=(const VulkanStage& other) = delete;
+    VulkanStage& operator=(VulkanStage&& other) = delete;
+
+    class Segment : public fvkmemory::Resource {
+    public:
+        using OnRecycle = std::function<void(uint32_t offset)>;
+
+        Segment(VulkanStage* parentStage, uint32_t capacity, uint32_t offset,
+                OnRecycle&& onRecycleFn)
+            : mParentStage(parentStage),
+              mCapacity(capacity),
+              mOffset(offset),
+              mOnRecycleFn(onRecycleFn) {}
+
+        ~Segment() {
+            if (mOnRecycleFn) {
+                mOnRecycleFn(offset());
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Should not be copying this around.
+        Segment(const Segment& other) = delete;
+        Segment(Segment&& other) = delete;
+        Segment& operator=(const Segment& other) = delete;
+        Segment& operator=(Segment&& other) = delete;
+
+        inline VulkanStage* parentStage() const { return mParentStage; }
+        inline VkBuffer buffer() const { return parentStage()->buffer(); }
+        inline VmaAllocation memory() const { return parentStage()->memory(); }
+        inline uint32_t capacity() const { return mCapacity; }
+        inline uint32_t offset() const { return mOffset; }
+
+        inline void* mapping() const {
+            return reinterpret_cast<void*>(
+                    reinterpret_cast<char*>(mParentStage->mapping()) + offset());
+        }
+
+    private:
+        // Ensure parent class can access the terminate method.
+        friend class VulkanStage;
+
+        VulkanStage* const mParentStage;
+        const uint32_t mCapacity;
+        const uint32_t mOffset;
+        OnRecycle mOnRecycleFn;
+    };
+
+    inline VmaAllocation memory() const { return mMemory; }
+    inline VkBuffer buffer() const { return mBuffer; }
+    inline uint32_t capacity() const { return mCapacity; }
+    inline void* mapping() const { return mMapping; }
+
+    inline uint32_t currentOffset() { return mCurrentOffset; }
+
+    inline bool isSafeToReset() const { return mSegments.empty(); }
+
+    inline void reset() { mCurrentOffset = 0; }
+
+    // Marks a region of the block as "in-use", and provides information about
+    // the allocated region to the caller. Note: this assumes that numBytes
+    // is aligned to the physical device's nonCoherentAtomSize.
+    fvkmemory::resource_ptr<Segment> acquireSegment(fvkmemory::ResourceManager* resManager,
+            uint32_t numBytes);
+
+private:
+    const VmaAllocation mMemory;
+    const VkBuffer mBuffer;
+    const uint32_t mCapacity;
+
+    void* mMapping;
+
+    uint32_t mCurrentOffset = 0;
+
+    // Maps the start offset of a vulkan stage block to the stage block,
+    // for easy deletions later. This is managed by the blocks themselves, in an
+    // RAII pattern, during construction and destruction.
+    std::unordered_map<uint32_t, Segment*> mSegments;
 };
 
 struct VulkanStageImage {
@@ -49,11 +136,15 @@ struct VulkanStageImage {
 // This class manages two types of host-mappable staging areas: buffer stages and image stages.
 class VulkanStagePool {
 public:
-    VulkanStagePool(VmaAllocator allocator, VulkanCommands* commands);
+    VulkanStagePool(VmaAllocator allocator, fvkmemory::ResourceManager* resManager,
+            VulkanCommands* commands, const VkPhysicalDeviceLimits* deviceLimits);
 
-    // Finds or creates a stage whose capacity is at least the given number of bytes.
-    // The stage is automatically released back to the pool after TIME_BEFORE_EVICTION frames.
-    VulkanStage const* acquireStage(uint32_t numBytes);
+    // Finds or creates a stage block whose capacity is at least the given
+    // number of bytes. Internally, creates and manages and subdivides large
+    // buffers so that we have less objects around that we have to keep track
+    // of.
+    // This function is NOT thread-safe.
+    fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanStage::Segment> acquireStage(uint32_t numBytes);
 
     // Images have VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_GENERAL and must not be transitioned to any other layout
     VulkanStageImage const* acquireImage(PixelDataFormat format, PixelDataType type,
@@ -64,17 +155,37 @@ public:
 
     // Destroys all unused stages and asserts that there are no stages currently in use.
     // This should be called while the context's VkDevice is still alive.
+    // Note: it is expected that all resources have been reclaimed before this
+    // is called. It is also expected that this stage pool does not hold any
+    // resource_ptrs, as this would lead to undefined behavior.
     void terminate() noexcept;
 
 private:
     VmaAllocator mAllocator;
+    fvkmemory::ResourceManager* mResManager;
     VulkanCommands* mCommands;
+    const VkPhysicalDeviceLimits* mDeviceLimits;
+
+    // Takes a number of bytes, and aligns it to the non-coherent atom size.
+    // This allows us to ensure that when we flush buffers from the host, we
+    // never flush more atoms than we need to.
+    uint32_t alignToNonCoherentAtomSize(uint32_t numBytes);
+
+    // Allocates a new stage buffer, and optionally subdivides it into stage
+    // blocks. If subdivideBlocks is true, predefined divisions will be used.
+    // Otherwise, it's expected that capacity is defined to a value, and that
+    // is the size that will be used for the buffer (as well as the only block
+    // being created).
+    VulkanStage* allocateNewStage(uint32_t capacity);
+
+    // Performs any bookkeeping required to delete a VulkanStage object; namely,
+    // unmapping memory, freeing the allocation, and deleting the VulkanStage
+    // object. Note: takes an r-value because after this call, `stage` won't
+    // exist.
+    void destroyStage(VulkanStage const*&& stage);
 
     // Use an ordered multimap for quick (capacity => stage) lookups using lower_bound().
-    std::multimap<uint32_t, VulkanStage const*> mFreeStages;
-
-    // Simple unordered set for stashing a list of in-use stages that can be reclaimed later.
-    std::vector<VulkanStage const*> mUsedStages;
+    std::multimap<uint32_t, VulkanStage*> mStages;
 
     std::unordered_set<VulkanStageImage const*> mFreeImages;
     std::vector<VulkanStageImage const*> mUsedImages;

filament/backend/src/vulkan/VulkanTexture.cpp

@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
 #include <backend/DriverEnums.h>
 #include <private/backend/BackendUtils.h>
 
+#include <utils/compiler.h>
 #include <utils/Panic.h>
 
 using namespace bluevk;
@@ -187,8 +188,8 @@ VkImageUsageFlags getUsage(VulkanContext const& context, uint8_t samples,
             VkFormatProperties props;
             vkGetPhysicalDeviceFormatProperties(physicalDevice, vkFormat, &props);
             if (!(props.optimalTilingFeatures & VK_FORMAT_FEATURE_SAMPLED_IMAGE_BIT)) {
-                FVK_LOGW << "Texture usage is SAMPLEABLE but format " << vkFormat << " is not "
-                        "sampleable with optimal tiling." << utils::io::endl;
+                FVK_LOGW << "Texture usage is SAMPLEABLE but format " << vkFormat
+                         << " is not sampleable with optimal tiling.";
             }
         }
 #endif
@@ -218,6 +219,40 @@ VkImageUsageFlags getUsage(VulkanContext const& context, uint8_t samples,
     return usage;
 }
 
+void adjustedMemcpy(void* mapped, PixelBufferDescriptor const& p, size_t width, size_t height,
+        size_t depth) {
+    uint8_t* buf = (uint8_t*) p.buffer;
+    size_t const pixelSize = PixelBufferDescriptor::computeDataSize(p.format, p.type, 1, 1, 1);
+    size_t const pbdStride = p.stride ? p.stride : width;
+
+    // Slow path of copying row by row
+    assert_invariant(pbdStride >= width);
+    if (UTILS_UNLIKELY(p.left > 0 || p.top > 0 || pbdStride > width)) {
+        size_t const pbdRowSize =
+                PixelBufferDescriptor::computeDataSize(p.format, p.type, pbdStride, 1, p.alignment);
+        size_t const pbdHeight = p.size / pixelSize / pbdStride / depth;
+        size_t const pbdLayerSize = pbdRowSize * pbdHeight;
+
+        size_t const rowSize = width * pixelSize;
+        size_t const layerSize = width * height * pixelSize;
+
+        // Size of a row to write
+        size_t const writeSize = std::min(pbdStride - p.left, width) * pixelSize;
+
+        for (size_t z = 0; z < depth; z++) {
+            for (size_t y = p.top; y < pbdHeight; y++) {
+                uint8_t* buf = (uint8_t*) p.buffer +
+                               ((p.left * pixelSize) + (y * pbdRowSize) + (z * pbdLayerSize));
+                uint8_t* curMapped = (uint8_t*) mapped + ((y - p.top) * rowSize + z * layerSize);
+                memcpy(curMapped, buf, writeSize);
+            }
+        }
+    } else {
+        size_t const writeSize = pixelSize * (width * height * depth);
+        memcpy(mapped, buf, writeSize);
+    }
+}
+
 } // anonymous namespace
 
 VulkanTextureState::VulkanTextureState(VulkanStagePool& stagePool, VulkanCommands* commands,
@@ -326,7 +361,7 @@ VulkanTexture::VulkanTexture(VkDevice device, VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice,
             imageInfo.flags = VK_IMAGE_CREATE_2D_ARRAY_COMPATIBLE_BIT;
         } else {
             FVK_LOGW << "Note: creating 2D views on 3D image is not available on this platform. "
-                     << "i.e. we cannot render to slices of a 3D image" << utils::io::endl;
+                     << "i.e. we cannot render to slices of a 3D image";
         }
     } else if (target == SamplerType::SAMPLER_CUBEMAP) {
         imageInfo.arrayLayers = 6;
@@ -385,7 +420,7 @@ VulkanTexture::VulkanTexture(VkDevice device, VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice,
             << "type = " << imageInfo.imageType << ", "
             << "flags = " << imageInfo.flags << ", "
             << "target = " << static_cast<int>(target) <<", "
-            << "format = " << vkFormat << utils::io::endl;
+            << "format = " << vkFormat;
     }
     FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(result == VK_SUCCESS) << "Unable to create image."
                                                        << " error=" << static_cast<int32_t>(result);
@@ -480,30 +515,40 @@ void VulkanTexture::updateImage(const PixelBufferDescriptor& data, uint32_t widt
     assert_invariant(hostData->size > 0 && "Data is empty");
 
     // Otherwise, use vkCmdCopyBufferToImage.
-    void* mapped = nullptr;
-    VulkanStage const* stage = mState->mStagePool.acquireStage(hostData->size);
-    assert_invariant(stage->memory);
-    vmaMapMemory(mState->mAllocator, stage->memory, &mapped);
-    memcpy(mapped, hostData->buffer, hostData->size);
-    vmaUnmapMemory(mState->mAllocator, stage->memory);
-    vmaFlushAllocation(mState->mAllocator, stage->memory, 0, hostData->size);
+    size_t const bpp =
+            PixelBufferDescriptor::computeDataSize(hostData->format, hostData->type, 1, 1, 1);
+    size_t const writeSize = width * height * depth * bpp;
+
+    // Note: the following stageSegment must be stored within the command buffer
+    // before going out of scope, to ensure proper bookkeeping within the
+    // staging buffer pool.
+    fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanStage::Segment> stageSegment =
+            mState->mStagePool.acquireStage(writeSize);
+    assert_invariant(stageSegment->memory());
+    adjustedMemcpy(stageSegment->mapping(), *hostData, width, height, depth);
+    vmaFlushAllocation(mState->mAllocator, stageSegment->memory(), stageSegment->offset(),
+            writeSize);
 
     VulkanCommandBuffer& commands = mState->mCommands->get();
     VkCommandBuffer const cmdbuf = commands.buffer();
+    commands.acquire(stageSegment);
     commands.acquire(fvkmemory::resource_ptr<VulkanTexture>::cast(this));
 
+    bool const isDepth = getImageAspect() & VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_DEPTH_BIT;
+
     VkBufferImageCopy copyRegion = {
-        .bufferOffset = {},
+        .bufferOffset = stageSegment->offset(),
         .bufferRowLength = {},
         .bufferImageHeight = {},
         .imageSubresource = {
-            .aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT,
+            .aspectMask = VkImageAspectFlags(
+                    isDepth ? VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_DEPTH_BIT : VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT),
             .mipLevel = miplevel,
             .baseArrayLayer = 0,
-            .layerCount = 1
+            .layerCount = 1,
         },
         .imageOffset = { int32_t(xoffset), int32_t(yoffset), int32_t(zoffset) },
-        .imageExtent = { width, height, depth }
+        .imageExtent = { width, height, depth },
     };
 
     VkImageSubresourceRange transitionRange = {
@@ -511,7 +556,7 @@ void VulkanTexture::updateImage(const PixelBufferDescriptor& data, uint32_t widt
         .baseMipLevel = miplevel,
         .levelCount = 1,
         .baseArrayLayer = 0,
-        .layerCount = 1
+        .layerCount = 1,
     };
 
     // Vulkan specifies subregions for 3D textures differently than from 2D arrays.
@@ -536,20 +581,25 @@ void VulkanTexture::updateImage(const PixelBufferDescriptor& data, uint32_t widt
 
     transitionLayout(&commands, transitionRange, newLayout);
 
-    vkCmdCopyBufferToImage(cmdbuf, stage->buffer, mState->mTextureImage, newVkLayout, 1, &copyRegion);
+    vkCmdCopyBufferToImage(cmdbuf, stageSegment->buffer(), mState->mTextureImage, newVkLayout, 1,
+            &copyRegion);
 
     transitionLayout(&commands, transitionRange, nextLayout);
 }
 
-void VulkanTexture::updateImageWithBlit(const PixelBufferDescriptor& hostData, uint32_t width,
+void VulkanTexture::updateImageWithBlit(const PixelBufferDescriptor& data, uint32_t width,
         uint32_t height, uint32_t depth, uint32_t miplevel) {
+    // Otherwise, use vkCmdCopyBufferToImage.
+    size_t const bpp = PixelBufferDescriptor::computeDataSize(data.format, data.type, 1, 1, 1);
+    size_t const writeSize = width * height * depth * bpp;
+
     void* mapped = nullptr;
     VulkanStageImage const* stage
-            = mState->mStagePool.acquireImage(hostData.format, hostData.type, width, height);
+            = mState->mStagePool.acquireImage(data.format, data.type, width, height);
     vmaMapMemory(mState->mAllocator, stage->memory, &mapped);
-    memcpy(mapped, hostData.buffer, hostData.size);
+    adjustedMemcpy(mapped, data, width, height, depth);
     vmaUnmapMemory(mState->mAllocator, stage->memory);
-    vmaFlushAllocation(mState->mAllocator, stage->memory, 0, hostData.size);
+    vmaFlushAllocation(mState->mAllocator, stage->memory, 0, writeSize);
 
     VulkanCommandBuffer& commands = mState->mCommands->get();
     VkCommandBuffer const cmdbuf = commands.buffer();
@@ -681,14 +731,14 @@ bool VulkanTexture::transitionLayout(VkCommandBuffer cmdbuf, VkImageSubresourceR
                  << range.levelCount << ")" << " from=" << oldLayout << " to=" << newLayout
                  << " format=" << mState->mVkFormat << " depth="
                  << fvkutils::isVkDepthFormat(mState->mVkFormat)
-                 << " slice-by-slice=" << transitionSliceBySlice << utils::io::endl;
+                 << " slice-by-slice=" << transitionSliceBySlice;
 #endif
     } else {
 #if FVK_ENABLED(FVK_DEBUG_LAYOUT_TRANSITION)
         FVK_LOGD << "transition texture=" << mState->mTextureImage << " (" << range.baseArrayLayer
                  << "," << range.baseMipLevel << ")" << " count=(" << range.layerCount << ","
                  << range.levelCount << ")" << " to=" << newLayout
-                 << " is skipped because of no change in layout" << utils::io::endl;
+                 << " is skipped because of no change in layout";
 #endif
     }
 
@@ -799,8 +849,7 @@ void VulkanTexture::print() const {
                 level < (mPrimaryViewRange.baseMipLevel + mPrimaryViewRange.levelCount);
             FVK_LOGD << "[" << mState->mTextureImage << "]: (" << layer << "," << level
                           << ")=" << getLayout(layer, level)
-                          << " primary=" << primary
-                          << utils::io::endl;
+                          << " primary=" << primary;
         }
     }
 
@@ -809,8 +858,7 @@ void VulkanTexture::print() const {
         FVK_LOGD << "[" << mState->mTextureImage << ", imageView=" << view.second << "]=>"
                       << " (" << range.baseArrayLayer << "," << range.baseMipLevel << ")"
                       << " count=(" << range.layerCount << "," << range.levelCount << ")"
-                      << " aspect=" << range.aspectMask << " viewType=" << view.first.type
-                      << utils::io::endl;
+                      << " aspect=" << range.aspectMask << " viewType=" << view.first.type;
     }
 }
 #endif

filament/backend/src/vulkan/VulkanYcbcrConversionCache.cpp

@@ -29,6 +29,8 @@ using namespace bluevk;
 
 namespace filament::backend {
 
+using namespace fvkutils;
+
 VulkanYcbcrConversionCache::VulkanYcbcrConversionCache(VkDevice device)
     : mDevice(device) {}
 

filament/backend/src/vulkan/VulkanYcbcrConversionCache.h

@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@
 #ifndef TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_VULKANYCBCRCONVERSIONCACHE_H
 #define TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_VULKANYCBCRCONVERSIONCACHE_H
 
+#include "utils/Definitions.h"
+
 #include <backend/DriverEnums.h>
 
 #include <utils/Hash.h>
@@ -30,7 +32,7 @@ namespace filament::backend {
 class VulkanYcbcrConversionCache {
 public:
     struct Params {
-        SamplerYcbcrConversion conversion = {}; // 4
+        fvkutils::SamplerYcbcrConversion conversion = {}; // 4
         VkFormat format;                        // 4
         uint64_t externalFormat = 0;            // 8
     };
@@ -45,16 +47,15 @@ private:
 
     struct ConversionEqualTo {
         bool operator()(Params lhs, Params rhs) const noexcept {
-            SamplerYcbcrConversion::EqualTo equal;
+            fvkutils::SamplerYcbcrConversion::EqualTo equal;
             return equal(lhs.conversion, rhs.conversion) &&
-                   lhs.externalFormat == rhs.externalFormat &&
-                   lhs.format == rhs.format;
+                   lhs.externalFormat == rhs.externalFormat && lhs.format == rhs.format;
         }
     };
     using ConversionHashFn = utils::hash::MurmurHashFn<Params>;
     tsl::robin_map<Params, VkSamplerYcbcrConversion, ConversionHashFn, ConversionEqualTo> mCache;
 };
 
-}// namespace filament::backend
+} // namespace filament::backend
 
 #endif// TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_VULKANYCBCRCONVERSIONCACHE_H

filament/backend/src/vulkan/memory/Resource.cpp

@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ template ResourceType getTypeEnum<VulkanIndexBuffer>() noexcept;
 template ResourceType getTypeEnum<VulkanProgram>() noexcept;
 template ResourceType getTypeEnum<VulkanRenderTarget>() noexcept;
 template ResourceType getTypeEnum<VulkanSwapChain>() noexcept;
+template ResourceType getTypeEnum<VulkanStage::Segment>() noexcept;
 template ResourceType getTypeEnum<VulkanRenderPrimitive>() noexcept;
 template ResourceType getTypeEnum<VulkanTexture>() noexcept;
 template ResourceType getTypeEnum<VulkanTextureState>() noexcept;
@@ -35,6 +36,7 @@ template ResourceType getTypeEnum<VulkanVertexBufferInfo>() noexcept;
 template ResourceType getTypeEnum<VulkanDescriptorSetLayout>() noexcept;
 template ResourceType getTypeEnum<VulkanDescriptorSet>() noexcept;
 template ResourceType getTypeEnum<VulkanFence>() noexcept;
+template ResourceType getTypeEnum<VulkanBuffer>() noexcept;
 
 template<typename D>
 ResourceType getTypeEnum() noexcept {
@@ -53,6 +55,9 @@ ResourceType getTypeEnum() noexcept {
     if constexpr (std::is_same_v<D, VulkanSwapChain>) {
         return ResourceType::SWAP_CHAIN;
     }
+    if constexpr (std::is_same_v<D, VulkanStage::Segment>) {
+        return ResourceType::STAGE_SEGMENT;
+    }
     if constexpr (std::is_same_v<D, VulkanRenderPrimitive>) {
         return ResourceType::RENDER_PRIMITIVE;
     }
@@ -80,6 +85,9 @@ ResourceType getTypeEnum() noexcept {
     if constexpr (std::is_same_v<D, VulkanFence>) {
         return ResourceType::FENCE;
     }
+    if constexpr (std::is_same_v<D, VulkanBuffer>) {
+        return ResourceType::VULKAN_BUFFER;
+    }
     return ResourceType::UNDEFINED_TYPE;
 }
 
@@ -95,6 +103,8 @@ std::string getTypeStr(ResourceType type) {
             return "RenderTarget";
         case ResourceType::SWAP_CHAIN:
             return "SwapChain";
+        case ResourceType::STAGE_SEGMENT:
+            return "Stage::Segment";
         case ResourceType::RENDER_PRIMITIVE:
             return "RenderPrimitive";
         case ResourceType::TEXTURE:
@@ -113,6 +123,8 @@ std::string getTypeStr(ResourceType type) {
             return "DescriptorSet";
         case ResourceType::FENCE:
             return "Fence";
+        case ResourceType::VULKAN_BUFFER:
+            return "VulkanBuffer";
         case ResourceType::UNDEFINED_TYPE:
             return "";
     }

filament/backend/src/vulkan/memory/Resource.h

@@ -49,7 +49,9 @@ enum class ResourceType : uint8_t {
     DESCRIPTOR_SET_LAYOUT = 11,
     DESCRIPTOR_SET = 12,
     FENCE = 13,
-    UNDEFINED_TYPE = 14,    // Must be the last enum because we use it for iterating over the enums.
+    VULKAN_BUFFER = 14,
+    STAGE_SEGMENT = 15,
+    UNDEFINED_TYPE = 16,    // Must be the last enum because we use it for iterating over the enums.
 };
 
 template<typename D>

filament/backend/src/vulkan/memory/ResourceManager.cpp

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 #include "vulkan/memory/ResourceManager.h"
 #include "vulkan/VulkanHandles.h"
 
+#include <utils/Logger.h>
 #include <utils/Panic.h>
 
 namespace filament::backend::fvkmemory {
@@ -77,6 +78,9 @@ void ResourceManager::destroyWithType(ResourceType type, HandleId id) {
         case ResourceType::SWAP_CHAIN:
             destruct<VulkanSwapChain>(Handle<VulkanSwapChain>(id));
             break;
+        case ResourceType::STAGE_SEGMENT:
+            destruct<VulkanStage::Segment>(Handle<VulkanStage::Segment>(id));
+            break;
         case ResourceType::RENDER_PRIMITIVE:
             destruct<VulkanRenderPrimitive>(Handle<VulkanRenderPrimitive>(id));
             break;
@@ -104,6 +108,9 @@ void ResourceManager::destroyWithType(ResourceType type, HandleId id) {
         case ResourceType::FENCE:
             destruct<VulkanFence>(Handle<VulkanFence>(id));
             break;
+        case ResourceType::VULKAN_BUFFER:
+            destruct<VulkanBuffer>(Handle<VulkanBuffer>(id));
+            break;
         case ResourceType::UNDEFINED_TYPE:
             break;
     }
@@ -121,11 +128,11 @@ void ResourceManager::traceConstruction(ResourceType type, HandleId id) {
 
 void ResourceManager::print() const noexcept {
 #if FVK_ENABLED(FVK_DEBUG_RESOURCE_LEAK)
-    utils::slog.e << "-------------------" << utils::io::endl;
+    LOG(ERROR) << "-------------------";
     for (size_t i = 0; i < (size_t) ResourceType::UNDEFINED_TYPE; ++i) {
-        utils::slog.e <<"    " << getTypeStr((ResourceType) i) << "=" << COUNTER[i] << utils::io::endl;
+        LOG(ERROR) << "    " << getTypeStr((ResourceType) i) << "=" << COUNTER[i];
     }
-    utils::slog.e << "+++++++++++++++++++" << utils::io::endl;
+    LOG(ERROR) << "+++++++++++++++++++";
 #endif
 }
 

filament/backend/src/vulkan/platform/VulkanPlatform.cpp

@@ -25,8 +25,9 @@
 #include "vulkan/utils/Helper.h"
 
 #include <bluevk/BlueVK.h>
-#include <utils/PrivateImplementation-impl.h>
+#include <utils/Logger.h>
 #include <utils/Panic.h>
+#include <utils/PrivateImplementation-impl.h>
 
 #define SWAPCHAIN_RET_FUNC(func, handle, ...)                                                      \
     if (mImpl->mSurfaceSwapChains.find(handle) != mImpl->mSurfaceSwapChains.end()) {               \
@@ -92,6 +93,16 @@ StructA* chainStruct(StructA* structA, StructB* structB) {
     return structA;
 }
 
+bool shouldSkipFormat(VkFormat format) {
+    // Skip formats that require extensions.
+    for (VkFormat const extFormat: fvkutils::EXT_VK_FORMATS) {
+        if (format == extFormat) {
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
 void printDeviceInfo(VkInstance instance, VkPhysicalDevice device) {
     // Print some driver or MoltenVK information if it is available.
     if (vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties2) {
@@ -104,7 +115,7 @@ void printDeviceInfo(VkInstance instance, VkPhysicalDevice device) {
         chainStruct(&physicalDeviceProperties2, &driverProperties);
         vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties2(device, &physicalDeviceProperties2);
         FVK_LOGI << "Vulkan device driver: " << driverProperties.driverName << " "
-                      << driverProperties.driverInfo << utils::io::endl;
+                 << driverProperties.driverInfo;
     }
 
     VkPhysicalDeviceProperties deviceProperties;
@@ -141,7 +152,7 @@ void printDeviceInfo(VkInstance instance, VkPhysicalDevice device) {
                   << "(vendor " << utils::io::hex << vendorID << ", "
                   << "device " << deviceID << ", "
                   << "driver " << driverVersion << ", " << utils::io::dec << "api " << major << "."
-                  << minor << ")" << utils::io::endl;
+                  << minor << ")";
 }
 
 #if FVK_ENABLED(FVK_DEBUG_VALIDATION)
@@ -151,14 +162,20 @@ void printDepthFormats(VkPhysicalDevice device) {
     constexpr VkFormatFeatureFlags required =
             VK_FORMAT_FEATURE_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_BIT | VK_FORMAT_FEATURE_SAMPLED_IMAGE_BIT;
     FVK_LOGI << "Sampleable depth formats: ";
-    for (VkFormat format : fvkutils::ALL_VK_FORMATS) {
+    for (VkFormat const format : fvkutils::ALL_VK_FORMATS) {
+        // Skip formats that require extensions.
+        if (shouldSkipFormat(format)) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
         VkFormatProperties props;
+
         vkGetPhysicalDeviceFormatProperties(device, format, &props);
         if ((props.optimalTilingFeatures & required) == required) {
             FVK_LOGI << format << " ";
         }
     }
-    FVK_LOGI << utils::io::endl;
+    FVK_LOGI << "";
 }
 #endif
 
@@ -278,10 +295,10 @@ VkInstance createInstance(ExtensionSet const& requiredExts) {
     } else {
 #if defined(__ANDROID__)
         FVK_LOGD << "Validation layers are not available; did you set jniLibs in your "
-                 << "gradle file?" << utils::io::endl;
+                 << "gradle file?";
 #else
         FVK_LOGD << "Validation layer not available; did you install the Vulkan SDK?\n"
-                 << "Please ensure that VK_LAYER_PATH is set correctly." << utils::io::endl;
+                 << "Please ensure that VK_LAYER_PATH is set correctly.";
 #endif // __ANDROID__
 
     }
@@ -617,7 +634,13 @@ fvkutils::VkFormatList findBlittableDepthStencilFormats(VkPhysicalDevice device)
     std::vector<VkFormat> selectedFormats;
     constexpr VkFormatFeatureFlags required = VK_FORMAT_FEATURE_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_BIT |
             VK_FORMAT_FEATURE_BLIT_SRC_BIT | VK_FORMAT_FEATURE_BLIT_DST_BIT;
-    for (VkFormat format : fvkutils::ALL_VK_FORMATS) {
+
+    for (VkFormat const format : fvkutils::ALL_VK_FORMATS) {
+        // Skip formats that require extensions.
+        if (shouldSkipFormat(format)) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
         if (fvkutils::isVkDepthFormat(format)) {
             VkFormatProperties props;
             vkGetPhysicalDeviceFormatProperties(device, format, &props);
@@ -962,8 +985,7 @@ SwapChainPtr VulkanPlatform::createSwapChain(void* nativeWindow, uint64_t flags,
 
     if (flags & backend::SWAP_CHAIN_CONFIG_PROTECTED_CONTENT) {
         if (!mImpl->mContext.mProtectedMemorySupported) {
-            utils::slog.w << "protected swapchain requested, but VulkanPlatform does not support it"
-                << utils::io::endl;
+            LOG(WARNING) << "protected swapchain requested, but VulkanPlatform does not support it";
         }
     }
 

filament/backend/src/vulkan/platform/VulkanPlatformSwapChainImpl.cpp

@@ -163,8 +163,7 @@ VkResult VulkanPlatformSurfaceSwapChain::create() {
     // the number of images, though there may be limits related to the total amount of memory used
     // by presentable images."
     if (maxImageCount != 0 && desiredImageCount > maxImageCount) {
-        FVK_LOGE << "Swap chain does not support " << desiredImageCount << " images."
-                      << utils::io::endl;
+        FVK_LOGE << "Swap chain does not support " << desiredImageCount << " images.";
         desiredImageCount = caps.minImageCount;
     }
 
@@ -266,8 +265,7 @@ VkResult VulkanPlatformSurfaceSwapChain::create() {
            << "swapchain-size=" << mSwapChainBundle.colors.size() << ", "
            << "identity-transform=" << (caps.currentTransform == 1) << ", "
            << "depth=" << mSwapChainBundle.depthFormat << ", "
-           << "protected=" << mSwapChainBundle.isProtected
-           << io::endl;
+           << "protected=" << mSwapChainBundle.isProtected;
 
     VkSemaphoreCreateInfo const semaphoreCreateInfo = {
             .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SEMAPHORE_CREATE_INFO,
@@ -293,7 +291,7 @@ VkResult VulkanPlatformSurfaceSwapChain::acquire(VulkanPlatform::ImageSyncData*
     // Users should be notified of a suboptimal surface, but it should not cause a cascade of
     // log messages or a loop of re-creations.
     if (result == VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR && !mSuboptimal) {
-        FVK_LOGW << "Vulkan Driver: Suboptimal swap chain." << io::endl;
+        FVK_LOGW << "Vulkan Driver: Suboptimal swap chain.";
         mSuboptimal = true;
     }
     return result;
@@ -315,7 +313,7 @@ VkResult VulkanPlatformSurfaceSwapChain::present(uint32_t index, VkSemaphore fin
     // On Android Q and above, a suboptimal surface is always reported after screen rotation:
     // https://android-developers.googleblog.com/2020/02/handling-device-orientation-efficiently.html
     if (result == VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR && !mSuboptimal) {
-        FVK_LOGW << "Vulkan Driver: Suboptimal swap chain." << utils::io::endl;
+        FVK_LOGW << "Vulkan Driver: Suboptimal swap chain.";
         mSuboptimal = true;
     }
     return result;

filament/backend/src/vulkan/utils/Conversion.h

@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@
 #ifndef TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_VULKAN_UTILS_CONVERSION_H
 #define TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_VULKAN_UTILS_CONVERSION_H
 
+#include "Definitions.h"
+
 #include <backend/DriverEnums.h>
 
 #include <private/backend/BackendUtils.h>  // for getFormatSize()

filament/backend/src/vulkan/utils/Definitions.h

@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@
 #ifndef TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_VULKAN_UTILS_DEFINITIONS_H
 #define TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_VULKAN_UTILS_DEFINITIONS_H
 
+#include <backend/DriverEnums.h>
+
 #include <utils/bitset.h>
 #include <utils/FixedCapacityVector.h>
 
@@ -32,313 +34,325 @@ using VkFormatList = utils::FixedCapacityVector<VkFormat>;
 // Copied from
 //   https://registry.khronos.org/vulkan/specs/1.3-extensions/man/html/VkFormat.html
 constexpr VkFormat ALL_VK_FORMATS[] = {
-        VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED,
-        VK_FORMAT_R4G4_UNORM_PACK8,
-        VK_FORMAT_R4G4B4A4_UNORM_PACK16,
-        VK_FORMAT_B4G4R4A4_UNORM_PACK16,
-        VK_FORMAT_R5G6B5_UNORM_PACK16,
-        VK_FORMAT_B5G6R5_UNORM_PACK16,
-        VK_FORMAT_R5G5B5A1_UNORM_PACK16,
-        VK_FORMAT_B5G5R5A1_UNORM_PACK16,
-        VK_FORMAT_A1R5G5B5_UNORM_PACK16,
-        VK_FORMAT_R8_UNORM,
-        VK_FORMAT_R8_SNORM,
-        VK_FORMAT_R8_USCALED,
-        VK_FORMAT_R8_SSCALED,
-        VK_FORMAT_R8_UINT,
-        VK_FORMAT_R8_SINT,
-        VK_FORMAT_R8_SRGB,
-        VK_FORMAT_R8G8_UNORM,
-        VK_FORMAT_R8G8_SNORM,
-        VK_FORMAT_R8G8_USCALED,
-        VK_FORMAT_R8G8_SSCALED,
-        VK_FORMAT_R8G8_UINT,
-        VK_FORMAT_R8G8_SINT,
-        VK_FORMAT_R8G8_SRGB,
-        VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8_UNORM,
-        VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8_SNORM,
-        VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8_USCALED,
-        VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8_SSCALED,
-        VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8_UINT,
-        VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8_SINT,
-        VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8_SRGB,
-        VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8_UNORM,
-        VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8_SNORM,
-        VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8_USCALED,
-        VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8_SSCALED,
-        VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8_UINT,
-        VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8_SINT,
-        VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8_SRGB,
-        VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM,
-        VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SNORM,
-        VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_USCALED,
-        VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SSCALED,
-        VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UINT,
-        VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SINT,
-        VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SRGB,
-        VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM,
-        VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_SNORM,
-        VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_USCALED,
-        VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_SSCALED,
-        VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UINT,
-        VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_SINT,
-        VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_SRGB,
-        VK_FORMAT_A8B8G8R8_UNORM_PACK32,
-        VK_FORMAT_A8B8G8R8_SNORM_PACK32,
-        VK_FORMAT_A8B8G8R8_USCALED_PACK32,
-        VK_FORMAT_A8B8G8R8_SSCALED_PACK32,
-        VK_FORMAT_A8B8G8R8_UINT_PACK32,
-        VK_FORMAT_A8B8G8R8_SINT_PACK32,
-        VK_FORMAT_A8B8G8R8_SRGB_PACK32,
-        VK_FORMAT_A2R10G10B10_UNORM_PACK32,
-        VK_FORMAT_A2R10G10B10_SNORM_PACK32,
-        VK_FORMAT_A2R10G10B10_USCALED_PACK32,
-        VK_FORMAT_A2R10G10B10_SSCALED_PACK32,
-        VK_FORMAT_A2R10G10B10_UINT_PACK32,
-        VK_FORMAT_A2R10G10B10_SINT_PACK32,
-        VK_FORMAT_A2B10G10R10_UNORM_PACK32,
-        VK_FORMAT_A2B10G10R10_SNORM_PACK32,
-        VK_FORMAT_A2B10G10R10_USCALED_PACK32,
-        VK_FORMAT_A2B10G10R10_SSCALED_PACK32,
-        VK_FORMAT_A2B10G10R10_UINT_PACK32,
-        VK_FORMAT_A2B10G10R10_SINT_PACK32,
-        VK_FORMAT_R16_UNORM,
-        VK_FORMAT_R16_SNORM,
-        VK_FORMAT_R16_USCALED,
-        VK_FORMAT_R16_SSCALED,
-        VK_FORMAT_R16_UINT,
-        VK_FORMAT_R16_SINT,
-        VK_FORMAT_R16_SFLOAT,
-        VK_FORMAT_R16G16_UNORM,
-        VK_FORMAT_R16G16_SNORM,
-        VK_FORMAT_R16G16_USCALED,
-        VK_FORMAT_R16G16_SSCALED,
-        VK_FORMAT_R16G16_UINT,
-        VK_FORMAT_R16G16_SINT,
-        VK_FORMAT_R16G16_SFLOAT,
-        VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16_UNORM,
-        VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16_SNORM,
-        VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16_USCALED,
-        VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16_SSCALED,
-        VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16_UINT,
-        VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16_SINT,
-        VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16_SFLOAT,
-        VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_UNORM,
-        VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_SNORM,
-        VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_USCALED,
-        VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_SSCALED,
-        VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_UINT,
-        VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_SINT,
-        VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_SFLOAT,
-        VK_FORMAT_R32_UINT,
-        VK_FORMAT_R32_SINT,
-        VK_FORMAT_R32_SFLOAT,
-        VK_FORMAT_R32G32_UINT,
-        VK_FORMAT_R32G32_SINT,
-        VK_FORMAT_R32G32_SFLOAT,
-        VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_UINT,
-        VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SINT,
-        VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SFLOAT,
-        VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_UINT,
-        VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_SINT,
-        VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_SFLOAT,
-        VK_FORMAT_R64_UINT,
-        VK_FORMAT_R64_SINT,
-        VK_FORMAT_R64_SFLOAT,
-        VK_FORMAT_R64G64_UINT,
-        VK_FORMAT_R64G64_SINT,
-        VK_FORMAT_R64G64_SFLOAT,
-        VK_FORMAT_R64G64B64_UINT,
-        VK_FORMAT_R64G64B64_SINT,
-        VK_FORMAT_R64G64B64_SFLOAT,
-        VK_FORMAT_R64G64B64A64_UINT,
-        VK_FORMAT_R64G64B64A64_SINT,
-        VK_FORMAT_R64G64B64A64_SFLOAT,
-        VK_FORMAT_B10G11R11_UFLOAT_PACK32,
-        VK_FORMAT_E5B9G9R9_UFLOAT_PACK32,
-        VK_FORMAT_D16_UNORM,
-        VK_FORMAT_X8_D24_UNORM_PACK32,
-        VK_FORMAT_D32_SFLOAT,
-        VK_FORMAT_S8_UINT,
-        VK_FORMAT_D16_UNORM_S8_UINT,
-        VK_FORMAT_D24_UNORM_S8_UINT,
-        VK_FORMAT_D32_SFLOAT_S8_UINT,
-        VK_FORMAT_BC1_RGB_UNORM_BLOCK,
-        VK_FORMAT_BC1_RGB_SRGB_BLOCK,
-        VK_FORMAT_BC1_RGBA_UNORM_BLOCK,
-        VK_FORMAT_BC1_RGBA_SRGB_BLOCK,
-        VK_FORMAT_BC2_UNORM_BLOCK,
-        VK_FORMAT_BC2_SRGB_BLOCK,
-        VK_FORMAT_BC3_UNORM_BLOCK,
-        VK_FORMAT_BC3_SRGB_BLOCK,
-        VK_FORMAT_BC4_UNORM_BLOCK,
-        VK_FORMAT_BC4_SNORM_BLOCK,
-        VK_FORMAT_BC5_UNORM_BLOCK,
-        VK_FORMAT_BC5_SNORM_BLOCK,
-        VK_FORMAT_BC6H_UFLOAT_BLOCK,
-        VK_FORMAT_BC6H_SFLOAT_BLOCK,
-        VK_FORMAT_BC7_UNORM_BLOCK,
-        VK_FORMAT_BC7_SRGB_BLOCK,
-        VK_FORMAT_ETC2_R8G8B8_UNORM_BLOCK,
-        VK_FORMAT_ETC2_R8G8B8_SRGB_BLOCK,
-        VK_FORMAT_ETC2_R8G8B8A1_UNORM_BLOCK,
-        VK_FORMAT_ETC2_R8G8B8A1_SRGB_BLOCK,
-        VK_FORMAT_ETC2_R8G8B8A8_UNORM_BLOCK,
-        VK_FORMAT_ETC2_R8G8B8A8_SRGB_BLOCK,
-        VK_FORMAT_EAC_R11_UNORM_BLOCK,
-        VK_FORMAT_EAC_R11_SNORM_BLOCK,
-        VK_FORMAT_EAC_R11G11_UNORM_BLOCK,
-        VK_FORMAT_EAC_R11G11_SNORM_BLOCK,
-        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_4x4_UNORM_BLOCK,
-        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_4x4_SRGB_BLOCK,
-        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_5x4_UNORM_BLOCK,
-        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_5x4_SRGB_BLOCK,
-        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_5x5_UNORM_BLOCK,
-        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_5x5_SRGB_BLOCK,
-        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_6x5_UNORM_BLOCK,
-        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_6x5_SRGB_BLOCK,
-        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_6x6_UNORM_BLOCK,
-        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_6x6_SRGB_BLOCK,
-        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_8x5_UNORM_BLOCK,
-        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_8x5_SRGB_BLOCK,
-        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_8x6_UNORM_BLOCK,
-        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_8x6_SRGB_BLOCK,
-        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_8x8_UNORM_BLOCK,
-        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_8x8_SRGB_BLOCK,
-        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_10x5_UNORM_BLOCK,
-        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_10x5_SRGB_BLOCK,
-        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_10x6_UNORM_BLOCK,
-        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_10x6_SRGB_BLOCK,
-        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_10x8_UNORM_BLOCK,
-        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_10x8_SRGB_BLOCK,
-        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_10x10_UNORM_BLOCK,
-        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_10x10_SRGB_BLOCK,
-        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_12x10_UNORM_BLOCK,
-        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_12x10_SRGB_BLOCK,
-        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_12x12_UNORM_BLOCK,
-        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_12x12_SRGB_BLOCK,
-        VK_FORMAT_G8B8G8R8_422_UNORM,
-        VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8G8_422_UNORM,
-        VK_FORMAT_G8_B8_R8_3PLANE_420_UNORM,
-        VK_FORMAT_G8_B8R8_2PLANE_420_UNORM,
-        VK_FORMAT_G8_B8_R8_3PLANE_422_UNORM,
-        VK_FORMAT_G8_B8R8_2PLANE_422_UNORM,
-        VK_FORMAT_G8_B8_R8_3PLANE_444_UNORM,
-        VK_FORMAT_R10X6_UNORM_PACK16,
-        VK_FORMAT_R10X6G10X6_UNORM_2PACK16,
-        VK_FORMAT_R10X6G10X6B10X6A10X6_UNORM_4PACK16,
-        VK_FORMAT_G10X6B10X6G10X6R10X6_422_UNORM_4PACK16,
-        VK_FORMAT_B10X6G10X6R10X6G10X6_422_UNORM_4PACK16,
-        VK_FORMAT_G10X6_B10X6_R10X6_3PLANE_420_UNORM_3PACK16,
-        VK_FORMAT_G10X6_B10X6R10X6_2PLANE_420_UNORM_3PACK16,
-        VK_FORMAT_G10X6_B10X6_R10X6_3PLANE_422_UNORM_3PACK16,
-        VK_FORMAT_G10X6_B10X6R10X6_2PLANE_422_UNORM_3PACK16,
-        VK_FORMAT_G10X6_B10X6_R10X6_3PLANE_444_UNORM_3PACK16,
-        VK_FORMAT_R12X4_UNORM_PACK16,
-        VK_FORMAT_R12X4G12X4_UNORM_2PACK16,
-        VK_FORMAT_R12X4G12X4B12X4A12X4_UNORM_4PACK16,
-        VK_FORMAT_G12X4B12X4G12X4R12X4_422_UNORM_4PACK16,
-        VK_FORMAT_B12X4G12X4R12X4G12X4_422_UNORM_4PACK16,
-        VK_FORMAT_G12X4_B12X4_R12X4_3PLANE_420_UNORM_3PACK16,
-        VK_FORMAT_G12X4_B12X4R12X4_2PLANE_420_UNORM_3PACK16,
-        VK_FORMAT_G12X4_B12X4_R12X4_3PLANE_422_UNORM_3PACK16,
-        VK_FORMAT_G12X4_B12X4R12X4_2PLANE_422_UNORM_3PACK16,
-        VK_FORMAT_G12X4_B12X4_R12X4_3PLANE_444_UNORM_3PACK16,
-        VK_FORMAT_G16B16G16R16_422_UNORM,
-        VK_FORMAT_B16G16R16G16_422_UNORM,
-        VK_FORMAT_G16_B16_R16_3PLANE_420_UNORM,
-        VK_FORMAT_G16_B16R16_2PLANE_420_UNORM,
-        VK_FORMAT_G16_B16_R16_3PLANE_422_UNORM,
-        VK_FORMAT_G16_B16R16_2PLANE_422_UNORM,
-        VK_FORMAT_G16_B16_R16_3PLANE_444_UNORM,
-        VK_FORMAT_G8_B8R8_2PLANE_444_UNORM,
-        VK_FORMAT_G10X6_B10X6R10X6_2PLANE_444_UNORM_3PACK16,
-        VK_FORMAT_G12X4_B12X4R12X4_2PLANE_444_UNORM_3PACK16,
-        VK_FORMAT_G16_B16R16_2PLANE_444_UNORM,
-        VK_FORMAT_A4R4G4B4_UNORM_PACK16,
-        VK_FORMAT_A4B4G4R4_UNORM_PACK16,
-        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_4x4_SFLOAT_BLOCK,
-        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_5x4_SFLOAT_BLOCK,
-        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_5x5_SFLOAT_BLOCK,
-        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_6x5_SFLOAT_BLOCK,
-        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_6x6_SFLOAT_BLOCK,
-        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_8x5_SFLOAT_BLOCK,
-        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_8x6_SFLOAT_BLOCK,
-        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_8x8_SFLOAT_BLOCK,
-        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_10x5_SFLOAT_BLOCK,
-        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_10x6_SFLOAT_BLOCK,
-        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_10x8_SFLOAT_BLOCK,
-        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_10x10_SFLOAT_BLOCK,
-        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_12x10_SFLOAT_BLOCK,
-        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_12x12_SFLOAT_BLOCK,
-        VK_FORMAT_PVRTC1_2BPP_UNORM_BLOCK_IMG,
-        VK_FORMAT_PVRTC1_4BPP_UNORM_BLOCK_IMG,
-        VK_FORMAT_PVRTC2_2BPP_UNORM_BLOCK_IMG,
-        VK_FORMAT_PVRTC2_4BPP_UNORM_BLOCK_IMG,
-        VK_FORMAT_PVRTC1_2BPP_SRGB_BLOCK_IMG,
-        VK_FORMAT_PVRTC1_4BPP_SRGB_BLOCK_IMG,
-        VK_FORMAT_PVRTC2_2BPP_SRGB_BLOCK_IMG,
-        VK_FORMAT_PVRTC2_4BPP_SRGB_BLOCK_IMG,
-// Not supported (yet) by bluevk
-//        VK_FORMAT_R16G16_SFIXED5_NV,
-//        VK_FORMAT_A1B5G5R5_UNORM_PACK16_KHR,
-//        VK_FORMAT_A8_UNORM_KHR,
-//        VK_FORMAT_A8_UNORM,
-        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_4x4_SFLOAT_BLOCK_EXT,
-        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_5x4_SFLOAT_BLOCK_EXT,
-        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_5x5_SFLOAT_BLOCK_EXT,
-        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_6x5_SFLOAT_BLOCK_EXT,
-        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_6x6_SFLOAT_BLOCK_EXT,
-        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_8x5_SFLOAT_BLOCK_EXT,
-        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_8x6_SFLOAT_BLOCK_EXT,
-        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_8x8_SFLOAT_BLOCK_EXT,
-        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_10x5_SFLOAT_BLOCK_EXT,
-        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_10x6_SFLOAT_BLOCK_EXT,
-        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_10x8_SFLOAT_BLOCK_EXT,
-        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_10x10_SFLOAT_BLOCK_EXT,
-        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_12x10_SFLOAT_BLOCK_EXT,
-        VK_FORMAT_ASTC_12x12_SFLOAT_BLOCK_EXT,
-        VK_FORMAT_G8B8G8R8_422_UNORM_KHR,
-        VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8G8_422_UNORM_KHR,
-        VK_FORMAT_G8_B8_R8_3PLANE_420_UNORM_KHR,
-        VK_FORMAT_G8_B8R8_2PLANE_420_UNORM_KHR,
-        VK_FORMAT_G8_B8_R8_3PLANE_422_UNORM_KHR,
-        VK_FORMAT_G8_B8R8_2PLANE_422_UNORM_KHR,
-        VK_FORMAT_G8_B8_R8_3PLANE_444_UNORM_KHR,
-        VK_FORMAT_R10X6_UNORM_PACK16_KHR,
-        VK_FORMAT_R10X6G10X6_UNORM_2PACK16_KHR,
-        VK_FORMAT_R10X6G10X6B10X6A10X6_UNORM_4PACK16_KHR,
-        VK_FORMAT_G10X6B10X6G10X6R10X6_422_UNORM_4PACK16_KHR,
-        VK_FORMAT_B10X6G10X6R10X6G10X6_422_UNORM_4PACK16_KHR,
-        VK_FORMAT_G10X6_B10X6_R10X6_3PLANE_420_UNORM_3PACK16_KHR,
-        VK_FORMAT_G10X6_B10X6R10X6_2PLANE_420_UNORM_3PACK16_KHR,
-        VK_FORMAT_G10X6_B10X6_R10X6_3PLANE_422_UNORM_3PACK16_KHR,
-        VK_FORMAT_G10X6_B10X6R10X6_2PLANE_422_UNORM_3PACK16_KHR,
-        VK_FORMAT_G10X6_B10X6_R10X6_3PLANE_444_UNORM_3PACK16_KHR,
-        VK_FORMAT_R12X4_UNORM_PACK16_KHR,
-        VK_FORMAT_R12X4G12X4_UNORM_2PACK16_KHR,
-        VK_FORMAT_R12X4G12X4B12X4A12X4_UNORM_4PACK16_KHR,
-        VK_FORMAT_G12X4B12X4G12X4R12X4_422_UNORM_4PACK16_KHR,
-        VK_FORMAT_B12X4G12X4R12X4G12X4_422_UNORM_4PACK16_KHR,
-        VK_FORMAT_G12X4_B12X4_R12X4_3PLANE_420_UNORM_3PACK16_KHR,
-        VK_FORMAT_G12X4_B12X4R12X4_2PLANE_420_UNORM_3PACK16_KHR,
-        VK_FORMAT_G12X4_B12X4_R12X4_3PLANE_422_UNORM_3PACK16_KHR,
-        VK_FORMAT_G12X4_B12X4R12X4_2PLANE_422_UNORM_3PACK16_KHR,
-        VK_FORMAT_G12X4_B12X4_R12X4_3PLANE_444_UNORM_3PACK16_KHR,
-        VK_FORMAT_G16B16G16R16_422_UNORM_KHR,
-        VK_FORMAT_B16G16R16G16_422_UNORM_KHR,
-        VK_FORMAT_G16_B16_R16_3PLANE_420_UNORM_KHR,
-        VK_FORMAT_G16_B16R16_2PLANE_420_UNORM_KHR,
-        VK_FORMAT_G16_B16_R16_3PLANE_422_UNORM_KHR,
-        VK_FORMAT_G16_B16R16_2PLANE_422_UNORM_KHR,
-        VK_FORMAT_G16_B16_R16_3PLANE_444_UNORM_KHR,
-        VK_FORMAT_G8_B8R8_2PLANE_444_UNORM_EXT,
-        VK_FORMAT_G10X6_B10X6R10X6_2PLANE_444_UNORM_3PACK16_EXT,
-        VK_FORMAT_G12X4_B12X4R12X4_2PLANE_444_UNORM_3PACK16_EXT,
-        VK_FORMAT_G16_B16R16_2PLANE_444_UNORM_EXT,
-        VK_FORMAT_A4R4G4B4_UNORM_PACK16_EXT,
-        VK_FORMAT_A4B4G4R4_UNORM_PACK16_EXT,
-        VK_FORMAT_R16G16_S10_5_NV,
+    VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED,
+    VK_FORMAT_R4G4_UNORM_PACK8,
+    VK_FORMAT_R4G4B4A4_UNORM_PACK16,
+    VK_FORMAT_B4G4R4A4_UNORM_PACK16,
+    VK_FORMAT_R5G6B5_UNORM_PACK16,
+    VK_FORMAT_B5G6R5_UNORM_PACK16,
+    VK_FORMAT_R5G5B5A1_UNORM_PACK16,
+    VK_FORMAT_B5G5R5A1_UNORM_PACK16,
+    VK_FORMAT_A1R5G5B5_UNORM_PACK16,
+    VK_FORMAT_R8_UNORM,
+    VK_FORMAT_R8_SNORM,
+    VK_FORMAT_R8_USCALED,
+    VK_FORMAT_R8_SSCALED,
+    VK_FORMAT_R8_UINT,
+    VK_FORMAT_R8_SINT,
+    VK_FORMAT_R8_SRGB,
+    VK_FORMAT_R8G8_UNORM,
+    VK_FORMAT_R8G8_SNORM,
+    VK_FORMAT_R8G8_USCALED,
+    VK_FORMAT_R8G8_SSCALED,
+    VK_FORMAT_R8G8_UINT,
+    VK_FORMAT_R8G8_SINT,
+    VK_FORMAT_R8G8_SRGB,
+    VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8_UNORM,
+    VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8_SNORM,
+    VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8_USCALED,
+    VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8_SSCALED,
+    VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8_UINT,
+    VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8_SINT,
+    VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8_SRGB,
+    VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8_UNORM,
+    VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8_SNORM,
+    VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8_USCALED,
+    VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8_SSCALED,
+    VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8_UINT,
+    VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8_SINT,
+    VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8_SRGB,
+    VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM,
+    VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SNORM,
+    VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_USCALED,
+    VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SSCALED,
+    VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UINT,
+    VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SINT,
+    VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SRGB,
+    VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM,
+    VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_SNORM,
+    VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_USCALED,
+    VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_SSCALED,
+    VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UINT,
+    VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_SINT,
+    VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_SRGB,
+    VK_FORMAT_A8B8G8R8_UNORM_PACK32,
+    VK_FORMAT_A8B8G8R8_SNORM_PACK32,
+    VK_FORMAT_A8B8G8R8_USCALED_PACK32,
+    VK_FORMAT_A8B8G8R8_SSCALED_PACK32,
+    VK_FORMAT_A8B8G8R8_UINT_PACK32,
+    VK_FORMAT_A8B8G8R8_SINT_PACK32,
+    VK_FORMAT_A8B8G8R8_SRGB_PACK32,
+    VK_FORMAT_A2R10G10B10_UNORM_PACK32,
+    VK_FORMAT_A2R10G10B10_SNORM_PACK32,
+    VK_FORMAT_A2R10G10B10_USCALED_PACK32,
+    VK_FORMAT_A2R10G10B10_SSCALED_PACK32,
+    VK_FORMAT_A2R10G10B10_UINT_PACK32,
+    VK_FORMAT_A2R10G10B10_SINT_PACK32,
+    VK_FORMAT_A2B10G10R10_UNORM_PACK32,
+    VK_FORMAT_A2B10G10R10_SNORM_PACK32,
+    VK_FORMAT_A2B10G10R10_USCALED_PACK32,
+    VK_FORMAT_A2B10G10R10_SSCALED_PACK32,
+    VK_FORMAT_A2B10G10R10_UINT_PACK32,
+    VK_FORMAT_A2B10G10R10_SINT_PACK32,
+    VK_FORMAT_R16_UNORM,
+    VK_FORMAT_R16_SNORM,
+    VK_FORMAT_R16_USCALED,
+    VK_FORMAT_R16_SSCALED,
+    VK_FORMAT_R16_UINT,
+    VK_FORMAT_R16_SINT,
+    VK_FORMAT_R16_SFLOAT,
+    VK_FORMAT_R16G16_UNORM,
+    VK_FORMAT_R16G16_SNORM,
+    VK_FORMAT_R16G16_USCALED,
+    VK_FORMAT_R16G16_SSCALED,
+    VK_FORMAT_R16G16_UINT,
+    VK_FORMAT_R16G16_SINT,
+    VK_FORMAT_R16G16_SFLOAT,
+    VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16_UNORM,
+    VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16_SNORM,
+    VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16_USCALED,
+    VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16_SSCALED,
+    VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16_UINT,
+    VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16_SINT,
+    VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16_SFLOAT,
+    VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_UNORM,
+    VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_SNORM,
+    VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_USCALED,
+    VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_SSCALED,
+    VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_UINT,
+    VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_SINT,
+    VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_SFLOAT,
+    VK_FORMAT_R32_UINT,
+    VK_FORMAT_R32_SINT,
+    VK_FORMAT_R32_SFLOAT,
+    VK_FORMAT_R32G32_UINT,
+    VK_FORMAT_R32G32_SINT,
+    VK_FORMAT_R32G32_SFLOAT,
+    VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_UINT,
+    VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SINT,
+    VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SFLOAT,
+    VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_UINT,
+    VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_SINT,
+    VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_SFLOAT,
+    VK_FORMAT_R64_UINT,
+    VK_FORMAT_R64_SINT,
+    VK_FORMAT_R64_SFLOAT,
+    VK_FORMAT_R64G64_UINT,
+    VK_FORMAT_R64G64_SINT,
+    VK_FORMAT_R64G64_SFLOAT,
+    VK_FORMAT_R64G64B64_UINT,
+    VK_FORMAT_R64G64B64_SINT,
+    VK_FORMAT_R64G64B64_SFLOAT,
+    VK_FORMAT_R64G64B64A64_UINT,
+    VK_FORMAT_R64G64B64A64_SINT,
+    VK_FORMAT_R64G64B64A64_SFLOAT,
+    VK_FORMAT_B10G11R11_UFLOAT_PACK32,
+    VK_FORMAT_E5B9G9R9_UFLOAT_PACK32,
+    VK_FORMAT_D16_UNORM,
+    VK_FORMAT_X8_D24_UNORM_PACK32,
+    VK_FORMAT_D32_SFLOAT,
+    VK_FORMAT_S8_UINT,
+    VK_FORMAT_D16_UNORM_S8_UINT,
+    VK_FORMAT_D24_UNORM_S8_UINT,
+    VK_FORMAT_D32_SFLOAT_S8_UINT,
+    VK_FORMAT_BC1_RGB_UNORM_BLOCK,
+    VK_FORMAT_BC1_RGB_SRGB_BLOCK,
+    VK_FORMAT_BC1_RGBA_UNORM_BLOCK,
+    VK_FORMAT_BC1_RGBA_SRGB_BLOCK,
+    VK_FORMAT_BC2_UNORM_BLOCK,
+    VK_FORMAT_BC2_SRGB_BLOCK,
+    VK_FORMAT_BC3_UNORM_BLOCK,
+    VK_FORMAT_BC3_SRGB_BLOCK,
+    VK_FORMAT_BC4_UNORM_BLOCK,
+    VK_FORMAT_BC4_SNORM_BLOCK,
+    VK_FORMAT_BC5_UNORM_BLOCK,
+    VK_FORMAT_BC5_SNORM_BLOCK,
+    VK_FORMAT_BC6H_UFLOAT_BLOCK,
+    VK_FORMAT_BC6H_SFLOAT_BLOCK,
+    VK_FORMAT_BC7_UNORM_BLOCK,
+    VK_FORMAT_BC7_SRGB_BLOCK,
+    VK_FORMAT_ETC2_R8G8B8_UNORM_BLOCK,
+    VK_FORMAT_ETC2_R8G8B8_SRGB_BLOCK,
+    VK_FORMAT_ETC2_R8G8B8A1_UNORM_BLOCK,
+    VK_FORMAT_ETC2_R8G8B8A1_SRGB_BLOCK,
+    VK_FORMAT_ETC2_R8G8B8A8_UNORM_BLOCK,
+    VK_FORMAT_ETC2_R8G8B8A8_SRGB_BLOCK,
+    VK_FORMAT_EAC_R11_UNORM_BLOCK,
+    VK_FORMAT_EAC_R11_SNORM_BLOCK,
+    VK_FORMAT_EAC_R11G11_UNORM_BLOCK,
+    VK_FORMAT_EAC_R11G11_SNORM_BLOCK,
+    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_4x4_UNORM_BLOCK,
+    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_4x4_SRGB_BLOCK,
+    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_5x4_UNORM_BLOCK,
+    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_5x4_SRGB_BLOCK,
+    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_5x5_UNORM_BLOCK,
+    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_5x5_SRGB_BLOCK,
+    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_6x5_UNORM_BLOCK,
+    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_6x5_SRGB_BLOCK,
+    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_6x6_UNORM_BLOCK,
+    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_6x6_SRGB_BLOCK,
+    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_8x5_UNORM_BLOCK,
+    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_8x5_SRGB_BLOCK,
+    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_8x6_UNORM_BLOCK,
+    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_8x6_SRGB_BLOCK,
+    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_8x8_UNORM_BLOCK,
+    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_8x8_SRGB_BLOCK,
+    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_10x5_UNORM_BLOCK,
+    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_10x5_SRGB_BLOCK,
+    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_10x6_UNORM_BLOCK,
+    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_10x6_SRGB_BLOCK,
+    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_10x8_UNORM_BLOCK,
+    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_10x8_SRGB_BLOCK,
+    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_10x10_UNORM_BLOCK,
+    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_10x10_SRGB_BLOCK,
+    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_12x10_UNORM_BLOCK,
+    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_12x10_SRGB_BLOCK,
+    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_12x12_UNORM_BLOCK,
+    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_12x12_SRGB_BLOCK,
+    VK_FORMAT_G8B8G8R8_422_UNORM,
+    VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8G8_422_UNORM,
+    VK_FORMAT_G8_B8_R8_3PLANE_420_UNORM,
+    VK_FORMAT_G8_B8R8_2PLANE_420_UNORM,
+    VK_FORMAT_G8_B8_R8_3PLANE_422_UNORM,
+    VK_FORMAT_G8_B8R8_2PLANE_422_UNORM,
+    VK_FORMAT_G8_B8_R8_3PLANE_444_UNORM,
+    VK_FORMAT_R10X6_UNORM_PACK16,
+    VK_FORMAT_R10X6G10X6_UNORM_2PACK16,
+    VK_FORMAT_R10X6G10X6B10X6A10X6_UNORM_4PACK16,
+    VK_FORMAT_G10X6B10X6G10X6R10X6_422_UNORM_4PACK16,
+    VK_FORMAT_B10X6G10X6R10X6G10X6_422_UNORM_4PACK16,
+    VK_FORMAT_G10X6_B10X6_R10X6_3PLANE_420_UNORM_3PACK16,
+    VK_FORMAT_G10X6_B10X6R10X6_2PLANE_420_UNORM_3PACK16,
+    VK_FORMAT_G10X6_B10X6_R10X6_3PLANE_422_UNORM_3PACK16,
+    VK_FORMAT_G10X6_B10X6R10X6_2PLANE_422_UNORM_3PACK16,
+    VK_FORMAT_G10X6_B10X6_R10X6_3PLANE_444_UNORM_3PACK16,
+    VK_FORMAT_R12X4_UNORM_PACK16,
+    VK_FORMAT_R12X4G12X4_UNORM_2PACK16,
+    VK_FORMAT_R12X4G12X4B12X4A12X4_UNORM_4PACK16,
+    VK_FORMAT_G12X4B12X4G12X4R12X4_422_UNORM_4PACK16,
+    VK_FORMAT_B12X4G12X4R12X4G12X4_422_UNORM_4PACK16,
+    VK_FORMAT_G12X4_B12X4_R12X4_3PLANE_420_UNORM_3PACK16,
+    VK_FORMAT_G12X4_B12X4R12X4_2PLANE_420_UNORM_3PACK16,
+    VK_FORMAT_G12X4_B12X4_R12X4_3PLANE_422_UNORM_3PACK16,
+    VK_FORMAT_G12X4_B12X4R12X4_2PLANE_422_UNORM_3PACK16,
+    VK_FORMAT_G12X4_B12X4_R12X4_3PLANE_444_UNORM_3PACK16,
+    VK_FORMAT_G16B16G16R16_422_UNORM,
+    VK_FORMAT_B16G16R16G16_422_UNORM,
+    VK_FORMAT_G16_B16_R16_3PLANE_420_UNORM,
+    VK_FORMAT_G16_B16R16_2PLANE_420_UNORM,
+    VK_FORMAT_G16_B16_R16_3PLANE_422_UNORM,
+    VK_FORMAT_G16_B16R16_2PLANE_422_UNORM,
+    VK_FORMAT_G16_B16_R16_3PLANE_444_UNORM,
+    VK_FORMAT_G8_B8R8_2PLANE_444_UNORM,
+    VK_FORMAT_G10X6_B10X6R10X6_2PLANE_444_UNORM_3PACK16,
+    VK_FORMAT_G12X4_B12X4R12X4_2PLANE_444_UNORM_3PACK16,
+    VK_FORMAT_G16_B16R16_2PLANE_444_UNORM,
+    VK_FORMAT_A4R4G4B4_UNORM_PACK16,
+    VK_FORMAT_A4B4G4R4_UNORM_PACK16,
+    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_4x4_SFLOAT_BLOCK,
+    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_5x4_SFLOAT_BLOCK,
+    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_5x5_SFLOAT_BLOCK,
+    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_6x5_SFLOAT_BLOCK,
+    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_6x6_SFLOAT_BLOCK,
+    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_8x5_SFLOAT_BLOCK,
+    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_8x6_SFLOAT_BLOCK,
+    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_8x8_SFLOAT_BLOCK,
+    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_10x5_SFLOAT_BLOCK,
+    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_10x6_SFLOAT_BLOCK,
+    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_10x8_SFLOAT_BLOCK,
+    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_10x10_SFLOAT_BLOCK,
+    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_12x10_SFLOAT_BLOCK,
+    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_12x12_SFLOAT_BLOCK,
+    VK_FORMAT_PVRTC1_2BPP_UNORM_BLOCK_IMG,
+    VK_FORMAT_PVRTC1_4BPP_UNORM_BLOCK_IMG,
+    VK_FORMAT_PVRTC2_2BPP_UNORM_BLOCK_IMG,
+    VK_FORMAT_PVRTC2_4BPP_UNORM_BLOCK_IMG,
+    VK_FORMAT_PVRTC1_2BPP_SRGB_BLOCK_IMG,
+    VK_FORMAT_PVRTC1_4BPP_SRGB_BLOCK_IMG,
+    VK_FORMAT_PVRTC2_2BPP_SRGB_BLOCK_IMG,
+    VK_FORMAT_PVRTC2_4BPP_SRGB_BLOCK_IMG,
+    // Not supported (yet) by bluevk
+    //        VK_FORMAT_R16G16_SFIXED5_NV,
+    //        VK_FORMAT_A1B5G5R5_UNORM_PACK16_KHR,
+    //        VK_FORMAT_A8_UNORM_KHR,
+    //        VK_FORMAT_A8_UNORM,
+    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_4x4_SFLOAT_BLOCK_EXT,
+    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_5x4_SFLOAT_BLOCK_EXT,
+    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_5x5_SFLOAT_BLOCK_EXT,
+    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_6x5_SFLOAT_BLOCK_EXT,
+    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_6x6_SFLOAT_BLOCK_EXT,
+    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_8x5_SFLOAT_BLOCK_EXT,
+    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_8x6_SFLOAT_BLOCK_EXT,
+    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_8x8_SFLOAT_BLOCK_EXT,
+    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_10x5_SFLOAT_BLOCK_EXT,
+    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_10x6_SFLOAT_BLOCK_EXT,
+    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_10x8_SFLOAT_BLOCK_EXT,
+    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_10x10_SFLOAT_BLOCK_EXT,
+    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_12x10_SFLOAT_BLOCK_EXT,
+    VK_FORMAT_ASTC_12x12_SFLOAT_BLOCK_EXT,
+    VK_FORMAT_G8B8G8R8_422_UNORM_KHR,
+    VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8G8_422_UNORM_KHR,
+    VK_FORMAT_G8_B8_R8_3PLANE_420_UNORM_KHR,
+    VK_FORMAT_G8_B8R8_2PLANE_420_UNORM_KHR,
+    VK_FORMAT_G8_B8_R8_3PLANE_422_UNORM_KHR,
+    VK_FORMAT_G8_B8R8_2PLANE_422_UNORM_KHR,
+    VK_FORMAT_G8_B8_R8_3PLANE_444_UNORM_KHR,
+    VK_FORMAT_R10X6_UNORM_PACK16_KHR,
+    VK_FORMAT_R10X6G10X6_UNORM_2PACK16_KHR,
+    VK_FORMAT_R10X6G10X6B10X6A10X6_UNORM_4PACK16_KHR,
+    VK_FORMAT_G10X6B10X6G10X6R10X6_422_UNORM_4PACK16_KHR,
+    VK_FORMAT_B10X6G10X6R10X6G10X6_422_UNORM_4PACK16_KHR,
+    VK_FORMAT_G10X6_B10X6_R10X6_3PLANE_420_UNORM_3PACK16_KHR,
+    VK_FORMAT_G10X6_B10X6R10X6_2PLANE_420_UNORM_3PACK16_KHR,
+    VK_FORMAT_G10X6_B10X6_R10X6_3PLANE_422_UNORM_3PACK16_KHR,
+    VK_FORMAT_G10X6_B10X6R10X6_2PLANE_422_UNORM_3PACK16_KHR,
+    VK_FORMAT_G10X6_B10X6_R10X6_3PLANE_444_UNORM_3PACK16_KHR,
+    VK_FORMAT_R12X4_UNORM_PACK16_KHR,
+    VK_FORMAT_R12X4G12X4_UNORM_2PACK16_KHR,
+    VK_FORMAT_R12X4G12X4B12X4A12X4_UNORM_4PACK16_KHR,
+    VK_FORMAT_G12X4B12X4G12X4R12X4_422_UNORM_4PACK16_KHR,
+    VK_FORMAT_B12X4G12X4R12X4G12X4_422_UNORM_4PACK16_KHR,
+    VK_FORMAT_G12X4_B12X4_R12X4_3PLANE_420_UNORM_3PACK16_KHR,
+    VK_FORMAT_G12X4_B12X4R12X4_2PLANE_420_UNORM_3PACK16_KHR,
+    VK_FORMAT_G12X4_B12X4_R12X4_3PLANE_422_UNORM_3PACK16_KHR,
+    VK_FORMAT_G12X4_B12X4R12X4_2PLANE_422_UNORM_3PACK16_KHR,
+    VK_FORMAT_G12X4_B12X4_R12X4_3PLANE_444_UNORM_3PACK16_KHR,
+    VK_FORMAT_G16B16G16R16_422_UNORM_KHR,
+    VK_FORMAT_B16G16R16G16_422_UNORM_KHR,
+    VK_FORMAT_G16_B16_R16_3PLANE_420_UNORM_KHR,
+    VK_FORMAT_G16_B16R16_2PLANE_420_UNORM_KHR,
+    VK_FORMAT_G16_B16_R16_3PLANE_422_UNORM_KHR,
+    VK_FORMAT_G16_B16R16_2PLANE_422_UNORM_KHR,
+    VK_FORMAT_G16_B16_R16_3PLANE_444_UNORM_KHR,
+    VK_FORMAT_G8_B8R8_2PLANE_444_UNORM_EXT,
+    VK_FORMAT_G10X6_B10X6R10X6_2PLANE_444_UNORM_3PACK16_EXT,
+    VK_FORMAT_G12X4_B12X4R12X4_2PLANE_444_UNORM_3PACK16_EXT,
+    VK_FORMAT_G16_B16R16_2PLANE_444_UNORM_EXT,
+    VK_FORMAT_A4R4G4B4_UNORM_PACK16_EXT,
+    VK_FORMAT_A4B4G4R4_UNORM_PACK16_EXT,
+    VK_FORMAT_R16G16_S10_5_NV,
+};
+
+constexpr VkFormat EXT_VK_FORMATS[] = {
+   // VK_EXT_ycbcr_2plane_444_formats
+   VK_FORMAT_G16_B16R16_2PLANE_444_UNORM,
+   VK_FORMAT_G10X6_B10X6R10X6_2PLANE_444_UNORM_3PACK16,
+   VK_FORMAT_G12X4_B12X4R12X4_2PLANE_444_UNORM_3PACK16,
+   VK_FORMAT_G8_B8R8_2PLANE_444_UNORM,
+   VK_FORMAT_G16_B16R16_2PLANE_444_UNORM,
+
+   // VK_NV_optical_flow
+   VK_FORMAT_R16G16_S10_5_NV,
 };
 
 using UniformBufferBitmask = utils::bitset64;
@@ -367,6 +381,81 @@ static constexpr uint8_t getFragmentStageShift() noexcept {
 // We have at most 4 descriptor sets. This is to indicate which ones are active.
 using DescriptorSetMask = utils::bitset8;
 
+//! this API is copied from (and only applies to) the Vulkan spec.
+//! These specify YUV to RGB conversions.
+enum class SamplerYcbcrModelConversion : uint8_t {
+    RGB_IDENTITY = 0,
+    YCBCR_IDENTITY = 1,
+    YCBCR_709 = 2,
+    YCBCR_601 = 3,
+    YCBCR_2020 = 4,
+};
+
+enum class SamplerYcbcrRange : uint8_t {
+    ITU_FULL = 0,
+    ITU_NARROW = 1,
+};
+
+enum class ChromaLocation : uint8_t {
+    COSITED_EVEN = 0,
+    MIDPOINT = 1,
+};
+
+//! Sampler parameters
+struct SamplerYcbcrConversion { // NOLINT
+    SamplerYcbcrModelConversion ycbcrModel : 4;
+    TextureSwizzle r : 4;
+    TextureSwizzle g : 4;
+    TextureSwizzle b : 4;
+    TextureSwizzle a : 4;
+    SamplerYcbcrRange ycbcrRange : 1;
+    ChromaLocation xChromaOffset : 1;
+    ChromaLocation yChromaOffset : 1;
+    SamplerMagFilter chromaFilter : 1;
+    uint8_t padding;
+
+    struct Hasher {
+        size_t operator()(const SamplerYcbcrConversion p) const noexcept {
+            // we don't use std::hash<> here, so we don't have to include <functional>
+            return *reinterpret_cast<uint32_t const*>(reinterpret_cast<char const*>(&p));
+        }
+    };
+
+    struct EqualTo {
+        bool operator()(SamplerYcbcrConversion lhs, SamplerYcbcrConversion rhs) const noexcept {
+            assert_invariant(lhs.padding == 0);
+            auto* pLhs = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t const*>(reinterpret_cast<char const*>(&lhs));
+            auto* pRhs = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t const*>(reinterpret_cast<char const*>(&rhs));
+            return *pLhs == *pRhs;
+        }
+    };
+
+    struct LessThan {
+        bool operator()(SamplerYcbcrConversion lhs, SamplerYcbcrConversion rhs) const noexcept {
+            assert_invariant(lhs.padding == 0);
+            auto* pLhs = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t const*>(reinterpret_cast<char const*>(&lhs));
+            auto* pRhs = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t const*>(reinterpret_cast<char const*>(&rhs));
+            return *pLhs < *pRhs;
+        }
+    };
+
+private:
+    friend bool operator==(SamplerYcbcrConversion lhs, SamplerYcbcrConversion rhs) noexcept {
+        return SamplerYcbcrConversion::EqualTo{}(lhs, rhs);
+    }
+    friend bool operator!=(SamplerYcbcrConversion lhs, SamplerYcbcrConversion rhs) noexcept {
+        return !SamplerYcbcrConversion::EqualTo{}(lhs, rhs);
+    }
+    friend bool operator<(SamplerYcbcrConversion lhs, SamplerYcbcrConversion rhs) noexcept {
+        return SamplerYcbcrConversion::LessThan{}(lhs, rhs);
+    }
+};
+
+static_assert(sizeof(SamplerYcbcrConversion) == 4);
+
+static_assert(sizeof(SamplerYcbcrConversion) <= sizeof(uint64_t),
+        "SamplerYcbcrConversion must be no more than 64 bits");
+
 } // namespace filament::backend::fvkutils
 
 #endif // TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_VULKAN_UTILS_DEFINITIONS_H

filament/backend/src/vulkan/utils/StaticVector.h

@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 // An Array that will be statically fixed in capacity, but the "size" (as in user added elements) is
 // variable. Note that this class is movable.
 
+#include <utils/debug.h>
 #include <utils/Panic.h>
 
 #include <array>

filament/backend/src/webgpu/SpdMipmapGenerator/Readme.md

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+WebGPU does not include a trivial way to create mipmaps, and thus we must provide a render pass or compute pass to generate them.
+
+This directory is the result of porting https://github.com/JolifantoBambla/webgpu-spd to C++, which itself is a WebGPU port of https://github.com/GPUOpen-LibrariesAndSDKs/FidelityFX-SDK/blob/main/docs/samples/single-pass-downsampler.md. 
+
+The first version of our port is primarily from a Gemini "Convert this to C++" request, which worked as an MVP with very few changes. Future commits will likely alter this version significantly, but it is being merged in this early state to facilitate rapid iteration. 

filament/backend/src/webgpu/SpdMipmapGenerator/SpdMipmapGenerator.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,960 @@
+#include "SpdMipmapGenerator.h"
+#include <sstream>
+#include <stdexcept>
+// C++ port of https://github.com/JolifantoBambla/webgpu-spd for early experiments
+namespace spd {
+
+// Helper to convert enums to strings for map keys or shader code
+const char* to_string(wgpu::TextureFormat format) {
+    switch (format) {
+        case wgpu::TextureFormat::RGBA8Unorm:
+            return "rgba8unorm";
+        case wgpu::TextureFormat::BGRA8Unorm:
+            return "bgra8unorm";
+        case wgpu::TextureFormat::R32Float:
+            return "r32float";
+        case wgpu::TextureFormat::RG32Float:
+            return "rg32float";
+        case wgpu::TextureFormat::RGBA32Float:
+            return "rgba32float";
+        case wgpu::TextureFormat::R16Float:
+            return "r16float";
+        case wgpu::TextureFormat::RG16Float:
+            return "rg16float";
+        case wgpu::TextureFormat::RGBA16Float:
+            return "rgba16float";
+        // Add other formats as needed
+        default:
+            return "rgba8unorm";
+    }
+}
+
+
+std::string MipmapGenerator::GetFilterCode(SPDFilter filter) {
+    switch (filter) {
+        case SPDFilter::Min:
+            return R"(
+    fn spd_reduce_4(v0: vec4<SPDScalar>, v1: vec4<SPDScalar>, v2: vec4<SPDScalar>, v3: vec4<SPDScalar>) -> vec4<SPDScalar> {
+        return min(min(v0, v1), min(v2, v3));
+    }
+    )";
+        case SPDFilter::Max:
+            return R"(
+    fn spd_reduce_4(v0: vec4<SPDScalar>, v1: vec4<SPDScalar>, v2: vec4<SPDScalar>, v3: vec4<SPDScalar>) -> vec4<SPDScalar> {
+        return max(max(v0, v1), max(v2, v3));
+    }
+    )";
+        case SPDFilter::MinMax:
+            return R"(
+    fn spd_reduce_4(v0: vec4<SPDScalar>, v1: vec4<SPDScalar>, v2: vec4<SPDScalar>, v3: vec4<SPDScalar>) -> vec4<SPDScalar> {
+        let max4 = max(max(v0.xy, v1.xy), max(v2.xy, v3.xy));
+        return vec4<SPDScalar>(min(min(v0.x, v1.x), min(v2.x, v3.x)), max(max4.x, max4.y), 0.0, 0.0);
+    }
+    )";
+        case SPDFilter::Average:
+        default:
+            return R"(
+    fn spd_reduce_4(v0: vec4<SPDScalar>, v1: vec4<SPDScalar>, v2: vec4<SPDScalar>, v3: vec4<SPDScalar>) -> vec4<SPDScalar> {
+        return (v0 + v1 + v2 + v3) * 0.25;
+    }
+    )";
+    }
+}
+
+
+MipmapGenerator::MipmapGenerator(const wgpu::Device& device)
+    : m_device(device) {
+    wgpu::BindGroupLayoutEntry bglEntry{};
+    bglEntry.binding = 0;
+    bglEntry.visibility = wgpu::ShaderStage::Compute;
+    bglEntry.buffer.type = wgpu::BufferBindingType::Uniform;
+    bglEntry.buffer.minBindingSize = 16;
+
+    wgpu::BindGroupLayoutDescriptor bglDesc{};
+    bglDesc.entryCount = 1;
+    bglDesc.entries = &bglEntry;
+    m_internalResourcesBindGroupLayout =
+            m_device.CreateBindGroupLayout(&bglDesc); // Basic BGL for <= 6 mips
+
+    wgpu::Limits deviceLimits;
+    m_device.GetLimits(&deviceLimits);
+    // Max number of *output* mips we can generate in a single pass.
+    // This is device.maxStorageTexturesPerShaderStage - 1 (for the source texture binding),
+    // further capped at 11 output mips (which means 12 total texture bindings: 1 source + 11
+    // outputs). WebGPU minspec for maxStorageTexturesPerShaderStage is 4, so
+    // deviceLimits.maxStorageTexturesPerShaderStage >= 4. Thus, m_maxMipsPerPass will be at least
+    // std::min(4u - 1, 11u) = 3.
+    m_maxMipsPerPass =
+            std::min(static_cast<uint32_t>(deviceLimits.maxStorageTexturesPerShaderStage) - 1, 11u);
+    m_maxArrayLayers = deviceLimits.maxStorageTexturesPerShaderStage;
+
+
+    // If we can generate more than 6 mips in a pass, we need an advanced BGL
+    // that includes atomic counter and mid-mip buffer for levels > 5.
+    if (m_maxMipsPerPass > 6) {
+        std::vector<wgpu::BindGroupLayoutEntry> entriesAdvanced(3);
+        // Entry 0: Uniform buffer (DownsamplePassMeta)
+        entriesAdvanced[0].binding = 0;
+        entriesAdvanced[0].visibility = wgpu::ShaderStage::Compute;
+        entriesAdvanced[0].buffer.type = wgpu::BufferBindingType::Uniform;
+        entriesAdvanced[0].buffer.minBindingSize = 16; // sizeof(DownsamplePassMeta) effectively
+
+        // Entry 1: Storage buffer (spd_global_counter)
+        entriesAdvanced[1].binding = 1;
+        entriesAdvanced[1].visibility = wgpu::ShaderStage::Compute;
+        entriesAdvanced[1].buffer.type = wgpu::BufferBindingType::Storage;
+        entriesAdvanced[1].buffer.minBindingSize = 4; // sizeof(atomic<u32>)
+
+        // Entry 2: Storage buffer (mip_dst_6_buffer)
+        entriesAdvanced[2].binding = 2;
+        entriesAdvanced[2].visibility = wgpu::ShaderStage::Compute;
+        entriesAdvanced[2].buffer.type = wgpu::BufferBindingType::Storage;
+        // Size for array<array<array<vec4<f32>, 64>, 64>> which is 16 (bytes for vec4f32) * 64 * 64
+        // * arrayLayers. The shader defines it as [slice][uv.y][uv.x], so 64x64 per slice.
+        // minBindingSize here is for one slice as a baseline. Actual buffer will be larger for
+        // multiple array layers.
+        entriesAdvanced[2].buffer.minBindingSize = 16 * 64 * 64;
+
+        wgpu::BindGroupLayoutDescriptor bglDescAdvanced{};
+        bglDescAdvanced.label = "SPD Internal BGL (Advanced)";
+        bglDescAdvanced.entryCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(entriesAdvanced.size());
+        bglDescAdvanced.entries = entriesAdvanced.data();
+        m_internalResourcesBindGroupLayout_Advanced =
+                m_device.CreateBindGroupLayout(&bglDescAdvanced);
+    }
+}
+
+void MipmapGenerator::PreparePipelines(wgpu::TextureFormat format, SPDFilter filter,
+        bool halfPrecision) {
+    SPDScalarType scalarType = SanitizeScalarType(format, halfPrecision);
+    // Prepare for a reasonable number of mips, up to m_maxMipsPerPass
+    // The loop should go from 1 up to and including m_maxMipsPerPass.
+    // If m_maxMipsPerPass is 0 (e.g. maxStorageTexturesPerShaderStage <=1 ), this loop won't run.
+    for (uint32_t i = 1; i <= m_maxMipsPerPass; ++i) {
+        GetOrCreatePipeline({ format, scalarType, filter, i });
+    }
+}
+
+SPDScalarType MipmapGenerator::SanitizeScalarType(wgpu::TextureFormat format, bool halfPrecision) {
+    std::string formatStr = to_string(format);
+    std::transform(formatStr.begin(), formatStr.end(), formatStr.begin(), ::tolower);
+
+    SPDScalarType texelType = SPDScalarType::F32; // Default to F32
+    if (formatStr.find("sint") != std::string::npos) {
+        texelType = SPDScalarType::I32;
+    } else if (formatStr.find("uint") != std::string::npos) {
+        texelType = SPDScalarType::U32;
+    }
+
+    if (halfPrecision && texelType == SPDScalarType::F32) {
+        if (m_device.HasFeature(wgpu::FeatureName::ShaderF16)) {
+            return SPDScalarType::F16;
+        } else {
+            // Optional: Log a warning here that halfPrecision was requested for a float format
+            // but the device does not support ShaderF16, so F32 will be used.
+        }
+    } else if (halfPrecision && texelType != SPDScalarType::F32) {
+        // Optional: Log a warning here that halfPrecision was requested for a non-float format.
+    }
+    return texelType;
+}
+
+SPDPipeline& MipmapGenerator::GetOrCreatePipeline(const PipelineCacheKey& key) {
+    uint32_t numMipsForPipeline = std::min(key.numMips, m_maxMipsPerPass);
+    if (m_pipelines.find(key) == m_pipelines.end()) {
+        // Create the pipeline
+        SPDPipeline spdPipeline;
+
+        std::vector<wgpu::BindGroupLayoutEntry> mipsBglEntries;
+        // Bindings are 0 for source, 1 to numMipsForPipeline for destinations
+        for (uint32_t i = 0; i <= numMipsForPipeline; ++i) {
+            wgpu::BindGroupLayoutEntry entry{};
+            entry.binding = i;
+            entry.visibility = wgpu::ShaderStage::Compute;
+            if (i == 0) {
+                if (key.scalarType == SPDScalarType::I32) {
+                    entry.texture.sampleType = wgpu::TextureSampleType::Sint;
+                } else if (key.scalarType == SPDScalarType::U32) {
+                    entry.texture.sampleType = wgpu::TextureSampleType::Uint;
+                } else if (key.scalarType == SPDScalarType::F32 || key.scalarType == SPDScalarType::F16) {
+                    entry.texture.sampleType = wgpu::TextureSampleType::Float;
+                } else {
+                    entry.texture.sampleType = wgpu::TextureSampleType::UnfilterableFloat;
+                }
+                entry.texture.viewDimension = wgpu::TextureViewDimension::e2DArray;
+            } else {
+                entry.storageTexture.access = wgpu::StorageTextureAccess::WriteOnly;
+                entry.storageTexture.format = key.format;
+                entry.storageTexture.viewDimension = wgpu::TextureViewDimension::e2DArray;
+            }
+            mipsBglEntries.push_back(entry);
+        }
+
+        wgpu::BindGroupLayoutDescriptor mipsBglDesc{};
+        mipsBglDesc.entryCount = mipsBglEntries.size();
+        mipsBglDesc.entries = mipsBglEntries.data();
+        spdPipeline.mipsBindGroupLayout = m_device.CreateBindGroupLayout(&mipsBglDesc);
+
+        std::string shaderCode = MakeShaderCode(key.format, GetFilterCode(key.filter),
+                numMipsForPipeline, key.scalarType);
+        wgpu::ShaderModuleWGSLDescriptor wgslDesc{};
+        wgslDesc.code = shaderCode.c_str();
+
+        wgpu::ShaderModuleDescriptor shaderModuleDesc{};
+        shaderModuleDesc.nextInChain = &wgslDesc;
+        wgpu::ShaderModule shaderModule = m_device.CreateShaderModule(&shaderModuleDesc);
+
+        wgpu::BindGroupLayout chosenInternalBGL =
+                (numMipsForPipeline > 6 && m_internalResourcesBindGroupLayout_Advanced)
+                        ? m_internalResourcesBindGroupLayout_Advanced
+                        : m_internalResourcesBindGroupLayout;
+
+        wgpu::BindGroupLayout bgls[] = { spdPipeline.mipsBindGroupLayout, chosenInternalBGL };
+        wgpu::PipelineLayoutDescriptor layoutDesc{};
+        layoutDesc.bindGroupLayoutCount = 2;
+        layoutDesc.bindGroupLayouts = bgls;
+
+        wgpu::ComputePipelineDescriptor pipelineDesc{};
+        pipelineDesc.layout = m_device.CreatePipelineLayout(&layoutDesc);
+        pipelineDesc.compute.module = shaderModule;
+        pipelineDesc.compute.entryPoint = "downsample";
+
+        spdPipeline.pipeline = m_device.CreateComputePipeline(&pipelineDesc);
+        m_pipelines[key] = std::move(spdPipeline);
+    }
+    return m_pipelines[key];
+}
+
+
+void MipmapGenerator::Generate(wgpu::CommandEncoder& commandEncoder, wgpu::Texture srcTexture,
+        const SPDPassConfig& config) {
+    if (config.numMips <= 1 || config.numMips <= config.sourceMipLevel + 1) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (m_maxMipsPerPass == 0) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    PreparePipelines(srcTexture.GetFormat(), config.filter, config.halfPrecision);
+
+    uint32_t totalSrcArrayLayers = srcTexture.GetDepthOrArrayLayers();
+
+    // Loop over array layer chunks
+    for (uint32_t currentBaseArrayLayer = 0; currentBaseArrayLayer < totalSrcArrayLayers;
+            currentBaseArrayLayer += m_maxArrayLayers) {
+
+        uint32_t arrayLayersThisPass =
+                std::min(m_maxArrayLayers, totalSrcArrayLayers - currentBaseArrayLayer);
+
+        uint32_t mipsToGenerateCount = config.numMips - (config.sourceMipLevel + 1);
+        uint32_t currentSourceMipLevel = config.sourceMipLevel;
+
+        while (mipsToGenerateCount > 0) {
+            uint32_t mipsThisPass = std::min(mipsToGenerateCount, m_maxMipsPerPass);
+
+            SPDPassConfig passSpecificConfig = {};
+            passSpecificConfig.filter = config.filter;
+            passSpecificConfig.halfPrecision = config.halfPrecision;
+            passSpecificConfig.targetTexture =
+                    config.targetTexture ? config.targetTexture : srcTexture;
+            passSpecificConfig.numMips = mipsThisPass;
+            passSpecificConfig.sourceMipLevel = currentSourceMipLevel;
+
+            // Pass baseArrayLayer and numArrayLayers directly to generatePass
+            generatePass(commandEncoder, srcTexture, passSpecificConfig, currentBaseArrayLayer,
+                    arrayLayersThisPass);
+
+            mipsToGenerateCount -= mipsThisPass;
+            currentSourceMipLevel += mipsThisPass;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void MipmapGenerator::generatePass(wgpu::CommandEncoder& commandEncoder, wgpu::Texture srcTexture,
+        const SPDPassConfig& passConfig, uint32_t baseArrayLayer, uint32_t numArrayLayers) {
+    uint32_t width = srcTexture.GetWidth() >> passConfig.sourceMipLevel;
+    uint32_t height = srcTexture.GetHeight() >> passConfig.sourceMipLevel;
+
+    uint32_t arrayLayerCountForThisPass = numArrayLayers;
+
+    wgpu::Texture target = passConfig.targetTexture ? passConfig.targetTexture : srcTexture;
+    uint32_t numMipsThisPass = passConfig.numMips;
+
+    if (numMipsThisPass == 0) return;
+
+    SPDScalarType scalarType = SanitizeScalarType(srcTexture.GetFormat(), passConfig.halfPrecision);
+    SPDPipeline& spdPipeline = GetOrCreatePipeline(
+            { target.GetFormat(), scalarType, passConfig.filter, numMipsThisPass });
+
+    // --- Create Bind Group 0 (Mips) ---
+    std::vector<wgpu::BindGroupEntry> mipEntries;
+
+    wgpu::TextureViewDescriptor srcViewDesc{};
+    srcViewDesc.dimension = wgpu::TextureViewDimension::e2DArray;
+    srcViewDesc.baseMipLevel = passConfig.sourceMipLevel;
+    srcViewDesc.mipLevelCount = 1;
+    srcViewDesc.baseArrayLayer = baseArrayLayer;
+    srcViewDesc.arrayLayerCount = arrayLayerCountForThisPass;
+
+    wgpu::BindGroupEntry srcEntry{};
+    srcEntry.binding = 0;
+    srcEntry.textureView = srcTexture.CreateView(&srcViewDesc);
+    mipEntries.push_back(srcEntry);
+
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < numMipsThisPass; ++i) {
+        wgpu::TextureViewDescriptor dstViewDesc{};
+        dstViewDesc.dimension = wgpu::TextureViewDimension::e2DArray;
+        dstViewDesc.baseMipLevel = passConfig.sourceMipLevel + i + 1;
+        dstViewDesc.mipLevelCount = 1;
+        dstViewDesc.baseArrayLayer = baseArrayLayer;
+        dstViewDesc.arrayLayerCount = arrayLayerCountForThisPass;
+
+        wgpu::BindGroupEntry dstEntry{};
+        dstEntry.binding = i + 1;
+        dstEntry.textureView = target.CreateView(&dstViewDesc);
+        mipEntries.push_back(dstEntry);
+    }
+
+    wgpu::BindGroupDescriptor mipBindGroupDesc{};
+    mipBindGroupDesc.layout = spdPipeline.mipsBindGroupLayout;
+    mipBindGroupDesc.entryCount = mipEntries.size();
+    mipBindGroupDesc.entries = mipEntries.data();
+    wgpu::BindGroup mipsBindGroup = m_device.CreateBindGroup(&mipBindGroupDesc);
+
+    // --- Create Bind Group 1 (Internal Resources) ---
+    uint32_t widthDiv64 = (width + 63) / 64;
+    uint32_t heightDiv64 = (height + 63) / 64;
+    uint32_t numWorkGroups = widthDiv64 * heightDiv64;
+
+    struct DownsamplePassMeta {
+        uint32_t work_group_offset[2] = { 0, 0 };
+        uint32_t num_work_groups;
+        uint32_t mips;
+        uint32_t padding[12];
+    } meta;
+    meta.num_work_groups = numWorkGroups;
+    meta.mips = numMipsThisPass;
+
+    wgpu::BufferDescriptor metaBufferDesc{};
+    metaBufferDesc.size = sizeof(DownsamplePassMeta);
+    metaBufferDesc.usage = wgpu::BufferUsage::Uniform | wgpu::BufferUsage::CopyDst;
+    wgpu::Buffer metaBuffer = m_device.CreateBuffer(&metaBufferDesc);
+    m_device.GetQueue().WriteBuffer(metaBuffer, 0, &meta, sizeof(meta));
+
+    wgpu::BindGroup internalBindGroup;
+    wgpu::BindGroupLayout chosenInternalBGL =
+            (numMipsThisPass > 6 && m_internalResourcesBindGroupLayout_Advanced)
+                    ? m_internalResourcesBindGroupLayout_Advanced
+                    : m_internalResourcesBindGroupLayout;
+
+    if (numMipsThisPass > 6 && m_internalResourcesBindGroupLayout_Advanced) {
+        wgpu::BufferDescriptor atomicCounterBufferDesc{};
+        atomicCounterBufferDesc.size = sizeof(uint32_t) * arrayLayerCountForThisPass;
+        atomicCounterBufferDesc.usage = wgpu::BufferUsage::Storage | wgpu::BufferUsage::CopyDst;
+        wgpu::Buffer atomicCounterBuffer = m_device.CreateBuffer(&atomicCounterBufferDesc);
+
+        commandEncoder.ClearBuffer(atomicCounterBuffer, 0, WGPU_WHOLE_SIZE);
+
+        wgpu::BufferDescriptor midMipBufferDesc{};
+        midMipBufferDesc.size = 64 * 64 * 16 * arrayLayerCountForThisPass;
+        midMipBufferDesc.usage = wgpu::BufferUsage::Storage;
+        wgpu::Buffer midMipBuffer = m_device.CreateBuffer(&midMipBufferDesc);
+
+        std::vector<wgpu::BindGroupEntry> internalEntries(3);
+        internalEntries[0].binding = 0;
+        internalEntries[0].buffer = metaBuffer;
+        internalEntries[0].size = sizeof(DownsamplePassMeta);
+
+        internalEntries[1].binding = 1;
+        internalEntries[1].buffer = atomicCounterBuffer;
+        internalEntries[1].size = atomicCounterBuffer.GetSize();
+
+        internalEntries[2].binding = 2;
+        internalEntries[2].buffer = midMipBuffer;
+        internalEntries[2].size = midMipBuffer.GetSize();
+
+        wgpu::BindGroupDescriptor internalBindGroupDesc{};
+        internalBindGroupDesc.layout = chosenInternalBGL;
+        internalBindGroupDesc.entryCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(internalEntries.size());
+        internalBindGroupDesc.entries = internalEntries.data();
+        internalBindGroup = m_device.CreateBindGroup(&internalBindGroupDesc);
+    } else {
+        wgpu::BindGroupEntry metaEntry{};
+        metaEntry.binding = 0;
+        metaEntry.buffer = metaBuffer;
+        metaEntry.size = sizeof(DownsamplePassMeta);
+
+        wgpu::BindGroupDescriptor internalBindGroupDesc{};
+        internalBindGroupDesc.layout = chosenInternalBGL;
+        internalBindGroupDesc.entryCount = 1;
+        internalBindGroupDesc.entries = &metaEntry;
+        internalBindGroup = m_device.CreateBindGroup(&internalBindGroupDesc);
+    }
+
+    // --- Dispatch ---
+    wgpu::ComputePassEncoder pass = commandEncoder.BeginComputePass();
+    pass.SetPipeline(spdPipeline.pipeline);
+    pass.SetBindGroup(0, mipsBindGroup);
+    pass.SetBindGroup(1, internalBindGroup);
+    pass.DispatchWorkgroups(widthDiv64, heightDiv64, arrayLayerCountForThisPass);
+    pass.End();
+}
+// Main shader generation logic
+
+// Helper function to check if a string is in a vector of strings
+bool includes(const std::vector<std::string>& vec, const std::string& str) {
+    for (const auto& s: vec) {
+        if (s == str) {
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+std::string MakeShaderCode(wgpu::TextureFormat outputFormat, const std::string& filterOp,
+        unsigned int numMips,       // Assuming a default value for numMips
+        SPDScalarType scalarType) { // Default scalarType
+    std::stringstream ss;
+
+    std::string texelType;
+    if (scalarType == SPDScalarType::I32) {
+        texelType = "i32";
+    } else if (scalarType == SPDScalarType::U32) {
+        texelType = "u32";
+    } else {
+        texelType = "f32";
+    }
+
+    bool useF16 = (scalarType == SPDScalarType::F16);
+
+    std::string filterCode = filterOp;
+    if (filterOp == SPD_FILTER_AVERAGE && !includes({ "f32", "f16" }, texelType)) {
+        // Replace "* 0.25" with "/ 4"
+        size_t pos = filterCode.find("* 0.25");
+        if (pos != std::string::npos) {
+            filterCode.replace(pos, std::string("* 0.25").length(), "/ 4");
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Generate mipsBindings
+    std::string mipsBindings;
+    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < numMips; ++i) {
+        mipsBindings += "@group(0) @binding(" + std::to_string(i + 1) + ") var dst_mip_" +
+                        std::to_string(i + 1) + ": texture_storage_2d_array<" +
+                        to_string(outputFormat) + ", write>;\n";
+    }
+
+    // Generate mipsAccessorBody
+    std::string mipsAccessorBody;
+    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < numMips; ++i) {
+        if (i == 5 && numMips > 6) {
+            mipsAccessorBody += " else if mip == 6 {\n";
+            mipsAccessorBody += "                textureStore(dst_mip_6, uv, slice, " +
+                                (useF16 ? "vec4<" + texelType + ">(value)" : "value") + ");\n";
+            mipsAccessorBody += "                mip_dst_6_buffer[slice][uv.y][uv.x] = value;\n";
+            mipsAccessorBody += "            }";
+        } else {
+            if (i != 0) {
+                mipsAccessorBody += " else ";
+            }
+            mipsAccessorBody += "if mip == " + std::to_string(i + 1) + " {\n";
+            mipsAccessorBody += "                textureStore(dst_mip_" + std::to_string(i + 1) +
+                                ", uv, slice, " +
+                                (useF16 ? "vec4<" + texelType + ">(value)" : "value") + ");\n";
+            mipsAccessorBody += "            }";
+        }
+    }
+
+    std::string mipsAccessor =
+            "fn store_dst_mip(value: vec4<SPDScalar>, uv: vec2<u32>, slice: u32, mip: u32) {\n" +
+            mipsAccessorBody + "\n}";
+    std::string midMipAccessor = "return mip_dst_6_buffer[slice][uv.y][uv.x];";
+
+    // Start building the final shader code string
+    ss << R"(
+// This file is part of the FidelityFX SDK.
+//
+// Copyright (C) 2023 Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.
+//
+// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+// of this software and associated documentation files(the “Software”), to deal
+// in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+// to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and /or sell
+// copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+// furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions :
+//
+// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+// all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+//
+// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+// IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+// FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+// AUTHORS COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+// LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+// OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+// THE SOFTWARE.
+
+
+// Definitions --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+)";
+    if (useF16) {
+        ss << "enable f16;\n";
+    }
+    ss << "alias SPDScalar = " << texelType
+       << ";\n\n"; // Using texelType here, assuming SPDScalar maps to it.
+
+    ss << R"(
+// Helpers ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/**
+ * A helper function performing a remap 64x1 to 8x8 remapping which is necessary for 2D wave reductions.
+ * * The 64-wide lane indices to 8x8 remapping is performed as follows:
+ * 00 01 08 09 10 11 18 19
+ * 02 03 0a 0b 12 13 1a 1b
+ * 04 05 0c 0d 14 15 1c 1d
+ * 06 07 0e 0f 16 17 1e 1f
+ * 20 21 28 29 30 31 38 39
+ * 22 23 2a 2b 32 33 3a 3b
+ * 24 25 2c 2d 34 35 3c 3d
+ * 26 27 2e 2f 36 37 3e 3f
+ * * @param a: The input 1D coordinate to remap.
+ *
+ * @returns The remapped 2D coordinates.
+ */
+fn remap_for_wave_reduction(a: u32) -> vec2<u32> {
+    return vec2<u32>(
+        insertBits(extractBits(a, 2u, 3u), a, 0u, 1u),
+        insertBits(extractBits(a, 3u, 3u), extractBits(a, 1u, 2u), 0u, 2u)
+    );
+}
+
+fn map_to_xy(local_invocation_index: u32) -> vec2<u32> {
+    let sub_xy: vec2<u32> = remap_for_wave_reduction(local_invocation_index % 64);
+    return vec2<u32>(
+        sub_xy.x + 8 * ((local_invocation_index >> 6) % 2),
+        sub_xy.y + 8 * ((local_invocation_index >> 7))
+    );
+}
+
+/*
+ * Compute a linear value from a SRGB value.
+ * * @param value: The value to convert to linear from SRGB.
+ * * @returns A value in SRGB space.
+ */
+/*
+fn srgb_to_linear(value: SPDScalar) -> SPDScalar {
+    let j = vec3<SPDScalar>(0.0031308 * 12.92, 12.92, 1.0 / 2.4);
+    let k = vec2<SPDScalar>(1.055, -0.055);
+    return clamp(j.x, value * j.y, pow(value, j.z) * k.x + k.y);
+}
+*/
+
+// Resources & Accessors -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+struct DownsamplePassMeta {
+    work_group_offset: vec2<u32>,
+    num_work_groups: u32,
+    mips: u32,
+}
+
+// In the original version dst_mip_i is an image2Darray [SPD_MAX_MIP_LEVELS+1], i.e., 12+1, but WGSL doesn't support arrays of textures yet
+// Also these are read_write because for mips 7-13, the workgroup reads from mip level 6 - since most formats don't support read_write access in WGSL yet, we use a single read_write buffer in such cases instead
+@group(0) @binding(0) var src_mip_0: texture_2d_array<)"
+       << texelType << R"(>;
+)" << mipsBindings
+       << R"(
+
+@group(1) @binding(0) var<uniform> downsample_pass_meta : DownsamplePassMeta;
+@group(1) @binding(1) var<storage, read_write> spd_global_counter: array<atomic<u32>>;
+@group(1) @binding(2) var<storage, read_write> mip_dst_6_buffer: array<array<array<vec4<f32>, 64>, 64>>;
+
+fn get_mips() -> u32 {
+    return downsample_pass_meta.mips;
+}
+
+fn get_num_work_groups() -> u32 {
+    return downsample_pass_meta.num_work_groups;
+}
+
+fn get_work_group_offset() -> vec2<u32> {
+    return downsample_pass_meta.work_group_offset;
+}
+
+fn load_src_image(uv: vec2<u32>, slice: u32) -> vec4<SPDScalar> {
+    return vec4<SPDScalar>(textureLoad(src_mip_0, uv, slice, 0));
+}
+
+fn load_mid_mip_image(uv: vec2<u32>, slice: u32) -> vec4<SPDScalar> {
+    )";
+    if (numMips > 6) {
+        ss << midMipAccessor;
+    } else {
+        ss << "return vec4<SPDScalar>();";
+    }
+    ss << R"(
+}
+
+)" << mipsAccessor
+       << R"(
+
+// Workgroup -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+var<workgroup> spd_intermediate: array<array<vec4<SPDScalar>, 16>, 16>;
+var<workgroup> spd_counter: atomic<u32>;
+
+fn spd_increase_atomic_counter(slice: u32) {
+    atomicStore(&spd_counter, atomicAdd(&spd_global_counter[slice], 1));
+}
+
+fn spd_get_atomic_counter() -> u32 {
+    return atomicLoad(&spd_counter);
+}
+
+fn spd_reset_atomic_counter(slice: u32) {
+    atomicStore(&spd_global_counter[slice], 0);
+}
+
+// Cotnrol flow --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+fn spd_barrier() {
+    // in glsl this does: groupMemoryBarrier(); barrier();
+    workgroupBarrier();
+}
+
+// Only last active workgroup should proceed
+fn spd_exit_workgroup(num_work_groups: u32, local_invocation_index: u32, slice: u32) -> bool {
+    // global atomic counter
+    if (local_invocation_index == 0) {
+        spd_increase_atomic_counter(slice);
+    }
+    spd_barrier();
+    return spd_get_atomic_counter() != (num_work_groups - 1);
+}
+
+// Pixel access --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+)" << filterCode
+       << R"(
+
+fn spd_store(pix: vec2<u32>, out_value: vec4<SPDScalar>, mip: u32, slice: u32) {
+    store_dst_mip(out_value, pix, slice, mip + 1);
+}
+
+fn spd_load_intermediate(x: u32, y: u32) -> vec4<SPDScalar> {
+    return spd_intermediate[x][y];
+}
+
+fn spd_store_intermediate(x: u32, y: u32, value: vec4<SPDScalar>) {
+    spd_intermediate[x][y] = value;
+}
+
+fn spd_reduce_intermediate(i0: vec2<u32>, i1: vec2<u32>, i2: vec2<u32>, i3: vec2<u32>) -> vec4<SPDScalar> {
+    let v0 = spd_load_intermediate(i0.x, i0.y);
+    let v1 = spd_load_intermediate(i1.x, i1.y);
+    let v2 = spd_load_intermediate(i2.x, i2.y);
+    let v3 = spd_load_intermediate(i3.x, i3.y);
+    return spd_reduce_4(v0, v1, v2, v3);
+}
+
+fn spd_reduce_load_4(base: vec2<u32>, slice: u32) -> vec4<SPDScalar> {
+    let v0 = load_src_image(base + vec2<u32>(0, 0), slice);
+    let v1 = load_src_image(base + vec2<u32>(0, 1), slice);
+    let v2 = load_src_image(base + vec2<u32>(1, 0), slice);
+    let v3 = load_src_image(base + vec2<u32>(1, 1), slice);
+    return spd_reduce_4(v0, v1, v2, v3);
+}
+
+fn spd_reduce_load_mid_mip_4(base: vec2<u32>, slice: u32) -> vec4<SPDScalar> {
+    let v0 = load_mid_mip_image(base + vec2<u32>(0, 0), slice);
+    let v1 = load_mid_mip_image(base + vec2<u32>(0, 1), slice);
+    let v2 = load_mid_mip_image(base + vec2<u32>(1, 0), slice);
+    let v3 = load_mid_mip_image(base + vec2<u32>(1, 1), slice);
+    return spd_reduce_4(v0, v1, v2, v3);
+}
+
+// Main logic ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+fn spd_downsample_mips_0_1(x: u32, y: u32, workgroup_id: vec2<u32>, local_invocation_index: u32, mip: u32, slice: u32) {
+    var v: array<vec4<SPDScalar>, 4>;
+
+    let workgroup64 = workgroup_id.xy * 64;
+    let workgroup32 = workgroup_id.xy * 32;
+    let workgroup16 = workgroup_id.xy * 16;
+
+    var tex = workgroup64 + vec2<u32>(x * 2, y * 2);
+    var pix = workgroup32 + vec2<u32>(x, y);
+    v[0] = spd_reduce_load_4(tex, slice);
+    spd_store(pix, v[0], 0, slice);
+
+    tex = workgroup64 + vec2<u32>(x * 2 + 32, y * 2);
+    pix = workgroup32 + vec2<u32>(x + 16, y);
+    v[1] = spd_reduce_load_4(tex, slice);
+    spd_store(pix, v[1], 0, slice);
+
+    tex = workgroup64 + vec2<u32>(x * 2, y * 2 + 32);
+    pix = workgroup32 + vec2<u32>(x, y + 16);
+    v[2] = spd_reduce_load_4(tex, slice);
+    spd_store(pix, v[2], 0, slice);
+
+    tex = workgroup64 + vec2<u32>(x * 2 + 32, y * 2 + 32);
+    pix = workgroup32 + vec2<u32>(x + 16, y + 16);
+    v[3] = spd_reduce_load_4(tex, slice);
+    spd_store(pix, v[3], 0, slice);
+
+    if mip <= 1 {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    for (var i = 0u; i < 4u; i++) {
+        spd_store_intermediate(x, y, v[i]);
+        spd_barrier();
+        if local_invocation_index < 64 {
+            v[i] = spd_reduce_intermediate(
+                vec2<u32>(x * 2 + 0, y * 2 + 0),
+                vec2<u32>(x * 2 + 1, y * 2 + 0),
+                vec2<u32>(x * 2 + 0, y * 2 + 1),
+                vec2<u32>(x * 2 + 1, y * 2 + 1)
+            );
+            spd_store(workgroup16 + vec2<u32>(x + (i % 2) * 8, y + (i / 2) * 8), v[i], 1, slice);
+        }
+        spd_barrier();
+    }
+
+    if local_invocation_index < 64 {
+        spd_store_intermediate(x + 0, y + 0, v[0]);
+        spd_store_intermediate(x + 8, y + 0, v[1]);
+        spd_store_intermediate(x + 0, y + 8, v[2]);
+        spd_store_intermediate(x + 8, y + 8, v[3]);
+    }
+}
+
+fn spd_downsample_mip_2(x: u32, y: u32, workgroup_id: vec2<u32>, local_invocation_index: u32, mip: u32, slice: u32) {
+    if local_invocation_index < 64u {
+        let v = spd_reduce_intermediate(
+            vec2<u32>(x * 2 + 0, y * 2 + 0),
+            vec2<u32>(x * 2 + 1, y * 2 + 0),
+            vec2<u32>(x * 2 + 0, y * 2 + 1),
+            vec2<u32>(x * 2 + 1, y * 2 + 1)
+        );
+        spd_store(workgroup_id.xy * 8 + vec2<u32>(x, y), v, mip, slice);
+        // store to LDS, try to reduce bank conflicts
+        // x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0
+        // 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+        // 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 x
+        // 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+        // x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0
+        // ...
+        // x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0
+        spd_store_intermediate(x * 2 + y % 2, y * 2, v);
+    }
+}
+
+fn spd_downsample_mip_3(x: u32, y: u32, workgroup_id: vec2<u32>, local_invocation_index: u32, mip: u32, slice: u32) {
+    if local_invocation_index < 16u {
+        // x 0 x 0
+        // 0 0 0 0
+        // 0 x 0 x
+        // 0 0 0 0
+        let v = spd_reduce_intermediate(
+            vec2<u32>(x * 4 + 0 + 0, y * 4 + 0),
+            vec2<u32>(x * 4 + 2 + 0, y * 4 + 0),
+            vec2<u32>(x * 4 + 0 + 1, y * 4 + 2),
+            vec2<u32>(x * 4 + 2 + 1, y * 4 + 2)
+        );
+        spd_store(workgroup_id.xy * 4 + vec2<u32>(x, y), v, mip, slice);
+        // store to LDS
+        // x 0 0 0 x 0 0 0 x 0 0 0 x 0 0 0
+        // 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+        // 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+        // 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+        // 0 x 0 0 0 x 0 0 0 x 0 0 0 x 0 0
+        // ...
+        // 0 0 x 0 0 0 x 0 0 0 x 0 0 0 x 0
+        // ...
+        // 0 0 0 x 0 0 0 x 0 0 0 x 0 0 0 x
+        // ...
+        spd_store_intermediate(x * 4 + y, y * 4, v);
+    }
+}
+
+fn spd_downsample_mip_4(x: u32, y: u32, workgroup_id: vec2<u32>, local_invocation_index: u32, mip: u32, slice: u32) {
+    if local_invocation_index < 4u {
+        // x 0 0 0 x 0 0 0
+        // ...
+        // 0 x 0 0 0 x 0 0
+        let v = spd_reduce_intermediate(
+            vec2<u32>(x * 8 + 0 + 0 + y * 2, y * 8 + 0),
+            vec2<u32>(x * 8 + 4 + 0 + y * 2, y * 8 + 0),
+            vec2<u32>(x * 8 + 0 + 1 + y * 2, y * 8 + 4),
+            vec2<u32>(x * 8 + 4 + 1 + y * 2, y * 8 + 4)
+        );
+        spd_store(workgroup_id.xy * 2 + vec2<u32>(x, y), v, mip, slice);
+        // store to LDS
+        // x x x x 0 ...
+        // 0 ...
+        spd_store_intermediate(x + y * 2, 0, v);
+    }
+}
+
+fn spd_downsample_mip_5(workgroup_id: vec2<u32>, local_invocation_index: u32, mip: u32, slice: u32) {
+    if local_invocation_index < 1u {
+        // x x x x 0 ...
+        // 0 ...
+        let v = spd_reduce_intermediate(vec2<u32>(0, 0), vec2<u32>(1, 0), vec2<u32>(2, 0), vec2<u32>(3, 0));
+        spd_store(workgroup_id.xy, v, mip, slice);
+    }
+}
+
+fn spd_downsample_next_four(x: u32, y: u32, workgroup_id: vec2<u32>, local_invocation_index: u32, base_mip: u32, mips: u32, slice: u32) {
+    if mips <= base_mip {
+        return;
+    }
+    spd_barrier();
+    spd_downsample_mip_2(x, y, workgroup_id, local_invocation_index, base_mip, slice);
+
+    if mips <= base_mip + 1 {
+        return;
+    }
+    spd_barrier();
+    spd_downsample_mip_3(x, y, workgroup_id, local_invocation_index, base_mip + 1, slice);
+
+    if mips <= base_mip + 2 {
+        return;
+    }
+    spd_barrier();
+    spd_downsample_mip_4(x, y, workgroup_id, local_invocation_index, base_mip + 2, slice);
+
+    if mips <= base_mip + 3 {
+        return;
+    }
+    spd_barrier();
+    spd_downsample_mip_5(workgroup_id, local_invocation_index, base_mip + 3, slice);
+}
+
+fn spd_downsample_last_four(x: u32, y: u32, workgroup_id: vec2<u32>, local_invocation_index: u32, base_mip: u32, mips: u32, slice: u32, exit: bool) {
+    if mips <= base_mip {
+        return;
+    }
+    spd_barrier();
+    if !exit {
+        spd_downsample_mip_2(x, y, workgroup_id, local_invocation_index, base_mip, slice);
+    }
+
+    if mips <= base_mip + 1 {
+        return;
+    }
+    spd_barrier();
+    if !exit {
+        spd_downsample_mip_3(x, y, workgroup_id, local_invocation_index, base_mip + 1, slice);
+    }
+
+    if mips <= base_mip + 2 {
+        return;
+    }
+    spd_barrier();
+    if !exit {
+        spd_downsample_mip_4(x, y, workgroup_id, local_invocation_index, base_mip + 2, slice);
+    }
+
+    if mips <= base_mip + 3 {
+        return;
+    }
+    spd_barrier();
+    if !exit {
+        spd_downsample_mip_5(workgroup_id, local_invocation_index, base_mip + 3, slice);
+    }
+}
+
+fn spd_downsample_mips_6_7(x: u32, y: u32, mips: u32, slice: u32) {
+    var tex = vec2<u32>(x * 4 + 0, y * 4 + 0);
+    var pix = vec2<u32>(x * 2 + 0, y * 2 + 0);
+    let v0 = spd_reduce_load_mid_mip_4(tex, slice);
+    spd_store(pix, v0, 6, slice);
+
+    tex = vec2<u32>(x * 4 + 2, y * 4 + 0);
+    pix = vec2<u32>(x * 2 + 1, y * 2 + 0);
+    let v1 = spd_reduce_load_mid_mip_4(tex, slice);
+    spd_store(pix, v1, 6, slice);
+
+    tex = vec2<u32>(x * 4 + 0, y * 4 + 2);
+    pix = vec2<u32>(x * 2 + 0, y * 2 + 1);
+    let v2 = spd_reduce_load_mid_mip_4(tex, slice);
+    spd_store(pix, v2, 6, slice);
+
+    tex = vec2<u32>(x * 4 + 2, y * 4 + 2);
+    pix = vec2<u32>(x * 2 + 1, y * 2 + 1);
+    let v3 = spd_reduce_load_mid_mip_4(tex, slice);
+    spd_store(pix, v3, 6, slice);
+
+    if mips <= 7 {
+        return;
+    }
+    // no barrier needed, working on values only from the same thread
+
+    let v = spd_reduce_4(v0, v1, v2, v3);
+    spd_store(vec2<u32>(x, y), v, 7, slice);
+    spd_store_intermediate(x, y, v);
+}
+
+fn spd_downsample_last_6(x: u32, y: u32, local_invocation_index: u32, mips: u32, num_work_groups: u32, slice: u32) {
+    if mips <= 6 {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // increase the global atomic counter for the given slice and check if it's the last remaining thread group:
+    // terminate if not, continue if yes.
+    let exit = spd_exit_workgroup(num_work_groups, local_invocation_index, slice);
+
+    // can't exit directly because subsequent barrier calls break uniform control flow...
+    if !exit {
+        // reset the global atomic counter back to 0 for the next spd dispatch
+        spd_reset_atomic_counter(slice);
+
+        // After mip 5 there is only a single workgroup left that downsamples the remaining up to 64x64 texels.
+        // compute MIP level 6 and 7
+        spd_downsample_mips_6_7(x, y, mips, slice);
+    }
+
+    // compute MIP level 8, 9, 10, 11
+    spd_downsample_last_four(x, y, vec2<u32>(0, 0), local_invocation_index, 8, mips, slice, exit);
+}
+
+/// Downsamples a 64x64 tile based on the work group id.
+/// If after downsampling it's the last active thread group, computes the remaining MIP levels.
+///
+/// @param [in] workGroupID        index of the work group / thread group
+/// @param [in] localInvocationIndex   index of the thread within the thread group in 1D
+/// @param [in] mips             the number of total MIP levels to compute for the input texture
+/// @param [in] numWorkGroups        the total number of dispatched work groups / thread groups for this slice
+/// @param [in] slice             the slice of the input texture
+fn spd_downsample(workgroup_id: vec2<u32>, local_invocation_index: u32, mips: u32, num_work_groups: u32, slice: u32) {
+    let xy = map_to_xy(local_invocation_index);
+    spd_downsample_mips_0_1(xy.x, xy.y, workgroup_id, local_invocation_index, mips, slice);
+    spd_downsample_next_four(xy.x, xy.y, workgroup_id, local_invocation_index, 2, mips, slice);
+)";
+    if (numMips > 6) {
+        ss << "    spd_downsample_last_6(xy.x, xy.y, local_invocation_index, mips, "
+              "num_work_groups, slice);\n";
+    }
+    ss << R"(}
+
+// Entry points -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+@compute
+@workgroup_size(256, 1, 1)
+fn downsample(@builtin(local_invocation_index) local_invocation_index: u32, @builtin(workgroup_id) workgroup_id: vec3<u32>) {
+    spd_downsample(
+        workgroup_id.xy + get_work_group_offset(),
+        local_invocation_index,
+        get_mips(),
+        get_num_work_groups(),
+        workgroup_id.z
+    );
+}
+)";
+    return ss.str();
+}
+
+
+} // namespace spd

filament/backend/src/webgpu/SpdMipmapGenerator/SpdMipmapGenerator.h

@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <optional>
+#include <string>
+#include <tsl/robin_map.h>
+#include <vector>
+#include <webgpu/webgpu_cpp.h>
+// C++ port of https://github.com/JolifantoBambla/webgpu-spd for early experiments
+namespace spd {
+
+// Enum for selecting the downsampling filter.
+enum class SPDFilter { Average, Min, Max, MinMax };
+
+// Enum for shader scalar types.
+enum class SPDScalarType { F32, F16, I32, U32 };
+
+// Configuration for a single mipmap generation pass.
+struct SPDPassConfig {
+    SPDFilter filter = SPDFilter::Average;
+    wgpu::Texture targetTexture = nullptr;
+    uint32_t numMips = 0; // For the public API, this is total desired mips. Internally, mips for
+                          // the current pass.
+    bool halfPrecision = false;
+    uint32_t sourceMipLevel = 0;
+};
+
+// Holds a pipeline and its corresponding bind group layout.
+struct SPDPipeline {
+    wgpu::BindGroupLayout mipsBindGroupLayout = nullptr;
+    wgpu::ComputePipeline pipeline = nullptr;
+};
+
+// Manages pipeline creation, caching, and execution for mipmap generation.
+class MipmapGenerator {
+public:
+    MipmapGenerator(const wgpu::Device& device);
+
+    // Pre-creates pipelines for specified formats and filters.
+    void PreparePipelines(wgpu::TextureFormat format, SPDFilter filter, bool halfPrecision = false);
+
+    // Generates a compute pass for creating mipmaps.
+    void Generate(wgpu::CommandEncoder& commandEncoder, wgpu::Texture srcTexture,
+            const SPDPassConfig& config);
+
+private:
+    void generatePass(wgpu::CommandEncoder& commandEncoder, wgpu::Texture srcTexture,
+            const SPDPassConfig& passConfig, uint32_t baseArrayLayer,
+            uint32_t numArrayLayers); // Internal pass config might differ slightly if needed
+
+    wgpu::Device m_device;
+    wgpu::BindGroupLayout m_internalResourcesBindGroupLayout;
+    wgpu::BindGroupLayout m_internalResourcesBindGroupLayout_Advanced = nullptr;
+
+    // Maximum number of mips that can be generated in a single pass.
+    uint32_t m_maxMipsPerPass;
+    uint32_t m_maxArrayLayers;
+
+    // Key for the pipeline cache.
+    struct PipelineCacheKey {
+        wgpu::TextureFormat format;
+        SPDScalarType scalarType;
+        SPDFilter filter;
+        uint32_t numMips;
+
+        bool operator==(const PipelineCacheKey& other) const {
+            return format == other.format && scalarType == other.scalarType &&
+                   filter == other.filter && numMips == other.numMips;
+        }
+    };
+
+    // Hash function for PipelineCacheKey.
+    struct PipelineCacheKeyHash {
+        std::size_t operator()(const PipelineCacheKey& key) const {
+            std::size_t h1 = std::hash<wgpu::TextureFormat>()(key.format);
+            std::size_t h2 = std::hash<SPDScalarType>()(key.scalarType);
+            std::size_t h3 = std::hash<SPDFilter>()(key.filter);
+            std::size_t h4 = std::hash<uint32_t>()(key.numMips);
+            // A simple way to combine hashes.
+            return h1 ^ (h2 << 1) ^ (h3 << 2) ^ (h4 << 3);
+        }
+    };
+
+    // Cached pipelines.
+    tsl::robin_map<PipelineCacheKey, SPDPipeline, PipelineCacheKeyHash> m_pipelines;
+
+    // Helper methods
+    SPDPipeline& GetOrCreatePipeline(const PipelineCacheKey& key);
+    SPDScalarType SanitizeScalarType(wgpu::TextureFormat format, bool halfPrecision);
+    std::string GetFilterCode(SPDFilter filter);
+};
+// Assuming SPD_FILTER_AVERAGE is a string constant
+const std::string SPD_FILTER_AVERAGE = "value * 0.25"; // Original filter operation
+
+// Generates the WGSL shader code dynamically.
+std::string MakeShaderCode(wgpu::TextureFormat outputFormat,
+        const std::string& filterOp = SPD_FILTER_AVERAGE, uint32_t numMips = 0,
+        SPDScalarType scalarType = SPDScalarType::F32);
+
+} // namespace spd

filament/backend/src/webgpu/SpdMipmapGenerator/license.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+MIT License
+
+Copyright (c) 2024 Lukas Herzberger
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.

filament/backend/src/webgpu/WebGPUBufferBase.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2025 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include "WebGPUBufferBase.h"
+
+#include "WebGPUConstants.h"
+
+#include "DriverBase.h"
+#include <backend/BufferDescriptor.h>
+
+#include <utils/Panic.h>
+#include <utils/debug.h>
+
+#include <webgpu/webgpu_cpp.h>
+
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <cstring>
+
+namespace filament::backend {
+
+namespace {
+
+[[nodiscard]] wgpu::Buffer createBuffer(wgpu::Device const& device, const wgpu::BufferUsage usage,
+        uint32_t size, const char* const label) {
+    // Write size must be divisible by WEBGPU_BUFFER_SIZE_MODULUS (e.g. 4).
+    // If the whole buffer is written to as is common, so must the buffer size.
+    size += (WEBGPU_BUFFER_SIZE_MODULUS - (size % WEBGPU_BUFFER_SIZE_MODULUS)) %
+            WEBGPU_BUFFER_SIZE_MODULUS;
+    wgpu::BufferDescriptor descriptor{
+        .label = label,
+        .usage = usage,
+        .size = size,
+        .mappedAtCreation = false };
+    wgpu::Buffer buffer = device.CreateBuffer(&descriptor);
+    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(buffer) << "Failed to create buffer for " << label;
+    return buffer;
+}
+
+} // namespace
+
+WebGPUBufferBase::WebGPUBufferBase(wgpu::Device const& device, const wgpu::BufferUsage usage,
+        const uint32_t size, char const* const label)
+    : mBuffer{ createBuffer(device, usage, size, label) } {}
+
+void WebGPUBufferBase::updateGPUBuffer(BufferDescriptor const& bufferDescriptor,
+        const uint32_t byteOffset, wgpu::Queue const& queue) {
+    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(bufferDescriptor.buffer)
+            << "updateGPUBuffer called with a null buffer";
+    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(bufferDescriptor.size + byteOffset <= mBuffer.GetSize())
+            << "Attempting to copy " << bufferDescriptor.size << " bytes into a buffer of size "
+            << mBuffer.GetSize() << " at offset " << byteOffset;
+    FILAMENT_CHECK_PRECONDITION(byteOffset % WEBGPU_BUFFER_SIZE_MODULUS == 0)
+            << "Byte offset must be a multiple of " << WEBGPU_BUFFER_SIZE_MODULUS << " but is "
+            << byteOffset;
+
+    // TODO: All buffer objects are created with CopyDst usage.
+    // This may have some performance implications. That should be investigated later.
+    assert_invariant(mBuffer.GetUsage() & wgpu::BufferUsage::CopyDst);
+
+    const size_t remainder = bufferDescriptor.size % WEBGPU_BUFFER_SIZE_MODULUS;
+
+    // WriteBuffer is an async call. But cpu buffer data is already written to the staging
+    // buffer on return from the WriteBuffer.
+    const size_t legalSize = bufferDescriptor.size - remainder;
+    queue.WriteBuffer(mBuffer, byteOffset, bufferDescriptor.buffer, legalSize);
+    if (remainder != 0) {
+        const uint8_t* remainderStart =
+                static_cast<const uint8_t*>(bufferDescriptor.buffer) + legalSize;
+        memcpy(mRemainderChunk.data(), remainderStart, remainder);
+        // Pad the remainder with zeros to ensure deterministic behavior, though GPU shouldn't
+        // access this
+        std::memset(mRemainderChunk.data() + remainder, 0, WEBGPU_BUFFER_SIZE_MODULUS - remainder);
+
+        queue.WriteBuffer(mBuffer, byteOffset + legalSize, &mRemainderChunk,
+                WEBGPU_BUFFER_SIZE_MODULUS);
+    }
+}
+
+}// namespace filament::backend

filament/backend/src/webgpu/WebGPUBufferBase.h

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2025 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#ifndef TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_WEBGPUBUFFERBASE_H
+#define TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_WEBGPUBUFFERBASE_H
+
+#include "WebGPUConstants.h"
+
+#include <webgpu/webgpu_cpp.h>
+
+#include <array>
+#include <cstdint>
+
+namespace filament::backend {
+
+class BufferDescriptor;
+
+class WebGPUBufferBase /* intended to be extended */ {
+public:
+    void updateGPUBuffer(BufferDescriptor const&, uint32_t byteOffset, wgpu::Queue const&);
+
+    [[nodiscard]] wgpu::Buffer const& getBuffer() const { return mBuffer; }
+
+protected:
+    WebGPUBufferBase(wgpu::Device const&, wgpu::BufferUsage, uint32_t size, char const* label);
+
+private:
+    const wgpu::Buffer mBuffer;
+    // WEBGPU_BUFFER_SIZE_MODULUS (e.g. 4) bytes to hold any extra chunk we need.
+    std::array<uint8_t, WEBGPU_BUFFER_SIZE_MODULUS> mRemainderChunk{};
+};
+
+} // namespace filament::backend
+
+#endif // TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_WEBGPUBUFFERBASE_H

filament/backend/src/webgpu/WebGPUBufferObject.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2025 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include "WebGPUBufferObject.h"
+
+#include "WebGPUBufferBase.h"
+
+#include "DriverBase.h"
+#include <backend/DriverEnums.h>
+
+#include <webgpu/webgpu_cpp.h>
+
+#include <cstdint>
+
+namespace filament::backend {
+
+namespace {
+
+[[nodiscard]] constexpr wgpu::BufferUsage getBufferObjectUsage(
+        const BufferObjectBinding bindingType) noexcept {
+    switch (bindingType) {
+        case BufferObjectBinding::VERTEX:         return wgpu::BufferUsage::Vertex;
+        case BufferObjectBinding::UNIFORM:        return wgpu::BufferUsage::Uniform;
+        case BufferObjectBinding::SHADER_STORAGE: return wgpu::BufferUsage::Storage;
+    }
+}
+
+} // namespace
+
+WebGPUBufferObject::WebGPUBufferObject(wgpu::Device const& device,
+        const BufferObjectBinding bindingType, const uint32_t byteCount)
+    : HwBufferObject{ byteCount },
+      WebGPUBufferBase{ device, wgpu::BufferUsage::CopyDst | getBufferObjectUsage(bindingType),
+          byteCount, "buffer_object" } {}
+
+} // namespace filament::backend

filament/backend/src/webgpu/WebGPUBufferObject.h

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2025 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#ifndef TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_WEBGPUBUFFEROBJECT_H
+#define TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_WEBGPUBUFFEROBJECT_H
+
+#include "WebGPUBufferBase.h"
+
+#include "DriverBase.h"
+
+#include <cstdint>
+
+namespace wgpu {
+class Device;
+}
+
+namespace filament::backend {
+
+enum class BufferObjectBinding : uint8_t;
+
+class WebGPUBufferObject final : public HwBufferObject, public WebGPUBufferBase {
+public:
+    WebGPUBufferObject(wgpu::Device const&, BufferObjectBinding, uint32_t byteCount);
+};
+
+} // namespace filament::backend
+
+#endif // TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_WEBGPUBUFFEROBJECT_H

filament/backend/src/webgpu/WebGPUConstants.h

@@ -17,10 +17,12 @@
 #ifndef TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_WEBGPUCONSTANTS_H
 #define TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_WEBGPUCONSTANTS_H
 
-#include <utils/Log.h>
+#include <utils/Logger.h>
 
 #include <cstdint>
 
+constexpr size_t WEBGPU_BUFFER_SIZE_MODULUS = 4;
+
 // FWGPU is short for Filament WebGPU
 
 // turn on runtime validation, namely for debugging, that would normally not run (for release)
@@ -30,8 +32,8 @@
 #define FWGPU_PRINT_SYSTEM         0x00000002
 
 // Set this to enable logging "only" to one output stream. This is useful in the case where we want
-// to debug with print statements and want ordered logging (e.g slog.i and slog.e will not appear in
-// order of calls).
+// to debug with print statements and want ordered logging (e.g LOG(INFO) and LOG(ERROR) will not
+// appear in order of calls).
 #define FWGPU_DEBUG_FORCE_LOG_TO_I 0x00000004
 
 // Useful default combinations
@@ -52,15 +54,15 @@
 #define FWGPU_ENABLED(flags) (((FWGPU_DEBUG_FLAGS) & (flags)) == (flags))
 
 #if FWGPU_ENABLED(FWGPU_DEBUG_FORCE_LOG_TO_I)
-    #define FWGPU_LOGI (utils::slog.i)
+    #define FWGPU_LOGI LOG(INFO)
     #define FWGPU_LOGD FWGPU_LOGI
     #define FWGPU_LOGE FWGPU_LOGI
     #define FWGPU_LOGW FWGPU_LOGI
 #else
-    #define FWGPU_LOGE (utils::slog.e)
-    #define FWGPU_LOGW (utils::slog.w)
-    #define FWGPU_LOGD (utils::slog.d)
-    #define FWGPU_LOGI (utils::slog.i)
+    #define FWGPU_LOGE LOG(ERROR)
+    #define FWGPU_LOGW LOG(WARNING)
+    #define FWGPU_LOGD DLOG(INFO)
+    #define FWGPU_LOGI LOG(INFO)
 #endif
 
 constexpr uint64_t REQUEST_ADAPTER_TIMEOUT_NANOSECONDS =

filament/backend/src/webgpu/WebGPUDescriptorSet.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2025 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include "WebGPUDescriptorSet.h"
+
+#include "WebGPUDescriptorSetLayout.h"
+
+#include <backend/DriverEnums.h>
+
+#include <utils/Panic.h>
+#include <utils/debug.h>
+
+#include <webgpu/webgpu_cpp.h>
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace filament::backend {
+
+namespace {
+
+constexpr uint8_t INVALID_INDEX = MAX_DESCRIPTOR_COUNT + 1;
+
+} // namespace
+
+WebGPUDescriptorSet::WebGPUDescriptorSet(wgpu::BindGroupLayout const& layout,
+        std::vector<WebGPUDescriptorSetLayout::BindGroupEntryInfo> const& bindGroupEntries)
+    : mLayout{ layout },
+      mEntriesWithDynamicOffsetsCount{ static_cast<size_t>(std::count_if(bindGroupEntries.begin(),
+              bindGroupEntries.end(), [](auto const& entry) { return entry.hasDynamicOffset; })) } {
+
+    mEntries.resize(bindGroupEntries.size());
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < bindGroupEntries.size(); ++i) {
+        mEntries[i].binding = bindGroupEntries[i].binding;
+    }
+    // Establish the size of entries based on the layout. This should be reliable and efficient.
+    assert_invariant(INVALID_INDEX > mEntryIndexByBinding.size());
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < mEntryIndexByBinding.size(); i++) {
+        mEntryIndexByBinding[i] = INVALID_INDEX;
+    }
+    for (size_t index = 0; index < mEntries.size(); index++) {
+        wgpu::BindGroupEntry const& entry = mEntries[index];
+        assert_invariant(entry.binding < mEntryIndexByBinding.size());
+        mEntryIndexByBinding[entry.binding] = static_cast<uint8_t>(index);
+    }
+}
+
+void WebGPUDescriptorSet::addEntry(const unsigned int index, wgpu::BindGroupEntry&& entry) {
+    if (mBindGroup) {
+        // We will keep getting hits from future updates, but shouldn't do anything
+        // Filament guarantees this won't change after things have locked.
+        return;
+    }
+    // TODO: Putting some level of trust that Filament is not going to reuse indexes or go past the
+    // layout index for efficiency. Add guards if wrong.
+    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(index < mEntryIndexByBinding.size())
+            << "impossible/invalid index for a descriptor/binding (our of range or >= "
+               "MAX_DESCRIPTOR_COUNT) "
+            << index;
+    uint8_t entryIndex = mEntryIndexByBinding[index];
+    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(entryIndex != INVALID_INDEX && entryIndex < mEntries.size())
+            << "Invalid binding " << index;
+    entry.binding = index;
+    mEntries[entryIndex] = std::move(entry);
+}
+
+wgpu::BindGroup WebGPUDescriptorSet::lockAndReturn(wgpu::Device const& device) {
+    if (mBindGroup) {
+        return mBindGroup;
+    }
+    // TODO label? Should we just copy layout label?
+    const wgpu::BindGroupDescriptor descriptor{
+        .layout = mLayout,
+        .entryCount = mEntries.size(),
+        .entries = mEntries.data()
+    };
+    mBindGroup = device.CreateBindGroup(&descriptor);
+    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(mBindGroup) << "Failed to create bind group?";
+    // once we have created the bind group itself we should no longer need any other state
+    mLayout = nullptr;
+    mEntries.clear();
+    mEntries.shrink_to_fit();
+    return mBindGroup;
+}
+
+WebGPUDescriptorSet::~WebGPUDescriptorSet() {
+    mBindGroup = nullptr;
+    mLayout = nullptr;
+}
+
+} // namespace filament::backend

filament/backend/src/webgpu/WebGPUDescriptorSet.h

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2025 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#ifndef TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_WEBGPUDESCRIPTORSET_H
+#define TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_WEBGPUDESCRIPTORSET_H
+
+#include "WebGPUDescriptorSetLayout.h"
+
+#include "DriverBase.h"
+#include <backend/DriverEnums.h>
+
+#include <webgpu/webgpu_cpp.h>
+
+#include <array>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace filament::backend {
+
+class WebGPUDescriptorSet final : public HwDescriptorSet {
+public:
+    WebGPUDescriptorSet(wgpu::BindGroupLayout const&,
+            std::vector<WebGPUDescriptorSetLayout::BindGroupEntryInfo> const&);
+    ~WebGPUDescriptorSet();
+
+    void addEntry(unsigned int index, wgpu::BindGroupEntry&& entry);
+
+    [[nodiscard]] wgpu::BindGroup lockAndReturn(wgpu::Device const&);
+
+    [[nodiscard]] bool getIsLocked() const { return mBindGroup != nullptr; }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] size_t getEntitiesWithDynamicOffsetsCount() const {
+        return mEntriesWithDynamicOffsetsCount;
+    }
+
+    // May be nullptr. Use lockAndReturn to create the bind group when appropriate
+    [[nodiscard]] wgpu::BindGroup const& getBindGroup() const { return mBindGroup; }
+
+private:
+    wgpu::BindGroupLayout mLayout = nullptr;
+    std::array<uint8_t, MAX_DESCRIPTOR_COUNT> mEntryIndexByBinding{};
+    std::vector<wgpu::BindGroupEntry> mEntries;
+    const size_t mEntriesWithDynamicOffsetsCount;
+    wgpu::BindGroup mBindGroup = nullptr;
+};
+
+} // namespace filament::backend
+
+#endif // TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_WEBGPUDESCRIPTORSET_H

filament/backend/src/webgpu/WebGPUDescriptorSetLayout.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2025 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include "WebGPUDescriptorSetLayout.h"
+
+#include <backend/DriverEnums.h>
+
+#include <utils/BitmaskEnum.h>
+#include <utils/CString.h>
+#include <utils/Panic.h>
+#include <utils/StaticString.h>
+#include <utils/debug.h>
+
+#include <webgpu/webgpu_cpp.h>
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <string>
+#include <variant>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace filament::backend {
+
+namespace {
+
+// Convert Filament Shader Stage Flags bitmask to webgpu equivalent
+[[nodiscard]] wgpu::ShaderStage filamentStageToWGPUStage(const ShaderStageFlags fFlags) {
+    wgpu::ShaderStage retStages = wgpu::ShaderStage::None;
+    if (any(ShaderStageFlags::VERTEX & fFlags)) {
+        retStages |= wgpu::ShaderStage::Vertex;
+    }
+    if (any(ShaderStageFlags::FRAGMENT & fFlags)) {
+        retStages |= wgpu::ShaderStage::Fragment;
+    }
+    if (any(ShaderStageFlags::COMPUTE & fFlags)) {
+        retStages |= wgpu::ShaderStage::Compute;
+    }
+    return retStages;
+}
+
+} // namespace
+
+WebGPUDescriptorSetLayout::WebGPUDescriptorSetLayout(DescriptorSetLayout const& layout,
+        wgpu::Device const& device) {
+    assert_invariant(device);
+
+    std::string baseLabel;
+    if (std::holds_alternative<utils::StaticString>(layout.label)) {
+        const auto& temp = std::get_if<utils::StaticString>(&layout.label);
+        baseLabel = temp->c_str();
+    } else if (std::holds_alternative<utils::CString>(layout.label)) {
+        const auto& temp = std::get_if<utils::CString>(&layout.label);
+        baseLabel = temp->c_str();
+    }
+
+    // TODO: layoutDescriptor has a "Label". Ideally we can get info on what this layout is for
+    // debugging. For now, hack an incrementing value.
+    static int layoutNum = 0;
+
+    const unsigned int samplerCount =
+            std::count_if(layout.bindings.begin(), layout.bindings.end(), [](auto& fEntry) {
+                return DescriptorSetLayoutBinding::isSampler(fEntry.type);
+            });
+
+    std::vector<wgpu::BindGroupLayoutEntry> wEntries;
+    wEntries.reserve(layout.bindings.size() + samplerCount);
+    mBindGroupEntries.reserve(wEntries.capacity());
+
+    for (auto fEntry: layout.bindings) {
+        auto& wEntry = wEntries.emplace_back();
+        auto& entryInfo = mBindGroupEntries.emplace_back();
+        wEntry.visibility = filamentStageToWGPUStage(fEntry.stageFlags);
+        wEntry.binding = fEntry.binding * 2;
+        entryInfo.binding = wEntry.binding;
+
+        switch (fEntry.type) {
+            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_FLOAT:
+            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_INT:
+            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_UINT:
+            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_DEPTH:
+            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_ARRAY_FLOAT:
+            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_ARRAY_INT:
+            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_ARRAY_UINT:
+            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_ARRAY_DEPTH:
+            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_CUBE_FLOAT:
+            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_CUBE_INT:
+            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_CUBE_UINT:
+            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_CUBE_DEPTH:
+            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_CUBE_ARRAY_FLOAT:
+            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_CUBE_ARRAY_INT:
+            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_CUBE_ARRAY_UINT:
+            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_CUBE_ARRAY_DEPTH:
+            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_3D_FLOAT:
+            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_3D_INT:
+            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_3D_UINT:
+            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_MS_FLOAT:
+            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_MS_INT:
+            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_MS_UINT:
+            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_MS_ARRAY_FLOAT:
+            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_MS_ARRAY_INT:
+            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_2D_MS_ARRAY_UINT: {
+                auto& samplerEntry = wEntries.emplace_back();
+                auto& samplerEntryInfo = mBindGroupEntries.emplace_back();
+                samplerEntry.binding = fEntry.binding * 2 + 1;
+                samplerEntryInfo.binding = samplerEntry.binding;
+                samplerEntry.visibility = wEntry.visibility;
+                wEntry.texture.multisampled = isMultiSampledTypeDescriptor(fEntry.type);
+                // TODO: Set once we have the filtering values
+                if (isDepthDescriptor(fEntry.type)) {
+                    samplerEntry.sampler.type = wgpu::SamplerBindingType::Comparison;
+                } else if (isIntDescriptor(fEntry.type)) {
+                    samplerEntry.sampler.type = wgpu::SamplerBindingType::NonFiltering;
+                } else {
+                    samplerEntry.sampler.type = wgpu::SamplerBindingType::Filtering;
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+            case DescriptorType::UNIFORM_BUFFER: {
+                wEntry.buffer.hasDynamicOffset =
+                        any(fEntry.flags & DescriptorFlags::DYNAMIC_OFFSET);
+                entryInfo.hasDynamicOffset = wEntry.buffer.hasDynamicOffset;
+                wEntry.buffer.type = wgpu::BufferBindingType::Uniform;
+                // TODO: Ideally we fill minBindingSize
+                break;
+            }
+            case DescriptorType::INPUT_ATTACHMENT: {
+                PANIC_POSTCONDITION("Input Attachment is not supported");
+                break;
+            }
+            case DescriptorType::SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER: {
+                PANIC_POSTCONDITION("Shader storage is not supported");
+                break;
+            }
+            case DescriptorType::SAMPLER_EXTERNAL: {
+                PANIC_POSTCONDITION("External Sampler is not supported");
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        if (isDepthDescriptor(fEntry.type)) {
+            wEntry.texture.sampleType = wgpu::TextureSampleType::Depth;
+        } else if (isFloatDescriptor(fEntry.type)) {
+            // TODO: Set once we have the filtering values
+            wEntry.texture.sampleType = wgpu::TextureSampleType::Float;
+        } else if (isIntDescriptor(fEntry.type)) {
+            wEntry.texture.sampleType = wgpu::TextureSampleType::Sint;
+        } else if (isUnsignedIntDescriptor(fEntry.type)) {
+            wEntry.texture.sampleType = wgpu::TextureSampleType::Uint;
+        }
+
+        if (is3dTypeDescriptor(fEntry.type)) {
+            wEntry.texture.viewDimension = wgpu::TextureViewDimension::e3D;
+        } else if (is2dTypeDescriptor(fEntry.type)) {
+            wEntry.texture.viewDimension = wgpu::TextureViewDimension::e2D;
+        } else if (is2dArrayTypeDescriptor(fEntry.type)) {
+            wEntry.texture.viewDimension = wgpu::TextureViewDimension::e2DArray;
+        } else if (isCubeTypeDescriptor(fEntry.type)) {
+            wEntry.texture.viewDimension = wgpu::TextureViewDimension::Cube;
+        } else if (isCubeArrayTypeDescriptor(fEntry.type)) {
+            wEntry.texture.viewDimension = wgpu::TextureViewDimension::CubeArray;
+        }
+        // fEntry.count is unused currently
+    }
+    std::string label =  "layout_" + baseLabel + std::to_string(++layoutNum) ;
+    const wgpu::BindGroupLayoutDescriptor layoutDescriptor{
+        .label{label.c_str()}, // Use .c_str() if label needs to be const char*
+        .entryCount = wEntries.size(),
+        .entries = wEntries.data()
+    };
+    mLayout = device.CreateBindGroupLayout(&layoutDescriptor);
+    FILAMENT_CHECK_POSTCONDITION(mLayout)
+            << "Failed to create bind group layout with label " << label;
+}
+
+} // namespace filament::backend

filament/backend/src/webgpu/WebGPUDescriptorSetLayout.h

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2025 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#ifndef TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_WEBGPUDESCRIPTORSETLAYOUT_H
+#define TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_WEBGPUDESCRIPTORSETLAYOUT_H
+
+#include "DriverBase.h"
+#include <backend/DriverEnums.h>
+
+#include <webgpu/webgpu_cpp.h>
+
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace filament::backend {
+
+class WebGPUDescriptorSetLayout final : public HwDescriptorSetLayout {
+public:
+    struct BindGroupEntryInfo final {
+        uint8_t binding = 0;
+        bool hasDynamicOffset = false;
+    };
+
+    WebGPUDescriptorSetLayout(DescriptorSetLayout const&, wgpu::Device const&);
+    ~WebGPUDescriptorSetLayout() = default;
+
+    [[nodiscard]] wgpu::BindGroupLayout const& getLayout() const { return mLayout; }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::vector<BindGroupEntryInfo> const& getBindGroupEntries() const {
+        return mBindGroupEntries;
+    }
+
+private:
+    std::vector<BindGroupEntryInfo> mBindGroupEntries;
+    wgpu::BindGroupLayout mLayout = nullptr;
+};
+
+} // namespace filament::backend
+
+#endif // TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_WEBGPUDESCRIPTORSETLAYOUT_H

filament/backend/src/webgpu/WebGPUDriver.h

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 #ifndef TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_WEBGPUDRIVER_H
 #define TNT_FILAMENT_BACKEND_WEBGPUDRIVER_H
 
-#include "WebGPUHandles.h"
+#include "WebGPURenderTarget.h"
 #include "webgpu/WebGPUConstants.h"
 #include <backend/platforms/WebGPUPlatform.h>
 
@@ -29,6 +29,8 @@
 
 #include <utils/compiler.h>
 
+#include "SpdMipmapGenerator/SpdMipmapGenerator.h"
+#include <tsl/robin_map.h>
 #include <webgpu/webgpu_cpp.h>
 
 #include <cstdint>
@@ -64,7 +66,7 @@ private:
     WebGPUPlatform& mPlatform;
     wgpu::Adapter mAdapter = nullptr;
     wgpu::Device mDevice = nullptr;
-    uint32_t mMinUniformBufferOffsetAlignment;
+    wgpu::Limits mDeviceLimits = {};
     wgpu::Queue mQueue = nullptr;
     void* mNativeWindow = nullptr;
     WebGPUSwapChain* mSwapChain = nullptr;
@@ -73,8 +75,9 @@ private:
     wgpu::TextureView mTextureView = nullptr;
     wgpu::RenderPassEncoder mRenderPassEncoder = nullptr;
     wgpu::CommandBuffer mCommandBuffer = nullptr;
-    WGPURenderTarget* mDefaultRenderTarget = nullptr;
-    WGPURenderTarget* mCurrentRenderTarget = nullptr;
+    WebGPURenderTarget* mDefaultRenderTarget = nullptr;
+    WebGPURenderTarget* mCurrentRenderTarget = nullptr;
+    spd::MipmapGenerator mMipMapGenerator;
 
     tsl::robin_map<uint32_t, wgpu::RenderPipeline> mPipelineMap;